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Huang Z, Yang S, Li C, Xie X, Wang Y. The effects of intermittent hypoxic training on the aerobic capacity of exercisers: a systemic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:174. [PMID: 38115083 PMCID: PMC10731756 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effects of intermittent hypoxic training on the aerobic capacity of exercisers. METHODS PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were electronically searched to collect studies on the effects of intermittent hypoxic training on the aerobic capacity of exercisers from January 1, 2000, to January 12, 2023. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed by using Stata SE 16.0 software. RESULTS A total of 19 articles from 27 studies were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the intermittent hypoxic training group had significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake [weighted mean difference = 3.20 (95%CI: 1.33 ~ 5.08)] and hemoglobin [weighted mean difference = 0.25 (95%CI: 0.04 ~ 0.45)]. CONCLUSION Intermittent hypoxic training can significantly improve the aerobic capacity of exercisers. Due to the limited quantity and quality of the included studies, more high-quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Huang
- School of Big Data and Fundamental Sciences, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- School of Big Data and Fundamental Sciences, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- School of Sports Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xingchao Xie
- School of Big Data and Fundamental Sciences, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying, China
| | - Yongming Wang
- School of Big Data and Fundamental Sciences, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying, China
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2
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Balakarthikeyan V, Jais R, Vijayarangan S, Sreelatha Premkumar P, Sivaprakasam M. Heart Rate Variability Based Estimation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Athletes Using Supervised Regression Models. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3251. [PMID: 36991963 PMCID: PMC10054075 DOI: 10.3390/s23063251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wearable Heart Rate monitors are used in sports to provide physiological insights into athletes' well-being and performance. Their unobtrusive nature and ability to provide reliable heart rate measurements facilitate the estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness of athletes, as quantified by maximum consumption of oxygen uptake. Previous studies have employed data-driven models which use heart rate information to estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness of athletes. This signifies the physiological relevance of heart rate and heart rate variability for the estimation of maximal oxygen uptake. In this work, the heart rate variability features that were extracted from both exercise and recovery segments were fed to three different Machine Learning models to estimate maximal oxygen uptake of 856 athletes performing Graded Exercise Testing. A total of 101 features from exercise and 30 features from recovery segments were given as input to three feature selection methods to avoid overfitting of the models and to obtain relevant features. This resulted in the increase of model's accuracy by 5.7% for exercise and 4.3% for recovery. Further, post-modelling analysis was performed to remove the deviant points in two cases, initially in both training and testing and then only in training set, using k-Nearest Neighbour. In the former case, the removal of deviant points led to a reduction of 19.3% and 18.0% in overall estimation error for exercise and recovery, respectively. In the latter case, which mimicked the real-world scenario, the average R value of the models was observed to be 0.72 and 0.70 for exercise and recovery, respectively. From the above experimental approach, the utility of heart rate variability to estimate maximal oxygen uptake of large population of athletes was validated. Additionally, the proposed work contributes to the utility of cardiorespiratory fitness assessment of athletes through wearable heart rate monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Balakarthikeyan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (R.J.); (S.V.); (M.S.)
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre (HTIC), Chennai 600113, India;
| | - Rohan Jais
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (R.J.); (S.V.); (M.S.)
| | - Sricharan Vijayarangan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (R.J.); (S.V.); (M.S.)
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre (HTIC), Chennai 600113, India;
| | | | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (R.J.); (S.V.); (M.S.)
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre (HTIC), Chennai 600113, India;
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3
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Carayanni V, Bogdanis GC, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Koutsouki D, Manios Y, Karachaliou F, Psaltopoulou T, Michalacos S. Predicting VO 2max in Children and Adolescents Aged between 6 and 17 Using Physiological Characteristics and Participation in Sport Activities: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Different Regression Models Stratified by Gender. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121935. [PMID: 36553378 PMCID: PMC9776983 DOI: 10.3390/children9121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study is to use different regression models to capture the association between cardiorespiratory fitness VO2max (measured in mL/kg/min) and somatometric characteristics and sports activities and making better predictions. Methods: multiple linear regression (MLR), quantile regression (QR), ridge regression (RR), support vector regression (SVR) with three different kernels, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and boosted regression trees (RTs) were compared to explain and predict VO2max and to choose the best performance model. The sample consisted of 4908 children (2314 males and 2594 females) aged between 6 and 17. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20 m maximal multistage shuttle run test and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was calculated. Welch t-tests, Mann−Whitney-U tests, X2 tests, and ANOVA tests were performed. The performance measures were root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2). All analyses were stratified by gender. Results: A comparison of the statistical indices for both the predicted and actual data indicated that in boys, the MLR model outperformed all other models in all indices, followed by the linear SVR model. In girls, the MLR model performed better than the other models in R2 but was outperformed by SVR-RBF in terms of RMSE and MAE. The overweight and obesity categories in both sexes (p < 0.001) and maternal prepregnancy obesity in girls had a significant negative effect on VO2max. Age, weekly football training, track and field, basketball, and swimming had different positive effects based on gender. Conclusion: The MLR model showed remarkable performance against all other models and was competitive with the SVR models. In addition, this study’s data showed that changes in cardiorespiratory fitness were dependent, to a different extent based on gender, on BMI category, weight, height, age, and participation in some organized sports activities. Predictors that are not considered modifiable, such as gender, can be used to guide targeted interventions and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilelmine Carayanni
- School of Administration Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Tourism Administration, University of West Attica, 28 Saint Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistaseos Str., Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou
- Department of Endocrinology-Growth and Development, Children’s Hospital P. & A. Kyriakou, Thivon & Levadeias Str., Ampelokipoi T.K., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Koutsouki
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistaseos Str., Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, 70 El Venizelou Ave. Kallithea, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Feneli Karachaliou
- Department of Endocrinology-Growth and Development, Children’s Hospital P. & A. Kyriakou, Thivon & Levadeias Str., Ampelokipoi T.K., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Goudi, Greece
| | - Stefanos Michalacos
- Department of Endocrinology-Growth and Development, Children’s Hospital P. & A. Kyriakou, Thivon & Levadeias Str., Ampelokipoi T.K., 11527 Athens, Greece
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4
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Xiang L, Deng K, Mei Q, Gao Z, Yang T, Wang A, Fernandez J, Gu Y. Population and Age-Based Cardiorespiratory Fitness Level Investigation and Automatic Prediction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:758589. [PMID: 35071342 PMCID: PMC8767158 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.758589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) reflects aerobic capacity and is crucial for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity level. The purpose of this study was to classify and predict the population-based cardiorespiratory fitness based on anthropometric parameters, workload, and steady-state heart rate (HR) of the submaximal exercise test. Five hundred and seventeen participants were recruited into this study. This study initially classified aerobic capacity followed by VO2max predicted using an ordinary least squares regression model with measured VO2max from a submaximal cycle test as ground truth. Furthermore, we predicted VO2max in the age ranges 21–40 and above 40. For the support vector classification model, the test accuracy was 75%. The ordinary least squares regression model showed the coefficient of determination (R2) between measured and predicted VO2max was 0.83, mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 3.12 and 4.24 ml/kg/min, respectively. R2 in the age 21–40 and above 40 groups were 0.85 and 0.75, respectively. In conclusion, this study provides a practical protocol for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness of an individual in large populations. An applicable submaximal test for population-based cohorts could evaluate physical activity levels and provide exercise recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kaili Deng
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Alan Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Recent advances in machine learning for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) prediction: A review. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Smyth B, Lawlor A, Berndsen J, Feely C. Recommendations for marathon runners: on the application of recommender systems and machine learning to support recreational marathon runners. USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION 2021; 32:787-838. [PMID: 36452939 PMCID: PMC9701182 DOI: 10.1007/s11257-021-09299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Every year millions of people, from all walks of life, spend months training to run a traditional marathon. For some it is about becoming fit enough to complete the gruelling 26.2 mile (42.2 km) distance. For others, it is about improving their fitness, to achieve a new personal-best finish-time. In this paper, we argue that the complexities of training for a marathon, combined with the availability of real-time activity data, provide a unique and worthwhile opportunity for machine learning and for recommender systems techniques to support runners as they train, race, and recover. We present a number of case studies-a mix of original research plus some recent results-to highlight what can be achieved using the type of activity data that is routinely collected by the current generation of mobile fitness apps, smart watches, and wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Smyth
- Insight SFI Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aonghus Lawlor
- Insight SFI Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jakim Berndsen
- Insight SFI Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara Feely
- Insight SFI Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Estimated Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Based on Multistage 10-m Shuttle Run Test in Healthy Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168510. [PMID: 34444259 PMCID: PMC8391137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to estimate the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) based on a multistage 10 m shuttle run test (SRT) in healthy adults. For ANN-based VO2max estimation, 118 healthy Korean adults (59 men and 59 women) in their twenties and fifties (38.3 ± 11.8 years, men aged 37.8 ± 12.1 years, and women aged 38.8 ± 11.6 years) participated in this study; data included age, sex, blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body composition (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), percent skeletal muscle, and percent body), 10 m SRT parameters (number of round trips and final speed), and VO2max by graded exercise test (GXT) using a treadmill. The best estimation results (R2 = 0.8206, adjusted R2 = 0.7010, root mean square error; RMSE = 3.1301) were obtained in case 3 (using age, sex, height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, SBP, DBP, number of round trips in 10 m SRT, and final speed in 10 m SRT), while the worst results (R2 = 0.7765, adjusted R2 = 0.7206, RMSE = 3.494) were obtained for case 1 (using age, sex, height, weight, BMI, number of round trips in 10 m SRT, and final speed in 10 m SRT). The estimation results of case 2 (using age, sex, height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, number of round trips in 10 m SRT, and final speed in 10 m SRT) were lower (R2 = 0.7909, adjusted R2 = 0.7072, RMSE = 3.3798) than those of case 3 and higher than those of case 1. However, all cases showed high performance (R2) in the estimation results. This brief report developed an ANN-based estimation model to predict the VO2max of healthy adults, and the model’s performance was confirmed to be excellent.
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8
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Chung YC, Huang CY, Wu HJ, Kan NW, Ho CS, Huang CC, Chen HT. Predicting maximal oxygen uptake from a 3-minute progressive knee-ups and step test. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10831. [PMID: 33777511 PMCID: PMC7971079 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiorespiratory fitness assessment is crucial for diagnosing health risks and assessing interventions. Direct measurement of maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2 max) yields more objective and accurate results, but it is practical only in a laboratory setting. We therefore investigated whether a 3-min progressive knee-up and step (3MPKS) test can be used to estimate peak oxygen uptake in these settings. Method The data of 166 healthy adult participants were analyzed. We conducted a V̇O2 max test and a subsequent 3MPKS exercise test, in a balanced order, a week later. In a multivariate regression model, sex; age; relative V̇O2 max; body mass index (BMI); body fat percentage (BF); resting heart rate (HR0); and heart rates at the beginning as well as at the first, second, third, and fourth minutes (denoted by HR0, HR1, HR2, HR3, and HR4, respectively) during a step test were used as predictors. Moreover, R2 and standard error of estimate (SEE) were used to evaluate the accuracy of various body composition models in predicting V̇O2max. Results The predicted and actual V̇O2 max values were significantly correlated (BF% model: R2 = 0.624, SEE = 4.982; BMI model: R2 = 0.567, SEE = 5.153). The BF% model yielded more accurate predictions, and the model predictors were sex, age, BF%, HR0, ΔHR3−HR0, and ΔHR3−HR4. Conclusion In our study, involving Taiwanese adults, we constructed and verified a model to predict V̇O2 max, which indicates cardiorespiratory fitness. This model had the predictors sex, age, body composition, and heart rate changes during a step test. Our 3MPKS test has the potential to be widely used in epidemiological research to measure V̇O2 max and other health-related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Chung
- Center of General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Huang
- Service Systems Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huey-June Wu
- Department of Combat Sports and Chinese Martial Arts, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Kan
- Center of General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Shan Ho
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ting Chen
- Physical Education Office, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Voutilainen A, Setti MO, Tuomainen TP. Estimating Maximal Oxygen Uptake from the Ratio of Heart Rate at Maximal Exercise to Heart Rate at Rest in Middle-Aged Men. World J Mens Health 2020; 39:666-672. [PMID: 32777866 PMCID: PMC8443998 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To estimate the maximum mass-specific oxygen uptake (VO2max) from the ratio of the heart rate at maximal exercise (HRmax) to heart rate at rest (HRrest) in middle-aged men. VO2max is an essential measure of cardiorespiratory fitness, but it is difficult to utilize in clinical practice. The proportionality factor HRmax to HRrest is known to approximate 15 in young well-trained adults. Presumably, the same value is inaccurate for middle-aged men. Materials and Methods Six-hundred thirty-four men belonging to the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Their mean age, body mass index (BMI), the daily total physical activity (TPA), VO2max, HRmax, and HRrest were: 49.4±6.4 years, 26.3±3.2 kg/m2, 48.5±10.1 metabolic equivalent hours per day, 33.7±7.6 mL/min/kg, 170.1±15.4 beats/min, and 63.3±10.8 beats/min. They included never-smokers 38%, former smokers 29%, and current smokers 33%. Results The proportionality factor HRmax to HRrest in around 50-year-old men approximated 12. One year in age, one step change in BMI (normal weight, overweight, obese), smoking status (never, former, current), and TPA (moderately active, active, highly active) reduced the proportionality factor by 0.1, 0.6, 0.4, and 0.1, respectively. The proportionality factor in obese or current smoking middle-aged men was one point lower compared to normal weight or never-smoking peers. This corresponds to approximately 10 years in chronological age. Conclusions In around 50-year-old men with no cardiovascular diseases, bronchial asthma, or cancer, the HRmax to HRrest ratio should be multiplied by approximately 12 to estimate VO2max. BMI and smoking status can be considered in calculations to improve accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mounir Ould Setti
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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VO₂FITTING: A Free and Open-Source Software for Modelling Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Swimming and other Exercise Modalities. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020031. [PMID: 30678373 PMCID: PMC6409559 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics is a valuable non-invasive way to evaluate cardiorespiratory and metabolic response to exercise. The aim of the study was to develop, describe and evaluate an online VO2 fitting tool (VO2FITTING) for dynamically editing, processing, filtering and modelling VO2 responses to exercise. VO2FITTING was developed in Shiny, a web application framework for R language. Validation VO2 datasets with both noisy and non-noisy data were developed and applied to widely-used models (n = 7) for describing different intensity transitions to verify concurrent validity. Subsequently, we then conducted an experiment with age-group swimmers as an example, illustrating how VO2FITTING can be used to model VO2 kinetics. Perfect fits were observed, and parameter estimates perfectly matched the known inputted values for all available models (standard error = 0; p < 0.001). The VO2FITTING is a valid, free and open-source software for characterizing VO2 kinetics in exercise, which was developed to help the research and performance analysis communities.
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11
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Predictive Modeling of VO2max Based on 20 m Shuttle Run Test for Young Healthy People. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents mathematical models for predicting VO2max based on a 20 m shuttle run and anthropometric parameters. The research was conducted with data provided by 308 young healthy people (aged 20.6 ± 1.6). The research group includes 154 females (aged 20.3 ± 1.2) and 154 males (aged 20.8 ± 1.8). Twenty-four variables were used to build the models, including one dependent variable and 23 independent variables. The predictive methods of analysis include: the classical model of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, regularized methods such as ridge regression and Lasso regression, artificial neural networks such as the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) network. All models were calculated in R software (version 3.5.0, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). The study also involved variable selection methods (Lasso and stepwise regressions) to identify optimum predictors for the analysed study group. In order to compare and choose the best model, leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was used. The paper presents three types of models: for females, males and the whole group. An analysis has revealed that the models for females ( RMSE C V = 4.07 mL·kg−1·min−1) are characterised by a smaller degree of error as compared to male models ( RMSE C V = 5.30 mL·kg−1·min−1). The model accounting for sex generated an error level of RMSE C V = 4.78 mL·kg−1·min−1.
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12
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De Brabandere A, Op De Beéck T, Schütte KH, Meert W, Vanwanseele B, Davis J. Data fusion of body-worn accelerometers and heart rate to predict VO2max during submaximal running. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199509. [PMID: 29958282 PMCID: PMC6025864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is often used to assess an individual's cardiorespiratory fitness. However, measuring this variable requires an athlete to perform a maximal exercise test which may be impractical, since this test requires trained staff and specialized equipment, and may be hard to incorporate regularly into training programs. The aim of this study is to develop a new model for predicting VO2max by exploiting its relationship to heart rate and accelerometer features extracted during submaximal running. To do so, we analyzed data collected from 31 recreational runners (15 men and 16 women) aged 19-26 years who performed a maximal incremental test on a treadmill. During this test, the subjects' heart rate and acceleration at three locations (the upper back, the lower back and the tibia) were continuously measured. We extracted a wide variety of features from the measurements of the warm-up and the first three stages of the test and employed a data-driven approach to select the most relevant ones. Furthermore, we evaluated the utility of combining different types of features. Empirically, we found that combining heart rate and accelerometer features resulted in the best model with a mean absolute error of 2.33 ml ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1 and a mean absolute percentage error of 4.92%. The model includes four features: gender, body mass, the inverse of the average heart rate and the inverse of the variance of the total tibia acceleration during the warm-up stage of the treadmill test. Our model provides a practical tool for recreational runners in the same age range to estimate their VO2max from submaximal running on a treadmill. It requires two body-worn sensors: a heart rate monitor and an accelerometer positioned on the tibia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kurt H. Schütte
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Sport Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wannes Meert
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jesse Davis
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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