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Kim Y, Won SD, Kwon H, Han C. The Ratio of Second and Fourth Digit Length: A Biomarker for Methamphetamine Dependence? CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 20:694-700. [PMID: 36263644 PMCID: PMC9606433 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.4.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ratio of 2nd and 4th digit length (2D:4D) is considered to be a sexually dimorphic trait. Low 2D:4D is implicated in alcohol dependence and heroin dependence and correlated with psychological traits such as aggression, physical aggression, and sensation. The purpose of this study is to compare the 2D:4D between methamphetamine (METH) dependence and controls and the 2D:4D ratio that is a potential biomarker for METH dependence. METHODS In this study, 40 patients diagnosed with METH dependence in Eulji University Gangnam Eulji Hospital and 50 healthy volunteers were all employees in the same hospital. Images of participants' hands were created using a scanning device. The images contained both the right and left hands; computer software was used to measure the 2D:4D ratio for both hands. We compared the ratios, analyzed by t test, between the METH dependence group and the control group. RESULTS The mean 2D:4D values were 0.941 (right hand) and 0.943 (left hand) for the patients with METH dependence; in contrast, they were 0.961 (right hand) and 0.961 (left hand) for the control group. These values were significantly smaller than the control in patients' right hands (p = 0.003) and left hands (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION Patients with METH dependence had smaller 2D:4D ratios than those in the control group, which is similar to the results from the previous substance use disorder studies. Thus, elevated prenatal testosterone levels during the gonadal period could be related to future METH problems. Furthermore, the 2D:4D ratio is a potential marker for the prediction of METH dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungHo Kim
- Department of Addiction Rehabilitation with Social Welfare, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung-Doo Won
- Department of Psychology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kwon
- Korean Association Against Drug Abuse Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changwoo Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Municipal Goyang Mental Hospital, Goyang, Korea,Address for correspondence: Changwoo Han Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Municipal Goyang Mental Hospital, 46, Tongil-ro 1102beon-gil, Deogyang-gu, Goyang 10264, Korea, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-6584
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Guerin AA, Nestler EJ, Berk M, Lawrence AJ, Rossell SL, Kim JH. Genetics of methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analyses of gene association studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 120:48-74. [PMID: 33217458 PMCID: PMC7856253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to methamphetamine use disorder is poorly understood. No twin or adequately powered genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been conducted. However, there are a large number of hypothesis-driven candidate gene association studies, which were systematically reviewed herein. Seventy-six studies were identified, investigating markers of 75 different genes. Allele frequencies, odds ratios, 95 % confidence intervals and power were calculated. Risk of bias was also assessed as a quality measure. Meta-analyses were conducted for gene markers if three or more studies were available. Eleven markers from adequately powered studies were significantly associated with methamphetamine use disorder, with Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) representing promising targets. Limitations of these studies include unclear rationale for candidate gene selection, low power and high risk of bias. Future research should include replications to enable more meta-analyses, well-powered GWASs or whole exome or genome sequencing, as well as twin and family studies to further complement the findings of this review to uncover genetic contributions toward methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Guerin
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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Ruzilawati AB, Deeza-Syafiqah MS, Ahmad I, Shamsuddin S, Gan SH, Vicknasingam BK. Influence of dopaminergic system gene polymorphisms on mixed amphetamine-type stimulants and opioid dependence in Malaysian Malays. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-019-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Adams RC, Sedgmond J, Maizey L, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2086. [PMID: 31487791 PMCID: PMC6770567 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the obesity epidemic being largely attributed to overeating, much research has been aimed at understanding the psychological causes of overeating and using this knowledge to develop targeted interventions. Here, we review this literature under a model of food addiction and present evidence according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) criteria for substance use disorders. We review several innovative treatments related to a food addiction model ranging from cognitive intervention tasks to neuromodulation techniques. We conclude that there is evidence to suggest that, for some individuals, food can induce addictive-type behaviours similar to those seen with other addictive substances. However, with several DSM-5 criteria having limited application to overeating, the term 'food addiction' is likely to apply only in a minority of cases. Nevertheless, research investigating the underlying psychological causes of overeating within the context of food addiction has led to some novel and potentially effective interventions. Understanding the similarities and differences between the addictive characteristics of food and illicit substances should prove fruitful in further developing these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Adams
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Jemma Sedgmond
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Leah Maizey
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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5
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Potvin S, Pelletier J, Grot S, Hébert C, Barr AM, Lecomte T. Cognitive deficits in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: A meta-analysis. Addict Behav 2018; 80:154-160. [PMID: 29407687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine has long been considered as a neurotoxic substance causing cognitive deficits. Recently, however, the magnitude and the clinical significance of the cognitive effects associated with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) have been debated. To help clarify this controversy, we performed a meta-analysis of the cognitive deficits associated with MUD. METHODS A literature search yielded 44 studies that assessed cognitive dysfunction in 1592 subjects with MUD and 1820 healthy controls. Effect size estimates were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, for the following 12 cognitive domains: attention, executive functions, impulsivity/reward processing, social cognition, speed of processing, verbal fluency/language, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, visuo-spatial abilities and working memory. RESULTS Findings revealed moderate impairment across most cognitive domains, including attention, executive functions, language/verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory, visual memory and working memory. Deficits in impulsivity/reward processing and social cognition were more prominent, whereas visual learning and visuo-spatial abilities were relatively spared cognitive domains. A publication bias was observed. DISCUSSION These results show that MUD is associated with broad cognitive deficits that are in the same range as those associated with alcohol and cocaine use disorder, as recently shown by way of meta-analysis. The prominent effects of MUD on social cognition and impulsivity/reward processing are based on a small number of studies, and as such, these results will need to be replicated. The functional consequences (social and occupational) of the cognitive deficits of methamphetamine will also need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Grot
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine Hébert
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tania Lecomte
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Matsusue A, Ishikawa T, Ikeda T, Tani N, Arima H, Waters B, Hara K, Kashiwagi M, Takayama M, Ikematsu N, Kubo SI. DRD2/ANKK1 gene polymorphisms in forensic autopsies of methamphetamine intoxication fatalities. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 33:6-9. [PMID: 29702335 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptor/ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1) gene polymorphisms have been associated with responses to psychotropic drugs and addiction. We analyzed two DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms, Taq1A and -141C Ins/Del, in 37 fatal methamphetamine (MA) intoxication cases and 235 control cases in which MA and psychotropic drugs were not detected. The association among polymorphism, cause of death, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dopamine concentration was evaluated. The Taq1A polymorphism distribution in the fatal MA intoxication cases differed from in the controls (P = 0.030) with a significantly high A1/A1 + A1/A2 genotype frequency. No significant associations were observed between -141C Ins/Del polymorphisms and MA intoxication cases or between DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms and CSF dopamine concentrations. Our findings suggest that the DRD2/ANKK1 Taq1A polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to fatal MA intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Matsusue
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Takaki Ishikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Tani
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hisatomi Arima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Brian Waters
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kenji Hara
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kashiwagi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Mio Takayama
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ikematsu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kubo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Hall MG, Hauson AO, Wollman SC, Allen KE, Connors EJ, Stern MJ, Kimmel CL, Stephan RA, Sarkissians S, Barlet BD, Grant I. Neuropsychological comparisons of cocaine versus methamphetamine users: A research synthesis and meta-analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 44:277-293. [PMID: 28825847 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1355919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous meta-analytical research examining cocaine and methamphetamine separately suggests potentially different neuropsychological profiles associated with each drug. In addition, neuroimaging studies point to distinct structural changes that might underlie differences in neuropsychological functioning. OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis compared the effect sizes identified in cocaine versus methamphetamine studies across 15 neuropsychological domains. METHOD Investigators searched and coded the literature examining the neuropsychological deficits associated with a history of either cocaine or methamphetamine use. A total of 54 cocaine and 41 methamphetamine studies were selected, yielding sample sizes of 1,718 and 1,297, respectively. Moderator analyses were conducted to compare the two drugs across each cognitive domain. RESULTS Data revealed significant differences between the two drugs. Specifically, studies of cocaine showed significantly larger effect-size estimates (i.e., poorer performance) in verbal working memory when compared to methamphetamine. Further, when compared to cocaine, methamphetamine studies demonstrated significantly larger effect sizes in delayed contextual verbal memory and delayed visual memory. CONCLUSION Overall, cocaine and methamphetamine users share similar neuropsychological profiles. However, cocaine appears to be more associated with working memory impairments, which are typically frontally mediated, while methamphetamine appears to be more associated with memory impairments that are linked with temporal and parietal lobe dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Hall
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Alexander O Hauson
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Scott C Wollman
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Kenneth E Allen
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Eric J Connors
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Mark J Stern
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Christine L Kimmel
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Rick A Stephan
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Sharis Sarkissians
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Brianna D Barlet
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Igor Grant
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Stocco A, Murray NL, Yamasaki BL, Renno TJ, Nguyen J, Prat CS. Individual differences in the Simon effect are underpinned by differences in the competitive dynamics in the basal ganglia: An experimental verification and a computational model. Cognition 2017; 164:31-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Huang MW, Chiang TA, Lo PY, Huang CS. Relationship among methadone dose, polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor and tri-dimensional personality questionnaire in heroin-addicted patients. Behav Brain Funct 2016; 12:24. [PMID: 27580593 PMCID: PMC5007696 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether variation in the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and tri-dimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ) scores could be used to aid adjustment of daily methadone requirements of heroin addicts. DRD2 TaqI B polymorphisms and TPQ scores were determined in 138 male Taiwanese heroin addicts who were receiving methadone treatment. Borderline index (harm avoidance + novelty seeking-reward dependence) was calculated for each subject, and three groups were defined: high (mean from all subjects plus 1 standard deviation, or greater), low (half of the calculated high score, or lower) and medium (all values between the high and low scores). RESULTS No significant differences in age (p = 0.60), mean methadone dose (p = 0.75) or borderline index group (p = 0.25) were observed between subjects bearing the B1/B1, B1/B2 and B2/B2 DRD2 TaqI genotypes. Among the individuals with low (≤10), medium (11-20) and high (≥21) borderline index scores, there was a significant difference in mean methadone dose (p = 0.04), but not age (p = 0.90). Further analysis showed that mean methadone dose was significantly higher in subjects with low borderline index scores than in those with high scores (62.5 vs. 47.0 mg/day, p = 0.03). The odds ratio for a daily methadone requirement ≥60 mg (median dose across the 138 subjects) was 2.64-fold greater in the low borderline index group than in the high group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Although the DRD2 TaqI B genotype was not associated with methadone use requirements, borderline index was revealed as a potential predictive marker for the adjustment of methadone dosage requirements in heroin addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Wei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chia-Yi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,General Education Center, Taiwan Shoufu University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-An Chiang
- College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shan Huang
- Administration Center of Research and Education Innovation, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
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Goto Y, Lee YA, Yamaguchi Y, Jas E. Biological mechanisms underlying evolutionary origins of psychotic and mood disorders. Neurosci Res 2016; 111:13-24. [PMID: 27230505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic and mood disorders are brain dysfunctions that are caused by gene environment interactions. Although these disorders are disadvantageous and involve behavioral phenotypes that decrease the reproductive success of afflicted individuals in the modern human society, the prevalence of these disorders have remained constant in the population. Here, we propose several biological mechanisms by which the genes associated with psychotic and mood disorders could be selected for in specific environmental conditions that provide evolutionary bases for explanations of when, why, and where these disorders emerged and have been maintained in humans. We discuss the evolutionary origins of psychotic and mood disorders with specific focuses on the roles of dopamine and serotonin in the conditions of social competitiveness/hierarchy and maternal care and other potential mechanisms, such as social network homophily and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiori Goto
- Cognition and Learning Section, Department of Cognitive Science, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshie Yamaguchi
- Cognition and Learning Section, Department of Cognitive Science, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Emanuel Jas
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Veerasakul S, Thanoi S, Watiktinkorn P, Reynolds GP, Nudmamud-Thanoi S. Does elevated peripheral benzodiazepine receptor gene expression relate to cognitive deficits in methamphetamine dependence? Hum Psychopharmacol 2016; 31:243-6. [PMID: 26913858 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) is a neurotoxin and psychostimulant drug with potent effects on the central nervous system. With chronic METH administration, an inflammatory glial response is observed as a result of METH-induced neurotoxicity. One inflammatory marker is the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to determine whether PBR expression is changed in METH dependence and whether the changes relate to cognitive deficits. METHODS Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate PBR gene expression in blood samples taken from 14 male subjects with METH dependence and 14 controls. RESULTS The results showed a significant increase in PBR gene expression in METH dependence, suggestive of a systemic inflammatory response. The increase remained elevated for more than 1 year following abstinence from METH use, but eventually returned to normal. Subjects with elevated PBR also exhibited a deficit in one domain of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. CONCLUSION The results suggest that systemic inflammatory effects can be associated with chronic METH abuse, and this may relate to the cognitive deficits seen in METH dependence. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Veerasakul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Samur Thanoi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sutisa Nudmamud-Thanoi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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12
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Fond G, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Brunel L, Macgregor A, Miot S, Lopez R, Richieri R, Abbar M, Lancon C, Repantis D. Innovative mechanisms of action for pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:12-20. [PMID: 26187342 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological cognitive enhancement refers to improvement in cognitive functions after drug use in healthy individuals. This popular topic attracts attention both from the general public and the scientific community. The objective was to explore innovative mechanisms of psychostimulant's action, whose potential effectiveness was assessed in randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs). A systematic review was carried out, using the words "attention", "memory", "learning", "executive functions", and "vigilance/wakefulness" combined to "cognitive enhancer" or "smart drug". Methylphenidate, amphetamines, modafinil, nicotine, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and antidepressants were extensively studied in previous meta-analyses and were not included in the present work. Drugs were classified according to their primary mode of action, namely catecholaminergic drugs (tolcapone, pramipexole, guanfacine), cholinergic drugs (anticholinergics), glutamatergic drugs (ampakines), histaminergic drugs, and non-specified (glucocorticoids). Overall, 50 RCTs were included in the present review. In conclusion, a number of new active drugs were found to improve some cognitive functions, in particular verbal episodic memory. However the number of RCTs was limited, and most of the studies found negative results. Future studies should assess both effectiveness and tolerance of repeated doses administration, and individual variability in dose response (including baseline characteristics and potential genetic polymorphisms). One explanation for the limited number of recent RCTs with new psychostimulants seems to be the ethical debate surrounding pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- Université Paris EST-Créteil, AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie ET d'addictologie des Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, INSERM U955, Eq 15 Psychiatrie Génétique, DHU PE-psy, Fondation Fondamental Fondation de Coopération Scientifique en Santé Mentale, F-94000 France.
| | | | - Lore Brunel
- Université Paris EST-Créteil, AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie ET d'addictologie des Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, INSERM U955, Eq 15 Psychiatrie Génétique, DHU PE-psy, Fondation Fondamental Fondation de Coopération Scientifique en Santé Mentale, F-94000 France
| | - Alexandra Macgregor
- Université Montpellier 1, INSERM 1061, Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie, CHU Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Stéphanie Miot
- INSERM U952, CNRS UMR 7224, UMPC Univ Paris 06, F-75000 Paris, France
| | - Régis Lopez
- Université Montpellier 1, INSERM 1061, Centre de Référence National Narcolepsie Hypersomnie Idiopathique, Unité des Troubles du Sommeil, CHU Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Raphaëlle Richieri
- Pôle Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-marguerite, F-13274 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Faculté de Médecine, EA 3279, Laboratoire de Santé Publique, F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Mocrane Abbar
- CHU Carémeau, Université de Nîmes, Nîmes F-31000, France
| | - Christophe Lancon
- Pôle Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-marguerite, F-13274 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Dimitris Repantis
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050 Berlin, Germany
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Association between DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism and common illicit drug dependence: evidence from a meta-analysis. Hum Immunol 2014; 76:42-51. [PMID: 25500252 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicated conflicting results about the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2)/kinase domain containing 1 gene (ANKK1) TaqIA single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800497) and common illicit drug dependence risk including stimulants, opioid and marijuana. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the polymorphism and common illicit drug dependence risk. METHOD A total of 25 available studies (26 subgroups) testing the association between the polymorphism and common illicit drug dependence were examined through Oct 2013. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using fixed- and random-effects models when appropriate. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. RESULTS We found the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of opioid dependence under homozygote, dominant, and recessive genetic model, respectively (homozygote: OR=1.546, 95%CI=1.279-1.87; dominant: OR=1.265, 95%CI=1.055-1.516; recessive: OR=1.409, 95%CI=1.182-1.680). Subgroup analyses were similar to the results of the total population by ethnicity and quality score. Besides, we also found that Caucasian and low-quality studies were major sources of heterogeneity for opioid dependence. We failed to find any significant association between the polymorphism and stimulants or marijuana neither in total population nor subgroup analyses under any genetic model. CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis suggested that DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism might be associated with opioid dependence risk, but not associated with stimulants or marijuana dependence.
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Kim TS, Kondo DG, Kim N, Renshaw PF. Altitude may contribute to regional variation in methamphetamine use in the United States: a population database study. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:430-6. [PMID: 25395974 PMCID: PMC4225207 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.4.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine (MA) use rates in the United States (US) have consistently demonstrated geographical variation and have been higher in the West and Midwest. This uneven pattern of use could be explained by regional differences in MA manufacturing and distribution, but may also result from differences in altitude. The hypobaric hypoxia found at high altitude alters neurotransmitter synthesis in the brain, which may contribute to MA use. The present study investigated the relationship between mean altitude and MA use rate in the 48 contiguous US states and the District of Columbia. METHODS State-level estimates of past year MA use were extracted from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health report. The mean altitude of each state was calculated using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission altitude data set. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between mean state altitude and MA use rate (r=0.66, p<0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that altitude remained a significant predictor for MA use rate (β=0.36, p=0.02), after adjusting for age, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic level, employment, MA laboratory incidents, subpopulations, and other substance use. CONCLUSION Altitude appears to a possible contributing factor for regional variation of MA use in the US. Further studies will be required to determine biological changes in neurotransmission resulting from chronic mild hypoxia at high altitude in MA users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Suk Kim
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Douglas G Kondo
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VISN 19 MIRECC, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Namkug Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VISN 19 MIRECC, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Adedeji OH, Akinniyi OA, Abiola MO, Abayomi OM. Association of dopamine receptor D2 TaqI A polymorphism and cannabis use disorder in Lagos, Nigeria. Psych J 2014; 3:93-100. [PMID: 26271761 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TaqI A polymorphism (rs1800497) has been linked to many substance use disorders but there is a shortage of data on cannabis use disorder. Nigeria has a huge burden of cannabis use disorder, prompting our investigation of the relation between cannabis use disorder and the TaqI A polymorphism among males in Lagos, Nigeria. We recruited 106 males with cannabis use disorder based on International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10) and 98 cannabis-naive males for the study. Cannabis use disorder was assessed using the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) and Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT). Genotyping was done using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). The frequency of the A1 allele was higher among the cannabis users (57.8%) compared with the nonusers (42.2%). The genotype distribution was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both populations. The homozygous A1 genotype alone contributed 11.8% to the variance in the SDS scores. However, both A1/A1 and A1/A2 genotypes contributed to the variance in the CUDIT scores (10.2% and 5.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the distribution of the A1 allele among the general population in this study correlates with the previously reported findings in a southwestern Nigerian population. We also found that carrying an A1 allele appears to be a significant predictor of cannabis use disorder. The result suggests that carrying just a single allele of the A1 is enough to predict cannabis abuse, as shown by the allele association with CUDIT scores. However, double A1 alleles seem to be necessary for the prediction of dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ojo M Abayomi
- Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Gold MS, Blum K, Oscar-Berman M, Braverman ER. Low dopamine function in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: should genotyping signify early diagnosis in children? Postgrad Med 2014; 126:153-77. [PMID: 24393762 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.01.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is present in 8% to 12% of children, and 4% of adults worldwide. Children with ADHD can have learning impairments, poor selfesteem, social dysfunction, and an increased risk of substance abuse, including cigarette smoking. Overall, the rate of treatment with medication for patients with ADHD has been increasing since 2008, with ≥ 2 million children now being treated with stimulants. The rise of adolescent prescription ADHD medication abuse has occurred along with a concomitant increase of stimulant medication availability. Of adults presenting with a substance use disorder (SUD), 20% to 30% have concurrent ADHD, and 20% to 40% of adults with ADHD have a history of SUD. Following a brief review of the etiology of ADHD, its diagnosis and treatment, we focus on the benefits of early and appropriate testing for a predisposition to ADHD. We suggest that by genotyping patients for a number of known, associated dopaminergic polymorphisms, especially at an early age, misdiagnoses and/or over-diagnosis can be reduced. Ethical and legal issues of early genotyping are considered. As many as 30% of individuals with ADHD are estimated to either have secondary side-effects or are not responsive to stimulant medication. We also consider the benefits of non-stimulant medication and alternative treatment modalities, which include diet, herbal medications, iron supplementation, and neurofeedback. With the goals of improving treatment of patients with ADHD and SUD prevention, we encourage further work in both genetic diagnosis and novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
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18
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Son JH, Kuhn J, Keefe KA. Perseverative behavior in rats with methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2013; 67:95-103. [PMID: 23159331 PMCID: PMC3562430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine induces monoamine depletions thought to contribute to cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. Previously, we reported that methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity is associated with impaired formation of stimulus-response associations. Additionally, subjective observations suggested that behavioral flexibility might be affected. Thus, the present study examined whether methamphetamine neurotoxicity induces perseverative behavior. Rats were pretreated with (±)-methamphetamine (4 × 10 mg/kg, 2-hr intervals) or saline. Three weeks later, rats were trained to press a lever on one side of an operant chamber and then retrieve the reinforcer from a magazine on the opposite side until they reached criterion (>50 reinforcers/30-min). After four consecutive sessions performing the task at criterion, rats were sacrificed and brains removed for monoamine determinations. Methamphetamine-pretreated rats had ∼50% loss of striatal dopamine and prefrontal serotonin. Methamphetamine- and saline-pretreated rats were not different in the number of sessions required to reach criterion or in the total numbers of lever presses and/or head entries made across the four consecutive sessions at criterion-level performance. However, methamphetamine-pretreated rats earned fewer reinforcers, because they made extra lever-presses and head entries when they should have been retrieving the reinforcer or returning to the lever. Latencies for methamphetamine-pretreated rats to switch between the two behaviors also were significantly slower than latencies for controls. Interestingly, the degree of additional lever-presses negatively correlated with serotonin-transporter binding in the prefrontal cortex, even in saline-pretreated controls. These data suggest that methamphetamine-induced partial monoamine toxicity is associated with perseveration and that the degree of perseveration may depend on serotonin innervation of the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Kuhn
- Department of Neuroscience, Westminster College, 1840 South 1300 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Kristen A. Keefe
- Author of correspondence: Dr. Kristen A. Keefe, Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 30 S. 2000 E. Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, Tel: (801) 585-7989, Fax: (801) 585-5111,
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Personality, clinical features, and test instructions can affect executive functions in Eating Disorders. Eat Behav 2013; 14:233-6. [PMID: 23557828 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in Eating Disorders have been related to the executive function domain. Yet, to date, only few works investigated the relationship between neuropsychological and clinical issues, and these studies were separately conducted either on Anorexia Nervosa (AN) or Bulimia Nervosa (BN). In this study, three groups of AN, BN and matched controls were administered the Trail Making Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Hayling Sentence Completion Test, in addition to personality and clinical assessments (Temperament and Character Inventory, SCL-90-R, EDI-2). Results from AN indicated a relationship between cognitive rigidity and fixed psychological traits. Conversely, BN showed broader correlations among slowness, inhibition, and psychopathology-state indexes, confirming the clear relation published in the literature. We also hypothesize that task peculiar characteristics can affect high-order attentional activities in Eating Disorders. In fact, these patients do not differ from controls when the examiner provides overt instruction and run-in examples, but they can find serious difficulties when the correct rule is to be derived and modified from feedbacks during the test, as in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Perfectionist stable traits support this hypothesis, especially in AN, as excessive cognitive control can either improve or damage set-shifting and decision-making procedures.
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20
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Genetics of dopamine receptors and drug addiction. Hum Genet 2012; 131:803-22. [PMID: 22350797 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine plays a key role in reward behavior, yet the association of drug dependence as a chronic, relapsing disorder with the genes encoding the various dopaminergic receptor subtypes remains difficult to delineate. In the context of subsequent genome-wide association (GWAS) research and post-GWAS investigations, we summarize the novel data that link genes encoding molecules involved in the dopaminergic system (dopamine receptors, transporter and enzymes in charge of its metabolism) to drug addiction. Recent reports indicate that the heritability of drug addiction should be high enough to allow a significant role for a specific set of genes, and the available genetic studies, which might not be already conclusive because of the heterogeneity of designs, methods and recruited samples, should support the idea of a significant role of at least one gene related to dopaminergic system. Evolutionary changes in primates and non-primate animals of genes coding for molecules involved in dopaminergic system highlight why addictive disorders are mainly limited to humans. Restricting the analyses to more specific intermediate phenotypes (or endophenotypes) such as attention allocation, stress reactivity, novelty seeking, behavioral disinhibition and impulsivity, instead of the broad addictive disorder concept can be instrumental to identify novel genes associated with these traits in the context of genome-wide studies.
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Hart CL, Marvin CB, Silver R, Smith EE. Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? A critical review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:586-608. [PMID: 22089317 PMCID: PMC3260986 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing view is that recreational methamphetamine use causes a broad range of severe cognitive deficits, despite the fact that concerns have been raised about interpretations drawn from the published literature. This article addresses an important gap in our knowledge by providing a critical review of findings from recent research investigating the impact of recreational methamphetamine use on human cognition. Included in the discussion are findings from studies that have assessed the acute and long-term effects of methamphetamine on several domains of cognition, including visuospatial perception, attention, inhibition, working memory, long-term memory, and learning. In addition, relevant neuroimaging data are reviewed in an effort to better understand neural mechanisms underlying methamphetamine-related effects on cognitive functioning. In general, the data on acute effects show that methamphetamine improves cognitive performance in selected domains, that is, visuospatial perception, attention, and inhibition. Regarding long-term effects on cognitive performance and brain-imaging measures, statistically significant differences between methamphetamine users and control participants have been observed on a minority of measures. More importantly, however, the clinical significance of these findings may be limited because cognitive functioning overwhelmingly falls within the normal range when compared against normative data. In spite of these observations, there seems to be a propensity to interpret any cognitive and/or brain difference(s) as a clinically significant abnormality. The implications of this situation are multiple, with consequences for scientific research, substance-abuse treatment, and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl L Hart
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | - Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward E Smith
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Blum K, Chen ALC, Oscar-Berman M, Chen TJH, Lubar J, White N, Lubar J, Bowirrat A, Braverman E, Schoolfield J, Waite RL, Downs BW, Madigan M, Comings DE, Davis C, Kerner MM, Knopf J, Palomo T, Giordano JJ, Morse SA, Fornari F, Barh D, Femino J, Bailey JA. Generational association studies of dopaminergic genes in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) subjects: selecting appropriate phenotypes for reward dependence behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:4425-59. [PMID: 22408582 PMCID: PMC3290972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8124425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abnormal behaviors involving dopaminergic gene polymorphisms often reflect an insufficiency of usual feelings of satisfaction, or Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). RDS results from a dysfunction in the "brain reward cascade," a complex interaction among neurotransmitters (primarily dopaminergic and opioidergic). Individuals with a family history of alcoholism or other addictions may be born with a deficiency in the ability to produce or use these neurotransmitters. Exposure to prolonged periods of stress and alcohol or other substances also can lead to a corruption of the brain reward cascade function. We evaluated the potential association of four variants of dopaminergic candidate genes in RDS (dopamine D1 receptor gene [DRD1]; dopamine D2 receptor gene [DRD2]; dopamine transporter gene [DAT1]; dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene [DBH]). METHODOLOGY We genotyped an experimental group of 55 subjects derived from up to five generations of two independent multiple-affected families compared to rigorously screened control subjects (e.g., N = 30 super controls for DRD2 gene polymorphisms). Data related to RDS behaviors were collected on these subjects plus 13 deceased family members. RESULTS Among the genotyped family members, the DRD2 Taq1 and the DAT1 10/10 alleles were significantly (at least p < 0.015) more often found in the RDS families vs. controls. The TaqA1 allele occurred in 100% of Family A individuals (N = 32) and 47.8% of Family B subjects (11 of 23). No significant differences were found between the experimental and control positive rates for the other variants. CONCLUSIONS Although our sample size was limited, and linkage analysis is necessary, the results support the putative role of dopaminergic polymorphisms in RDS behaviors. This study shows the importance of a nonspecific RDS phenotype and informs an understanding of how evaluating single subset behaviors of RDS may lead to spurious results. Utilization of a nonspecific "reward" phenotype may be a paradigm shift in future association and linkage studies involving dopaminergic polymorphisms and other neurotransmitter gene candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, W University Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., 211 Circuit Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India;
| | - Amanda L. C. Chen
- Department of Engineering Management Advanced Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, No. 396, Sec. 1, Changrong Road, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Thomas J. H. Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chang Jung Christian University, No. 396, Sec. 1, Changrong Road, Tainan 71101, Taiwan;
| | - Joel Lubar
- Emeritus, Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, 719 Andy Holt Tower, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Nancy White
- Unique Mindcare, Inc., 1900 Saint James Place, Houston, TX 77056, USA;
| | - Judith Lubar
- Department of Neurofeedback, Southeastern Biofeedback and Neurobehavioral Clinic, 101 Westwood Road, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA;
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Neuroscience & Population Genetics, EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Israel;
| | - Eric Braverman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - John Schoolfield
- Department of Academic Informatics Services, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Roger L. Waite
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Bernard W. Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Margaret Madigan
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - David E. Comings
- Department of Genomic Research, Carlsbad Science Foundation, Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Caroline Davis
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Mallory M. Kerner
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jennifer Knopf
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Tomas Palomo
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Psiquiatria, Av. Cordoba SN, Madrid 28041, Spain;
| | - John J. Giordano
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
| | - Siobhan A. Morse
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
| | - Frank Fornari
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., 211 Circuit Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India;
| | - John Femino
- Meadows Edge Recovery Center, 580 10 Rod Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
| | - John A. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, W University Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
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Li J, Ma H, Huang Y, Wu L, Li J, Zhao X, Jin Q, Zhu G. No association of a casein kinase 1ε (CK1ε) gene polymorphism with personality traits in healthy Chinese-Han subjects. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:437-41. [PMID: 22113361 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human casein kinase 1 (CK1) family is comprised of seven monomeric serine/threonine kinases (α, β, γ1-γ3, δ, and ε) encoded by seven highly conserved genes. Casein kinases modulate numerous biological and pathological processes by regulating the phosphorylation of the 32 kDa dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein DARPP-32, a major downstream regulator of dopamine signaling. Individual variation in the dopamine signaling system is thought to determine certain dimensions of personality, but there have been no published studies investigating the involvement of CK1 in the biological determination of temperament. We examined the association between the rs135745C/G polymorphism of the CK1ε gene CSNK1E and personality traits as measured by the tridimensional personality questionnaire in healthy Chinese-Han subjects. There were no differences in the total scores for novelty seeking (NS, χ (2) = 4.151, P = 0.125), harm avoidance (χ (2) = 3.299, P = 0.192), or reward dependence (χ (2) = 0.816, P = 0.665) between the rs135745C/G genotypes. In the sub-item analyses, the NS1 scores were significantly different (χ (2) = 7.024, P = 0.030) between rs135745C/G genotypes. However, this difference did not remain statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. Thus, our results did not provide evidence for the association between CK1ε gene and personality traits in healthy Chinese-Han subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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Li T, Yu S, Du J, Chen H, Jiang H, Xu K, Fu Y, Wang D, Zhao M. Role of novelty seeking personality traits as mediator of the association between COMT and onset age of drug use in Chinese heroin dependent patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22923. [PMID: 21857968 PMCID: PMC3157337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits such as novelty seeking (NS) are associated with substance dependence but the mechanism underlying this association remains uncertain. Previous studies have focused on the role of the dopamine pathway. OBJECTIVE Examine the relationships between allelic variants of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, NS personality traits, and age of onset of drug use in heroin-dependent subjects in China. METHODS The 478 heroin dependent subjects from four drug rehabilitation centers in Shanghai who were genotyped for eight tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the COMT gene completed the NS subscale from the Temperament and Character Inventory. Multivariate analyses were used to assess the potential mediating role of NS personality traits in the association between COMT gene variants and the age of onset of heroin use. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS In the univariate analysis the COMT rs737866 gene variants were independently associated with both NS and age of onset of drug use: those with the TT genotype had higher NS subscale scores and an earlier onset age of heroin use than individuals with CT or CC genotypes. In the multivariate analysis the inclusion of the NS subscore variable weakened the relationship between the COMT rs737866 TT genotype and an earlier age of onset of drug use. Our findings that COMT is associated with both NS personality traits and with the age of onset of heroin use helps to clarify the complex relationship between genetic and psychological factors in the development of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunying Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanhui Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yingmei Fu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiang Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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25
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Psychopathological aspects of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in adolescence and young adulthood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1665-86. [PMID: 21527290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine hypotheses of several psychiatric disorders are based upon the clinical benefits of drugs affecting dopamine transporter or receptors, and have prompted intensive candidate gene research within the dopaminergic system during the last two decades. The aim of this review is to survey the most important findings concerning dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome (TS), obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance abuse. Also, genetic findings of related phenotypes, such as inattention, impulsivity, aggressive behavior, and novelty seeking personality trait are presented, because recent studies have applied quantitative trait measures using questionnaires, symptom scales, or other objective endophenotypes. Unfortunately, genetic variants with minor effects are problematic to detect in these complex inheritance disorders, often leading to contradictory results. The most consistent association findings relate to ADHD and the dopamine transporter and the dopamine D4 receptor genes. Meta-analyses also support the association between substance abuse and the D2 receptor gene. The dopamine catabolizing enzyme genes, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes, have been linked to aggressive behaviors.
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26
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Somaini L, Donnini C, Manfredini M, Raggi MA, Saracino MA, Gerra ML, Amore M, Leonardi C, Serpelloni G, Gerra G. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), genetic polymorphisms and neurochemical correlates in experimentation with psychotropic drugs among adolescents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:1771-8. [PMID: 21145351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical data show frequent associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance abuse susceptibility particularly in adolescents. A large body of evidences suggests that the possible dysregulation of neuroendocrine responses as well as neurotransmitters function induced by childhood traumatic experiences and emotional neglect could constitute one of the essential biological changes implementing substance abuse vulnerability. Moreover, genotype variables and its environment interactions have been associated with an increased risk for early onset substance abuse. In this paper we present several data that support the hypothesis of the involvement of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in mediating the combined effect of early adverse experiences and gene variants affecting neurotransmission. The presented data also confirm the relationship between basal plasma levels of cortisol and ACTH, on the one hand, and retrospective measures of neglect during childhood on the other hand: the higher the mother and father neglect (CECA-Q) scores are, the higher the plasma levels of the two HPA hormones are. Furthermore, such positive relationship has been proved to be particularly effective and important when associated with the "S" promoter polymorphism of the gene encoding the 5-HTT transporter, both in homozygote and heterozygote individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Somaini
- Addiction Treatment Centre, Local Health Unit, Biella, Italy.
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27
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Frascella J, Potenza MN, Brown LL, Childress AR. Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way for nonsubstance addictions: carving addiction at a new joint? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:294-315. [PMID: 20201859 PMCID: PMC3671907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For more than half a century, since the beginning of formal diagnostics, our psychiatric nosology has compartmentalized the compulsive pursuit of substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, heroin, nicotine) from nonsubstance (e.g., gambling, food, sex) rewards. Emerging brain, behavioral, and genetic findings challenge this diagnostic boundary, pointing to shared vulnerabilities underlying the pathological pursuit of substance and nonsubstance rewards. Working groups for the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V), are thus considering whether the nosologic boundaries of addiction should be redrawn to include nonsubstance disorders, such as gambling. This review discusses how neurobiological data from problem gambling, obesity, and "normal" states of attachment (romantic infatuation, sexual attraction, maternal bonds) may help us in the task of carving addictions "at a new joint." Diagnostic recarving may have a positive effect on addiction research, stimulating discovery of "crossover" pharmacotherapies with benefit for both substance and nonsubstance addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frascella
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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28
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Izquierdo A, Belcher AM, Scott L, Cazares VA, Chen J, O'Dell SJ, Malvaez M, Wu T, Marshall JF. Reversal-specific learning impairments after a binge regimen of methamphetamine in rats: possible involvement of striatal dopamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:505-14. [PMID: 19794407 PMCID: PMC2795129 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that protracted use of methamphetamine (mAMPH) causes long-term impairments in cognitive function in humans. Aside from the widely reported problems with attention, mAMPH users exhibit learning and memory deficits, particularly on tasks requiring response control. Although binge mAMPH administration to animals results in cognitive deficits, few studies have attempted to test behavioral flexibility in animals after mAMPH exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether mAMPH would produce impairments in two tasks assessing flexible responding in rats: a touchscreen-based discrimination-reversal learning task and an attentional set shift task (ASST) based on a hallmark test of executive function in humans, the Wisconsin Card Sort. We treated male Long-Evans rats with a regimen of four injections of 2 mg/kg mAMPH (or vehicle) within a single day, a dosing regimen shown earlier to produce object recognition impairments. We then tested them on (1) reversal learning after pretreatment discrimination learning or (2) the ASST. Early reversal learning accuracy was impaired in mAMPH-treated rats. MAMPH pretreatment also selectively impaired reversal performance during ASST testing, leaving set-shifting performance intact. Postmortem analysis of [(125)I]RTI-55 binding revealed small (10-20%) but significant reductions in striatal dopamine transporters produced by this mAMPH regimen. Together, these results lend new information to the growing field documenting impaired cognition after mAMPH exposure, and constitute a rat model of the widely reported decision-making deficits resulting from mAMPH abuse seen in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Izquierdo
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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29
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Blum K, Chen TJ, Downs BW, Bowirrat A, Waite RL, Braverman ER, Madigan M, Oscar-Berman M, DiNubile N, Gold M. Neurogenetics of dopaminergic receptor supersensitivity in activation of brain reward circuitry and relapse: proposing "deprivation-amplification relapse therapy" (DART). Postgrad Med 2009; 121:176-96. [PMID: 19940429 PMCID: PMC3656125 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS It is well known that after prolonged abstinence, individuals who use their drug of choice experience a powerful euphoria that often precipitates relapse. While a biological explanation for this conundrum has remained elusive, we hypothesize that this clinically observed "supersensitivity" might be tied to genetic dopaminergic polymorphisms. Another therapeutic conundrum relates to the paradoxical finding that the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine induces stronger activation of brain reward circuitry in individuals who carry the DRD2 A1 allele compared with DRD2 A2 allele carriers. Because carriers of the A1 allele relative to the A2 allele of the DRD2 gene have significantly lower D2 receptor density, a reduced sensitivity to dopamine agonist activity would be expected in the former. Thus, it is perplexing that with low D2 density there is an increase in reward sensitivity with the dopamine D2 agonist bromocriptine. Moreover, under chronic or long-term therapy with D2 agonists, such as bromocriptine, it has been shown in vitro that there is a proliferation of D2 receptors. One explanation for this relates to the demonstration that the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with increased striatal activity of L-amino acid decarboxylase, the final step in the biosynthesis of dopamine. This appears to be a protective mechanism against low receptor density and would favor the utilization of an amino acid neurotransmitter precursor like L-tyrosine for preferential synthesis of dopamine. This seems to lead to receptor proliferation to normal levels and results in significantly better treatment compliance only in A1 carriers. PROPOSAL AND CONCLUSION We propose that low D2 receptor density and polymorphisms of the D2 gene are associated with risk for relapse of substance abuse, including alcohol dependence, heroin craving, cocaine dependence, methamphetamine abuse, nicotine sensitization, and glucose craving. With this in mind, we suggest a putative physiological mechanism that may help to explain the enhanced sensitivity following intense acute dopaminergic D2 receptor activation: "denervation supersensitivity." Rats with unilateral depletions of neostriatal dopamine display increased sensitivity to dopamine agonists estimated to be 30 to 100 x in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rotational model. Given that mild striatal dopamine D2 receptor proliferation occurs (20%-40%), it is difficult to explain the extent of behavioral supersensitivity by a simple increase in receptor density. Thus, the administration of dopamine D2 agonists would target D2 sensitization and attenuate relapse, especially in D2 receptor A1 allele carriers. This hypothesized mechanism is supported by clinical trials utilizing amino acid neurotransmitter precursors, enkephalinase, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme inhibition, which have resulted in attenuated relapse rates in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) probands. If future translational research reveals that dopamine agonist therapy reduces relapse in RDS, it would support the proposed concept, which we term "deprivation-amplification relapse therapy" (DART). This term couples the mechanism for relapse, which is "deprivation-amplification," especially in DRD2 A1 allele carriers with natural D2 agonist therapy utilizing amino acid precursors and COMT and enkepalinase inhibition therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Thomas J.H. Chen
- Department of Health and Occupational Safety, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - B. William Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Clinical Neuroscience & Population Genetics, Ziv Government Medical Center, Israel
| | - Roger L. Waite
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Margaret Madigan
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | | | - Nicholas DiNubile
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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30
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Genetic variants of D2 but not D3 or D4 dopamine receptor gene are associated with rapid onset and poor prognosis of methamphetamine psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:625-9. [PMID: 19275926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
D2-like receptors are key targets for methamphetamine in the CNS, and their activation is an initial and indispensable effect in the induction of dependence and psychosis. It is possible that genetic variants of D2-like receptors may affect individual susceptibility to methamphetamine dependence and psychosis. To test this hypothesis, 6 putatively functional polymorphisms of D2-like receptors, -141C Ins/Del, Ser311Cys and TaqIA of the DRD2 gene, Ser9Gly of the DRD3 gene, and -521C>T and a variable number of tandem repeats in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene, were analyzed in 202 patients with methamphetamine dependence and/or psychosis and 243 healthy controls in a Japanese population. No polymorphism examined showed significant association with methamphetamine dependence, but two polymorphisms of DRD2 were associated with the clinical course and prognosis of methamphetamine psychosis. The A1/A1 homozygote of DRD2 was a negative risk factor for a poorer prognosis of psychosis that continues for more than 1 month after the discontinuance of methamphetamine abuse and the beginning of treatment with neuroleptics (p=0.04, odds ratio (OR)=0.42, 95% CI; 0.27-0.65) and the complication of spontaneous relapse of methamphetamine psychosis after remission (p=0.014, OR=0.34, 95% CI; 0.22-0.54). The genotype of -141C Del positive (Del/Del and Del/Ins) was at risk for rapid onset of methamphetamine psychosis that develops into a psychotic state within 3 years after initiation of methamphetamine abuse (p=0.00037, OR=3.62, 95% CI 2.48-5.28). These findings revealed that genetic variants of DRD2, but not DRD3 or DRD4, confer individual risks for rapid onset, prolonged duration, and spontaneous relapse of methamphetamine psychosis.
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31
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Sabb FW, Burggren AC, Higier RG, Fox J, He J, Parker DS, Poldrack RA, Chu W, Cannon TD, Freimer NB, Bilder RM. Challenges in phenotype definition in the whole-genome era: multivariate models of memory and intelligence. Neuroscience 2009; 164:88-107. [PMID: 19450667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Refining phenotypes for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders is of paramount importance in neuroscience. Poor phenotype definition provides the greatest obstacle for making progress in disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and autism. Using freely available informatics tools developed by the Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics (CNP), we provide a framework for defining and refining latent constructs used in neuroscience research and then apply this strategy to review known genetic contributions to memory and intelligence in healthy individuals. This approach can help us begin to build multi-level phenotype models that express the interactions between constructs necessary to understand complex neuropsychiatric diseases. These results are available online through the http://www.phenowiki.org database. Further work needs to be done in order to provide consensus-building applications for the broadly defined constructs used in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Sabb
- Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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