1
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Torregrossa LJ, Liu J, Armstrong K, Heckers S, Sheffield JM. Interplay between childhood trauma, bodily self-disturbances, and clinical phenomena in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A network analysis. Schizophr Res 2024; 266:107-115. [PMID: 38394867 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bodily self-disturbances have long been considered central to schizophrenia. Exposure to childhood trauma has been linked to the development of both psychosis and bodily self-disturbances, yet little work has examined the role of bodily self-disturbances in the relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia symptomatology. This study uses network analysis to bridge this gap. METHODS Networks were constructed to examine relationships between schizophrenia symptoms (Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; PANSS), bodily self-disturbances (Perceptual Aberration Scale; PAS), and self-reported exposure to childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Short-Form; CTQ-SF) in 152 people with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Shortest path and bridge analyses were conducted to assess the role of bodily self-disturbances in linking childhood trauma to schizophrenia symptomatology. Three networks were constructed: 1) PAS, childhood trauma, and PANSS sub-scale composites (positive, negative, general); 2) PAS, childhood trauma, and positive symptoms, 3) PAS, childhood trauma, and distress symptoms. RESULTS Shortest path analysis revealed that bodily self-disturbances were on the shortest path between childhood trauma and positive and general symptoms (Network 1), between trauma and hallucinations (Network 2), and between trauma and depression (Network 3). Bodily self-disturbances were also found to serve as a bridge between childhood trauma and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly delusions and hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS Using a novel, data-driven approach, we showed that bodily self-disturbances play a key role in linking childhood trauma to positive and co-morbid affective symptoms of schizophrenia. Threat experiences (i.e., abuse) specifically relate to bodily self-disturbances and psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lénie J Torregrossa
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America.
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Biostatistics, United States of America
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America
| | - Julia M Sheffield
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America
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2
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de With J, de Haan L, Schirmbeck F. Attachment Style and Self-Experience: The Association Between Attachment Style and Self-Reported Altered Self-Experience in Patients With Psychotic Disorders, Unaffected Siblings, and Healthy Controls. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:440-447. [PMID: 36971431 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to examine the cross-sectional association between attachment style and self-reported disturbed self-awareness (disturbed sense of mineness of experiences) and depersonalization (disturbed sense of first-person perspective) in patients with psychotic disorders, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls. Data pertain to a subsample of the GROUP (Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis) study. We found positive associations between anxious attachment and disturbed self-awareness and depersonalization across participants with different psychosis vulnerability. We also found a positive association between avoidant attachment and depersonalization, although on a trend level. Findings indicate that attachment style is associated with self-reported disturbed self-awareness and depersonalization over and above the influence of psychotic or depressive experiences in people across the vulnerability spectrum of psychosis. This supports the importance of attachment style, self-awareness, and depersonalization as potential targets in prevention and treatment interventions in patients with psychotic disorders or those with increased vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine de With
- Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Department of Psychiatry; and
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3
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Silva M, Pereira H. The Impact of Life Trauma on Mental Health and Suicidal Behavior: A Study from Portuguese Language Countries. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12040102. [PMID: 35447674 PMCID: PMC9031010 DOI: 10.3390/bs12040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies report the incidence of traumatic experiences in community and clinical samples, and substantial research demonstrates the impact of traumatic events on mental health and suicidal behavior, but this area remains unexplored in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLC). Thus, this study aims to (1) describe traumatic experiences, mental health levels and suicidal behavior among individuals from Portugal, Brazil and African Countries with Portuguese as an Official Language (ACPOL); (2) assess correlations between traumatic experiences and mental health and suicidal behavior; and (3) assess the impact of exposure to a traumatic event on mental health and suicidal behavior. The measurement instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire, Brief Trauma Questionnaire, Brief Symptoms Inventory-18, and the Portuguese version of the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. ACPOL participants reported greater impact of war, Portuguese participants reported greater impact of disasters, and Brazilian participants reported greater impact of psychological and sexual abuse, assault, and death of a family member. Brazilian participants showed the worst levels of mental health and suicidal thoughts. Strong correlations were found between traumatic experiences and mental health levels and suicidal behavior. Traumatic experiences contributed to the explanation of mental health levels and probability of committing suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva
- Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Pólo IV, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Henrique Pereira
- Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Pólo IV, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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4
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Mansueto G, Faravelli C. Stressful life events and psychosis: Gender differences. Stress Health 2022; 38:19-30. [PMID: 33973342 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that stressful events are associated with psychosis. This study aimed to explore sex differences in the association between stressful life events occurring during childhood and adulthood and psychosis. A total of 78 psychotic patients and 156 controls were enrolled. Childhood adversities were evaluated using a validated semi-structured interview and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire. Recent life events were recorded using a semi-structured interview with a normative and contextual approach. The diagnosis of psychosis was made according to Jablensky's criteria. χ2 and t-test statistical analyses were run. Odds ratios were calculated in logistic regression. People with psychosis reported more exposure to both childhood adversities and recent events than the general population. An excess of childhood physical abuse was found among male psychotic patients, whereas both childhood sexual abuse and recent life events were overrepresented among female patients in comparison with the general population. There was a cumulative effect of stressful life events on psychosis, although it was stronger among females than in males. It is likely that there are gender differences in the association between stressful life events and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Faravelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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5
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Pionke-Ubych R, Frydecka D, Cechnicki A, Krężołek M, Nelson B, Gawęda Ł. Integrating trauma, self-disturbances, cognitive biases, and personality into a model for the risk of psychosis: a longitudinal study in a non-clinical sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1073-1085. [PMID: 34859297 PMCID: PMC9388435 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of the psychosis continuum enables to study the mechanisms of psychosis risk not only in clinical samples but in non-clinical as well. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate self-disturbances (SD), a risk factor that has attracted substantial interest over the last two decades, in combination with trauma, cognitive biases and personality, and to test whether SD are associated with subclinical positive symptoms (PS) over a 12-month follow-up period. Our study was conducted in a non-clinical sample of 139 Polish young adults (81 females, age M = 25.32, SD = 4.51) who were selected for frequent experience of subclinical PS. Participants completed self-report questionnaires for the evaluation of SD (IPASE), trauma (CECA.Q), cognitive biases (DACOBS) and personality (TCI), and were interviewed for subclinical PS (CAARMS). SD and subclinical PS were re-assessed 12 months after baseline measurement. The hypothesized model for psychosis risk was tested using path analysis. The change in SD and subclinical PS over the 12-month period was investigated with non-parametric equivalent of dependent sample t-tests. The models with self-transcendence (ST) and harm avoidance (HA) as personality variables were found to be well-fitted and explained 34% of the variance in subclinical PS at follow-up. Moreover, we found a significant reduction of SD and subclinical PS after 12 months. Our study suggests that combining trauma, cognitive biases, SD and personality traits such as ST and HA into one model can enhance our understanding of appearance as well as maintenance of subclinical PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pionke-Ubych
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Krężołek
- II Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warszaw, Poland
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC Australia ,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378, Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Silva M, Pereira H, Beatriz C. Trauma, Mental Health, and Suicidal Tendencies: Lessons from Portuguese Language Countries. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2021.2007651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva
- Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique Pereira
- Department of Psychology and Education Researcher at the Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD - Portugal), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Colleen Beatriz
- Fulbright Scholar at the Department of Psychology and Education, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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7
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Sengutta M, Karow A, Gawęda Ł. Anomalous self-experiences (ASE) in relation to clinical high risk for psychosis (CHRP), childhood trauma and general psychopathology among adolescent and young adult help seekers. Schizophr Res 2021; 237:182-189. [PMID: 34536752 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anomalous self-experiences (ASE) are suggested as a phenotypic core feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and present in at risk samples as well. In our study, we investigated the relation between ASE and clinical high risk state for psychosis (CHRP) against the background of further influencing factors like childhood trauma and general psychopathology. METHODS 126 help-seeking adolescents were included. CHR-P patients were identified using the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS). ASE were assessed with the Inventory of Psychotic-like Anomalous Self-Experiences (IPASE). Childhood trauma, depression and anxiety were assessed with well-established questionnaires (CTQ; PHQ-9; GAD-7). RESULTS CHR-P subgroup (n = 50, 39.7%) show significantly higher scores in IPASE total (t (81.07) = -5.150, p = .000) and CTQ total (t (85.95) = -2.75, p = .007) in comparison with the non CHR-P subgroup. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that IPASE total could predict CHR-P status (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04, p = .000). Furthermore, CTQ total and IPASE total show moderate to strong positive correlation (r = 0.44, p < .001) as well as CTQ total with both IPASE subdomains Cognition (r = 0.404, p < .001) and Self- Awareness (r = 0.443, p < .001). CONCLUSION The CHR-P subgroup shows significantly more ASE than the non CHR-P subgroup. Further, ASE predicted CHR-P status. Our results indicated that ASE could play a considerable role in the identification of high risk for developing schizophrenia spectrum disorder and could complement CHR-P testing. Importantly, it seems that ASE may be related to exposure to childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sengutta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anne Karow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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8
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Henriksen MG, Raballo A, Nordgaard J. Self-disorders and psychopathology: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:1001-1012. [PMID: 34688345 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In foundational texts on schizophrenia, the mental disorder was constitutively linked to a specific disintegration of subjectivity (often termed a self-disorder). Apart from Scharfetter's work on ego-pathology, research on self-disorders generally faded into oblivion, and self-disorders were only rediscovered as notable psychopathological features of the schizophrenia spectrum nearly two decades ago. Subsequently, the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) scale was constructed to allow systematic assessment of non-psychotic self-disorders. This Review is the first systematic review of empirical studies on self-disorders based on the EASE or other related scales. The results consistently show that self-disorders hyper-aggregate in schizophrenia spectrum disorders but not in other mental disorders; that self-disorders are found in individuals at a clinical risk of developing psychosis; that self-disorders show a high degree of temporal stability; that self-disorders predict the later development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders; and that self-disorders correlate with the canonical dimensions of the psychopathology of schizophrenia, impaired social functioning, and suicidality. Issues with the methods of the reviewed literature are critically discussed and the role of self-disorders in clinical psychiatry and future research is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Gram Henriksen
- Centre for Subjectivity Research, Department of Communication, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mental Health Centre Amager, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Centre for Translational, Phenomenological and Developmental Psychopathology, Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Julie Nordgaard
- Mental Health Centre Amager, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Nordgaard J, Henriksen MG, Jansson L, Handest P, Møller P, Rasmussen AR, Sandsten KE, Nilsson LS, Zandersen M, Zahavi D, Parnas J. Disordered Selfhood in Schizophrenia and the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience: Accumulated Evidence and Experience. Psychopathology 2021; 54:275-281. [PMID: 34384082 PMCID: PMC8686724 DOI: 10.1159/000517672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disordered selfhood in schizophrenia was rediscovered at the turn of the millennium. In 2005, Psychopathology published the psychometric instrument, the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE). In this article, we summarize the historical background of the creation of the EASE, explicate the notion of the disorder of basic or minimal self with the help of phenomenological philosophy, and provide a brief description of clinical manifestations targeted by the EASE. We also present our personal experience using and teaching the EASE and summarize the empirical evidence obtained so far. We conclude that the basic self-disorder represents a crucial phenotype of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and that this phenotype offers a potential avenue to empirical pathogenetic research and psychotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nordgaard
- Mental Health Center Amager, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Gram Henriksen
- Mental Health Center Amager, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Jansson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
| | | | - Paul Møller
- Division of Mental Health and Addicition, Department of Mental Health Research and Development, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Andreas Rosen Rasmussen
- Mental Health Center Amager, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Siersbæk Nilsson
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Zandersen
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Zahavi
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josef Parnas
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Raballo A, Poletti M, Preti A, Parnas J. The Self in the Spectrum: A Meta-analysis of the Evidence Linking Basic Self-Disorders and Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1007-1017. [PMID: 33479736 PMCID: PMC8266610 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed self-experience has been reported as a characteristic feature of schizophrenia since the first formulation of its diagnostic concept; however, only in the last 2 decades an explicit notion of basic Self-disturbance, or Self-Disorders (SD), has emerged as target for a systematic research program. We conducted systematic searches in bibliographical databases to identify cross-sectional studies that explored SD across different diagnostic groups and explored diagnostic ascription within or outside schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) as main outcome. Data were pooled using fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis models. Heterogeneity was assessed using stratified meta-analyses and meta-regression. Of 218 identified studies, 32 were included in the systematic review and 27 in the meta-analysis. Patients diagnosed with SSD scored higher on measures of SD than healthy controls (HC) (Hedges' g = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.0), individuals diagnosed with other mental illness (OMI) (1.9; 1.6 to 2.2), bipolar or affective disorders (1.8; 1.4 to 2.2), and clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) (1.6; 0.9 to 2.4). Patients with schizotypy or schizotypal personality disorder scored higher on measures of SD than OMI (1.5; 1.3 to 1.8) and HC (1.4; 1.1 to 1.7). Patients with first-episode psychosis scored higher on measures of SD than HC (2.5; 2.1 to 2.9) and OMI (1.6; 1.2 to 2.1). Subjects at CHR scored higher on measures of SD than HC (2.0; 1.7 to 2.2) and OMI (19; 1.6 to 2.2). Overall, heterogeneity ranged from negligible to high, especially in comparisons of the target group with OMI, probably as a reflection of the immanent diagnostic heterogeneity of this group. The findings suggest that SD selectively aggregate within schizophrenia spectrum disorders as compared to other mental disorders and that they could be a central phenotypic marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia across the different shades of severity of its spectrum of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Raballo
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Center for Translational, Phenomenological and Developmental Psychopathology (CTPDP), Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy; tel: +39 075 5783194, fax: +39 075 5783183, e-mail:
| | - Michele Poletti
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Service, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Josef Parnas
- Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2605, Brøndby, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Pionke-Ubych R, Frydecka D, Cechnicki A, Nelson B, Gawęda Ł. The Indirect Effect of Trauma via Cognitive Biases and Self-Disturbances on Psychotic-Like Experiences. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:611069. [PMID: 33854448 PMCID: PMC8039125 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.611069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although self-disturbances (SD) are considered to be a core psychopathological feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, there is still insufficient empirical data on the mechanisms underlying these anomalous self-experiences. The aim of the present study was to test a hypothesized model in which cognitive biases and exposure to traumatic life events are related to the frequency of SD which, in turn, contribute to the frequency of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). Our sample consisted of 193 Polish young adults from the general population (111 females; 18-35 years of age, M = 25.36, SD = 4.69) who experience frequent PLEs. Participants were interviewed for PLEs, SD and social functioning as well as completed self-reported questionnaires and behavioral tasks that measure cognitive biases (e.g., safety behaviors, attention to threat, external attribution, jumping to conclusion, source monitoring, overperceptualization). The model was tested using path analysis with structural equation modeling. All of the hypothesized relationships were statistically significant and our model fit the data well [χ2(23) = 31.201; p = 0.118; RMSEA = 0.043 (90% CI = 0.00-0.078), CFI = 0.985, SRMR = 0.041, TLI = 0.976]. The results revealed a significant indirect effect of traumatic life events on PLEs through SD and self-reported cognitive biases. However, performance-based cognitive biases measured with three behavioral tasks were unrelated to SD and PLEs. The frequency of SD explained a substantial part (43.1%) of the variance in PLEs. Further studies with longitudinal designs and clinical samples are required to verify the predictive value of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pionke-Ubych
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Weitkämper A, Kellner M, Iffland JR, Driessen M, Kley H, Neuner F, Iffland B. Childhood Maltreatment in Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Impact of Cut-Off Scores on Prevalence Rates. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:692492. [PMID: 34295277 PMCID: PMC8291124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.692492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is a common phenomenon in various psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, patients with disorders from the schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) appear to have high prevalence rates of childhood maltreatment. However, the interpretation and comparability of prevalence rates is impeded by methodological weaknesses and differences such as measures and thresholds used in previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to provide and compare systematically captured data on prevalence rates of all common types of childhood maltreatment in patients with SSD using a standardized and well-established questionnaire and the most frequently used thresholds. The sample consisted of 48 patients with a primary diagnosis of SSD. 58.3-77.1% of the sample experienced at least one type of childhood maltreatment. Prevalence rates for physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse were dependent on the thresholds used, while equal rates were found for emotional neglect and sexual abuse. Physical neglect (46-67%), and emotional abuse (44-48%) were most commonly reported, followed by emotional neglect (38%), physical abuse (25-38%), and sexual abuse (25%). Additionally, high levels of peer victimization were reported by SSD patients. It appears that childhood maltreatment is a common phenomenon in SSD, even though methodological details, especially cut-off scores, have a substantial impact on the prevalence rates that are determined. Therefore, the methodology of studies should be closely examined when drawing conclusions from presented prevalence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Weitkämper
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Kellner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital Herford, Herford, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Driessen
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hanna Kley
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Outpatient Clinic, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benjamin Iffland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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13
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Rasmussen AR, Reich D, Lavoie S, Li E, Hartmann JA, McHugh M, Whitford TJ, Nelson B. The relation of basic self-disturbance to self-harm, eating disorder symptomatology and other clinical features: Exploration in an early psychosis sample. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:275-282. [PMID: 31264785 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The notion of basic self-disturbance has been proposed as a core feature of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and as an indicator of future transition to psychosis in high-risk populations. However, the relation of this notion to many clinical characteristics has not been explored. The aim of this study was: (a) to investigate the distribution of self-disturbance and other symptoms dimensions in ultra-high risk (UHR), first-episode psychosis (FEP) and healthy control groups; and (b) to explore the association of self-disturbance with a history of self-harm, suicidal attempt, eating disorder symptomatology, school bullying victimization and sexual or physical abuse. METHODS Patients with UHR status (n = 38) or FEP (n = 26) and healthy controls (n = 33) were assessed with the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) and the Comprehensive Assessment of at Risk Mental States (CAARMS). The clinical-historical variables were assessed through medical records. RESULTS The FEP group scored significantly higher on the EASE than the UHR group, which scored significantly higher than the healthy control group, which had a very low score. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that higher EASE score was significantly associated with a history of self-harm, disordered eating and bullying victimization (but not with suicide attempts or sexual/physical abuse) after controlling for positive, negative and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION These novel findings suggest that self-disturbance may be related to a history of school bullying victimization, self-harm and eating disorder symptomatology in patients with or at-risk of psychosis. If further confirmed, these findings are potentially relevant to clinical risk assessment and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R Rasmussen
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Reich
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzie Lavoie
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Li
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Hartmann
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith McHugh
- Health Care for the Homeless, Baltimore, Maryland.,Youth Empowered Society, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Kim SW, Kim JJ, Lee BJ, Yu JC, Lee KY, Won SH, Lee SH, Kim SH, Kang SH, Kim E, Lee JY, Kim JM, Chung YC. Clinical and psychosocial factors associated with depression in patients with psychosis according to stage of illness. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:44-52. [PMID: 30919575 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the clinical characteristics and psychosocial factors associated with depression in patients with early psychosis according to stage of illness. METHODS The present study includes patients who fulfil the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Patients were divided into two groups according to illness stage (the acute stage of first-episode psychosis and stabilization phase of recent-onset psychosis). Clinically meaningful depression was defined as moderate or severe on the depression dimension of the Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity scale in the DSM-5. RESULTS In total, 340 (207 first-episode and 133 recent-onset) patients were recruited in this study. Patients with comorbid depression were characterized by frequent suicidal ideation, a past suicide attempt, and lower scores on the Subjective Well-being Under Neuroleptics and Brief Resilience Scale in both groups. Long duration of untreated psychosis and higher scores on the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report were associated with depression in the acute stage of first-episode psychosis. In the stabilization phase of recent-onset psychosis group, a monthly income and scores for sexual desire and on the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale-III were significantly lower in patients with depression than in those without depression. CONCLUSION Comorbid depression was associated with high suicidality, lower quality of life and poor resilience in patients with first-episode and recent-onset psychosis. Depression was associated with factors that had been present before the initiation of treatment in patients with first-episode psychosis and with environmental factors in those in the stabilization phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong Ju Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Je-Chun Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyu Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shi-Hyun Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Euitae Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Adverse childhood experiences and clinical severity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A transdiagnostic two-step cluster analysis. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:104-111. [PMID: 31445335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are risk factors for psychiatric disorders, but evidence about their relationship with clinical severity is limited. We aimed to classify patients according to ACEs and to compare these clusters with regards to the clinical severity. METHODS Seventy-four patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) and 91 patients with a diagnosis within the Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSDs) were interviewed. The Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse scale (CECA) and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) were administered. A two-step cluster analysis was run to identify clusters according to ACEs. PANSS average scores were compared between clusters. RESULTS Three clusters emerged; significant differences in ACEs distribution were evident. Cluster 1 was characterized by very low frequency of ACEs. ACEs related to lack of support/isolation were more frequent within Cluster 2, instead ACEs related to abuse/neglect were over represented in Cluster 3. The comparison of PANSS through ANOVA demonstrated that Cluster 3 not only had significantly higher scores in all dimensions than Cluster 1 and 2 but also a higher average number of ACEs. LIMITATIONS CECA is a self-report scale and is subject to recall bias. CONCLUSIONS Specific ACEs are related to clinical severity among BD and SSD patients. Early life adversities related to abuse and neglect are associated to greater symptomatic severity than those related to lack of support/isolation. Our findings suggest that a history of ACEs could be used to identify patients at higher risk of unfavorable clinical features.
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16
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Current evidence of childhood traumatic experiences in psychosis - focus on gender differences. Psychiatry Res 2019; 281:112507. [PMID: 31465988 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Childhood abuse is common among people with psychosis and it is associated with poor illness outcomes. Some forms of childhood abuse are more common in women, but the impact of gender and childhood abuse in psychosis has been little investigated and evidence has never been put into a congruent frame. Herein, we conducted a narrative review to assess the impact of gender and childhood abuse in psychosis. Research articles were identified (n = 44) using a comprehensive electronic search of PubMed, Web-of-Science, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Women appeared to be at greater risk of sexual abuse than men. Women with childhood abuse report more positive and mood symptoms, and more suicide attempts compared to men. In addition, women exposed to childhood abuse display an earlier age of onset compared to not exposed, but this association is not present in men. Conversely, men with childhood abuse show more negative symptoms, substance use and a poorer cognitive performance compared to women. It seems therefore confirmed that gender and childhood abuse may impact on the outcome of psychosis, since not all gender differences found in patients who had been abused in their childhood are accounted by the overall differences between men and women with psychosis.
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17
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Svendsen IH, Øie MG, Møller P, Nelson B, Haug E, Melle I. Basic self-disturbances independently predict recovery in psychotic disorders: A seven year follow-up study. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:72-78. [PMID: 31420200 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery is the ultimate goal of psychosis treatment. Basic self-disturbances (BSDs) are non-psychotic phenomena associated with clinical outcome, present in prodromal, psychotic and residual phases of psychotic disorders. AIM To investigate the relationship between BSDs and recovery seven years after first treatment in patients with psychotic disorders. METHOD Prospective longitudinal study of 56 patients recruited during first adequate treatment for schizophrenia (n = 35) and other psychotic disorders (n = 21) (psychotic bipolar disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder NOS). At baseline and follow-up BSDs were assessed using the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) manual, while standard clinical instruments were used to ascertained diagnosis, clinical symptom severity, and functioning. Recovery was defined as absence of psychotic symptoms and regaining of functioning that persisted the last two years before follow-up. RESULTS At follow up, 34% achieved recovery (5 (14%) with schizophrenia and 14 (67%) with other psychoses at baseline). Recovery was predicted by an absence of a schizophrenia diagnosis, low baseline level of BSDs and further reductions in BSDs from baseline to follow-up. Change in BSDs was the strongest predictor, also after adjusting for premorbid adjustment and duration of untreated psychosis, and was not confounded by diagnosis. CONCLUSION Low baseline levels of basic self-disturbances and further reductions over time independently predict recovery seven years later in first treated psychosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hartveit Svendsen
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Department of Acute Psychiatry and Psychosis Treatment, Presteseter 1, 2840 Reinsvoll, Norway; University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, P. B. 1018 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Merete G Øie
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Pb 1094 Blindern, Norway; Division of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway.
| | - Paul Møller
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Mental Health Research and Development, Norway.
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd (Locked Bag 10), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Elisabeth Haug
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Department of Acute Psychiatry and Psychosis Treatment, Presteseter 1, 2840 Reinsvoll, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1039 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 1039 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Marlowe NI, Nicholson Perry K, Lee J. Ontological insecurity I: Psychometric development of a new measure and relationship to subclinical psychotic-like experiences. J Clin Psychol 2019; 76:423-439. [PMID: 31476249 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study sought to develop a new psychometrically sound measure of ontological insecurity, the OIS-34 and, determine its relationship with subclinical psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). METHODS A nonclinical sample (N = 600) completed an initial 60-item version of the new scale along with measures of PLEs, psychosis proneness, and mental health history. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis indicated a single factor, ontological insecurity, with 34 items loading positively and above a criterion of 0.4. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were excellent. The OIS-34 correlated positively and significantly with psychosis proneness and subclinical positive and negative symptom PLEs. The OIS-34 also differentiated significantly between participants with and without a history of mental health problems, including psychosis. CONCLUSIONS The OIS-34 appears to represent a psychometrically sound measure of ontological insecurity. The results suggest that the concept is associated with PLEs. Directions for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn Nicholson Perry
- Discipline of Psychological Science, Australian College of Applied Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob Lee
- Discipline of Psychological Science, Australian College of Applied Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Comacchio C, Howard LM, Bonetto C, Lo Parrino R, Furlato K, Semrov E, Preti A, Mesiano L, Neri G, De Girolamo G, de Santi K, Miglietta E, Tosato S, Cristofalo D, Lasalvia A, Ruggeri M. The impact of gender and childhood abuse on age of psychosis onset, psychopathology and needs for care in psychosis patients. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:164-171. [PMID: 30642687 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gender is associated with several features of psychotic disorders, including age of illness onset, symptomatology, a higher prevalence of history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and needs for care. Childhood sexual abuse is associated with adverse mental health consequences but as there is a gender difference in stress reactivity, there may be a differential impact of CSA on psychopathology, age of psychosis onset and needs for care in First Episode Psychosis (FEP) patients. We hypothesized that a history of abuse would be associated with lowering of age of onset, increased symptomatology and more unmet needs in women but not men. A total of 444 FEP patients have been recruited within the context of the GET UP trial. Symptomatology has been assessed using the PANSS scale, needs for care with the CAN scale and childhood abuse with the CECA-Q scale. Childhood sexual abuse was more frequent among female patients [22.6% in women vs 11.6% in men (OR = 0.45, p < 0.01)], whereas there was no gender difference in the prevalence of childhood physical abuse (29.0% in women vs 31.7% in men). Childhood abuse was associated with higher levels of negative symptoms in both men and women, with a reduced age of onset in women only and little increase in needs for care in both men and women. Our results seem to suggest that childhood sexual abuse in female FEP patients may be linked to a more severe form of psychosis whose presentation is characterized by earlier age of onset and higher levels of negative symptoms and we can also speculate that gender-specific protective factors in women, but not in men, may be outweighed by the consequences of childhood abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Comacchio
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Louise M Howard
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, King's College London, UK
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Karin Furlato
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Preti
- Detection and Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Mental Health, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mesiano
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda ULSS Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Katia de Santi
- UOC Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI) di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Miglietta
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Doriana Cristofalo
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy; UOC Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI) di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy; UOC Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI) di Verona, Verona, Italy
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20
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Værnes TG, Røssberg JI, Møller P. Anomalous self-experiences are strongly associated with negative symptoms in a clinical high-risk for psychosis sample. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 93:65-72. [PMID: 31351243 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anomalous self-experiences (ASE) are considered as central features of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders and prodromal schizophrenia. We investigated total and single-item prevalence of these phenomena in a clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis sample, and associations with conventional psychosis-risk symptoms, present and childhood global/psychosocial functioning, and childhood trauma. METHODS The sample (n = 38) included 31 CHR, according to ultra-high risk or cognitive basic symptoms (COGDIS) criteria, and seven with non-progressive attenuated positive symptoms. Psychopathological evaluations included the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE), Structured Clinical Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS), Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument - Adult (SPI-A) (only the COGDIS-criteria), a diagnostic interview (SCID-I), Global Assessment of Functioning - Split version (S-GAF), Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). RESULTS The mean total EASE score was in line with reports from other CHR samples, and was particularly enhanced in schizotypal personality disorder and in subjects fulfilling COGDIS-criteria. The four most frequent EASE-items were present in two-thirds or more of the participants. EASE total was significantly associated with negative and disorganization symptoms. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the level of negative symptoms explained most of the variance in EASE total. CONCLUSIONS These results corroborates other findings that anomalous self-experiences are frequent and important features in CHR conditions and in the schizophrenia spectrum. The strong associations with negative symptoms and cognitive disturbances (COGDIS) should be investigated in longitudinal studies to address causality, psychopathological pathways and schizophrenia spectrum specificity. The weaker correlation between EASE total and positive symptoms may partly be related to a restricted range of positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Gunnar Værnes
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South-East Norway, TIPS Sør-Øst, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.; NORMENT, Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, University of Oslo, Norway..
| | - Jan Ivar Røssberg
- Division of Psychiatric Treatment Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul Møller
- Dept. for Mental Health Research and Development, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Norway
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21
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Gawęda Ł, Göritz AS, Moritz S. Mediating role of aberrant salience and self-disturbances for the relationship between childhood trauma and psychotic-like experiences in the general population. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:149-156. [PMID: 30545759 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between childhood trauma and the risk of psychosis is well established. However, the mechanisms of the relationship are still unknown. We investigated whether two factors involved in the risk of psychosis - self-disturbances and aberrant salience - mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and psychotic-like experiences in the general population. METHODS We tested parallel mediation models which assume that the relationship between childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the CTQ) and psychotic-like experiences (Prodromal questionnaire, PQ-16) is mediated by both self-disturbances and aberrant salience (Aberrant Salience Inventory, the ASI) in a general population sample (N = 649). Separate parallel mediation models were calculated for cumulative childhood trauma, exposure to abusive behaviors (emotional, physical and sexual abuse) and neglect (emotional and physical neglect) controlling for gender. RESULTS Childhood traumatic life events predicted psychotic-like experiences. Childhood trauma was also related to self-disturbances and aberrant salience. Self-disturbances and aberrant salience were related to psychotic-like experiences. Models of mediation for the relationship between cumulative childhood trauma and neglect and psychotic-like experiences revealed an indirect-only mediation by self-disturbances and aberrant salience. The model for childhood abuse suggested a complementary mediation and was affected by gender. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide tentative evidence that self-disturbances and aberrant salience are important factors in the translation of childhood trauma into the risk of psychosis in the general population. Causal relationships could not be inferred from this cross-sectional data. Hence, longitudinal studies on a clinical sample are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anja S Göritz
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Aas M, Dieset I, Mørch R, Steen NE, Hope S, Reponen EJ, Laskemoen JF, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Melle I, Agartz I, Andreassen OA. Reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with childhood trauma experiences and number of depressive episodes in severe mental disorders. Schizophr Res 2019; 205:45-50. [PMID: 30126813 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have found reduced plasma BDNF levels in patients with severe mental disorders, the sample sizes have been small and have exhibited variation and heterogeneity. Furthermore, long-term neurobiological changes following childhood trauma and clinical severity have been linked to a reduction in BDNF levels. Accordingly, we aim to clarify, using the largest sample size to date, the role of plasma BDNF in individuals with severe mental disorders in relation to the number of episodes, current remission status, and childhood trauma experiences. METHODS The study sample comprised 1446 individuals (schizophrenia: SZ [n = 589]; bipolar disorder: BD [n = 254]; and healthy control: HC [n = 603]) all recruited from the same catchment area. A subsample (N = 629) of this larger group had a history of childhood trauma, and some (N = 195) participated in a one-year follow-up study. The level of BDNF in plasma was measured, and childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Diagnoses and episodes were obtained using the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID). RESULTS Patients with SZ or BD had lower levels of plasma BDNF than did the HC group (p = 0.002, p = 0.003, respectively). Within patients, reduced plasma BDNF levels were associated with more depressive episodes (p = 0.04). Longer time in remission after depressive episodes was associated with higher plasma BDNF levels (p = 0.02), and patients reporting childhood sexual abuse exhibited lower plasma BDNF levels (p = 0.049) than patients without sexual abuse. CONCLUSION Our study confirms that patients with a severe mental disorder exhibit reduced BDNF levels. While the strongest reduction in BDNF was observed in patients reporting childhood sexual abuse, reduced BDNF levels were also associated with more depressive episodes. Accordingly, further studies are warranted to determine whether treatment that increases BDNF levels may be beneficial to these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aas
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Ragni Mørch
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Sigrun Hope
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Elina J Reponen
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Jannicke F Laskemoen
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
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23
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Luo Y, Guo C, Zhang L, Pang L, Zhao X, Zheng X. County-level social factors and schizophrenia: A multilevel study of 1.9 million Chinese adults. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:286-290. [PMID: 30513460 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is little evidence on the association between area-level social factors and schizophrenia in China. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between county-level social factors and schizophrenia in Chinese adults aged 18 years old and above. We obtained data from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability, and selected 1,909,205 adults for analysis. Schizophrenia was ascertained according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Multilevel logistic regressions showed that areas with higher urbanization rate was associated with increased risk of schizophrenia (areas with moderate urbanization rate: OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.44; areas with high urbanization rate: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.75). Stratified analyses found that, in female adults, urbanization rates, divorce rates and socioeconomic conditions were positively associated with increased risks for schizophrenia. However, in male adults, low socioeconomic conditions was related to decreased risk of schizophrenia, and there was no significant association between rates of divorce and risks for schizophrenia. In conclusion, county-level social factors, in the form of urbanization rate, divorce rate, and socioeconomic conditions, were associated with the risk of schizophrenia in Chinese adults. Gender differences were found in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Luo
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; APEC Health Science Academy, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; APEC Health Science Academy, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; APEC Health Science Academy, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Pang
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; APEC Health Science Academy, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; APEC Health Science Academy, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Jiang WJ, Zhong BL, Liu LZ, Zhou YJ, Hu XH, Li Y. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form for inpatients with schizophrenia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208779. [PMID: 30543649 PMCID: PMC6292582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evaluation of childhood trauma is essential for the treatment of schizophrenia. The short form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF) is a widely used measure of the experience of childhood trauma in the general population. Nevertheless, data regarding the psychometric property of CTQ-SF for assessing childhood trauma of patients with schizophrenia are very limited. Methods Two hundred Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia completed the Chinese CTQ-SF, the Child Psychological Maltreatment Scale (CPMS), the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II). To assess test-retest reliability of the CTQ-SF, all patients completed the CTQ-SF again two weeks later. Concurrent and convergent validity was assessed by analyzing Pearson bivariate correlation coefficients between CTQ-SF and CPMS, IES-R, and DES-II. Results The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the Chinese CTQ-SF was 0.81, and the two-week re-test reliability was 0.81 (P<0.01). The criterion-related validity coefficients of CTQ-SF with the CMPS, IES-R and DES-II were 0.61, 0.41, and 0.51, respectively. Conclusion The Chinese CTQ-SF has satisfactory psychometric properties to measure childhood abuse or neglect in Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Liang Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Zhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Klaunig MJ, Trask CL, Neis AM, Cohn JR, Chen X, Berglund AM, Cicero DC. Associations among domains of self-disturbance in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:187-194. [PMID: 29913377 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-disturbances are increasingly recognized as important, possibly even central, features of schizophrenia. However, little is known about the associations among different manifestations of self-disturbances. The aims of the current study were threefold. We aimed to (1) replicate previous findings of increased self-disturbances in schizophrenia, (2) correlate manifestations of self-disturbances in schizophrenia across three domains, and (3) correlate self-disturbances with five symptoms domains of schizophrenia, including positive, negative, disorganized symptoms, excitement, and emotional distress. We examined three domains of self-experience, including somatosensation, anomalous self-experiences, and self-concept clarity. Participants included 48 individuals with schizophrenia and 36 non-psychiatric controls. The results of this study replicate previous findings of significantly higher levels of self-disturbances in people with schizophrenia. The results also indicate positive correlations between the domains of anomalous self-experiences and self-concept clarity, but not somatosensation, in individuals with schizophrenia. As well, anomalous self-experiences were positively correlated with positive symptoms, disorganized symptoms, and emotional distress and self-concept clarity was negatively correlated with disorganized symptoms and emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory J Klaunig
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Christi L Trask
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Aaron M Neis
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jonathan R Cohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Xuefang Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alysia M Berglund
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - David C Cicero
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Kim H, Kim D, Kim SH. Association of types of delusions and hallucinations with childhood abuse and neglect among inpatients with schizophrenia in South Korea: A preliminary study. PSYCHOSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2018.1472627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwigon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Trauma and Stress Program, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyeon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
AIMS War and conflict are known to adversely affect mental health, although their effects on risk symptoms for psychosis development in youth in various parts of the world are unclear. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 and Civil War had widespread effects on the population. Despite this, there has been no significant research on psychosis risk in Rwanda. Our goal in the present study was to investigate the potential effects of genocide and war in two ways: by comparing Rwandan youth born before and after the genocide; and by comparing Rwandan and Kenyan adolescents of similar age. METHODS A total of 2255 Rwandan students and 2800 Kenyan students were administered the Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) Screen. Prevalence, frequency and functional impairment related to affective and psychosis-risk symptoms were compared across groups using univariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS Rwandan students born before the end of the genocide and war in 1994 experienced higher psychotic and affective symptom load (p's < 0.001) with more functional impairment compared with younger Rwandans. 5.35% of older Rwandan students met threshold for clinical high-risk of psychosis by the WERCAP Screen compared with 3.19% of younger Rwandans (χ 2 = 5.36; p = 0.02). Symptom severity comparisons showed significant (p < 0.001) group effects between Rwandan and Kenyan secondary school students on affective and psychotic symptom domains with Rwandans having higher symptom burden compared with Kenyans. Rwandan female students also had higher rates of psychotic symptoms compared with their male counterparts - a unique finding not observed in the Kenyan sample. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest extreme conflict and disruption to country from genocide and war can influence the presence and severity of psychopathology in youth decades after initial traumatic events.
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Gawęda Ł, Prochwicz K, Adamczyk P, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Kotowicz K, Szczepanowski R, Florkowski M, Nelson B. The role of self-disturbances and cognitive biases in the relationship between traumatic life events and psychosis proneness in a non-clinical sample. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:218-224. [PMID: 28712969 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic life events have been established as an environmental risk factor for psychosis. However, the exact mechanisms by which traumatic life events increase risk for psychosis are unknown. In the present study we tested an integrative model of traumatic life events being related to psychosis proneness via self-disturbances and cognitive biases. METHODS The sample consisted of 653 healthy people. Traumatic life events, self-disturbances, cognitive biases and psychosis proneness were assessed with self-report questionnaires. The direct and an indirect model of the relationship between traumatic life events and psychosis proneness were compared using path analyses with structural equation modelling in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS There was a significant direct effect of traumatic life events on psychosis proneness. However, path analysis suggested better fit of the indirect model including paths from trauma to psychosis proneness via cognitive biases and self-disturbances. There were significant paths from traumatic life events to cognitive biases and self-disorders. Self-disorders significantly predicted cognitive biases. Finally, cognitive biases and self-disorders significantly predicted psychosis proneness. Exclusion of any paths, apart from direct path in the model, significantly reduced model fitness. DISCUSSION The results revealed that a direct relationship between trauma and psychosis proneness became insignificant when taking into account the influence of self-disorders and cognitive biases. This suggests that the interactions between disrupted self-experience, impaired information processing and traumatic life events are of importance in psychosis proneness. This model should be further tested in a longitudinal study on a clinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Przemysław Adamczyk
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Kamila Kotowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Szczepanowski
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Florkowski
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sociology, University of Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Gawęda Ł, Pionke R, Krężołek M, Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Kotowicz K, Samochowiec A, Mak M, Błądziński P, Cechnicki A, Nelson B. Self-disturbances, cognitive biases and insecure attachment as mechanisms of the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic-like experiences in non-clinical adults - A path analysis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:571-578. [PMID: 29195191 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although traumatic life events have been linked to psychotic-like experiences, the mechanisms of the relationship remain unclear. We investigated whether insecure (anxious and avoidant) attachment styles, cognitive biases and self-disturbances serve as significant mediators in the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic-like experiences in non-clinical sample. Six-hundred and ninety healthy participants (522 females) who have not ever been diagnosed with psychiatric disorders took part in the study. Participants completed self-report scales that measure traumatic life events, psychotic-like experiences, cognitive biases, attachment styles and self-disturbances. Our model was tested with path analysis. Our integrated model fit to the data with excellent goodness-of-fit indices. The direct effect was significantly reduced after the mediators were included. Significant pathways from traumatic life events to psychotic-like experiences were found through self-disturbances and cognitive biases. Traumatic life events were associated with anxious attachment through cognitive biases. Self-disturbances, cognitive biases and anxious attachment had a direct effect on psychotic-like experiences. The results of our study tentatively suggest that traumatic life events are related with psychotic-like experiences through cognitive biases and self-disturbances. Further studies in clinical samples are required to verify our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Pionke
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Krężołek
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Geneticts, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Kamila Kotowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Samochowiec
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Poland
| | - Piotr Błądziński
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Kilicaslan EE, Esen AT, Kasal MI, Ozelci E, Boysan M, Gulec M. Childhood trauma, depression, and sleep quality and their association with psychotic symptoms and suicidality in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258:557-564. [PMID: 28916298 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study involved the examination of the relationship between childhood trauma and both psychotic symptoms and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia after controlling for the possible confounding factors, such as clinical features, depression, and sleep quality. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the suicidality subscale of Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were administered to 199 patients with schizophrenia. We used sequential multiple stepwise regression analyses in which positive symptoms, negative symptoms, overall psychopathology, total symptoms of schizophrenia, and suicidality were dependent variables. Depressive symptomatology and childhood physical abuse significantly contributed to positive, negative, general psychopathology, and global schizophrenia symptomatology. Interestingly, general psychopathology scores were negatively associated with childhood physical neglect. Also, subjective sleep quality significantly contributed to positive schizophrenia symptoms. Although prior suicide attempts and depression were significant antecedents of suicidal ideation, no association between suicidality and both childhood trauma and sleep was found. Childhood physical abuse could have an impact on psychopathology in schizophrenia. In addition to childhood trauma, depression, sleep disturbances, and clinical features should be considered and inquired about in the course of clinical care of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Evren Kilicaslan
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Asli Tugba Esen
- University of Health Sciences, Izmir Tepecik Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Izci Kasal
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Erdal Ozelci
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Boysan
- Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Literature, Psychology Department, Van, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gulec
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Izmir, Turkey
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Bortolon C, Seillé J, Raffard S. Exploration of trauma, dissociation, maladaptive schemas and auditory hallucinations in a French sample. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2017; 22:468-485. [PMID: 29023198 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2017.1387524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main goal of the present study was to explore the associations between several key variables that have been shown to partially mediate the link between specific trauma exposure and auditory hallucinations (AH), that is, maladaptive schemas and dissociation in the general population. METHODS In total, 425 voluntary participants were recruited from the general population and completed online the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Young schema questionnaire, the Dissociative Experiences Scale, and the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale. Data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. RESULTS Our model showed that: (1) sexual and emotional abuse impact on AH both through the effect of maladaptive schemas and dissociation; (2) physical abuse impact on AH only through the effect of dissociation. More specifically, we found that four maladaptive schemas impact on AH: Abandonment, Vulnerability, Self-sacrifice and Subjugation. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings indicate that specific early maladaptive schemas may play a fundamental role in the association between exposure to trauma and auditory hallucination together with dissociation symptoms in the general population. Consequently, our study suggest considering maladaptive schemas as an important therapeutic target when working with individuals experiencing AH with or without a psychiatry disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bortolon
- a Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 , Univ. Montpellier , Montpellier , EPSYLON EA 4556, F34000 , France.,b Department of Adult Psychiatry , CHU Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Jade Seillé
- a Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 , Univ. Montpellier , Montpellier , EPSYLON EA 4556, F34000 , France
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- a Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 , Univ. Montpellier , Montpellier , EPSYLON EA 4556, F34000 , France.,b Department of Adult Psychiatry , CHU Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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Parnas J, Møller P, Kircher T, Thalbitzer J, Jansson L, Handest P, Zahavi D, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H, Morylowska-Topolska J, Juchnowicz D. EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/cpp-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
StreszczenieSkala EASE jest listą objawów do częściowo ustrukturalizowanego fenomenologicznego badania subiektywnych lub empirycznych nieprawidłowości (anomalii), które można uznać za zaburzenia podstawowej, „minimalnej” samoświadomości. EASE opracowana została na podstawie samoopisów otrzymanych od pacjentów chorujących na zaburzenia ze spektrum schizofrenii. Skala ma duże znaczenie dla opisu, diagnozy oraz diagnozy różnicowej zaburzeń ze spektrum schizofrenii. Prezentowana wersja zawiera istotne szczegółowe kwestie dotyczące zbierania wywiadu oraz opisy objawów psychopatologicznych (Podręcznik), arkusz wyników (Aneks A), listę pozostałych pozycji Skali stosowanych w czasie wywiadu (Aneks B) oraz porównawczą listę pozycji EASE/BSABS (Bonner Skala für die Beurteilung von Basissymptomen, Bońska Skala do Oceny Objawów Podstawowych) (Aneks C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Parnas
- Mental Health Center Glostrup , University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Center for Subjectivity Research , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Paul Møller
- Department of Mental Health Research and Development , Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen , Norway
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Jørgen Thalbitzer
- Mental Health Center Glostrup , University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lennart Jansson
- Mental Health Center Glostrup , University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Handest
- Mental Health Center Nordsjaelland , Hilleroed , Denmark
| | - Dan Zahavi
- Center for Subjectivity Research , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Media, Communication and Cognition, Faculty of Humanities , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention , Medical University of Lublin , Poland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing , Medical University of Lublin , Poland
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Tomassi S, Tosato S, Mondelli V, Faravelli C, Lasalvia A, Fioravanti G, Bonetto C, Fioritti A, Cremonese C, Lo Parrino R, De Santi K, Meneghelli A, Torresani S, De Girolamo G, Semrov E, Pratelli M, Cristofalo D, Ruggeri M. Influence of childhood trauma on diagnosis and substance use in first-episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:151-156. [PMID: 28729356 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.194019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundChildhood trauma has been significantly associated with first-episode psychosis, affective dysfunction and substance use.AimsTo test whether people with first-episode psychosis who had experienced childhood trauma, when compared with those who had not, showed a higher rate of affective psychosis and an increased lifetime rate of substance use.MethodThe sample comprised 345 participants with first-episode psychosis (58% male, mean age 29.8 years, s.d. = 9.7).ResultsSevere sexual abuse was significantly associated with a diagnosis of affective psychosis (χ2 = 4.9, P = 0.04) and with higher rates of lifetime use of cannabis (68% v 41%; P = 0.02) and heroin (20% v 5%; P = 0.02). Severe physical abuse was associated with increased lifetime use of heroin (15% v 5%; P = 0.03) and cocaine (32% v 17%; P = 0.05).ConclusionsPatients with first-episode psychosis exposed to childhood trauma appear to constitute a distinctive subgroup in terms of diagnosis and lifetime substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tomassi
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - S Tosato
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - V Mondelli
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - C Faravelli
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - A Lasalvia
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - G Fioravanti
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - C Bonetto
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - A Fioritti
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - C Cremonese
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - R Lo Parrino
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - K De Santi
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - A Meneghelli
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - S Torresani
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - G De Girolamo
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - E Semrov
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - M Pratelli
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - D Cristofalo
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - M Ruggeri
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
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Misiak B, Krefft M, Bielawski T, Moustafa AA, Sąsiadek MM, Frydecka D. Toward a unified theory of childhood trauma and psychosis: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:393-406. [PMID: 28216171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of research focused on the relationship between childhood trauma and the risk of developing psychosis. Numerous studies, including many large-scale population-based studies, controlling for possible mediating variables, provide persuasive evidence of a dose-response association and are indicative of a causal relationship. Existing evidence supports the specificity model, showing differential associations between particular adversities and clinical symptoms, with cumulative adversity causing less favorable clinical and functional outcomes in psychotic patients. To date, several psychological and biological models have been proposed to search for underlying developmental trajectories leading to the onset of psychosis, influencing psychopathological manifestation and negative functional outcomes due to a history of childhood trauma. In this article, we provide a unified review on the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis by integrating results of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological studies. The question whether psychosis with a positive history of childhood trauma should be considered as a new psychotic phenotype, requiring specific therapeutic interventions, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maja Krefft
- Department of Psychiatry, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bielawski
- Department of Psychiatry, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute of Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria M Sąsiadek
- Department of Genetics, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
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Haug E, Øie MG, Andreassen OA, Bratlien U, Romm KL, Møller P, Melle I. The Association between Anomalous Self-experiences, Self-esteem and Depressive Symptoms in First Episode Schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:557. [PMID: 27872587 PMCID: PMC5097906 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anomalous self-experiences (ASEs) aggregate in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but the relationship between ASEs, and depression has been studied to a limited extent. Lower self-esteem has been shown to be associated with depression in early psychosis. Our hypothesis is that ASEs in early phases of schizophrenia are linked to lower levels of self-esteem, which in turn is associated with depression. Aim: The aim is to examine the relationship between ASEs, self-esteem and depression in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Method: ASEs were assessed in 55 patients with first-episode schizophrenia by means of the Examination of anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) instrument. Assessment of depression was based on the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). Self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Symptom severity was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (SCI-PANSS). Substance misuse was measured with the Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT), and alcohol use was measured with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Data on childhood adjustment were collected using the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS). Data on childhood trauma were collected using the Norwegian version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, short form (CTQ-SF). Results: Analyses detected a significant association between current depression and ASEs as measured by the EASE in women, but not in men. The effect of ASEs on depression appeared to be mediated by self-esteem. No other characteristics associated with depression influenced the relationship between depression, self-esteem and ASEs. Conclusion: Evaluating ASEs can assist clinicians in understanding patients' experience of self-esteem and depressive symptoms. The complex interaction between ASEs, self-esteem, depression and suicidality could be a clinical target for the prevention of suicidality in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Haug
- Division of Mental Health, Innlandet Hospital Trust Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Merete G Øie
- Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Research Department, Innlandet Hospital TrustBrumunddal, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Unni Bratlien
- Division of Mental Health, Innlandet Hospital Trust Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Kristin L Romm
- NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Paul Møller
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Mental Health Research and Development, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust Lier, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
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Sex differences in the effect of childhood trauma on the clinical expression of early psychosis. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 68:86-96. [PMID: 27234188 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood trauma, a risk factor of psychosis, is associated the clinical expression of the illness (greater severity of psychotic symptoms; poorer cognitive performance). We aimed to explore whether there are sex differences in this relationship. We studied 79 individuals with a psychotic disorder (PD) with <3years of illness and 59 healthy subjects (HS). All participants were administered the MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) to assess cognition. Depressive, positive and negative psychotic symptoms, and global functioning were also assessed. History of childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Patients reported a greater history of childhood trauma on all CTQ domains (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and physical and emotional neglect). A poorer cognitive performance was also observed in PD when compared to HS. No sex differences were found in the CTQ scores. In the relationship between childhood trauma and psychopathological symptoms, significant correlations were found between CTQ scores and positive and negative psychotic symptoms, depressive symptoms and poorer functionality, but only in women. Childhood trauma was associated with poorer social cognition in both men and women. Of all CTQ dimensions, emotional neglect and physical neglect were more clearly associated with a more severe psychopathological and cognitive profile. Our results suggest that childhood trauma, particularly emotional and physical neglect, is associated with the clinical expression of psychosis and that there are sex differences in this relationship.
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Aas M, Andreassen OA, Aminoff SR, Færden A, Romm KL, Nesvåg R, Berg AO, Simonsen C, Agartz I, Melle I. A history of childhood trauma is associated with slower improvement rates: Findings from a one-year follow-up study of patients with a first-episode psychosis. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:126. [PMID: 27146044 PMCID: PMC4855869 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether childhood trauma was associated with more severe clinical features in patients with first-episode psychosis, both at the initial assessment and after one year. METHODS Ninety-six patients with a first-episode of a DSM-IV diagnosis of psychosis, in addition to 264 healthy controls from the same catchment area, were recruited to the TOP NORMENT study. A history of childhood trauma was obtained using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Function and symptom severity were measured using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale divided into function (GAF-F) and symptoms (GAF-S), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). All clinical assessments were completed at two time points: At an initial assessment within the first year of initiating treatment for psychosis and after one year. RESULTS Childhood trauma was associated with significantly reduced global functioning and more severe clinical symptoms at both baseline and follow-up, whereas emotional neglect was associated with a significantly reduced improvement rate for global functioning (GAF-F) over the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that patients with first-episode psychosis who report a history of childhood trauma constitute a subgroup characterized by more severe clinical features over the first year of treatment, as well as slower improvement rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aas
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
| | - Sofie R. Aminoff
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway ,Department of Specialized Inpatient Treatment, Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Færden
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
| | - Kristin L. Romm
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
| | - Ragnar Nesvåg
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Akiah O. Berg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
| | - Carmen Simonsen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway ,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, TOP study group, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 49, Ullevål sykehus, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
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Misiak B, Moustafa AA, Kiejna A, Frydecka D. Childhood traumatic events and types of auditory verbal hallucinations in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 66:17-22. [PMID: 26995231 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence is accumulating that childhood trauma might be associated with higher severity of positive symptoms in patients with psychosis and higher incidence of psychotic experiences in non-clinical populations. However, it remains unknown whether the history of childhood trauma might be associated with particular types of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). METHOD We assessed childhood trauma using the Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report - Short Form (ETISR-SF) in 94 first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients. Lifetime psychopathology was evaluated using the Operational Criteria for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT) checklist, while symptoms on the day of assessment were examined using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Based on ETISR-SF, patients were divided into those with and without the history of childhood trauma: FES(+) and FES(-) patients. RESULTS FES(+) patients had significantly higher total number of AVH types and Schneiderian first-rank AVH as well as significantly higher PANSS P3 item score (hallucinatory behavior) in comparison with FES(-) patients. They experienced significantly more frequently third person AVH and abusive/accusatory/persecutory voices. These differences remained significant after controlling for education, PANSS depression factor score and chlorpromazine equivalent. Linear regression analysis revealed that the total number of AVH types was predicted by sexual abuse score after controlling for above mentioned confounders. This effect was significant only in females. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the history of childhood trauma, especially sexual abuse, is associated with higher number AVH in females but not in males. Third person AVH and abusive/accusatory/persecutory voices, representing Schneiderian first-rank symptoms, might be particularly related to childhood traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute of Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kiejna
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
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Do affective or dissociative symptoms mediate the association between childhood sexual trauma and transition to psychosis in an ultra-high risk cohort? Psychiatry Res 2016; 236:182-185. [PMID: 26795128 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported an association between childhood sexual trauma and transition to psychosis in an Ultra High Risk (UHR) population. We aimed to investigate if this association was mediated by affective or dissociative symptoms. Data were from a large UHR for psychosis cohort study. None of the potential mediators (depression, anxiety, dissociation, mood swings and mania, assessed by the HAM-D, HAM-A and the CAARMS symptom scales) significantly mediated the total association between sexual abuse scores and transition. At the point of transition, the mechanistic pathway from sexual trauma to psychosis does not appear to operate through affective symptoms.
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40
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Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Wang WX, Ighodaro E, Artiushin S, Nichols CG, Fardo DW. ABCC9/SUR2 in the brain: Implications for hippocampal sclerosis of aging and a potential therapeutic target. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:111-25. [PMID: 26226329 PMCID: PMC4661124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ABCC9 gene and its polypeptide product, SUR2, are increasingly implicated in human neurologic disease, including prevalent diseases of the aged brain. SUR2 proteins are a component of the ATP-sensitive potassium ("KATP") channel, a metabolic sensor for stress and/or hypoxia that has been shown to change in aging. The KATP channel also helps regulate the neurovascular unit. Most brain cell types express SUR2, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, vascular smooth muscle, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Thus it is not surprising that ABCC9 gene variants are associated with risk for human brain diseases. For example, Cantu syndrome is a result of ABCC9 mutations; we discuss neurologic manifestations of this genetic syndrome. More common brain disorders linked to ABCC9 gene variants include hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging), sleep disorders, and depression. HS-Aging is a prevalent neurological disease with pathologic features of both neurodegenerative (aberrant TDP-43) and cerebrovascular (arteriolosclerosis) disease. As to potential therapeutic intervention, the human pharmacopeia features both SUR2 agonists and antagonists, so ABCC9/SUR2 may provide a "druggable target", relevant perhaps to both HS-Aging and Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that more work is required to better understand the roles of ABCC9/SUR2 in the human brain during health and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Pathology, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eseosa Ighodaro
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sergey Artiushin
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Nelson B, Raballo A. Basic Self-Disturbance in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: Taking Stock and Moving Forward. Psychopathology 2015; 48:301-9. [PMID: 26368118 DOI: 10.1159/000437211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of basic self-disturbance offers a renewed, phenomenologically oriented framework to approach both the cross-sectional and longitudinal complexity of schizophrenia spectrum psychopathology. According to this approach, schizophrenia is characterized by instability in the most foundational and irreducible dimension of selfhood, i.e., the basic sense of self. Whereas normal basic self-experience is characterized by being a self-present, single, temporally persistent, bodily and demarcated (bounded) subject of experience and action, vulnerability to schizophrenia is marked by several structural shifts in such a basic selfhood (e.g., unstable first-person perspective, diminished sense of presence, and loss of vital contact with reality). This provides the ground for the emergence of the varied symptoms of schizophrenia, such as positive, negative and disorganization symptoms. Recent empirical research confirms that basic self-disturbance is specific to the schizophrenia spectrum and might be of value in the prospective identification of prodromal patients. The concept has implications for both aetiopathogenetic research and clinical-psychotherapeutic intervention. Furthermore, it may offer an integrative framework across 'levels' of inquiry in schizophrenia research (i.e. across psychopathological, neurocognitive and neurobiological domains).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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