Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by ethanolic extracts of Phytolacca decandra, Gelsemium sempervirens, Hydrastis canadensis and Thuja occidentalis induce differential cytotoxicity through G2/M arrest in A375 cells

Nanocarrier optimization: Encapsulating Hydrastis canadensis in chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and dye degradation performance

This study focuses on the optimization of Hydrastis canadensis-based nanocarriers in environmental and microbial applications like antibacterial and dye degradation. Hydrastis canadensis (H. canadensis) is loaded into the nanocarrier using a gelation method. Characterization involves pH analysis, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, high-performance liquid chromatography, encapsulation efficiency. Further antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were tested. Dye degradation was evaluated at concentrations of 1 % of high molecular (HM) and 1.5 % of low molecular (LM) chitosan nanoparticles with both 3C and 1000C concentrations of the drug. The obtained results confirm the presence of chitosan nanocarrier alongside the pure drug in 1 % HM and 1.5 % LM chitosan particles with a notable encapsulation efficiency activity in both 3C and 1000C concentrations. Antimicrobial studies were carried out using the agar well diffusion method and revealed a significant zone of inhibition of 20 mm and 25 mm for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively in chitosan nanocarrier-loaded samples compared to pure drug and chitosan nanocarriers samples. The dye degradation studies of four dyes methylene blue, methylene orange, methylene red, and safranin using both pure drugs and chitosan nanocarrier-loaded drugs showed the highest percentage of degradation (76 %) against methylene blue in the chitosan nanocarrier-drug loaded formulation. These findings cumulatively underscore chitosan nanoparticles can be used as an effective carrier for Hydrastis Canadensis, with enhanced antimicrobial and dye degradation capabilities. Varied concentrations and molecular weights highlight the versatility of the ionotropic gelation method in optimizing drug delivery. Enhanced efficacy of the nanocarrier was evident in the observed zone of inhibition in antimicrobial testing. The substantial degradation percentage in methylene blue emphasizes the formulation's applicability in environmental dye removal processes, with potential avenues for improvement explored through interactions between the chitosan nanocarrier and H. canadensis characteristics. Future investigations may focus on scaling up the optimized formulation for large-scale applications and exploring release kinetics and comprehensive toxicity assessments for a holistic understanding of potential environmental and biomedical implications.

Biochemical characterization of immobilized recombinant subtilisin and synthesis and functional characterization of recombinant subtilisin capped silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles

This pioneering research explores the transformative potential of recombinant subtilisin, emphasizing its strategic immobilization and nanoparticle synthesis to elevate both stability and therapeutic efficacy. Achieving an impressive 95.25 % immobilization yield with 3 % alginate composed of sodium along with 0.2 M CaCl2 indicates heightened pH levels and thermal resistance, with optimal action around pH 10 as well as 80 °C temperature. Notably, the Ca-alginate-immobilized subtilisin exhibits exceptional storage longevity and recyclability, affirming its practical viability. Comprehensive analyses of the recombinant subtilisin under diverse conditions underscore its adaptability, reflected in kinetic enhancements with increased Vmax (10.7 ± 15 × 103 U/mg) and decreased Km (0.19 ± 0.3 mM) values post-immobilization using N-Suc-F-A-A-F-pNA. UV-visible spectroscopy confirms the successful capping of nanoparticles made of Ag and ZnO by recombinant subtilisin, imparting profound antibacterial efficacy against diverse organisms and compelling antioxidant properties. Cytotoxicity was detected against the MCF-7 breast cancer line of cells, exhibiting IC50 concentrations at 8.87 as well as 14.52 µg/mL of AgNP as well as ZnONP, correspondingly, indicating promising anticancer potential. Rigorous characterization, including FTIR, SEM-EDS, TGA and AFM robustly validate the properties of the capped nanoparticles. Beyond therapeutic implications, the investigation explores industrial applications, revealing the versatility of recombinant subtilisin in dehairing, blood clot dissolution, biosurfactant activity, and blood stain removal. In summary, this research unfolds the exceptional promise of recombinant subtilisin and its nanoparticles, presenting compelling opportunities for diverse therapeutic applications in medicine. These findings contribute substantively to biotechnology and healthcare and stimulate avenues for further innovation and exploration.

Biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles: A new era in cancer therapy

Cancer remains a global health crisis, claiming countless lives throughout the years. Traditional cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation often bring about severe side effects, underscoring the pressing need for innovative, more efficient, and less toxic therapies. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising technology capable of producing environmentally friendly anticancer nanoparticles. Among various nanoparticle types, metal-based nanoparticles stand out due to their exceptional performance and ease of use in methods of imaging. The widespread accessibility of biological precursors for synthesis based on plants of metal nanoparticles has made large-scale, eco-friendly production feasible. This evaluation provides a summary of the green strategy for synthesizing metal-based nanoparticles and explores their applications. Moreover, this review delves into the potential of phyto-based metal nanoparticles in combating cancer, shedding light on their probable mechanisms of action. These insights are invaluable for enhancing both biomedical and environmental applications. The study also touches on the numerous potential applications of nanotechnology in the field of medicine. Consequently, this research offers a concise and well-structured summary of nanotechnology, which should prove beneficial to researchers, engineers, and scientists embarking on future research endeavors.

C. S, Anil VS, Raghavan S. Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous sandalwood (Santalum album L.) leaf extract: Divergent effects of SW-AgNPs on proliferating plant and cancer cells

The biogenic approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles provides an efficient eco-friendly alternative to chemical synthesis. This study presents a novel route for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous sandalwood (SW) leaf extract as a source of reducing and capping agents under mild, room temperature synthesis conditions. The bioreduction of Ag+ to Ago nanoparticles (SW-AgNPs) was accompanied by the appearance of brown color, with surface plasmon resonance peak at 340-360 nm. SEM, TEM and AFM imaging confirm SW-AgNP's spherical shape with size range of 10-32 nm. DLS indicates a hydrodynamic size of 49.53 nm with predominant negative Zeta potential, which can contribute to the stability of the nanoparticles. FTIR analysis indicates involvement of sandalwood leaf derived polyphenols, proteins and lipids in the reduction and capping of SW-AgNPs. XRD determines the face-centered-cubic crystalline structure of SW-AgNPs, which is a key factor affecting biological functions of nanoparticles. This study is novel in using cell culture methodologies to evaluate effects of SW-AgNPs on proliferating cells originating from plants and human cancer. Exposure of groundnut calli cells to SW-AgNPs, resulted in enhanced proliferation leading to over 70% higher calli biomass over control, enhanced defense enzyme activities, and secretion of metabolites implicated in biotic stress resistance (Crotonyl isothiocyanate, Butyrolactone, 2-Hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone, Maltol) and plant cell proliferation (dl-Threitol). MTT and NRU were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles on human cervical cancer cells. SW-AgNPs specifically inhibited cervical cell lines SiHa (IC50-2.65 ppm) and CaSki (IC50-9.49 ppm), indicating potential use in cancer treatment. The opposing effect of SW-AgNPs on cell proliferation of plant calli (enhanced cell proliferation) and human cancer cell lines (inhibition) are both beneficial and point to potential safe application of SW-AgNPs in plant cell culture, agriculture and in cancer treatment.

Green Fabrication of silver nanoparticles by leaf extract of Byttneria Herbacea Roxb and their promising therapeutic applications and its interesting insightful observations in oral cancer

The present research was carried out to look into therapeutic insight of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by leaf extract of Byttneria herbacea Roxb (BH). The analysis of biosynthesized BH-AgNPs by UV-visible spectroscopy shows an intense surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 422 nm initially and 437 nm after 30 min which certainly reveals the formation of BH-AgNPs. Fourier Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveals that BH-AgNPs are biosynthesized by using different bioactive compounds like O-H stretch of free hydroxyl alcohol and phenols, N-H bond of primary amines present in the leaf extract. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis revealed that BH-AgNPs are almost spherical in nature with an average size range from of 2 nm to 12 nm. The particle size analysis by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) reveals that the BH-AgNPs are poly-dispersed in nature with an average size of 8 nm ± 2 nm, with a negative zeta potential value of -21 mV which reveals the biosynthesized BH-AgNPs are very stable. The BH-AgNPs (Byttneria herbacea -AgNPs) revealed excellent free radical scavenging activity and exceptional antimicrobial activity. The anti-proliferative and cytotoxic studies in KB oral cancer cells revealed biosynthesized BH-AgNPs can employ as future novel therapeutic agents in cancer treatment and other biomedical applications.

Cancer treatment and toxicity outlook of nanoparticles

Diversified nanosystems with tunable physicochemical attributes have emerged as potential solution to globally devastating cancer by offering novel possibilities for improving the techniques of cancer detection, imaging, therapies, diagnosis, drug delivery and treatment. Drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) with ability of crossing different biological barriers are becoming increasingly popular. Besides, NPs are utilized in pharmaceutical sciences to mitigate the toxicity of conventional cancer therapeutics. However, significant NPs-associated toxicity, off-targeted activities, and low biocompatibility limit their utilization for cancer theranostics and can be hazardous to cancer patients up to life-threatening conditions. NPs interact with the biomolecules and disturb their regular function by aggregating inside cells and forming a protein corona, and the formulation turns ineffective in controlling cancer cell growth. The adverse interactions between NPs and biological entities can lead to life-threatening toxicities. This review focuses on the widespread use of various NPs including zinc oxide, titanium oxide, silver, and gold, which serve as efficient nano-vehicles and demonstrate notable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages in cancer therapy. Subsequently, the mechanism of nanotoxicity attached with these NPs, alternate solutions and their prospect to revolutionize cancer theranostics are highlighted. This review will serve as guide for future developments associated with high-performance NPs with controlled toxicity for establishing them as modern-age nanotools to manage cancer in tailored manner.

Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris Bark Extracts: Characterization, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antibacterial Effects

In recent years, phytofunctionalized AgNPs have attracted great interest due to their remarkable biological activities. In the present study, AgNPs were synthesized using Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris bark extracts. The chemical profile of these bark extracts was analyzed by LC-HRMS/MS. As a first step, the synthesis parameters (pH, AgNO₃ concentration, ratio of bark extract and AgNO₃, temperature, and reaction time) were optimized. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, DLS, SEM, EDX, and TEM. Their antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties were evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, MTT, and broth microdilution assays, respectively. Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris bark extract-derived AgNPs were well-dispersed, spherical, small (average particle size of 9.92 and 24.49 nm, respectively), stable (zeta potential values of -10.9 and -10.8 mV, respectively), and cytotoxic to A-375 human malignant melanoma cells (IC₅₀ = 2.40 ± 0.21 and 6.02 ± 0.61 μg/mL, respectively). The phytosynthesized AgNPs also showed antioxidant and antibacterial effects.

Quantitative assessment of antioxidant potential of selected homeopathic preparations in clinical practice

OBJECTIVES

Antioxidant property like radical scavenging is a primary target to elucidate the efficacy mechanism of a drug against diseases linked to oxidative stress such as cancer, metabolic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. In alternative therapies, homeopathy is one of the preferred choices by patients and clinicians due to its potential to cure chronic and complex illnesses. However, the efficacy of homeopathic preparations at high diluted potencies attracts rational criticism due to insufficient scientific knowledge supporting the mechanism of action. Therefore, an attempt was made to estimate the total phenolic content (TPC) and radical scavenging activity of clinically prescribed homeopathic drugs.

METHODS

With gallic acid as a reference control, mother tinctures (MTs) and different potencies of Eucalyptus globulus (EG), Syzygium jambolanum (SJ), Ruta graveolens (RG), and Thuja occidentalis (TO) were used to perform Folin-Ciocalteu test, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays.

RESULTS

The results showed TPC of MTs equivalent to µg/mL of gallic acid viz; EG (4,872.5 ± 133.2), SJ (8,840.5 ± 14.8), RG (985.6 ± 39.1), and TO (341.5 ± 19.5) with significant ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging potential. Whereas 30C and 200C potencies of each homeopathic drug showed undetectable phenolic content and insignificant radical scavenging potential compared to vehicle control, i.e., alcohol 90% (2.0 ± 1.5).

CONCLUSIONS

The reported efficacy of 30C and 200C potencies of homeopathic medicines against oxidative stress-related illnesses might be due to mechanisms other than radical scavenging. Furthermore, the assays studied can be helpful in drug standardization and quality control of MTs that are used as starting material in homeopathic preparations.

Synthesis and characterization of plant extracted silver nanoparticles and advances in dental implant applications

Dental implantology has always emphasized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for various applications due to their biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and increased surface volume ratio offered by these particles. It is utilized to a large extent in the dental implant industry as a surface modification, biocompatible constituent and composite material. AgNPs may be produced inexpensively, sustainably, and environmentally responsibly by utilizing technologies that extract the plant material. The phytochemical components that are contained in plants make them a better, non-toxic, and more cost-effective alternative to both physical and chemical approaches. Because the size and shape of AgNP depend on their synthesis method and technique, and because the efficacy and toxicity of AgNP depend on both size and shape, synthesis methods and techniques have recently become the focus of a significant amount of research attention. In this review, we discussed Plant Extracted Ag-NP's whose sizes range up to 100nm. This review also focuses on recent research advancements in the Plant Extracted synthesis of AgNPs, as well as their characterization methodologies, current obstacles, future possibilities, and applications in dental implantology.

Synthesis of Green Engineered Silver Nanoparticles through Urtica dioica: An Inhibition of Microbes and Alleviation of Cellular and Organismal Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster

Plant fractions have a diversity of biomolecules that can be used to make complicated reactions for the bioactive fabrication of metal nanoparticles (NPs), in addition to being beneficial as antioxidant medications or dietary supplements. The current study shows that Urtica dioica (UD) and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of UD have antibacterial and antioxidant properties against bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida) and Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+). According to their ability to scavenge free radicals, DPPH, ABTS, TFC, and TPC initially estimated the antioxidant potential of UD and UD AgNPs. The fabricated AgNPs were analyzed (UV−Vis, FTIR, EDS, and SEM) to determine the functional groups (alcohol, carboxylic acids, phenol, proteins, and aldehydes) and to observe the shape (agglomerated crystalline and rod-shaped structure). The disc diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial properties of synthesized Ag-NPs against E. coli and P. putida. For 24 to 120 h, newly enclosed flies and third instar larvae of Drosophila were treated with UD and UD AgNPs. After exposure, tests for biochemical effects (acetylcholinesterase inhibition and protein estimation assays), cytotoxicity (dye exclusion), and behavioral effects (jumping and climbing assays) were conducted. The results showed that nanoparticles were found to have potent antimicrobial activity against all microbial strains tested at various concentrations. In this regard, ethno-medicinal characteristics exhibit a similar impact in D. melanogaster, showing (p < 0.05) significantly decreased cellular toxicity (trypan blue dye), enhanced biochemical markers (AChE efficacy and proteotoxicity), and improved behavioral patterns in the organism treated with UD AgNPs, especially in comparison to UD extract. The results of this study may help in the utilization of specific plants as reliable sources of natural antioxidants that may have been beneficial in the synthesis of metallic NPs, which aids in the production of nanomedicine and other therapeutic applications.

Leucophyllum frutescens mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles for catalytic dye degradation

The application of nanotechnology is gaining worldwide attention due to attractive physico-chemical and opto-electronic properties of nanoparticles that can be also employed for catalytic dye degradation. This study reports a phytogenic approach for fabrication of silver (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Leucophyllum frutescens (Berl.) I. M. Johnst (Scrophulariaceae) leaf extract (LFLE). Development of intense dark brown and purple color indicated the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. Further characterization using UV-visible spectroscopy revealed sharp peak at 460 nm and 540 nm for AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively that were associated to their surface plasmon resonance. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) revealed the spherical shape of the AgNPs, whereas anisotropic AuNPs were spherical, triangular and blunt ended hexagons. The majority of the spherical AgNPs and AuNPs were ∼50 ± 15 nm and ∼22 ± 20 nm, respectively. Various reaction parameters such as, metal salt concentration, temperature and concentration of the leaf extract were optimized. Maximum synthesis of AgNPs was obtained when 5 mM for AgNO₃ reacted with 10% LFLE for 48 h at 50°C. Likewise, AuNPs synthesis was highest when 2 mM HAuCl₄ reacted with 10% LFLE for 5 h at 30°C. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed phase purity of both the nanoparticles and confirmed elemental silver and gold in AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. The average hydrodynamic particles size of AgNPs was 34.8 nm while AuNPs was 140.8 nm as revealed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) that might be due to agglomeration of smaller nanoparticles into larger clusters. ZETA potential of AgNPs and AuNPs were 0.67 mV and 5.70 mV, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that various functional groups from the phytochemicals present in LFLE played a significant role in reduction and stabilization during the biogenic synthesis of the nanoparticles. The bioreduced AgNPs and AuNPs catalytically degraded Rhodamine B dye (RhB) in presence of UV-light with degradation rate constants of 0.0231 s⁻¹ and 0.00831 s⁻¹, respectively. RhB degradation followed a first order rate kinetics with 23.1 % and 31.7% degradation by AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively.

Can Nanoparticles in Homeopathic Remedies Enhance Phototherapy of Cancer? A Hypothetical Model

The continuous rise in cancer incidence places a massive burden on the health sector to increase efforts in the fight against cancer. As a holistic complementary medicine modality, homeopathy has the potential to assist in the supportive and palliative treatment of cancer patients. Recent empirical studies demonstrate the presence of silica and original source nanoparticles in ultra-high dilutions of several homeopathic medicines. Recent studies have also demonstrated the efficacy of phototherapy in inducing the ablation of cancer cells through laser-activated nanoparticle photosensitizers. A new hypothetical research model is presented herein, in an attempt to investigate and compare the phototherapeutic effects of homeopathic source nanoparticles with photosensitizing nanoparticle agents that have previously been tested.

Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Different Plants’ Parts for Antimicrobial Activity and Anticancer Activity: A Review Article

Nanotechnology emerged as a scientific innovation in the 21st century. Metallic nanoparticles (metal or metal oxide nanoparticles) have attained remarkable popularity due to their interesting biological, physical, chemical, magnetic, and optical properties. Metal-based nanoparticles can be prepared by utilizing different biological, physical, and chemical methods. The biological method is preferred as it provides a green, simple, facile, ecofriendly, rapid, and cost-effective route for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Plants have complex phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins, which can behave as reducing and stabilizing agents. However, the mechanism of green synthesis by using plants is still highly debatable. In this report, we summarized basic principles or mechanisms of green synthesis especially for metal or metal oxide (i.e., ZnO, Au, Ag, and TiO2, Fe, Fe2O3, Cu, CuO, Co) nanoparticles. Finally, we explored the medical applications of plant-based nanoparticles in terms of antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity.

Argyreia nervosa (Samudra pala) leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial activity, in vitro anticancer and apoptotic studies in KB oral cancer cell lines

In the present investigation, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using aqueous leaf extract of Argyreia nervosa. The results of the spectral characterisation have revealed that the surface Plasmon resonance band was observed at 421 nm confirms the formation of AgNPs. The Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy result shows the reduction of silver nitrate into AgNPs by the reduction of different functional groups. Transmission Electron Microscope analysis revealed that the particles are roughly spherical and poly-disperse in shape and size, the particles are within the size range of 10-55 nm. Dynamic Light Scattering revealed that the nanoparticles were also within the range of 10-50 nm, An-AgNPs have a high negative zeta potential value of -38.9 mV. An-AgNPs showed efficient free radical scavenging activity and showed excellent antimicrobial activity. Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effect of An-AgNPs was carried out by MTT assay against KB oral cancer cells, the IC₅₀ value of An-AgNPs is 58.64 µg/ml. The cell's growth is arrested at the G2/M phase, so the An-AgNPs activated the Caspase 3 pathway which leads to the Apoptosis of KB oral cancer cells. So it is concluded that the green synthesised An-AgNPs have manifold functions.

Recent advances in anticancer and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using phytochemicals and organic polymers

Development of eco-friendly synthetic methods has resulted in the production of biocompatible Ag NPs for applications in medical sector. To overcome the prevailing antibiotic resistance in bacteria, Ag NPs are being extensively researched over the past few years due to their broad spectrum and robust antimicrobial properties. Silver nanoparticles are also being studied widely in advanced anticancer therapy as an alternative anticancer agent to combat cancer in an effective manner. Keeping this backdrop in consideration, this review aims to provide an extensive coverage of the recent progresses in the green synthesis of Ag NPs specifically using plant derived reducing agents such phytochemicals and numerous other biopolymers. Current development in antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs against various pathogens has been deliberated at length. Recent advances in potent anticancer activity of the biogenic Ag NPs against various cancerous cell lines has also been discussed in detail. Mechanistic details of the synthesis of Ag NPs, their anticancer and antimicrobial action has also been highlighted.

Green synthesized plant-based silver nanoparticles: therapeutic prospective for anticancer and antiviral activity

Nanotechnology holds an emerging domain of medical science as it can be utilized virtually in all areas. Phyto-constituents are valuable and encouraging candidates for synthesizing green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which possess great potentials toward chronic diseases. This review gives an overview of the Green approach of AgNPs synthesis and its characterization. The present review further explores the potentials of Phyto-based AgNPs toward anticancer and antiviral activity including its probable mechanism of action. Green synthesized AgNPs prepared by numerous medicinal plants extract are critically reviewed for cancer and viral infection. Thus, this article mainly highlights green synthesized Phyto-based AgNPs with their potential applications for cancer and viral infection including mechanism of action and therapeutic future prospective in a single window.

Review of the Mechanism of Nanocarriers and Technological Developments in the Field of Nanoparticles for Applications in Cancer Theragnostics

Cancer cannot be controlled by the usage of drugs alone, and thus, nanotechnology is an important technique that can provide the drug with an impetus to act more effectively. There is adequate availability of anticancer drugs that are classified as alkylating agents, hormones, or antimetabolites. Nanoparticle (NP) carriers increase the residence time of the drug, thereby enhancing the survival rate of the drug, which otherwise gets washed off owing to the small size of the drug particles by the excretory system. For example, for enhancing the circulation, a coating of nonfouling polymers like PEG and dextran is done. Famous drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) are commonly encapsulated inside the nanocomposite. The various classes of nanoparticles are used to enhance drug delivery by aiding it to fight against the tumor. Targeted therapy aims to attack the cells with features common to the cancer cells while minimizing damage to the normal cell, and these therapies work in one in four ways. Some block the cancer cells from reproducing newer cells, others release toxic substances to kill the cancer cells, some stimulate the immune system to destroy the cancer cells, and some block the growth of more blood vessels around cancer cells, which starve the cells of the nutrients, which is needed for their growth. This review aims to testify the advancements nanotechnology has brought in cancer therapy, and its statements are supported with recent research findings and clinical trial results.

Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Perilla frutescens Leaf Extract: Characterization and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities

Purpose

The present study investigates the phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Perilla frutescens leaf extract, which acts as a reducing agent for the conversion of silver ions (Ag+) into AgNPs. P. frutescens leaf synthesized AgNPs (PF@AgNPs) were evaluated for biomedical properties including antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities.

Materials and Methods

PF@AgNPs were synthesized using P. frutescens leaf extract and silver nitrate solution. The morphology and physical properties of PF@AgNPs were studied by spectroscopic techniques including, UV-Vis, FTIR, TEM, XRD, DLS, and TGA. Antibacterial activity of PF@AgNPs was evaluated by disk diffusion assay. Antioxidant activity of PF@AgNPs was checked by 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2.2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. Anticancer activity of PF@AgNPs was checked by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Cytotoxic effects of PF@AgNPs on most susceptible cancer cell lines were observed by phase contrast microscopy.

Results

PF@AgNPs showed surface plasmon resonance peak at 461 nm. XRD pattern showed that the PF@AgNPs were face-centered cubic crystals with a mean size of 25.71 nm. TEM analysis revealed the different shapes (spherical, rhombic, triangle, and rod) of PF@AgNPs. Zeta potential value (-25.83 mV) indicated that PF@AgNPs were long-term stable and not agglomerated. A low polydispersity index value (0.389) indicated the monodispersity of PF@AgNPs. TGA revealed the high thermal stability of PF@AgNPs. PF@AgNPs exhibited maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli, followed by Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. PF@AgNPs showed maximum inhibition of 68.02 and 62.93% against DPPH and ABTS-free radicals, respectively. PF@AgNPs showed significant anticancer activity against human colon cancer (COLO205) and prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP). PF@AgNPs exhibited apoptotic effects on LNCaP cells including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, fragmentation of nuclei, and formation of apoptotic bodies.

Conclusion

The present study reports the successful synthesis of PF@AgNPs using P. frutescens leaf extract. The synthesized PF@AgNPs are FCC crystals, monodispersed, long-term stable, and non-agglomerated. The observed antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities demonstrate the potential biomedical applications of PF@AgNPs.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Onosma sericeum Willd. and evaluation of their catalytic properties and antibacterial and cytotoxic activity

In this study, silver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis was carried out using Onosma sericeum Willd. aqueous extract for the first time, with a simple, economical, and green method without the need for any other organic solvent or external reducing or stabilizing agent. A variety of AgNPs, all of different particle sizes, were synthesized by controlling the silver ion concentration, extract volume, temperature, and pH. It was determined that the optimum conditions for AgNP synthesis were 1 mM AgNO3, pH 8, 25 °C, 20 g/200 mL extract, silver nitrate, and extract ratio 5:1 (v/v). The AgNPs were defined using UV-Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particle size distribution and zeta potential measurements of the AgNPs were measured using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. It was determined that the AgNPs with a particle size of less than 10 nm showed a higher catalytic effect in the reduction of 2-nitrobenzenamine. It was also found that these nanoparticles had a cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line depending on dosage and time. The resulting IC50 values were between 76.63 µg/mL and 169.77 µg/mL. Furthermore, the biosynthesized AgNPs showed effective antibacterial activity against the Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria. The results of the study showed that synthesized AgNPs can have a promising role in biomedical and nanobiotechnology applications.

Conifer-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biological Applications

The use of metallic nanoparticles in engineering and biomedicine disciplines has gained considerable attention. Scientists are exploring new synthesis protocols of these substances considering their small size and lucrative antimicrobial potential. Among the most economical techniques of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via chemical routes, which includes the use of chemicals as metal reducing agents, is considered to generate nanoparticles possessing toxicity and biological risk. This limitation of chemically synthesized nanoparticles has engendered the exploration for the ecofriendly synthesis process. Biological or green synthesis approaches have emerged as an effective solution to address the limitations of conventionally synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized via biological entities obtained from plant extracts exhibit superior effect in comparison to chemical methods. Recently, conifer extracts have been found to be effective in synthesizing metallic nanoparticles through a highly regulated process. The current review highlights the importance of conifers and its extracts in synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. It also discusses the different applications of the conifer extract mediated metallic nanoparticles.

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and its active constituents: A critical review of their efficacy and toxicological issues

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in various traditional systems of medicine and as a food supplement. It has been traditionally used by Native Americans as a coloring agent and as medicinal remedy for common diseases and conditions like wounds, digestive disorders, ulcers, skin and eye ailments, and cancer. Over the years, goldenseal has become a popular food supplement in the USA and other regions. The rhizome of this plant has been used for the treatment of a variety of diseases including, gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers, muscular debility, nervous prostration, constipation, skin and eye infections, cancer, among others. Berberine is one of the most bioactive alkaloid that has been identified in different parts of goldenseal. The goldenseal extract containing berberine showed numerous therapeutic effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, neuroprotective (anti-Alzheimer's disease), cardioprotective, and gastrointestinal protective. Various research finding suggest the health promoting effects of goldenseal components and their extracts. However, few studies have also suggested the possible neurotoxic, hepatotoxic and phototoxic activities of goldenseal extract and its alkaloids. Thus, large randomized, double-blind clinical studies need to be conducted on goldenseal supplements and their main alkaloids to provide more evidence on the mechanisms responsible for the pharmaceutical activity, clinical efficacy and safety of these products. Thus, it is very important to review the scientific information about goldenseal to understand about the current scenario.

Pollution, Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Organic Dyes and their Catalytic Bio-Remediation

Water pollution due to waste effluents of the textile industry is seriously causing various health problems in humans. Water pollution with pathogenic bacteria, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other microbes is due to the mixing of fecal material with drinking water, industrial and domestic sewage, pasture and agricultural runoff. Among the chemical pollutants, organic dyes due to toxic nature, are one of the major contaminants of industrial wastewater. Adequate sanitation services and drinking quality water would eliminate 200 million cases of diarrhea, which results in 2.1 million less deaths caused by diarrheal disease due to E. coli each year. Nanotechnology is an excellent platform as compared to conventional treatment methods of water treatment and remediation from microorganisms and organic dyes. In the current study, toxicity and carcinogenicity of the organic dyes have been studied as well as the remediation/inactivation of dyes and microorganism has been discussed. Remediation by biological, physical and chemical methods has been reviewed critically. A physical process like adsorption is cost-effective, but can't degrade dyes. Biological methods were considered to be ecofriendly and cost-effective. Microbiological degradation of dyes is cost-effective, eco-friendly and alternative to the chemical reduction. Besides, certain enzymes especially horseradish peroxidase are used as versatile catalysts in a number of industrial processes. Moreover, this document has been prepared by gathering recent research works related to the dyes and microbial pollution elimination from water sources by using heterogeneous photocatalysts, metal nanoparticles catalysts, metal oxides and enzymes.

Phytofabrication of Silver/Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Oedera genistifolia: Characterization and Antibacterial Potential

In this present study, silver nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl NPs) were synthesized using an aqueous leaf extract of Oedera genistifolia as a reducing agent. The biosynthesized Ag/AgCl NPs was characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, sequel to antibacterial assay, the cytotoxic effect of the phytofabricated Ag/AgCl NPs was assessed against the HeLa cell line (human cervix adenocarcinoma). The results of the characterization of the synthesized Ag/AgCl NPs indicate the successful synthesis using plant extract as a reducing agent, with UV-Vis spectra between 290-360 nm. TEM results showed that Ag/AgCl NPs was spherical in shape with an average size of 34.2 nm. EDX analysis revealed that the particles were predominantly composed of carbon, oxygen, chlorine, and silver, while FTIR identified major phytochemical compounds, which could be responsible for bio-reducing and capping potential. XRD analysis showed the crystallinity of Ag/AgCl NPs, with a face-centred cubic structure. The studied Ag/AgCl NPs had no cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells and exhibited antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.25-1 mg/mL; minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 2-16 mg/mL) against both the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria investigated. Findings from this study suggest that this plant as a good candidate for producing new antibacterial drugs.

Bio-engineering and cellular imaging of silver nanoparticles as weaponry against multidrug resistant human pathogens

'Go green' has also been implied to nanotechnology by harbouring eco-benign principle for a cleaner production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This was achieved using a nitrate reducing Bacillus subtilis L1 (KT266579.1) inhabiting rhizosphere soil under optimized laboratory conditions, highlighting on its antibacterial modus operandi. Nano-characteristics and antimicrobial mechanism were investigated using spectroscopic and electron microscopic studies. Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization revealed typical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with λ_max 420 nm showing mean particle size of ~28.30 nm and spherical shaped nanoparticles. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinically important pathogens (n = 15) exposed to AgNPs at 10 μg, 15 μg and 20 μg/mL for 18 h was found significant in a dose dependent fashion. Electron and atomic force microscopic (AFM) studies have demonstrated the typical bactericidal effect of AgNPs (<25 μg/mL) associated with 'pitting effect', cell shrinkage and increase in surface roughness. The EDX spectrum of the control and treated bacteria showed the intrusion of AgNPs inside the bacterial cells endorsing the event of bacterial paralysis. DNA fragmentation assay demonstrated significant DNA damage in the form of smear, indicative of genotoxicity at ≤32 μg and ≤16 μg/mL of AgNPs respectively for Gram positive and negative strains in <12 h. These results suggest that AgNPs possess excellent antimicrobial activity, providing a potential lead for developing a broad spectrum antibacterial agent and extending its therapeutic modalities targeting antibiotic resistant strains at gene level.

Green Engineered Biomolecule-Capped Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated from Cichorium intybus Extract: In Vitro Assessment on Apoptosis Properties Toward Human Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Cells

The current experiment reveals the anticancer properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Cichorium intybus, a significant medicinal plant. The characteristics of AgNPs were continuously studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Current microscopic results show that produced AgNPs were spherical in shape with an average size of 17.17 nm. A strong peak between 2 and 4 keV showed the greatest ratio of the elemental silver signals, due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The AgNPs, fabricated by green method, had a negative zeta potential of - 9.76 mV, which indicates that the synthesized AgNPs is dispersed in the medium with high stability. The in vitro cytotoxicity effect of AgNPs showed promising anticancer activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay, Hoechst 33258 staining, and upregulation of caspase 3 activity revealed significant apoptosis activities of AgNPs against MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the flow cytometric analyses of cell cycle distribution of MCF7 cells showed that AgNPs treatment has enhanced the sub-G1 peaks, which is an indicator of apoptosis pathway. Overall results in our study suggested that AgNPs fabricated by a biogreen approach could be useful in cancer therapy.

Bio-fabrication of pigment-capped silver nanoparticles encountering antibiotic-resistant strains and their cytotoxic effect towards human epidermoid larynx carcinoma (HEp-2) cells

Bacterial biomolecule-mediated nanoparticle (NP) synthesis constitutes a reliable, eco-friendly approach that ameliorates green-chemistry principles. In this study, stable silver nanoparticles were synthesized by exposing aqueous silver ions to an extracellular diffusible pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA6) under optimized laboratory conditions. Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses showed the typical characteristics of silver with an average size of ∼28.30 nm and spherical shape. The particles were polydispersed and showed no definite agglomeration with a zeta potential of −32.3 mV, conferring stability. Antimicrobial studies were carried out using 5, 15, 25 and 50 μg mL⁻¹ concentrations of pcAgNPs, which showed significant antibacterial activity toward clinically important pathogens at all concentrations compared to with the control sample. The bactericidal effect induced by pcAgNPs associated with cell damage was well demonstrated using electron microscopic studies. ROS production was measured using the DCFH-DA method and the oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Cytotoxicity studies on HEp-2 (Human Epidermoid Larynx Carcinoma) cells exposed to pcAgNPs showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effect with IC₅₀ of 14.8 μg mL⁻¹ compared to with IC₅₀ of 7.38 μg mL⁻¹ for the Vero cell control. Mechanistically, the pcAgNPs activated p53 that induced catalase, leading to apoptosis and DNA fragmentation via a p53 transcriptional pathway and electron transport arrest, which resulted in cell death. This synergistic efficacy of pigment-AgNPs demonstrated excellent antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities, providing a potential lead for developing a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent and improving the therapeutic modalities targeting carcinoma cells at the gene level.

Bacterial biomolecule-mediated nanoparticle (NP) synthesis constitutes a reliable, eco-friendly approach that ameliorates green-chemistry principles.

Biogenic synthesis, characterization of gold and silver nanoparticles from Coleus forskohlii and their clinical importance

In modern era, the great interest and demand among chemists and researchers for metal nanoparticles is increasing in the application of biomedical fields, textiles, cosmetics and various sectors. Consequently, the present study reports an eco-friendly, cost-effective, rapid and easy method to produce environment-friendly metal nanoparticles to prevent exhaustion of metal resources. In this context, gold and silver metal nanoparticles were green synthesized using the Root Extract of Coleous forskohlii (RECo) as capping and reducing agent. The synthesized gold (GNPs) and silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were characterized using UV-Visible spectrophotometer, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Particle size analysis (PSA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). Their clinical importance was analysed using anti-oxidant assay (DPPH - 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Phosphomolybdenum PMA) and cytotoxicity (MTT assay) against HEPG2 (liver cancer cell lines). Further, the antimicrobial activity against two microorganisms were tested using disc diffusion method against Proteus vulgaris pathogen and Micrococcus luteus pathogen. RECo-GNPs and SNPs were found to be stable in aqueous medium for a longer time and exhibited favorable anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activity. The phytoconstituents present in the root extract of Coleous forskohlii was elucidated using GC-MS analysis.

Biogenesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Indigofera hirsuta L. and their potential biomedical applications (3-in-1 system)

The present study reports the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (IH-AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Indigofera hisruta L. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs were found to be FCC crystals, 5-10 nm in size, spherical in shape and stable. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs showed dose-dependant cytotoxicity against prostate cancer (PC3) (IC₅₀ = 68.5 μg/mL), colon cancer (COLO205) (IC₅₀ = 85.2 μg/mL), and mouse melanoma (B16F10) (IC₅₀ = 80.9 μg/mL). IH-AgNPs were found to be nontoxic towards normal CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs showed effective in vitro antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC₅₀ = 63.43 μg/mL) and H₂O₂ (IC₅₀ = 89.93 μg/mL) radicals. IH-AgNPs exhibited effective antibacterial activity against both Gram+ve and Gram-ve bacteria. MIC values of IH-AgNPs against S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and E. coli were found to be 7.8 μg/mL, 3.9 μg/mL, 15.6 μg/mL and 15.6 μg/mL respectively. IH-AgNPs also showed inhibitory activity against fungal pathogens including C. albicans, C. nonalbicans and C. tropicalis. Considering the results together, we demonstrate that IH-AgNPs exhibits three different bioactivities (3-in-1 system) and they could be employed as future antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer agents/drug delivery vehicles in the field of biomedicine.

Experimental neuropharmacology of Gelsemium sempervirens: Recent advances and debated issues

Gelsemium sempervirens L. (Gelsemium) is traditionally used for its anxiolytic-like properties and its action mechanism in laboratory models are under scrutiny. Evidence from rodent models was reported suggesting the existence of a high sensitivity of central nervous system to anxiolytic power of Gelsemium extracts and Homeopathic dilutions. In vitro investigation of extremely low doses of this plant extract showed a modulation of gene expression of human neurocytes. These studies were criticized in a few commentaries, generated a debate in literature and were followed by further experimental studies from various laboratories. Toxic doses of Gelsemium cause neurological signs characterized by marked weakness and convulsions, while ultra-low doses or high Homeopathic dilutions counteract seizures induced by lithium and pilocarpine, decrease anxiety after stress and increases the anti-stress allopregnanolone hormone, through glycine receptors. Low (non-Homeopathic) doses of this plant or its alkaloids decrease neuropathic pain and c-Fos expression in mice brain and oxidative stress. Due to the complexity of the matter, several aspects deserve interpretation and the main controversial topics, with a focus on the issues of high dilution pharmacology, are discussed and clarified.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Artemisia turcomanica leaf extract and the study of anti-cancer effect and apoptosis induction on gastric cancer cell line (AGS)

The current study was aimed (1) to study the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Artemisia turcomanica leaf extract, (2) to investigate the induction of apoptosis by biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in gastric cancer cell line (AGS) and (3) to compare their anti-cancer potential with commercial silver nanoparticles. The specification and morphology of the phytosynthesized AgNPs were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The nanoparticles synthesized were of an average size of 22 nm. The cytotoxicity of biological and commercial nanoparticles was investigated in gastric cancer cells (AGS) as well as normal fibroblast cells (L-929) by MTT assay. By increasing the concentration of phytosynthesized and commercial silver nanoparticles, a decrease was observed in the cell viability. Increased apoptosis was observed in the cells treated with biological silver nanoparticles compared to untreated cells (p < .001). Based on these findings, it was inferred that biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles induced apoptosis, and showed a cytotoxic and anti-cancer effect against gastric cancer cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Biologically synthesized nanoparticles may possess higher anti-cancer properties than commercial silver nanoparticles.

Novel Design, Preparation, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles during Oak Acorns Bark Retrograde

In search for a probable local solution for Qarasu River problems and based on our prescience about metal ion chelating/reducing ability of tannins which are found in large amount in oak acorns bark, Quercus brantii (Persian oak) acorns bark extract was exploited as reducing/capping agent in silver nanoparticles synthesis. Synthesis was carried out as a single-step method at room temperature, and without consuming any external energy by using these renewable barks. The crystallinity, size and shape of the nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. The involvement of phenolic compounds in metal ion reduction was supported by UV-Visible and infrared spectroscopies and by acidity and conductivity measurements. The SEM-based particle size distribution analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility test of oak acorns bark-extract-mediated silver nanoparticles against bacterial effluent were pointed out to the critical proportion of silver salt to the capping/reducing agent. It seems that the bactericidal action depends on the extent to which accumulation of silver nanoparticle (Ag-Np) in bacterial cell surface alters the silver nanoparticle colloidal stability in broth medium.

Antiproliferation and antibacterial effect of biosynthesized AgNps from leaves extract of Guiera senegalensis and its catalytic reduction on some persistent organic pollutants

The study concentrate on the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) from the leaves extract of Guiera senegalensis with focus on its; antiproliferation effect on prostate (PC3), breast (MCF7) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines, antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the degradation on 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and congo red dye (CR). The synthesized AgNps were characterized by FTIR, TEM, FESEM, XRD and EDX analysis. The EDS spectrum revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles (Nps) were composed of 55.45% Ag atoms of spherical shape with approximately 50nm size, identified from TEM and FESEM data. The antiproliferation effect of the AgNps varies with cell lines in a concentration dependent manner. The result showed that the AgNps were more effective on PC3 (IC₅₀ 23.48μg/mL) than MCF7 (29.25μg/mL) and HepG2 (33.25μg/mL) by the virtue of their IC₅₀ values. The AgNps were highly effective against E. coli and S. aureus by killing 99% colonies. The AgNps also shows a good catalytic reduction of the toxic organic pollutants in which only 3mg of the AgNps degraded 95% of both CR dye and 4-NP in 22 and 36min respectively. Therefore, the green synthesis of AgNps may have potential applications in pharmacology and industries for the treatment of cancers, bacterial infections and in degrading toxic organic pollutants in water.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract and polysaccharide fraction of Thuja occidentalis Linn. in mice

Inflammation is a protective reaction of the microcirculation. However, sustained inflammation can lead to undesired effects. Thuja occidentalis Linn has many pharmacological properties but has no anti-inflammatory activity described. Thus, this study aims evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract (AE) and the polysaccharide fraction (PLS) of T. occidentalis L. in mice. The results of our evaluations in various experimental models indicated that AE and PLS (3, 10, and 30mg/kg, i.p.) reduced (p˂0.05) paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran sulfate (DEX), compound 48/80, serotonin (5-HT), bradykinin (BK), histamine (HIST), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Furthermore, it inhibited neutrophils recruitment; decreased MPO activity, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, vascular permeability, nitrite concentration, and MDA concentration; and maintained the GSH levels in the peritoneal exudate. The AE and PLS reduced neutrophil infiltration and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunostaining in paw tissue. Treatment with the AE and PLS (300mg/kg) did not induce gastric toxicity. In conclusion, these results show that the AE and PLS reduced the inflammatory response by inhibiting vascular and cellular events, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they did not induce gastric toxicity at high doses.

Green synthesis and characterization of gold and silver nanoparticles using Mussaenda glabrata leaf extract and their environmental applications to dye degradation

Plant-derived nanomaterials opened a green approach in solving the current environment issues. Present study focused on rapid microwave-assisted synthesis and applications of gold and silver nanoparticles mediated by aqueous leaf extract of Mussaenda glabrata. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis, FT-IR, powder XRD, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron (TEM), and atomic force microscopic techniques (AFM). FCC crystal structure of both nanoparticles was confirmed by peaks corresponding to (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes in XRD spectra and bright circular spots in SAED pattern. IC₅₀ values shown by gold and silver nanoparticles (44.1 ± 0.82 and 57.92 ± 1.33 μg/mL) reflected their high free radical scavenging potential. The synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles revealed their potency to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Anthropogenic pollutants rhodamine B and methyl orange were effectively degraded from aquatic environment and waste water sewages of dye industries using the prepared nanocatalysts. The catalytic capacities of the synthesized nanoparticles were also exploited in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Graphical abstract.

Synthesis of dextrin-stabilized colloidal silver nanoparticles and their application as modifiers of cement mortar

Various commercial dextrins were used as reducing and stabilizing agents for a novel one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles from ammonia complexes of silver ions. As a result, stable colloids of silver were formed during the reaction with the particle size being the function of the dextrin type. The obtained colloids were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, size distribution (using Non-Invasive Backscatter optics) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The achieved results clearly indicate the possibility of low-cost production of large quantities of colloidal silver nanoparticles using materials derived from renewable sources. The resulting silver colloids can be used for different purposes, e.g. as bactericidal agents. Combination of the aforementioned properties of nanosilver particles with plasticizing properties of dextrin enables to obtain cement mortars with increased workability and enhanced compressive strength. Moreover, the obtained material is also characterized by increased immunity to adverse impact of microorganisms.

Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Characteristic Properties and Therapeutic Applications

Interest in "green nanotechnology" in nanoparticle biosynthesis is growing among researchers. Nanotechnologies, due to their physicochemical and biological properties, have applications in diverse fields, including drug delivery, sensors, optoelectronics, and magnetic devices. This review focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant sources. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an eco-friendly approach, which should be further explored for the potential of different plants to synthesize nanoparticles. The sizes of AgNPs are in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles is accomplished through UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. AgNPs have great potential to act as antimicrobial agents. The green synthesis of AgNPs can be efficiently applied for future engineering and medical concerns. Different types of cancers can be treated and/or controlled by phytonanotechnology. The present review provides a comprehensive survey of plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs with specific focus on their applications, e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.