Ammonium glycyrrhizate skin delivery from ultradeformable liposomes: A novel use as an anti-inflammatory agent in topical drug delivery

Controlled Release of Curcumin and Hypocrellin A from Electrospun Poly(l-Lactic Acid)/Silk Fibroin Nanofibers for Enhanced Cancer Cell Inhibition

Nanofibers have emerged as a highly effective method for drug delivery, attributed to their remarkable porosity and ability to regulate drug release rates while minimizing toxicity and side effects. In this study, we successfully loaded the natural anticancer drugs curcumin (CUR) and hypocrellin A (HA) into pure poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and PLLA-silk protein (PS) composite nanofibers through electrospinning technology. This result was confirmed through comprehensive analysis involving SEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC, TG, zeta potential, and pH stability analysis. The encapsulation efficiency of all samples exceeded 85%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the loading process. Additionally, the drug release doses were significantly higher in the composites compared to pure PLLA, owing to the enhanced crystallinity and stability of the silk proteins. Importantly, the composite nanofibers exhibited excellent pH stability in physiological and acidic environments. Furthermore, the drug-loaded composite nanofibers displayed strong inhibitory effects on cancer cells, with approximately 28% (HA) and 37% (CUR) inhibition of cell growth and differentiation within 72 h, while showing minimal impact on normal cells. This research highlights the potential for controlling drug release through the manipulation of fiber diameter and crystallinity, paving the way for wider applications of electrospun green nanomaterials in the field of medicine.

Reflectance spectroscopy: a non-invasive strategy to explore skin reactions to topical products

Reflectance spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of dermatology, offering a non-invasive strategy to assess several cutaneous properties and skin response to topical products. By analyzing reflected light across different wavelengths, reflectance spectroscopy allows the quantification of cutaneous parameters, such as erythema index and melanin content. Moreover, this analytical technique enables the monitoring of any changes in skin physiology facilitating the assessment of long-term effects of topical products as well as predicting cutaneous diseases. This review provides an overview of the application of reflectance spectroscopy in investigating skin properties and reaction to topical applied products, including both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, thereby aiding in the development of personalized solutions tailored to individual needs.

pH-responsive niosome-based nanocarriers of antineoplastic agents

Differences in pH between the tumour interstitium and healthy tissues can be used to induce conformational changes in the nanocarrier structure, thereby triggering drug release at the desired site. In the present study, novel pH-responsive nanocarriers were developed by modifying conventional niosomes with hexadecyl-poly(acrylic acid)n copolymers (HD-PAAn). Niosomal vesicles were prepared by the thin film hydration method using Span 60, Span 60/Tween 60 and cholesterol as main constituents, and HD-PAA modifiers of different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 mol%). Next, two model substances, a water-soluble fluorescent dye (calcein) and a hydrophobic agent with pronounced antineoplastic activity (curcumin), were loaded in the aqueous core and hydrophobic membrane of the elaborated niosomes, respectively. Physicochemical properties of blank and loaded nanocarriers such as hydrodynamic diameter (Dh), size distribution, zeta potential, morphology and pH-responsiveness were investigated in detail. The cytotoxicity of niosomal curcumin was evaluated against human malignant cell lines of different origins (MJ, T-24, HUT-78), and the mechanistic aspects of proapoptotic effects were elucidated. The formulation composed of Span 60/Tween 60/cholesterol/2.5% HD-PAA17 exhibited optimal physicochemical characteristics (Dh 302 nm; ζ potential -22.1 mV; high curcumin entrapment 83%), pH-dependent drug release and improved cytotoxic and apoptogenic activity compared to free curcumin.

The Evolution of Emerging Nanovesicle Technologies for Enhanced Delivery of Molecules into and across the Skin

This review focuses on nanovesicular carriers for enhanced delivery of molecules into and across the skin, from their design to recent emerging technologies. During the last four decades, several approaches have been used aiming to design new nanovesicles, some of them by altering the properties of the classic phospholipid vesicle, the liposome. Phospholipid nanovesicular systems, including the phospholipid soft vesicles as well as the non-phospholipid vesicular carries, are reviewed. The altered nanovesicles have served in the manufacture of various cosmetic products and have been investigated and used for the treatment of a wide variety of skin conditions. The evolution and recent advances of these nanovesicular technologies are highlighted in this review.

Preparation of paeoniflorin-glycyrrhizic acid complex transethosome gel and its preventive and therapeutic effects on melasma

Paeoniflorin (PF) and glycyrrhizic acid (GL) have skin beautifying effects of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, inhibition of melanin formation, and reduction of skin pigmentation. To improve the transdermal permeability of PF and GL in transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) and enhance their anti-melasma efficacy, PF-GL transethosome (PF-GL-TE) was prepared by ethanol injection method, and finally gelled with carbomer-940 to form PF-GL-TE gel. Consequently, the obtained PF-GL-TE is small and uniform, with an average particle size and a PDI value of about 167.9 nm and 0.102. PF-GL-TE gel showed sustained release behavior and high transdermal permeability in vitro release and transdermal tests. Meanwhile, PF-GL-TE gel played significant preventive effects on melasma induced by progesterone injection and ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) irradiation. According to the results of H&E staining and Masson staining of rat skin, PF-GL-TE gel can alleviate the skin inflammation of and reduce the loss of collagen fibers of back skin in the melasma model rats. Compared with the PF-GL mixture gel, PF-GL-TE gel significantly attenuated the oxidative damage of liver and skin by increasing the activity of SOD and reducing the content of MDA. The results of Western blot showed that PF-GL-TE gel might down-regulate melanin-related proteins expressions of MITF/TYR/TRP1 and TRP2 to prevent and treat melasma. These findings indicate that PF-GL-TE gel is an effective TDDS for delivering PF and GL into the skin, providing a promising preparation for effective prevention and treatment of melasma.

Advances in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A Bibliometric and Patent Analysis

Transdermal drug delivery systems have become an intriguing research topic in healthcare technology and one of the most frequently developed pharmaceutical products in the global market. In recent years, researchers and pharmaceutical companies have made significant progress in developing new solutions in the field. This study sheds light on current trends, collaboration patterns, research hotspots, and emerging frontiers of transdermal drug delivery. Herein, a bibliometric and patent analysis of data recovered from Scopus and The Lens databases, respectively, is reported over the last 20 years. From 2000 to 2022, the annual global publications increased from 131 in 2000 to 659 in 2022. Researchers in the United States, China, and India produced the highest number of publications. Likewise, most patent applications have been filed in the USA, China, and Europe. The recovered patents are 7275, grouped into 2997 patent families, of which 314 were granted. This study could support the work of decision-makers, scientific managers, or scientists to create new business opportunities or save money, time, and intellectual capital, thereby defining when a research or technology project should be a priority or not.

Rheological and Viscoelastic Analysis of Hybrid Formulations for Topical Application

The rheological and viscoelastic properties of hybrid formulations composed of vehicles designed for cutaneous topical application and loaded with ultradeformable liposomes (UDL) were assessed. UDL were selected for their established ability to transport both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds through the skin, and are applicable in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Formulations underwent flow analysis and were fitted to the Herschel-Bulkley model due to their prevalent non-Newtonian behavior in most cases. Linear viscoelastic regions (LVR) were identified, and G' and G″ moduli were determined via frequency sweep steps, considering the impact of temperature and aging. The formulations exhibited non-Newtonian behavior with pseudoplastic traits in most cases, with UDL incorporation inducing rheological changes. LVR and frequency sweep tests indicated predominantly elastic solid behavior, with G' higher than G″, at different temperatures and post-production times. Tan δ values also illustrated a predominant solid-like behavior over liquid. This study provides pivotal insights into the rheological and viscoelastic features of topical formulations, emphasizing the crucial role of meticulous vehicle and formulation selection when incorporating UDL or analogous liposomal drug delivery systems.

Preparation of Uniform Nano Liposomes Using Focused Ultrasonic Technology

Liposomes are microspheres produced by placing phospholipids in aqueous solutions. Liposomes have the advantage of being able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional substances and are thus important mediators used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is important for liposomes to have small sizes, uniform particle size distribution, and long-term stability. Previously, liposomes have been prepared using a homo mixer, microfluidizer, and horn and bath types of sonicators. However, it is difficult to produce liposomes with small sizes and uniform particle size distribution using these methods. Therefore, we have developed a focused ultrasound method to produce nano-sized liposomes with better size control. In this study, the liposome solutions were prepared using the focused ultrasound method and conventional methods. The liposome solutions were characterized for their size distribution, stability, and morphology. Results showed that the liposome solution prepared using focused ultrasonic equipment had a uniform particle size distribution with an average size of 113.6 nm and a polydispersity index value of 0.124. Furthermore, the solution showed good stability in dynamic light scattering measurements for 4 d and Turbiscan measurements for 1 week.

Nanotechnology-Based Topical Delivery of Natural Products for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic eczematous inflammatory disease that may arise from environmental, genetic, and immunological factors. Despite the efficacy of current treatment options such as corticosteroids, such approaches are mainly focused on symptom relief and may present certain undesirable side effects. In recent years, isolated natural compounds, oils, mixtures, and/or extracts have gained scientific attention because of their high efficiency and moderate to low toxicity. Despite their promising therapeutic effects, the applicability of such natural healthcare solutions is somewhat limited by their instability, poor solubility, and low bioavailability. Therefore, novel nanoformulation-based systems have been designed to overcome these limitations, thus enhancing the therapeutic potential, by promoting the capacity of these natural drugs to properly exert their action in AD-like skin lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first literature review that has focused on summarizing recent nanoformulation-based solutions loaded with natural ingredients, specifically for the management of AD. We suggest that future studies should focus on robust clinical trials that may confirm the safety and effectiveness of such natural-based nanosystems, thus paving the way for more reliable AD treatments.

Carboplatin-loaded ultradeformable vesicles for the management of endometrial cancer: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Aim: Present research work aimed to explore intravaginal route for the drug delivery for treatment of endometrial cancer (EC). Material & methods: Carboplatin (CBP)-loaded ultradeformable vesicle (CBP-UDV) was prepared and characterized for in vitro quality attributes and evaluated for its efficacy in rabbits using ultrasound imaging after intravaginal administration. Results & conclusion: The results showed that the formulation capable of carrying and localizing drug in uterus for prolonged period assisted by first uterine pass effect. Ultrasound imaging of the EC-induced rabbit model before and after treatment with CBP-UDV showed considerable regression in the EC tumor mass. The findings serve as the basis of successful utilization of the intravaginal route for management of EC by designing the formulation which can improve patient compliance.

Structural Changes in Liposomal Vesicles in Association with Sodium Taurodeoxycholate

Liposomes composed of soy lecithin (SL) have been studied widely for drug delivery applications. The stability and elasticity of liposomal vesicles are improved by incorporating additives, including edge activators. In this study, we report the effect of sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC, a bile salt) upon the microstructural characteristics of SL vesicles. Liposomes, prepared by the thin film hydration method, were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), electron microscopy, and rheological techniques. We noticed a reduction in the size of vesicles with the incremental addition of STDC. Initial changes in the size of spherical vesicles were ascribed to the edge-activating action of STDC (0.05 to 0.17 µM). At higher concentrations (0.23 to 0.27 µM), these vesicles transformed into cylindrical structures. Morphological transitions at higher STDC concentrations would have occurred due to its hydrophobic interaction with SL molecules in the bilayer. This was ascertained from nuclear magnetic resonance observations. Whereas shape transitions underscored the deformability of vesicles in the presence of STDC, the consistency of bilayer thickness ruled out any dissociative effect. It was interesting to notice that SL-STDC mixed structures could survive high thermal stress, electrolyte addition, and dilution.

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizininate Improves Skin Wound Healing by Modulating Inflammatory Process

Wound healing is characterized by a systemic and complex process of cellular and molecular activities. Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate (DPG), a side product derived from glycyrrhizic acid, has several biological effects, such as being antiallergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, gastroprotective, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of topical DPG on the healing of cutaneous wounds by secondary intention in an in vivo experimental model. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were used in the experiment, and were randomly divided into six groups of four. Circular excisions were performed and topically treated for 14 days after wound induction. Macroscopic and histopathological analyses were performed. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time qPCR. Our results showed that treatment with DPG caused a decrease in the inflammatory exudate as well as an absence of active hyperemia. Increases in granulation tissue, tissue reepithelization, and total collagen were also observed. Furthermore, DPG treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnf-α, Cox-2, Il-8, Irak-2, Nf-kB, and Il-1) while increasing the expression of Il-10, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects across all three treatment periods. Based on our results, we conclude that DPG attenuates the inflammatory process by promoting skin wound healing through the modulation of distinct mechanisms and signaling pathways, including anti-inflammatory ones. This involves modulation of the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression; promotion of new granulation tissue; angiogenesis; and tissue re-epithelialization, all of which contribute to tissue remodeling.

Nanocarriers based novel and effective drug delivery system

Nanotechnology has ultimately come into the domain of drug delivery. Nanosystems for delivery of drugs are promptly emerging science utilizing different nanoparticles as carriers. Biocompatible and stable nanocarriers are novel diagnosis tools or therapy agents for explicitly targeting locates with controllable way. Nanocarriers propose numerous advantages to treat diseases via site-specific as well as targeted delivery of particular therapeutics. In recent times, there are number of outstanding nanocarriers use to deliver bio-, chemo-, or immuno- therapeutic agents to obtain effectual therapeutic reactions and to minimalize unwanted adverse-effects. Nanoparticles possess remarkable potential for active drug delivery. Moreover, conjugation of drugs with nanocarriers protects drugs from metabolic or chemical modifications, through their way to targeted cells and hence increased their bioavailability. In this review, various systems integrated with different types of nanocarriers (inorganic. organic, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes) having different compositions, physical and chemical properties have been discussed for drug delivery applications.

Applications of phase change materials in smart drug delivery for cancer treatment

Phase change materials (PCMs) are materials that are stimulated by the external enthalpy change (temperature) to realize solid-liquid and liquid-solid phase transformation. Due to temperature sensitivity, friendly modification, and low toxicity, PCMs have been widely used in smart drug delivery. More often than not, the drug was encapsulated in a solid PCMs matrix, a thermally responsive material. After the trigger implementation, PCMs change into a solid-liquid phase, and the loading drug is released accordingly. Therefore, PCMs can achieve precise release control with different temperature adjustments, which is especially important for small molecular drugs with severe side effects. The combination of drug therapy and hyperthermia through PCMs can achieve more accurate and effective treatment of tumor target areas. This study briefly summarizes the latest developments on PCMs as smart gate-keepers for anti-tumor applications in light of PCMs becoming a research hot spot in the nanomedicine sector in recent years.

Effects of Uremic Clearance Granules on p38 MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway, Microbial and Metabolic Profiles in End-Stage Renal Disease Rats Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Topical delivery of pluronic F127/TPGS mixed micelles-based hydrogel loaded with glycyrrhizic acid for atopic dermatitis treatment

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to develop pluronic F127/D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate mixed micelles-based hydrogel (MMs-gel) for topical delivery of GL to improve its skin permeability and atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment.

SIGNIFICANCE

GL loaded MMs-gel (GL-MMs-gel) could be potentially used as a promising nanocarrier for the treatment of AD.

METHODS

GL-MMs were prepared by thin film hydration method and then loaded into carbopol gel. The formulation of GL-MMs-gel was optimized by full factorial design and systematically characterized for drug content, pH, spreadability, in vitro drug release and percutaneous permeation, etc. The therapeutic effect of GL-MMs-gel was also investigated in AD-like skin lesion model in BALB/c mice and compared with GL solution-based gel (GL-sol-gel).

RESULTS

Spherical GL-MMs with particle size of ∼30 nm were successfully incorporated into carbopol gel to form GL-MMs-gel with drug content of (98.80 ± 1.30) %, pH of 6.0 ± 0.08, and spreadability of (7.1 ± 0.2) cm. In vitro drug release profile of GL-MMs-gel exhibited a sustained-release behavior. The permeation flux for GL-MMs-gel (5.15 ± 0.33 µg/cm²/h) was significantly higher than that of GL-sol-gel (3.08 ± 0.34 µg/cm²/h) and GL-MMs-gel increased the accumulative amounts of GL in rats' skin 8.41 times than GL-sol-gel. The GL-MMs-gel was more effective than GL-sol-gel in suppressions of various AD symptoms including skin lesions, edema, high IgE levels, epidermal hyperplasia, and mast cell infiltration.

CONCLUSION

All results revealed that MMs-gel could be a promising carrier for topical delivery of GL for the treatment of AD.

Vesicular Nanocarriers for Phytocompounds in Wound Care: Preparation and Characterization

The need to develop wound healing preparations is a pressing challenge given the limitations of the current treatment and the rising prevalence of impaired healing wounds. Although herbal extracts have been used for many years to treat skin disorders, due to their wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, their efficacy can be questionable because of their poor bioavailability and stability issues. Nanotechnology offers an opportunity to revolutionize wound healing therapies by including herbal compounds in nanosystems. Particularly, vesicular nanosystems exhibit beneficial properties, such as biocompatibility, targeted and sustained delivery capacity, and increased phytocompounds’ bioavailability and protection, conferring them a great potential for future applications in wound care. This review summarizes the beneficial effects of phytocompounds in wound healing and emphasizes the advantages of their entrapment in vesicular nanosystems. Different types of lipid nanocarriers are presented (liposomes, niosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, cubosomes, and their derivates’ systems), highlighting their applications as carriers for phytocompounds in wound care, with the presentation of the state-of-art in this field. The methods of preparation, characterization, and evaluation are also described, underlining the properties that ensure good in vitro and in vivo performance. Finally, future directions of topical systems in which vesicle-bearing herbal extracts or phytocompounds can be incorporated are pointed out, as their development is emerging as a promising strategy.

Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate and Bergamot Essential Oil Co-Loaded Ultradeformable Nanocarriers: An Effective Natural Nanomedicine for In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Topical Therapies

Bergamot essential oil (BEO) and Ammonium glycyrrhizinate (AG), naturally derived compounds, have remarkable anti-inflammatory properties, thus making them suitable candidates for the treatment of skin disorders. Despite this, their inadequate physicochemical properties strongly compromise their topical application. Ultradeformable nanocarriers containing both BEO and AG were used to allow their passage through the skin, thus maximizing their therapeutic activity. Physicochemical characterization studies were performed using Zetasizer Nano ZS and Turbiscan Lab^®. The dialysis method was used to investigate the release profile of the active compounds. In vivo studies were performed on human healthy volunteers through the X-Rite spectrophotometer. The nanosystems showed suitable features for topical cutaneous administration in terms of mean size, surface charge, size distribution, and long-term stability/storability. The co-delivery of BEO and AG in the deformable systems improved both the release profile kinetic of ammonium glycyrrhizinate and deformability properties of the resulting nanosystems. The topical cutaneous administration on human volunteers confirmed the efficacy of the nanosystems. In detail, BEO and AG-co-loaded ultradeformable vesicles showed a superior activity compared to that recorded from the ones containing AG as a single agent. These results are promising and strongly encourage a potential topical application of AG/BEO co-loaded nanocarriers for anti-inflammatory therapies.

Protective effect of l-carnitine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against H2O2-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis

L-carnitine (LC) is a highly water-soluble compound involved in the β-oxidation of lipids and transportation of long-chain fatty acids across the membrane of mitochondria. However, the higher hydrophilicity of LC limits its free diffusion across the bilayer lipid membrane of intestinal epithelium in oral administration, decreasing oral bioavailability. Drug delivery with nanoparticles enhances cargo bioavailability and cellular uptake and improves therapeutic outcomes while decreasing unwanted side effects. Here, we proposed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a hydrophobic carrier for LC delivery, aiming at increasing LC bioavailability and its protective role against intracellular oxidative stress damages. The LC-SLNs were prepared using the hot homogenization technique, and different physicochemical properties were investigated. The inhibition of H₂O₂-induced ROS generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with plain LC and LC-SLNs was investigated. Moreover, various in vitro experiments were performed to assess whether LC-SLNs can protect HUVECs from H₂O₂-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis. The monodispersed and spherical blank SLNs and LC-SLNs were 104 ± 1.8 and 128 ± 1.5 nm, respectively with a drug loading (DL) of 11.49 ± 0.78 mg/mL and acceptable encapsulation efficiency (EE%) (69.09 ± 1.12) of LC-SLNs. The formulation process did not affect the antioxidant properties of LC. MTT assay and comet assay demonstrated that the LC-SLNs decreased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of H₂O₂, respectively on HUVECs. Besides, LC-SLNs more inhibited ROS generation, along with apoptotic events in H₂O₂-treated HUVECs compared to the plain LC. Altogether, our findings affirmed the protective effects of LC-SLNs against H₂O₂-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in HUVECs. In conclusion, LC-SLN formulation is a promising drug delivery system to overcome the bioavailability issue of hydrophilic LC, enhancing the antioxidant and biological properties of the plain LC.

A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Approaches Available for the Treatment of Dermatitis

BACKGROUND

Dermatitis or eczema is a prevalent skin disorder worldwide and is also very common as a pediatric inflammatory skin disorder. Its succession gets worse with the multiple comorbidities which exhibit mechanisms that are poorly understood. Its management further becomes a challenge due to the limited effective treatment options available. However, the Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) along with new targeting strategies can easily bypass the issues associated with dermatitis management. If we compare the active constituents against phytoconstituents effective against dermatitis then phytoconstituents can be perceived to be more safe and gentle.

OBJECTIVE

Administration of NDDS of plant extract or actives displays improved absorption behavior, which helps them to permeate through lipid-rich biological membrane leading to increased bioavailability. The newer efficient discoveries related to eczema can face various exploitations. This can be intervened by the subjection of patent rights, which not only safeguard the novel works of individual(s) but also give them the opportunity to share details of their inventions with people globally.

CONCLUSION

The present review focuses on the available research about the use of nanoformulations in the topical delivery. It further elaborates the use of different animal models as the basis to characterize the different features of dermatitis. The review also highlights the recent nanoformulations which have the ability to amplify the delivery of active agents through their incorporation in transfersomes, ethosomes, niosomes or phytosomes, etc.

Rutin-Loaded Nanovesicles for Improved Stability and Enhanced Topical Efficacy of Natural Compound

Rutin is a natural compound with several pharmacological effects. Among these, antioxidant activity is one of the best known. Despite its numerous benefits, its topical application is severely limited by its physicochemical properties. For this reason, the use of suitable systems could be necessary to improve its delivery through skin, thus enhancing its pharmacological effects. In this regard, the aim of this work is to optimize the ethosomal dispersion modifying both lipid and ethanol concentrations and encapsulating different amounts of rutin. Characterization studies performed on the realized systems highlighted their great stability properties. Studies of encapsulation efficiency and loading degree allowed us to identify a better formulation (EE% 67.5 ± 5.2%, DL% 27 ± 1.7%), which was used for further analyses. The data recorded from in vitro studies showed that the encapsulation into these nanosystems allowed us to overcome the photosensitivity limitation of rutin. Indeed, a markable photostability of the loaded formulation was recorded, compared with that reported from the free rutin solution. The efficacy of the nanosystems was finally evaluated both in vitro on keratinocyte cells and in vivo on human healthy volunteers. The results confirmed the potentiality of rutin-loaded nanosystems for skin disease, mainly related to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Sensitive skin: Active ingredients on the spotlight

OBJECTIVE

Sensitive skin is characterized by self-reported sensory perceptions in response to stimuli that should not provoke unpleasant sensations. Cosmetic products for sensitive skin are designed to minimize these symptoms. This study aimed to unveil the most used active ingredients for sensitive skin in facial care products from the pharmacy and parapharmacy channel.

METHODS

A pool of products from the pharmacy and parapharmacy channel whose label included the expressions 'sensitive skin', 'reactive skin' or 'intolerant skin' were analysed. The active ingredients were identified from product compositions and ranked in descending order of occurrence. The scientific evidence regarding the mechanism of action and efficacy of each ingredient was also compiled.

RESULTS

Eighty-eight products from 19 multinational brands were included. Niacinamide leads the top, followed by Avena sativa, allantoin, glycyrrhetinic acid and derivatives and Laminaria ochroleuca. Ingredients that can reduce skin inflammation and act on the skin barrier were used in more than half of the products analysed. The clinical studies regarding the active ingredients used in these products remain sparse and lack methodological quality. Among the top ingredients, niacinamide, panthenol and acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester were the only ones studied on volunteers having sensitive skin, while acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester and palmitoyl tripeptide-8 were designed to act on the molecular targets involved in this condition.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals the most used active ingredients in cosmetic products for sensitive skin, as well as the scientific evidence supporting their efficacy and the mechanisms of action. This insight is meaningful for dermatologists and other health professionals to provide customized advice based on the symptomatology of individuals with sensitive skin, and for the formulation of cosmetic products and design of new active ingredients.

Strengthened rebamipide ocular nanoformulation to effectively treat corneal alkali burns in mice through the HMGB1 signaling pathway

Corneal alkali burns are a major ophthalmic emergency, as current therapeutic treatments are limited. Novel treatment targets and new potential agents are required to combat this severe ocular injury. Glycyrrhizin and rebamipide (RBM) are both FDA-approved drugs with potential effects against corneal alkali burns, but RBM is limited by its low aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study aimed to utilize dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DG, a dipotassium salt of glycyrrhizin) as a nanocarrier encapsulating RBM to formulate an ophthalmic solution (marked DG-RBM) with strengthened activities to treat corneal alkali burns. Results showed that an easy DG-RBM preparative process generated particles with high encapsulation efficacy and ultra-small micellar size. The solubility of RBM in DG-RBM in aqueous solution was 3.1 × 10⁵-fold enhanced than its free solution. DG-RBM exhibited excellent storage stability. In vitro cytotoxicity, ex vivo conjunctival responses, and rabbit eye tolerance tests showed that DG-RBM possessed good ocular safety profiles. DG-RBM exhibited improved in vivo corneal permeation profiles and demonstrated a strong effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage, with a significant effect on promoting epithelial wound healing in corneal cells in vitro. As expected, in a mouse model of corneal alkali burns, the topical administration of DG-RBM achieved a strengthened efficacy against alkali burn damages. The mechanism of this therapeutic effect involved regulating high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) signaling and its related angiogenic and proinflammatory cytokines. These findings demonstrate the ease of preparing DG-RBM and its great potential as a novel ocular topical formulation to treat corneal alkali burns by regulating HMGB1 signaling.

Transfersomes as alternative topical nanodosage forms for the treatment of skin disorders

Topical drug delivery is a promising approach to treat different skin disorders. However, it remains a challenge mainly due to the nature and rigidity of the nanosystems, which limit deep skin penetration, and the unsuccessful demonstration of clinical benefits; greater penetration by itself, does not ensure pharmacological success. In this context, transfersomes have appeared as promising nanosystems; deformability, their unique characteristic, allows them to pass through the epidermal microenvironment, improving the skin drug delivery. This review focuses on the comparison of transfersomes with other nanosystems (e.g., liposomes), discusses recent therapeutic applications for the topical treatment of different skin disorders and highlights the need for further studies to demonstrate significant clinical benefits of transfersomes compared with conventional therapies.

Oleuropein multicompartment nanovesicles enriched with collagen as a natural strategy for the treatment of skin wounds connected with oxidative stress

Aim: Collagen-enriched transfersomes, glycerosomes and glytransfersomes were specifically tailored for skin delivery of oleuropein. Methods: Vesicles were prepared by direct sonication and their main physicochemical and technological properties were measured. Biocompatibility, protective effect and promotion of the healing of a wounded cell monolayer were tested in vitro using fibroblasts. Results: Vesicles were mainly multicompartment, small (∼108 nm), slightly polydispersed (approximately 0.27) and negatively charged (~-49 mV). Oleuropein was incorporated in high amounts (approximately 87%) and vesicles were stable during four months of storage. In vitro studies confirmed the low toxicity of formulations (viability ≥95%), their effectiveness in counteracting nitric oxide generation and damages caused by free oxygen radicals, especially when collagen glytransfersomes were used (viability ~100%). These vesicles also promoted the regeneration of a wounded area by promoting the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Conclusion: Collagen-enriched vesicles are promising formulations capable of speeding up the healing of the wounded skin.

Stable DOPG/Glycyrrhizin Vesicles with a Wide Range of Mixing Ratios: Structure and Stability as Seen by Scattering Experiments and Cryo-TEM

Phosphatidylglycerols represent a large share of the lipids in the plasmamembrane of procaryotes. Therefore, this study investigates the role of charged lipids in the plasma membrane with respect to the interaction of the antiviral saponin glycyrrhizin with such membranes. Glycyrrhizin is a natural triterpenic-based surfactant found in licorice. Vesicles made of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1’-glycerol) (DOPG)/glycyrrhizin are characterized by small-angle scattering with neutrons and X-rays (SANS and SAXS). Small-angle scattering data are first evaluated by the model-independent modified Kratky–Porod method and afterwards fitted by a model describing the shape of small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with an internal head-tail contrast. Complete miscibility of DOPG and glycyrrhizin was revealed even at a ratio of lipid:saponin of 1:1. Additional information about the chain-chain correlation distance of the lipid/saponin mixtures in the SUV structures is obtained from wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS).

Overcoming barriers by local drug delivery with liposomes

Localized or topical administration of drugs may be considered as a potential approach for overcoming the problems caused by the various biological barriers encountered in drug delivery. The combination of using localized administration routes and delivering drugs in nanoparticulate formulations, such as liposomes, may have additional advantages. Such advantages include prolonged retention of high drug loads at the site of action and controlled release of the drug, ensuring prolonged therapeutic effect; decreased potential for side-effects and toxicity (due to the high topical concentrations of drugs); and increased protection of drugs from possible harsh environments at the site of action. The use of targeted liposomal formulations may further potentiate any acquired therapeutic advantages. In this review we present the most advanced cases of localized delivery of liposomal formulations of drugs, which have been investigated pre-clinically and clinically in the last ten years, together with the reported therapeutic advantages, in each case.

Skin penetration/permeation success determinants of nanocarriers: Pursuit of a perfect formulation

The advent of nanocarriers in the field of pharmaceutical drug delivery, while exhibiting considerable advantages, has created challenges for researchers. Among the applications of nanocarriers, drug delivery to the skin has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to its advantages over oral and parenteral administration. Accordingly, this work attempts to discuss the major obstacles surrounding topically applied formulations and different nanocarriers' potential to overcome these barriers to investigate whether their passive penetration through the skin is likely. Therefore, skin anatomical views and transcutaneous pathways are briefly reviewed. Factors commonly thought to influence skin penetration are discussed from the perspective of particularly penetrating nanocarriers. The formulation of these nanocarriers is outlined, and promising constituents are highlighted to help investigators optimize nanocarrier formulations.

Topical Unsaturated Fatty Acid Vesicles Improve Antioxidant Activity of Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate

Linoleic and oleic acids are natural unsaturated fatty acids involved in several biological processes and recently studied as structural components of innovative nanovesicles. The use of natural components in the pharmaceutical field is receiving growing attention from the scientific world. The aim of this research work is to design, to perform physico-chemical characterization and in vitro/in vivo studies of unsaturated fatty acids vesicles containing ammonium glycyrrhizinate, obtaining a new topical drug delivery system. The chosen active substance is well known as an anti-inflammatory compound, but its antioxidant activity is also noteworthy. In this way, the obtained nanocarriers are totally natural vesicles and they have shown to have suitable physico-chemical features for topical administration. Moreover, the proposed nanocarriers have proven their ability to improve the in vitro percutaneous permeation and antioxidant activity of ammonium glycyrrhizinate on human keratinocytes (NCTC 2544 cells). In vivo studies, carried out on human volunteers, have demonstrated the biocompatibility of unsaturated fatty acid vesicles toward skin tissue, indicating a possible clinical application of unsaturated fatty acid vesicles for the treatment of topical diseases.

Investigation on drug entrapment location in liposomes and transfersomes based on molecular dynamics simulation

In this study, liposome and transfersome were successfully constructed using molecular dynamics simulation. Three drugs with different polarity, including 5-fluorouracil, ligustrazine, and osthole, were selected as model drugs to study the distribution of drugs in lipid vesicles by calculating the radial distribution function and the potential of mean force. The solubility parameters between drugs and different regions in lipid vesicles were calculated to characterize the compatibility of drugs in different regions in lipid vesicles, which provided the basis for the conclusion of this paper. It showed that the radial distribution function and the potential of mean force were consistent in the characterization of drug distribution in vesicles, and the drug distribution in vesicles was closely related to the compatibility between drugs and vesicles. Therefore, the radial distribution function and the potential of mean force can be used to characterize the distribution of drugs in vesicles, and molecular simulation technology has a great potential in studying the characteristics of vesicles. Graphical abstract.

Influence of Materials Properties on Bio-Physical Features and Effectiveness of 3D-Scaffolds for Periodontal Regeneration

Periodontal diseases are multifactorial disorders, mainly due to severe infections and inflammation which affect the tissues (i.e., gum and dental bone) that support and surround the teeth. These pathologies are characterized by bleeding gums, pain, bad breath and, in more severe forms, can lead to the detachment of gum from teeth, causing their loss. To date it is estimated that severe periodontal diseases affect around 10% of the population worldwide thus making necessary the development of effective treatments able to both reduce the infections and inflammation in injured sites and improve the regeneration of damaged tissues. In this scenario, the use of 3D scaffolds can play a pivotal role by providing an effective platform for drugs, nanosystems, growth factors, stem cells, etc., improving the effectiveness of therapies and reducing their systemic side effects. The aim of this review is to describe the recent progress in periodontal regeneration, highlighting the influence of materials' properties used to realize three-dimensional (3D)-scaffolds, their bio-physical characteristics and their ability to provide a biocompatible platform able to embed nanosystems.

Preparation and In Vivo Evaluation of Rosmarinic Acid-Loaded Transethosomes After Percutaneous Application on a Psoriasis Animal Model

The topical use of rosmarinic acid (RA) in skin inflammatory pathologies is restricted due to its poor water solubility, poor permeability, and chemical instability. In this study, RA-loaded transethosomes-in-Carbopol® formulations have been developed to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity on imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. In vitro release profiles demonstrated sustained behavior due to the retentive action of gel and the entrapment of RA into the vesicles. However, the low viscosity of the combined formulation increased the drug release rate. Animal evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated that transethosomes-in-gel containing dexamethasone (Dex-TE-Gel), as positive control, showed effect in all the pro-inflammatory parameters evaluated, evidencing that these drug-loaded nanocarriers have been effectively reached the site of action. In addition, transethosomes-in-gel containing RA (RA-TE-Gel) formulations produced a great reduction in the punch edema (P < 0.001) and in TNF-α and IL-6 (P < 0.05). However, non-significant differences were obtained for IL-1β, IL17, and MPO. Despite the protecting effect of Carbopol® and transethosomes on oxidation index and antioxidant activity of RA over the 7 days of treatment, however, a degradation process of this antioxidant to caffeic acid may be the cause of these in vivo results. We have also checked that the pH existing into the intercellular space of damaged cells (pH 6.8) may be affecting. Therefore, our results suggest that RA-TE-Gel could act as an effective RA formulation for skin delivery; further studies will help to understand the loss of activity at the cellular level.

Liposomes and transferosomes: a breakthrough in topical and transdermal delivery

The topical and transdermal routes of drug administration are long known to the field of pharmaceutics. These routes have been explored for the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic agents over centuries. However, the anatomy of the skin and the physicochemical properties of molecules limit their transport via these routes. To overcome these challenges, a nano-phospholipid carrier called liposome was developed in the 1960s. Liposomal delivery of drugs was reported to be limited to the upper layers of skin. This led to the development of self-regulating and self-adaptable vesicles known as transfersomes. This review critically evaluates the barriers in delivery across the skin, recent advancements in liposomes, transfersomes and their impact in the pharmaceutical field.

Experience of using an emollient with an anti-inflammatory effect based on ammonium glycyrrhizinate in the complex therapy of patients with atopic dermatitis

Background. Despite the advances achieved in recent years in the treatment of AD, prevention and rehabilitation of patients, who suffering from this disease, belong to the most difficult tasks of practical dermatovenerology. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Reglisam Cream in the complex therapy of patients with atopic dermatitis. Methods. The study involved 48 patients with atopic dermatitis, who were divided into two groups. There were two observation periods for each patient: 28 days the period of exacerbation therapy, and 6 months basic care and prevention of relapses. In exacerbation period all patients used external moisturizers in addition to topical glucocorticosteroids: in group I (study group) patients applied Reglisam Cream to the skin; in group II (control group) cold cream. After the period of exacerbation patients of group I were prescribed basic therapy Reglisam Cream for 6 months, patients of group II cold cream. In each group were assessed the therapeutic efficacy, safety and tolerability of treatment. During the study were conducted registration of adverse events, assessment of the dermatological status with the determination of the intensity of pruritus according to the visual analogue 10-point scale, the calculation of the severity index of the disease and the area of the lesion in eczema / atopic dermatitis (EASI) and the dermatological index of quality of life (DLQI), measurement of skin moisture, general clinical research. Results. In the first 28 days of acute atopic dermatitis period therapy, the EASI index decreased on average by 76% from 20.4 to 4.8 points (p 0,05), in group II by 57% from 19.7 to 8.4 points (p 0,05); the intensity of pruritus after treatment with Reglisam Cream in the dynamics decreased by 70% and amounted to 2.3 points, which was lower than in the comparison group 4.1 points (p 0,05); the level of skin hydration in group I was 36.8 units, during the treatment period increased by 80%, and was higher than in group II 26.7 units. (p 0,05); DLQI in group I decreased by 68%, amounting to 4.7 points, and was almost 2 times less than in group II 9.2 points (p 0.05). In group I for 6 months were registered a statistically lower frequency of exacerbations of atopic dermatitis (28%) than in group II (63%). The average duration of atopic dermatitis remission in group I was 22.4 weeks, for 4 weeks more than in group II (p 0,05). Meanwhile the average duration for the exacerbation period of atopic dermatitis in group I was more than 3.5 times less in comparison with group II; the average EASI in group I did not exceed 6.4 points and was significantly lower than that in group II (p 0,05). Conclusion. The use Reglisam Cream as basic skin care in patients with AD increases the duration of remission and reduces the frequency and duration of relapses of the disease, leads to an improvement the quality of life, a decrease in the intensity of pruritus and a significant increase in the moisture content of the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The obtained clinical results allow us to recommend Reglisam Cream as an effective external agent in the complex therapy of patients with AD.

Non-ionic surfactant vesicles as a carrier system for dermal delivery of (+)-Catechin and their antioxidant effects

Numerous skin disorders and diseases are related to oxidative stress. The application of an antioxidant, serving as a strong defense agent against oxidation, is of great interest in dermatology yet remains challenging for delivery. This paper aimed to develop a niosome carrier system to deliver the antioxidant (+) Catechin into the skin. (+) Catechin-loaded niosomes were prepared using film hydration technique and the physicochemical properties of drug-loaded niosomes were characterised and investigated by a series of in vitro and ex vivo studies. The optimised formulation displayed an acceptable size in nanoscale (204 nm), high drug entrapment efficiency (49%) and amorphous state of drug in niosomes. It was found that (+) Catechin-loaded niosomes could effectively prolong the drug release. Drug deposition in the viable layers of human skin was significantly enhanced when niosomal carriers were applied (p < 0.05). Compared to the pure drug, the niosomal formulation had a greater protective effect on the human skin fibroblasts (Fbs). This is consistent with the observation of internalisation of niosomes by Fbs which was concentration-, time- and temperature-dependent, via an energy-dependent process of endocytosis. The research highlighted that niosomes are potential topical carriers for dermal delivery of antioxidants in skin-care and pharmaceutical products.

Development, Characterization and Use of Liposomes as Amphipathic Transporters of Bioactive Compounds for Melanoma Treatment and Reduction of Skin Inflammation: A Review

The skin is the largest organ in the human body, providing a barrier to the external environment. It is composed of three layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The most external epidermis is exposed to stress factors that may lead to skin conditions such as photo-aging and skin cancer. Some treatments for skin disease utilize the incorporation of drugs or bioactive compounds into nanocarriers known as liposomes. Liposomes are membranes whose sizes range from nano to micrometers and are composed mostly of phospholipids and cholesterol, forming similar structures to cell membranes. Thus, skin treatments with liposomes have lower toxicity in comparison to traditional treatment routes such as parenteral and oral. Furthermore, addition of edge activators to the liposomes decreases the rigidity of the bilayer structure making it deformable, thereby improving skin permeability. Liposomes are composed of an aqueous core and a lipidic bilayer, which confers their amphiphilic property. Thus, they can carry hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, even simultaneously. Current applications of these nanocarriers are mainly in the cosmetic and pharmaceutic industries. Nevertheless, new research has revealed promising results regarding the effectiveness of liposomes for transporting bioactive compounds through the skin. Liposomes have been well studied; however, additional research is needed on the efficacy of liposomes loaded with bioactive peptides for skin delivery. The objective of this review is to provide an up-to-date description of existing techniques for the development of liposomes and their use as transporters of bioactive compounds in skin conditions such as melanoma and skin inflammation. Furthermore, to gain an understanding of the behavior of liposomes during the process of skin delivery of bioactive compounds into skin cells.