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Cheng H, Wu Y, Hsu W, Lin F, Wang S, Zeng J, Zhu Q, Song L. Green and economic flame retardant prepared by the one-step method for polylactic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127291. [PMID: 37806420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the flammability of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) while ensuring its environmental friendliness and preserving key flame retardancy and mechanical properties represents a critical challenge. We have successfully developed a highly efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant called Hexamethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid amine (HDME). The flame retardancy of PLA/HDME composites was significantly improved, as indicated by the LOI value of 29.1 % and UL-94 V-0 rating for PLA/3.5 HDME with only 3.5 % HDME addition. The results show a 23.4 % reduction in the total heat release (THR), a 40.0 % increase in the time to ignition (TTI), and a 21.2 % increase in the flame propagation index (FPI) compared to original PLA. Flame retardant mechanism of HDME involves the gas phase, condensed phase, and interrupted heat exchange effects. The HDME also preserved the original mechanical properties of PLA, with the elongation at break and tensile strength retention of PLA/3.5 HDME reaching 93.05 % and 89.65 %. This work provides a simple and efficient method for flame retardant modification of PLA, which can expand its application scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Cheng
- Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen, China
| | - Yincai Wu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen, China
| | - Wayne Hsu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen, China
| | - Fenglong Lin
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen, China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen, China
| | - Junwei Zeng
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuyin Zhu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen, China.
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Karthikeyan A, Girard M, Dumont MJ, Chouinard G, Tavares JR. Surface Modification of Commercially Available PLA Polymer Mesh. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adya Karthikeyan
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Melanie Girard
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Marie-Josee Dumont
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec CityG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gerald Chouinard
- Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, QuébecJ3V 0G7, Canada
| | - Jason Robert Tavares
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3A7, Canada
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Machado TO, Grabow J, Sayer C, de Araújo PHH, Ehrenhard ML, Wurm FR. Biopolymer-based nanocarriers for sustained release of agrochemicals: A review on materials and social science perspectives for a sustainable future of agri- and horticulture. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102645. [PMID: 35358807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Devastating plant diseases and soil depletion rationalize an extensive use of agrochemicals to secure the food production worldwide. The sustained release of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is a promising solution to the eco-toxicological impacts and it might reduce the amount and increase the effectiveness of agrochemicals administration in the field. This review article focusses on carriers with diameters below 1 μm, such as capsules, spheres, tubes and micelles that promote the sustained release of actives. Biopolymer nanocarriers represent a potentially environmentally friendly alternative due to their renewable origin and biodegradability, which prevents the formation of microplastics. The social aspects, economic potential, and success of commercialization of biopolymer based nanocarriers are influenced by the controversial nature of nanotechnology and depend on the use case. Nanotechnology's enormous innovative power is only able to unfold its potential to limit the effects of climate change and to counteract current environmental developments if the perceived risks are understood and mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago O Machado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Justin Grabow
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro H H de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Michel L Ehrenhard
- Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Balla E, Daniilidis V, Karlioti G, Kalamas T, Stefanidou M, Bikiaris ND, Vlachopoulos A, Koumentakou I, Bikiaris DN. Poly(lactic Acid): A Versatile Biobased Polymer for the Future with Multifunctional Properties-From Monomer Synthesis, Polymerization Techniques and Molecular Weight Increase to PLA Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1822. [PMID: 34072917 PMCID: PMC8198026 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental problems, such as global warming and plastic pollution have forced researchers to investigate alternatives for conventional plastics. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the well-known eco-friendly biodegradables and biobased polyesters, has been studied extensively and is considered to be a promising substitute to petroleum-based polymers. This review gives an inclusive overview of the current research of lactic acid and lactide dimer techniques along with the production of PLA from its monomers. Melt polycondensation as well as ring opening polymerization techniques are discussed, and the effect of various catalysts and polymerization conditions is thoroughly presented. Reaction mechanisms are also reviewed. However, due to the competitive decomposition reactions, in the most cases low or medium molecular weight (MW) of PLA, not exceeding 20,000-50,000 g/mol, are prepared. For this reason, additional procedures such as solid state polycondensation (SSP) and chain extension (CE) reaching MW ranging from 80,000 up to 250,000 g/mol are extensively investigated here. Lastly, numerous practical applications of PLA in various fields of industry, technical challenges and limitations of PLA use as well as its future perspectives are also reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.B.); (V.D.); (G.K.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (A.V.); (I.K.)
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Numerical Wear Analysis of a PLA-Made Spur Gear Pair as a Function of Friction Coefficient and Temperature. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA)-made machine elements exhibit easy machining, biodegradability, and excellent mechanical properties. However, enhancing their wear resistance is still a crucial engineering point, which may be achieved by altering (lowering) their coefficient of friction (CoF). Therefore, the first aim of this paper is to analyze how wear is affected by the alteration of CoF. The second aim is connected to the fact that PLA is sensitive to heat, which also limits its applicability. Accordingly, the next goal is to explore the effect of temperature on wear propagation. This study answers these questions by means of multibody dynamics simulations of a PLA-made spur gear pair. Simulations were carried out under constant torque, while the CoF and the temperature were varied in a normal operation domain (CoF: 0.1–0.05, T = 20–30 °C). The results showed that the wear volume gradually began to decline at approximately 0.085 CoF, whilst convergence to steady-state wear could be observed at 0.05 CoF. In conclusion, alteration of the CoF can lower wear by 35%, in this specific domain, while even a 5 °C rise in temperature causes 40% wear progression. The feasibility of the numerical procedure was validated by comparing numerically and experimentally obtained wear–torque results.
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