Silver nanoparticles synthesized from Adenium obesum leaf extract induced DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy via generation of reactive oxygen species

Antibacterial activity of a polysaccharide isolated from litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pericarp against Staphylococcus aureus and the mechanism investigation

The long-term use of antibiotics can cause drug resistance. Natural polysaccharides are a novel means of treating bacterial infections, and the development and utilization of litchi pericarp polysaccharide (LPPs) as a bacteriostatic active substance offer a new research direction for the high-value utilization of litchi by-products. This study revealed that LPPs inhibited Staphylococcus aureus more than Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 145, 205, 325, and 445 μg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activity of LPPs was insignificant for Bacillus subtilis at 505 μg/mL. The assessment of antibacterial mechanisms revealed that LPPs influenced the growth, conductivity, protein, and nucleic acid, reducing sugar, respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity, bacterial lipid peroxidation, intracellular adenosine triphosphate, and extracellular alkaline phosphatase levels of S. aureus. Of note, LPPs could modify the cell wall integrity and cell membrane permeability of S. aureus, resulting in the leakage of intracellular large and small molecules, inhibition of cellular respiratory metabolism, and oxidative losses. These processes exhibited an inhibitory effect and made the bacterium nonfunctional, thereby affecting its growth and metabolism or causing cell death. These findings provide support and insights into the potential application of LPPs as a natural antimicrobial agent.

Evaluation of cytotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using essential oils of Jasminum sambac against breast cancer and bacterial cells

Essential oils (EOs) which cover about 91% whole biomolecules formulated from Jasminum sambac leaves based on Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed to identify structures. EOs were observed as good agents in the preparation of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through the proposed mechanism that was attempted to interpret the pathway of the bio-preparation process. The characterization of EOs-AgNPs carried via ultraviolet-visible to reveal surface plasmon resonance at 420 nm, Fourier transform infrared to observe functional groups EOs compared to EOs-AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a broad chart owing to the small size of AgNPs in average size less than 10 nm calculated relying on image J software, spherical AgNPs with a small dispersive size observed by transmission electron microscopy. Quasi near spherical surface morphology of EOs-AgNPs had detected by field emission scanning electron microscope. EOs-AgNPs were assessed for their antibacterial potential against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria as suppressing bacterial agents. EOs-AgNPs had their anti-breast cancer MCF-7 cell line ability investigated by DNA fragmentation; cycle flow cytometry (apoptosis) at half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined at 260 µg/mL which has been stated by cytotoxicity (MTT) assay. EOs-AgNPs have antibacterial and anticancer therapeutic potential, and it is safe, inexpensive, and scalable in the nanoscale range.

Silver Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis Methods and Chemical and Physical Properties

Recently, silver nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention for being highly desirable nanomaterials in scientific studies as a result of their extraordinary characteristics. They are widely known as effective antibacterial agents that are capable of targeting a wide range of pathogens. Their distinct optical characteristics, such as their localized surface plasmon resonance, enlarge their utilization, particularly in the fields of biosensing and imaging. Also, the capacity to control their surface charge and modify them using biocompatible substances offers improved durability and specific interactions with biological systems. Due to their exceptional stability and minimal chemical reactivity, silver NPs are highly suitable for a diverse array of biological applications. These NPs are produced through chemical, biological, and physical processes, each of which has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Chemical and physical techniques often encounter issues with complicated purification, reactive substances, and excessive energy usage. However, eco-friendly biological approaches exist, even though they require longer processing times. A key factor affecting the stability, size distribution, and purity of the NPs is the synthesis process selected. This review focuses on how essential it is to choose the appropriate synthesis method in order to optimize the characteristics and use of silver NPs.

Preparation methods, applications, toxicity and mechanisms of silver nanoparticles as bactericidal agent and superiority of green synthesis method

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are a type of nanomaterial with wide applications in water treatment, medicine, food packaging, and industrial processes. Their unique optical, electrical, thermal conductivity, and biological properties distinguish them from other metal ions and liken them to noble metals like gold and copper. The present review explores the diverse applications, preparation techniques, mechanism of action of SNPs, and properties of SNPs focusing on their bactericidal activities and potential impacts on human health. Different preparation methods, encompassing chemical, physical, and biological techniques, were reviewed and analyzed to comprehend their effect on the properties and applications of SNPs. Studies revealed that the SNPs exhibit excellent antibactericidal properties. Mechanisms underlying their antimicrobial effects were explored, primarily focusing on pathogen-scavenging activities. Despite the promising benefits of SNPs, their potential toxicity to human health must be carefully managed. Regulatory standards, such as those set by WHO and USEPA; establish a maximum tolerable limit of 0.1 mg/L to mitigate health risks associated with SNP exposure. It is recommended to continue research into safer applications and alternative formulations of SNPs to minimize potential health risks while maximizing their beneficial applications across different industries.

Nanotherapy to Reshape the Tumor Microenvironment: A New Strategy for Prostate Cancer Treatment

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in males worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the primary treatment method used for PCa. Although more effective androgen synthesis and antiandrogen inhibitors have been developed for clinical practice, hormone resistance increases the incidence of ADT-insensitive prostate cancer and poor prognoses. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has become a research hotspot with efforts to identify treatment targets based on the characteristics of the TME to improve prognosis. Herein, we introduce the basic characteristics of the PCa TME and the side effects of traditional prostate cancer treatments. We further highlight the emergence of novel nanotherapy strategies, their therapeutic mechanisms, and their effects on the PCa microenvironment. With further research, clinical applications of nanotherapy for PCa are expected in the near future. Collectively, this Review provides a valuable resource regarding the various nanotherapy types, demonstrating their broad clinical prospects to improve the quality of life in patients with PCa.

Sustainable Nanoparticles from Stephania glabra and Analysis of Their Anticancer Potential on 2D and 3D Models of Prostate Cancer

In pursuit of a novel effective treatment for prostate cancer, methanolic extract of Stephania glabra tubers (Sg-ME) was utilized to fabricate silver (Sg-AgNP), copper oxide (Sg-CuONP), and silver-copper bimetallic nanoparticles (Sg-BNP). The characterization of the nanoparticles confirmed spherical shape with average diameters of 30.72, 32.19, and 25.59 nm of Sg-AgNP, Sg-CuONP, and Sg-BNP, respectively. Interestingly, these nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward the prostate cancer (PC3) cell line while being non-toxic toward normal cells. The nanoparticles were capable of inducing apoptosis in PC3 cells by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial depolarization. Furthermore, the shrinkage of 3D prostate tumor spheroids was observed after 4 days of treatment with these green nanoparticles. The 3D model system was less susceptible to nanoparticles as compared to the 2D model system. Sg-BNP showed the highest anticancer potential on 2D and 3D prostate cancer models.

Probiotic-derived silver nanoparticles target mTOR/MMP-9/BCL-2/dependent AMPK activation for hepatic cancer treatment

Recent advances in nanotechnology have offered novel ways to combat cancer. By utilizing the reducing capabilities of Lactobacillus acidophilus, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized. The anti-cancer properties of AgNPs have been demonstrated in previous studies against several cancer cell lines; it has been hypothesized that these compounds might inhibit AMPK/mTOR signalling and BCL-2 expression. Consequently, the current research used both in vitro and in silico approaches to study whether Lactobacillus acidophilus AgNPs could inhibit cell proliferation autophagy and promote apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The isolated strain was identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus strain RBIM based on 16 s rRNA gene analysis. Based on our research findings, it has been observed that this particular strain can generate increased quantities of AgNPs when subjected to optimal growing conditions. The presence of silanols, carboxylates, phosphonates, and siloxanes on the surface of AgNPs was confirmed using FTIR analysis. AgNPs were configured using UV-visible spectroscopy at 425 nm. In contrast, it was observed that apoptotic cells exhibited orange-coloured bodies due to cellular shrinkage and blebbing initiated by AgNP treatment, compared to non-apoptotic cells. It is worth mentioning that AgNPs exhibited remarkable selectivity in inducing cell death, specifically in HepG2 cells, unlike normal WI-38 cells. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for HepG2 and WI-38 cells were 4.217 µg/ml and 154.1 µg/ml, respectively. AgNPs induce an upregulation in the synthesis of inflammation-associated cytokines, including (TNF-α and IL-33), within HepG2 cells. AgNPs co-treatment led to higher glutathione levels and activating pro-autophagic genes such as AMPK.Additionally, it resulted in the suppression of mTOR, MMP-9, BCL-2, and α-SMA gene expression. The docking experiments suggest that the binding of AgNPs to the active site of the AMPK enzyme leads to inhibiting its activity. The inhibition of AMPK ultimately results in the suppression of the mechanistic mTOR and triggers apoptosis in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the results of our study indicate that the utilization of AgNPs may represent a viable strategy for the eradication of liver cancerous cells through the activation of apoptosis and the enhancement of immune system reactions.

Synthesis, characterization, and application of honey stabilized inulin nanoparticles as colon targeting drug delivery carrier

Inulin (INU) is a versatile natural polysaccharide primarily derived from chicory roots. INU possesses the unique quality of evading digestion or fermentation in the early stages of the human digestive tract, instead reaching the lower colon directly. Exploiting on this distinctive attribute, INU finds application in the creation of targeted carrier systems for delivering drugs tailored to colon-related diseases. This study presents a novel method for synthesizing highly stable and non-aggregatory inulin nanoparticles (INU NPs) by ionotropic gelation method, using calcium chloride as crosslinker and natural honey as a stabilizing agent. Different formulation and process parameters were optimized for the synthesis of monodispersed INU NPs. These INU NPs efficiently encapsulated a hydrophilic drug irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate (IHT) and drug loaded formulation (IINPs) demonstrated excellent colloidal and storage stabilities. Notably, these IINPs exhibited pH-dependent drug release, suggesting potential for colon-specific drug delivery. Anticancer activity of the NPs was found significantly higher in comparison to IHT through cytotoxicity and apoptosis studies against human colorectal carcinoma cells. Overall, this study revealed that the INU NPs synthesized by ionotropic gelation will be an efficient nanocarrier system for colon-targeted drug delivery due to their exceptional biocompatibility and stability in stomach and upper intestinal conditions.

Facile biosynthesis of Ag-ZnO nanocomposites using Launaea cornuta leaf extract and their antimicrobial activity

The quest to synthesize safe, non-hazardous Ag-ZnO nanoomposites (NCs) with improved physical and chemical properties has necessitated green synthesis approaches. In this research, Launaea cornuta leaf extract was proposed for the green synthesis of Ag-ZnO NCs, wherein the leaf extract was used as a reducing and capping agent. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanoomposites was investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through the disc diffusion method. The influence of the synthesis temperature, pH, and precursor concentration on the synthesis of the Ag-ZnO NCs and antimicrobial efficacy were investigated. The nanoparticles were characterized by ATR-FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, FESEM, and TEM. The FTIR results indicated the presence of secondary metabolites in Launaea cornuta which assisted the green synthesis of the nanoparticles. The XRD results confirmed the successful synthesis of crystalline Ag-ZnO NCs with an average particle size of 21.51 nm. The SEM and TEM images indicated the synthesized nanoparticles to be spherical in shape. The optimum synthesis conditions for Ag-ZnO NCs were at 70 °C, pH of 7, and 8% silver. Antibacterial activity results show Ag-ZnO NCs to have higher microbial inhibition on E. coli than on S. aureus with the zones of inhibition of 21 ± 1.08 and 19.67 ± 0.47 mm, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that Launaea cornuta leaf extract can be used for the synthesis of Ag-ZnO NCs.

Autophagy-targeted nanoparticles in breast carcinoma: A systematic review

Breast cancer is a commonly known cancer type and the leading cause of cancer death among females. One of the unresolved problems in cancer treatment is the increased resistance of the tumor to existing treatments, which is a direct result of apoptotic defects. Calculating an alternative to cell death (autophagy) may be the ultimate solution to maximizing cancer cell death. Our aim in this study was to investigate the potential of free nanoparticles (un-drug-loaded) in the induction or inhibition of autophagy and consider this effect on the therapy process. When the studies met the inclusion criteria, the full texts of all relevant articles were carefully examined and classified. Of the 25 articles included in the analysis, carried out on MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-TXSA, MDA-MB-468, SUM1315, and 4T1 cell lines. Twenty in vitro studies and five in vivo/in vitro studies applied five different autophagy tests: Acridine orange, western blot, Cyto-ID Autophagy Detection Kit, confocal microscope, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Nanoparticles (NPs) in the basic format, including Ag, Au, Y2 O3 , Se, ZnO, CuO, Al, Fe, vanadium pentoxide, and liposomes, were prepared in the included articles. Three behaviors of NPs related to autophagy were seen: induction, inhibition, and no action. Screened and presented data suggest that most of the involved free NPs (metallic NPs) in this systematic review had reactive oxygen species-mediated pathways with autophagy induction (36%). Also, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways were mentioned in just four studies (16%). An impressive percentage of studies (31%) did not examine the NP-related autophagy pathway.

Advances in therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is one of the most appealing area for developing new applications in biotechnology and medicine. For decades, nanoparticles have been extensively studied for a variety of biomedical applications. Silver has evolved into a potent antibacterial agent that can be used in a variety of nanostructured materials of various shapes and sizes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) based antimicrobial compounds are employed in a wide range of applications, including medicinal uses, surface treatment and coatings, the chemical and food industries, and agricultural productivity. When designing formulations for specific applications, the size, shape, and surface area of AgNPs are all crucial structural aspects to consider. Different methods for producing AgNPs with varying sizes and forms that are less harmful have been devised. The anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-angiogenic properties of AgNPs have been addressed in this review, as well as their generation and processes. Herein, we have reviewed the advances in therapeutic applications of AgNPs, as well as their limitations and barriers for future applications.

Functionalized Metal Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy

Currently, there are many studies on the application of nanotechnology in therapy. Metallic nanoparticles are promising nanomaterials in cancer therapy; however, functionalization of these nanoparticles with biomolecules has become relevant as their effect on cancer cells is considerably increased by photothermal and photodynamic therapies, drug nanocarriers, and specificity by antibodies, resulting in new therapies that are more specific against different types of cancer. This review describes studies on the effect of functionalized palladium, gold, silver and platinum nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer, these nanoparticles themselves show an anticancer effect. This effect is further enhanced when the NPs are functionalized with either antibodies, DNA, RNA, peptides, proteins, or folic acid and other molecules. These NPs can penetrate the cell and accumulate in the tumor tissue, resulting in a cytotoxic effect through the generation of ROS, the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, DNA fragmentation, and a photothermal effect. NP-based therapy is a new strategy that can be used synergistically with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to achieve more effective therapies and reduce side effects.

The potential effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized with Coffea arabica green seeds on Leishmania major proliferation, cytotoxicity activity, and cytokines expression level

The goal of this study was to analyze the antileishmanial and antibacterial activity of Coffea arabica green seed biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (C. arabica AgNPs), as well as cytotoxicity and cytokine gene expression. UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and FESEM methods used to examine the C. arabica AgNPs. MTT test was used to assess the antileishmanial and cytotoxicity effects. The gene expression level was assessed in NPs-treated J774 cells by qPCR. The synthesized C. arabica AgNPs were in the size range of 20-70 nm, through FESEM pictures. The IC50 values of the NPs were 65. 4 and 47.70 μg/mL against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major, but these values were 580.1 and 171.1 μg/mL for Glucantime® as the control drug. C. arabica AgNPs represented a significant increase in IL-12P40, as a Th1 cytokine, in comparison to Glucantime® at high concentrations (P < 0.01), whilst IL-10 expression level showed a significant reduction between NPs-treated and Glucantime®-treated macrophages at 250-1000 μg/mL concentrations (P < 0.001). Moreover, the NPs were cytotoxic on cancer cell lines of Hek293, MCF7, and A172 with the CC50 values of 437.2, 116.8, and 72.9 µg/mL, respectively. It showed a significant effect of these NPs against A172 (P < 0.001). Also, the lowest MIC values of the NPs were obtained for Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (204 µg/mL). According to the antileishmanial, anticancer, and antibacterial activity of these NPs, it can considered a bio-agent drug in the future in endemic countries.

Physicochemical Transformations of Silver Nanoparticles in the Oro-Gastrointestinal Tract Mildly Affect Their Toxicity to Intestinal Cells In Vitro: An AOP-Oriented Testing Approach

The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in food and consumer products suggests the relevance of human oral exposure to these nanomaterials (NMs) and raises the possibility of adverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of Ag NPs in a human intestinal cell line, either uncoated or coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (Ag PVP) or hydroxyethylcellulose (Ag HEC) and digested in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Physicochemical transformations of Ag NPs during the different stages of in vitro digestion were identified prior to toxicity assessment. The strategy for evaluating toxicity was constructed on the basis of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) showing Ag NPs as stressors. It consisted of assessing Ag NP cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, perturbation of the cell cycle and apoptosis. Ag NPs caused a concentration-dependent loss of cell viability and increased the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species as well as DNA damage and perturbation of the cell cycle. In vitro digestion of Ag NPs did not significantly modulate their toxicological impact, except for their genotoxicity. Taken together, these results indicate the potential toxicity of ingested Ag NPs, which varied depending on their coating but did not differ from that of non-digested NPs.

The Role of Silver Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer: Are There Any Perspectives for the Future?

Cancer is a fatal disease with a complex pathophysiology. Lack of specificity and cytotoxicity, as well as the multidrug resistance of traditional cancer chemotherapy, are the most common limitations that often cause treatment failure. Thus, in recent years, significant efforts have concentrated on the development of a modernistic field called nano-oncology, which provides the possibility of using nanoparticles (NPs) with the aim to detect, target, and treat cancer diseases. In comparison with conventional anticancer strategies, NPs provide a targeted approach, preventing undesirable side effects. What is more, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have shown good pharmacokinetics and precise targeting, as well as reduced multidrug resistance. It has been documented that, in cancer cells, NPs promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, activate ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress, modulate various signaling pathways, etc. Furthermore, their ability to inhibit tumor growth in vivo has also been documented. In this paper, we have reviewed the role of silver NPs (AgNPs) in cancer nanomedicine, discussing numerous mechanisms by which they render anticancer properties under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as their potential in the diagnosis of cancer.

Plant and Microbial Approaches as Green Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives

The unique biological and physicochemical characteristics of biogenic (green-synthesized) nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted significant interest in different fields, with applications in the agrochemical, food, medication delivery, cosmetics, cellular imaging, and biomedical industries. To synthesize biogenic nanomaterials, green synthesis techniques use microorganisms, plant extracts, or proteins as bio-capping and bio-reducing agents and their role as bio-nanofactories for material synthesis at the nanoscale size. Green chemistry is environmentally benign, biocompatible, nontoxic, and economically effective. By taking into account the findings from recent investigations, we shed light on the most recent developments in the green synthesis of nanomaterials using different types of microbes and plants. Additionally, we cover different applications of green-synthesized nanomaterials in the food and textile industries, water treatment, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the future perspectives of the green synthesis of nanomaterials to advance their production and applications.

Molecular, biochemical and micromorphological responses of cacao seedlings of the Parinari series, carrying the lethal gene Luteus-Pa, in the presence and absence of cotyledons

Investigations of the compatibility between cacao genotypes of the population of the Parinari series (Pa), resulting from the reciprocal crossing of Pa 30 × Pa 169 and Pa 121 × Pa 169, allowed the verification of the occurrence of the recessive lethal single character called Luteus-Pa. These genotypes have this gene in heterozygosity, which when intercross or self-fertilize, segregate in a 3:1 ratio. Normal (NS) and mutant (MS) seedlings grow normally and, after a period of approximately 30 days of age, MS leaves begin to show a metallic yellow color, followed by necrotic spots, and death of the entire seedling, approximately 40 days after the emergency. The work evaluate the molecular, biochemical and micromorphological responses in NS and MS, with and without cotyledons, resulting from the crossing of the Pa 30 × Pa 169 cacao genotypes, aiming to elucidate the possible lethal mechanisms of the homozygous recessive Luteus-Pa. The presence of the lethal gene Luteus-Pa in the seedlings of the cacao genotypes of the population of the Parinari (Pa), with and without cotyledons, resulting from the crossing of Pa 30 × Pa 169, in addition to regulating the synthesis of proteins related to the photosynthetic and stress defense processes, promoted an increase in the synthesis of proteins involved in the glycolic pathway, induced oxidative stress, altered the mobilization of cotyledonary reserves, the integrity of cell membranes, leaf micromorphology and induced the death of seedlings, soon after depletion of protein and carbohydrate reserves, especially in the absence of cotyledons.

The Use of Metallic Nanoparticles in Wound Healing: New Perspectives

Chronic wounds represent a challenge for the health area, as they directly impact patients' quality of life and represent a threat to public health and the global economy due to their high cost of treatment. Alternative strategies must be developed for cost-effective and targeted treatment. In this scenario, the emerging field of nanobiotechnology may provide an alternative platform to develop new therapeutic agents for the chronic wound healing process. This manuscript aims to demonstrate that the application of metallic nanoparticles (gold, silver, copper, and zinc oxide) opened a new chapter in the treatment of wounds, as they have different properties such as drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, and healing acceleration. Furthermore, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) produced through green synthesis ensure less toxicity in biological tissues, and greater safety of applicability, other than adding the effects of NPs with those of extracts.

Oxaliplatin-loaded nanoemulsion containing Teucrium polium L. essential oil induces apoptosis in Colon cancer cell lines through ROS-mediated pathway

Oxaliplatin (Oxa)-associated adverse side effects have considerably limited the clinical use of the drug in colon cancer therapy. Mutant p53 has diverse mutational profiles in colon cancer, and it influences the potencies of various chemotherapeutic drugs, including Oxa. Thus, it would be highly beneficial to identify an alternative therapeutic strategy that not only reduces the toxicity of Oxa, but also exerts a synergistic effect against colon cancers, regardless of their p53 profiles. The present study was aimed at preparing and optimizing Teucrium polium L. essential oil nanoemulsion (TPO-NANO) and investigating its effect on the sensitivity of colon cancer cells with differences in p53 status (HCT116 wild-type and HT-29 mutant-type) to Oxa. The viability of treated cells was determined and the combination index (CI) was calculated. Morphological changes were determined under inverted microscopy, while percentage apoptosis was assayed using flow cytometry. Intracellular ROS and the protein levels of p53 and Bax were measured. The colony-forming potential of treated cells was determined using colony assay. The size of TPO-NANO was markedly increased from 12.90 ± 0.04 nm to 14.47 ± 0.53 nm after loading Oxa (p ≤ 0.05). The combination (Oxa + TPO-NANO) produced a synergetic effect in HCT116 and HT-29, with CI of 0.94 and 0.88, respectively. Microscopic examination and flow cytometric analysis revealed that cells treated with Oxa + TPO-NANO had a higher percentage of apoptosis than cells exposed to monotherapy. Cumulatively, Oxa exerted an apoptotic effect on wild or mutant p53 colon cancer cells when combined with TPO-NANO, through a mechanism involving ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis.

Synthesis of Trimetallic (Ni-Cu)@Ag Core@Shell Nanoparticles without Stabilizing Materials for Antibacterial Applications

We report a simple method to prepare colloidal trimetallic (Ni-Cu)@Ag core@shell nanoparticles (NPs) without stabilizing materials. Experimental evidence was found for the successful synthesis of these NPs using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The presence of core metals (Ni and Cu) was confirmed by elemental analysis using a total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis. In addition, the absorption spectra of the prepared samples exhibited broad bands compared to the bands of the monometallic NPs, indicating the formation of a core-shell nanostructure. The antibacterial activity of the trimetallic NPs was evaluated against three Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella) and two Gram-positive (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria on Mueller-Hinton agar. These NPs showed high inhibition of bacterial growth at the low sample concentrations used in this study compared to other nanomaterials. One of the interesting results of the current study is that the inhibition zone of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a resistant bacterium was high for most NPs. These results make the prepared samples promising candidates for antibiotic material applications.

Investigating the anticancer efficacy of biogenic synthesized MgONPs: An in vitro analysis

The biogenic approach of synthesizing metal nanoparticles is an exciting and interesting research area with a wide range of applications. The present study reports a simple, convenient, low-cost method for synthesizing magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) from pumpkin seed extracts and their anticancer efficacy against ovarian teratocarcinoma cell line (PA-1). The characteristic features of biogenic MgONPs were assessed by UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The formation of spherical NPs with an average size of 100 nm was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, MgONPs exhibit considerable cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ dose of 12.5 μg/ml. A dose-dependent rise in the induction of apoptosis, ROS formation, and inhibition in the migration of PA-1 cells was observed up to 15 μg/ml concentration, reflecting their significant anticancer potential against ovarian teratocarcinoma cell line. However, additional work, especially in different in vitro and in vivo models, is recommended to find out their real potential before this environment-friendly and cost-effective nanoformulation could be exploited for the benefit of humankind.

Green nanoparticles as multifunctional nanomedicines: Insights into anti-inflammatory effects, growth signaling and apoptosis mechanism in cancer

Recently, green nanotechnology got great attention due to their reliable, sustainable, and eco-friendly synthesis protocols. The green nanoparticles (GNPs) are preferred over chemically synthesized nanoparticles owing to less destructive effects associated with the synthesis procedures as well as therapeutic involvement. In this review, we have discussed the applications of GNPs in inflammation-mediated disorders, with special emphasis on cancer, initiated due to oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade. Real-time mechanism based studies on GNPs have suggested their anticancer effects through inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, tissue invasion metastasis, reduced replicative capabilities in addition to target specific different signaling molecules and cascades involved in the development or progression of cancer. Moreover, the association of GNPs with the inhibition or induction of autophagy for the management of cancer has also been discussed. A large number of studies showed the GNPs have multifunctional biomedical properties of theranostic prominence. Therefore, the development of GNPs with naturally established systems could upsurge their definite applications as biomedicines including target specific destruction of the cancerous cells.

Perturbation of autophagy: An intrinsic toxicity mechanism of nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used for various purposes due to their unique physicochemical properties. Such widespread applications greatly increase the possibility of human exposure to NPs in various ways. Once entering the human body, NPs may interfere with cellular homeostasis and thus affect the physiological system. As a result, it is necessary to evaluate the potential disturbance of NPs to multiple cell functions, including autophagy. Autophagy is an important cell function to maintain cellular homeostasis, and minimizing the disturbance caused by NP exposures to autophagy is critical to nanosafety. Herein, we summarized the recent research progress in nanotoxicity with particular focuses on the perturbation of NPs to cell autophagy. The basic processes of autophagy and complex relationships between autophagy and major human diseases were further discussed to emphasize the importance of keeping autophagy under control. Moreover, the most recent advances on perturbation of different types of NPs to autophagy were also reviewed. Last but not least, we also discussed major research challenges and potential coping strategies and proposed a safe-by-design strategy towards safer applications of NPs.

Plant Extract-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanomaterials, Their Applications, and Safety Concerns

Nanotechnology has attracted the attention of researchers from different scientific fields because of the escalated properties of nanomaterials compared with the properties of macromolecules. Nanomaterials can be prepared through different approaches involving physical and chemical methods. The development of nanomaterials through plant-based green chemistry approaches is more advantageous than other methods from the perspectives of environmental safety, animal, and human health. The biomolecules and metabolites of plants act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of metallic green nanomaterials. Plant-based synthesis is a preferred approach as it is not only cost-effective, easy, safe, clean, and eco-friendly but also provides pure nanomaterials in high yield. Since nanomaterials have antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, green nanomaterials synthesized from plants can be used for a variety of biomedical and environmental remediation applications. Past studies have focused mainly on the overall biogenic synthesis of individual or combinations of metallic nanomaterials and their oxides from different biological sources, including microorganisms and biomolecules. Moreover, from the viewpoint of biomedical applications, the literature is mainly focusing on synthetic nanomaterials. Herein, we discuss the extraction of green molecules and recent developments in the synthesis of different plant-based metallic nanomaterials, including silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc, iron, and carbon. Apart from the biomedical applications of metallic nanomaterials, including antimicrobial, anticancer, diagnostic, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications, their environmental remediation potential is also discussed. Furthermore, safety concerns and safety regulations pertaining to green nanomaterials are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Green approaches in synthesising nanomaterials for environmental nanobioremediation: Technological advancements, applications, benefits and challenges

Green synthesis approaches of nanomaterials (NMs) have received considerable attention in recent years as it addresses the sustainability issues posed by conventional synthesis methods. However, recent works of literature do not present the complete picture of biogenic NMs. This paper addresses the previous gaps by providing insights into the stability and toxicity of NMs, critically reviewing the various biological agents and solvents required for synthesis, sheds light on the factors that affect biosynthesis, and outlines the applications of NMs across various sectors. Despite the advantages of green synthesis, current methods face challenges with safe and appropriate solvent selection, process parameters that affect the synthesis process, nanomaterial cytotoxicity, bulk production and NM morphology control, tedious maintenance, and knowledge deficiencies. Consequently, the green synthesis of NMs is largely trapped in the laboratory phase. Nevertheless, the environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, and sensitivities of the resulting NMs have wider applications in biomedical science, environmental remediation, and consumer industries. To the scale-up application of biogenic NMs, future research should be focused on understanding the mechanisms of the synthesis processes, identifying more biological and chemical agents that can be used in synthesis, and developing the practicality of green synthesis at the industrial scale, and optimizing the factors affecting the synthesis process.

Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Liver Carcinoma Cells Induced by Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Schinus&nbsp;molle Extract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is ranked as the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Schinus molle (S. mole) L. is an important medicinal plant that contains many bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties. The role of S. molle leaf extract in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was determined. The biosynthesized AgNPs were thoroughly characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of the biosynthesized AgNPs using S. molle (SMAgNPs) against HepG2 liver cancer cells was investigated. Reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis induction, DNA damage, and autophagy activity were analyzed. The results clearly showed that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 by significantly (p < 0.05) inducing oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis, and autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These findings may encourage integrating the potential of natural products and the efficiency of silver nanoparticles for the fabrication of safe, environmentally friendly, and effective anticancer agents.

Cardiac glycosides from Digitalis lanata and their cytotoxic activities

Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are good candidates as drug leads in the treatment of cancer because of their structural diversities and potent biological activities. In this study, fifteen CGs including three new ones (1–3) were isolated from Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Their structures were elucidated by HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopic methods, including homonuclear and heteronuclear coupling constant analysis, and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and derivatization analysis of the sugar chain. The cytotoxic activities of these CGs were evaluated against three human cancer cell lines (A549, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines), and all of them showed strong activities at nanomolar scale. The flow cytometric analysis indicated that compound 1 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Transcriptome analysis revealed a panel of possible targets for compound 1. RT-PCR and western blot experiments showed that 1 significantly inhibited the expression of vasohibin-2 (VASH2). Moreover, compound 1 restrained angiogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model.

Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are good candidates as drug leads in the treatment of cancer because of their structural diversities and potent biological activities.

Cytotoxicity and molecular docking analysis of racemolactone I, a new sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Inula racemosa

CONTEXT

Traditionally, Inula racemosa Hook. f. (Asteraceae) has been reported to be effective in cancer treatment which motivated the authors to explore the plant for novel anticancer compounds.

OBJECTIVE

To isolate and characterize new cytotoxic phytoconstituents from I. racemosa roots.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The column chromatography of I. racemosa ethyl acetate extract furnished a novel sesquiterpene lactone whose structure was established by NMR (1D/2D), ES-MS and its cytotoxic properties were assessed on HeLa, MDAMB-231, and A549 cell lines using MTT and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assays. Further, morphological changes were analyzed by flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane potential, AO-EtBr dual staining, and comet assay. Molecular docking and simulation were performed using Glide and Desmond softwares, respectively, to validate the mechanism of action.

RESULTS

The isolated compound was identified as racemolactone I (compound 1). Amongst the cell lines tested, considerable changes were observed in HeLa cells. Compound 1 (IC50 = 0.9 µg/mL) significantly decreased cell viability (82%) concomitantly with high LDH release (76%) at 15 µg/mL. Diverse morphological alterations along with significant increase (9.23%) in apoptotic cells and decrease in viable cells were observed. AO-EtBr dual staining also confirmed the presence of 20% apoptotic cells. A gradual decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential was observed. HeLa cells showed significantly increased comet tail length (48.4 µm), indicating broken DNA strands. In silico studies exhibited that compound 1 binds to the active site of Polo-like kinase-1 and forms a stable complex.

CONCLUSIONS

Racemolactone I was identified as potential anticancer agent, which can further be confirmed by in vivo investigations.

Multi-omics analyses on the response mechanisms of 'Shine Muscat' grapevine to low degree of excess copper stress (Low-ECS)

Copper stress is one of the most severe heavy metal stresses in plants. Grapevine has a relatively higher copper tolerance than other fruit crops. However, there are no reports regarding the tolerance mechanisms of the 'Shine Muscat' ('SM') grape to a low degree of excess copper stress (Low-ECS). Based on the physiological indicators and multi-omics (transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and microRNAome) data, 8 h (h) after copper treatment was the most severe stress time point. Nonetheless, copper stress was alleviated 64 h after treatment. Cu ion transportation, photosynthesis pathway, antioxidant system, hormone metabolism, and autophagy were the primary response systems in 'SM' grapevine under Low-ECS. Numerous genes and proteins, such as HMA5, ABC transporters, PMM, GME, DHAR, MDHAR, ARGs, and ARPs, played essential roles in the 'SM' grapevine's response to Low-ECS. This work was carried out to gain insights into the multi-omics responses of 'SM' grapevine to Low-ECS. This study provides genetic and agronomic information that will guide better vinery management and breeding copper-resistant grape cultivars.

Bioengineered phytomolecules-capped silver nanoparticles using Carissa carandas leaf extract to embed on to urinary catheter to combat UTI pathogens

Rising incidents of urinary tract infections (UTIs) among catheterized patients is a noteworthy problem in clinic due to their colonization of uropathogens on abiotic surfaces. Herein, we have examined the surface modification of urinary catheter by embedding with eco-friendly synthesized phytomolecules-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to prevent the invasion and colonization of uropathogens. The preliminary confirmation of AgNPs production in the reaction mixture was witnessed by the colour change and surface resonance plasmon (SRP) band at 410nm by UV–visible spectroscopy. The morphology, size, crystalline nature, and elemental composition of attained AgNPs were further confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The functional groups of AgNPs with stabilization/capped phytochemicals were detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further, antibiofilm activity of synthesized AgNPs against biofilm producers such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined by viability assays and micrographically. AgNPs coated and coating-free catheters performed to treat with bacterial pathogen to analyze the mat formation and disruption of biofilm formation. Synergistic effect of AgNPs with antibiotic reveals that it can enhance the activity of antibiotics, AgNPs coated catheter revealed that, it has potential antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm activity. In summary, C. carandas leaf extract mediated synthesized AgNPs will open a new avenue and a promising template to embed on urinary catheter to control clinical pathogens.

A Review on Silver Nanoparticles: Classification, Various Methods of Synthesis, and Their Potential Roles in Biomedical Applications and Water Treatment

Recent developments in nanoscience have appreciably modified how diseases are prevented, diagnosed, and treated. Metal nanoparticles, specifically silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are widely used in bioscience. From time to time, various synthetic methods for the synthesis of AgNPs are reported, i.e., physical, chemical, and photochemical ones. However, among these, most are expensive and not eco-friendly. The physicochemical parameters such as temperature, use of a dispersing agent, surfactant, and others greatly influence the quality and quantity of the synthesized NPs and ultimately affect the material’s properties. Scientists worldwide are trying to synthesize NPs and are devising methods that are easy to apply, eco-friendly, and economical. Among such strategies is the biogenic method, where plants are used as the source of reducing and capping agents. In this review, we intend to debate different strategies of AgNP synthesis. Although, different preparation strategies are in use to synthesize AgNPs such as electron irradiation, optical device ablation, chemical reduction, organic procedures, and photochemical methods. However, biogenic processes are preferably used, as they are environment-friendly and economical. The review covers a comprehensive discussion on the biological activities of AgNPs, such as antimicrobial, anticancer anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic potentials of AgNPs. The use of AgNPs in water treatment and disinfection has also been discussed in detail.

Revisiting inorganic nanoparticles as promising therapeutic agents: A paradigm shift in oncological theranostics

Cancer remains a global health problem largely due to a lack of effective therapies. Major cancer management strategies include chemotherapy, surgical resection, and radiation. Unfortunately, these strategies have a number of limitations, such as non-specific side effects, uneven delivery of the drugs, and lack of proper monitoring technology. Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are considered promising agents in treating and tracing cancer due to their unique physicochemical properties such as the controlled release of drugs, bioavailability, biocompatibility, stability, and large surface area. Also, they enhance the solubility of hydrophobic drugs, prolong their circulation time, prevent undesired off-targeting and subsequent side effects, making them efficient particles in cancer theranostics. Promising inorganic-NPs include gold, selenium, silica, and oxide NPs. Further, several techniques are used to modify the surface of inorganic-NPs, making them more efficient for the effective transport of therapeutic cargos to overcome cellular barriers. Thus, inorganic-NPs function effectively, surmounting the intrinsic drawbacks of traditional organic NPs. This mini-review summarizes the significant inorganic-NPs, their properties, surface modifications, cellular uptake, and bio-distributions, along with their potential use in cancer theranostics. We also discuss the promises and challenges faced during the inorganic-NPs mediated therapeutic approach for cancer and these particles' status in the clinical setting.

The flavonoid, kaempferol-3-O-apiofuranosyl-7-O-rhamnopyranosyl, as a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer with a promoting effect on ovarian function

It is widely known that breast cancer cells eventually develop resistance to hormonal drugs and chemotherapies, which often compromise fertility. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the flavonoid, kaempferol-3-O-apiofuranosyl-7-O-rhamnopyranosyl (KARP), on 1) the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and 2) ovarian function in rats. A dose-dependent decrease in MCF-7 cell survival was observed, and the IC50 value was found to be 48 μg/ml. Cells in the control group or those exposed to increasing concentrations of KARP experienced a similar generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of apoptosis. For the rats, estradiol levels correlated negatively to KARP dosages, although a recovery was obtained at administration of 30 mg/kg per day. Noteworthily, when compared against the control, this dosage led to significant increases in mRNA levels for CYP19, CYP17a, CCND2, GDF9, and INSL3 among the treatment groups, and ER1 and ER2 mRNA levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner. KARP shows great promise as an ideal therapy for breast cancer patients since it induced apoptosis and autophagy in cancerous cells without harming fertility in our animal model. Future investigations on humans are necessary to substantiate these findings and determine its efficacy as a general line of treatment.

Silver Nanoparticles Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Injuries Mediated Autophagy in HC11 Cells Through Akt/AMPK/mTOR Pathway

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industrial products, and they have good antibacterial properties, with potential for prevention and treatment of cow mastitis. However, concerns exist about the cytotoxicity of AgNPs. Thus, we have studied the role of autophagy in AgNP-induced cytotoxicity in mouse HC11 mammary epithelium cells. We found that AgNPs injured HC11 cells, with release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). AgNPs also induced autophagy in HC11 cells, which was associated with oxidative stress, as indicated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased expression of hemoxygenase-1(HO-1) and Nrf2. Mitochondria were altered by AgNPs: mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was decreased and the expression of PINK1 and Parkin was increased. AgNPs also increased the expression of p-AMPK and decreased the expression of p-Akt and p-mTOR. The addition of 3-methyl adenine inhibited autophagy and enhanced the cytotoxicity of AgNPs, indicating that autophagy is protective against AgNP-induced cell death. In summary, AgNPs induced protective autophagy in HC11 cells via the Akt/AMPK/mTOR pathway, associated with cellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations. Our research confirms that AgNPs may damage the breast tissue in clinical applications and should be used with caution. Further research is necessary to clarify whether the damage caused by AgNPs will affect the lactation function of the mammary glands and possible residues in milk.

Antimicrobial and anticancer properties of Carica papaya leaves derived di-methyl flubendazole mediated silver nanoparticles

BACKGROUND

In this study, a biologically active molecule, di-methyl flubendazole isolated from the extract of Carica papaya leaves confirmed by using GC-MS, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR analysis was applied to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs with plant sources an alternative therapeutic agent for synthetic compound used in cancer chemotherapy.

METHODS

The AgNPs were characterized using UV, FT-IR, XRD, FESEM with EDX and TEM. The antibacterial effects of AgNPs were determined with agar well diffusion method. The MTT assay used to evaluate the inhibitory effect cell lines. The acridine orange and ethidium bromide and DAPI have used cell morphological effects.

RESULTS

The AgNPs were mono-crystalline and their size ranged from 7 to 22 nm. AgNPs showed good antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Studies on the antiproliferative potential of bioinspired AgNPs in cancer cell lines revealed that the antiproliferative effect was much stronger in HepG2 than in MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. Similarly, AgNPs exerted less cytotoxic activity in Vero cells (normal cells). AgNPs-treated cells showed necrosis, apoptotic morphology evidenced by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, cell decay, and necrosis. HepG2 cells treated with biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited a G0/G1 phase (52-53.37%) blockage. Compared to the control, AgNP-treated HepG2 cells showed elevated ®-actin levels; however, Bcl-2 was significantly down regulated in AgNP-treated cells, indicating the involvement of Bcl-2 in apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the fact that di-methyl flubendazole-based silver nanoparticles showed a novel and cost-effective natural antitumor and antibacterial agent.

Cytotoxic, Antimitotic, DNA Binding, Photocatalytic, H2O2 Sensing, and Antioxidant Properties of Biofabricated Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb traditionally used in ethnomedicine. In the present report, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using B. pinnatum leaf extract. BP-AgNPs were confirmed following UV-Vis spectroscopy with SPR peak at 412 nm and further characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and TEM. Microscopic images confirmed the spherical shape and ~15 nm average size of nanostructures. BP-AgNPs were evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of hazardous dyes (methylene blue and Rhodamine-B) and showed their complete reduction within 100 and 110 min., respectively. BP-AgNPs have emerged as a unique SPR-based novel sensor for the detection of H2O2, which may deliver exciting prospects in clinical and industrial areas. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were studied with respective IC50 values of 89 and 259 μg/mL. A strong intercalating interaction of CT-DNA with BP-AgNPs was investigated. Observed chromosomal abnormalities confirm the antimitotic potential of BP-AgNPs in the meristematic root tip. The cytotoxicity of BP-AgNPs against B16F10 (melanoma cell line) and A431 (squamous cell carcinoma cell line), was assessed with respective IC50 values of 59.5 and 96.61 μg/ml after 24 h of treatment. The presented green synthetic approach provides a novel and new door for environmental, industrial, and biomedical applications.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa synthesized silver nanoparticles inhibit cell proliferation and induce ROS mediated apoptosis in thyroid cancer cell line (TPC1)

We used cell-free culture filtrate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a reducing mediator of AgNO₃ to silvernanoparticles (AgNPs) and possibly used as a potential anticancer agent against thyroid cancer cells (TPC1). The bio-generation of AgNPs was firmly established by taking a UV spectrum at 380-500 nm wavelength. The Fourier transform spectrum analysis reveals the association of alcohol, phenol and aromatic functional groups with P. aeruginosa synthesized AgNPs (Ps-AgNPs). By observing under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the size and structure of the Ps-AgNPs were characterized as the size was 30-70 nm and spherical in shape. The concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of Ps-AgNPs on TPC1 cells was observed and IC50 value was calculated. The alteration of oxidative and antioxidant biomarkers in Ps-AgNPs treated cells were observed. The induced apoptosis was determined by staining the Ps-AgNPs treated cells with DCFH-DA, Rh-123 dye, Acridine Orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EtBr). Increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decreased level of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed in Ps-AgNPs treated TPC1 cells. Moreover, the apoptotic morphological changes were explored, which indicates increased apoptosis by inducing cell membrane damage in Ps-AgNPs treated cells. This biogenic approach will enable an effective and significant improvement in nano-oncotherapy.

Synthesis, characteristics and medical applications of plant nanomaterials

The recent preparations of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts as reducing agents are summarized here. The synthesis and characterization of plant-metal nanomaterials and the progress in antibacterial and anti-inflammatory medical applications are detailed, providing a new vision for plant-based medical applications. The medical application of plant-metal nanoparticles is becoming a research hotspot. Compared with traditional preparation methods, the synthesis of plant-metal nanoparticles is less toxic and more eco-friendly, increasing application potential. Highly efficient plant-metal nanoparticles are usually smaller than 100 nm. This review describes the synthesis, characterization and bioactivities of gold- and silver-plant nanoparticles as examples and clearly explained their antibacterial and anticancer mechanisms. An analysis of actual cases shows that the synthetic method and type of plant extract affect the activities of the products.

Effects of lead, cadmium and zinc on protein changes in Silene vulgaris shoots cultured in vitro

In the present research, Silene vulgaris as a representative species growing on both unpolluted and heavy metal (HM) polluted terrains were used to identify ecotype-specific responses to metallic stress. Growth, cell ultrastructure and element accumulations were compared between non-metallicolous (NM), calamine (CAL) and serpentine (SER) specimens untreated with HMs and treated with Pb, Cd and Zn ions under in vitro conditions. Moreover, proteins' modifications related to their level, carbonylation and degradations via vacuolar proteases were verified and linked with potential mechanisms to cope with ions toxicity. Our experiment revealed diversified strategy of HM uptake in NM and both metallicolous ecotypes, in which antagonistic relationship of Zn and Pb/Cd ions provided survival benefits for the whole organism. Despite this similarity, growth rate and metabolic pathways induced in CAL and SER shoots varied significantly. Exposition to HMs in CAL culture led to drop in protein level by approximately 16% compared to the control. This parameter nearly correlated with the enhanced activity of proteases at pH 5.2 as well as possible glutamate changes to proline and reduced glutathione, resulting in intensified growth and first signs of cell senescence. In turn, SER shoots were characterized by growth retardation (to 53% of the control), although protein level and carbonylation were not modified, while a deeper insight into protein network showed its remodeling towards production of polyamines and 2-oxoglutarate delivered to the Krebs cycle. Contrary, an uncontrolled HM influx in NM shoots contributed to morpho-structural disorders accompanied by an increase activity of proteases involved in the degradation of oxidized proteins, what pointed to metal-induced autophagy. Taken together, S. vulgaris ecotypes respond to stress by triggering various mechanisms engaged their survival and/or death under HM treatment.

Bactericidal Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant Synthesized Silver, Gold and Bimetallic Nanoparticles

As the field of nanomedicine develops and tackles the recent surge in antibiotic resistance, there is a need to have an in-depth understanding and a synergistic view of research on the effectiveness of a metal nanoparticle (NP) as an antibacterial agent especially their mechanisms of action. The constant development of bacterial resistance has led scientists to develop novel antibiotic agents. Silver, gold and its bimetallic combination are one of the most promising metal NPs because they show strong antibacterial activity. In this review we discuss the mode of synthesis and the proposed mechanism of biocidal antibacterial activity of metal NPs. These mechanisms include DNA degradation, protein oxidation, generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, ATP depletion, damage of biomolecules and membrane interaction.

Sinensetin induces apoptosis and autophagy in the treatment of human T-cell lymphoma

The present study was carried out to explore the effect of sinensetin in human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat cells and to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that sinensetin significantly impeded Jurkat cell proliferation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Additionally, sinensetin treatment triggered apoptosis and autophagy in Jurkat cells. The apoptosis induction was related to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and to increased caspase-3/-8/-9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Sinensetin also induced autophagy, as evidenced by the formation of acidic vacuoles, the upregulation of LC3-II and beclin-1, and the downregulation of p62. In addition, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine significantly enhanced the apoptosis rate and improved the sensitivity of the Jurkat cells to sinensetin. Moreover, sinensetin induced cell death, apoptosis, and autophagy through the activation of the reactive oxygen species/ c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway and the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. In summary, our results revealed that sinensetin induced apoptosis and autophagy in human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat cells by activating reactive oxygen species/ c-Jun N-terminal kinase and blocking the Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Thus, sinensetin might be a potential candidate in the development of antitumor drugs targeting T-cell leukemia.