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Corvalan N, Crivelli L, Allegri RF, Pedreira ME, Fernández RS. The impact of reward and punishment sensitivity on memory and executive performance in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115099. [PMID: 38866138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is defined by memory impairment but executive function (EF) deficits could be also a common feature. This study examined the underlying neurocognitive processes associated with executive function (EF) deficits in patients with aMCI using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and computational modeling. Forty-two patients with aMCI and thirty-eight matched Controls performed the WSCT and underwent neurocognitive assessment. The Attentional Learning Model was applied the WCST. Patients with aMCI demonstrated deficits in feedback-learning. More specifically, patients showed increased Reward-Sensitivity and reduced Punishment-Sensitivity. These alterations were associated with poor WSCT performance and deficits in EF and Memory. Goal-directed deficits in aMCI, as observed in the WCST, are associated with difficulties in updating attention after feedback as its changes too rapidly following positive feedback and too slowly following negative feedback. Consequently, memory and EF deficits interact and reinforce each other generating performance deficits in patients with aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Corvalan
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Fleni, Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires C.P. C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Lucia Crivelli
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Fleni, Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires C.P. C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Ricardo F Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Fleni, Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires C.P. C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Maria E Pedreira
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C.P. C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo S Fernández
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C.P. C1428EGA, Argentina.
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2
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Glas VFJ, Koenders MA, Kupka RW, Regeer EJ. How to study psychological mechanisms of mania? A systematic review on the methodology of experimental studies on manic mood dysregulation of leading theories on bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2024. [PMID: 39043623 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there are several psychological theories on bipolar disorders (BD), the empirical evidence on these theories through experimental studies is still limited. The current study systematically reviews experimental methods used in studies on the main theories of BD: Reward Hypersensitivity Theory (RST) or Behavioral Activation System (BAS), Integrative Cognitive Model (ICM), Positive Emotion Persistence (PEP), Manic Defense theory (MD), and Mental Imagery (MI). The primary aim is to provide an overview of the used methods and to identify limitations and suggest areas of improvement. METHODS A systematic search of six databases until October 2023 was conducted. Study selection involved two independent reviewers extracting data on experimental study design and methodology. RESULTS A total of 84 experimental studies were reviewed. BAS and RST were the most frequently studied theories. The majority of these experimental studies focus on mechanisms of reward sensitivity. Other important elements of the reviewed theories, such as goal setting and-attainment, situation selection (avoidance or approach), activation, affective/emotional reactivity, and regulatory strategies, are understudied. Self-report and neuropsychological tasks are most often used, while mood induction and physiological measures are rarely used. CONCLUSION There is a need for more consensus on the operationalization of psychological theories of mania. Standardization of test batteries could improve comparability among studies and foster a more systematic approach to experimental research. Research on affective (activated) states is still underrepresented in comparison with studies on trait vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F J Glas
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A Koenders
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R W Kupka
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E J Regeer
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Huang LY, Parker DA, Ethridge LE, Hamm JP, Keedy SS, Tamminga CA, Pearlson GD, Keshavan MS, Hill SK, Sweeney JA, McDowell JE, Clementz BA. Double dissociation between P300 components and task switch error type in healthy but not psychosis participants. Schizophr Res 2023; 261:161-169. [PMID: 37776647 PMCID: PMC11015813 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) during oddball tasks and the behavioral performance on the Penn Conditional Exclusion Task (PCET) measure context-appropriate responding: P300 ERPs to oddball targets reflect detection of input changes and context updating in working memory, and PCET performance indexes detection, adherence, and maintenance of mental set changes. More specifically, PCET variables quantify cognitive functions including inductive reasoning (set 1 completion), mental flexibility (perseverative errors), and working memory maintenance (regressive errors). Past research showed that both P300 ERPs and PCET performance are disrupted in psychosis. This study probed the possible neural correlates of 3 PCET abnormalities that occur in participants with psychosis via the overlapping cognitive demands of the two study paradigms. In a two-tiered analysis, psychosis (n = 492) and healthy participants (n = 244) were first divided based on completion of set 1 - which measures subjects' ability to use inductive reasoning to arrive at the correct set. Results showed that participants who failed set 1 produced lower parietal P300, independent of clinical status. In the second tier of analysis, a double dissociation was found among healthy set 1 completers: frontal P300 amplitudes were negatively associated with perseverative errors, and parietal P300 was negatively associated with regressive errors. In contrast, psychosis participants showed global P300 reductions regardless of PCET performance. From this we conclude that in psychosis, overall activations evoked by the oddball task are reduced while the cognitive functions required by PCET are still somewhat supported, showing some level of independence or compensatory physiology in psychosis between neural activities underlying the two tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Huang
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David A Parker
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lauren E Ethridge
- Department of Psychology and Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jordan P Hamm
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah S Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - S Kristian Hill
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Ossola P, Garrett N, Biso L, Bishara A, Marchesi C. Anhedonia and sensitivity to punishment in schizophrenia, depression and opiate use disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 330:319-328. [PMID: 36889442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From a behavioural perspective anhedonia is defined as diminished interest in the engagement of pleasurable activities. Despite its presence across a range of psychiatric disorders, the cognitive processes that give rise to anhedonia remain unclear. METHODS Here we examine whether anhedonia is associated with learning from positive and negative outcomes in patients diagnosed with major depression, schizophrenia and opiate use disorder alongside a healthy control group. Responses in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test - a task associated with healthy prefrontal cortex function - were fitted to the Attentional Learning Model (ALM) which separates learning from positive and negative feedback. RESULTS Learning from punishment, but not from reward, was negatively associated with anhedonia beyond other socio-demographic, cognitive and clinical variables. This impairment in punishment sensitivity was also associated with faster responses following negative feedback, independently of the degree of surprise. LIMITATIONS Future studies should test the longitudinal association between punishment sensitivity and anhedonia also in other clinical populations controlling for the effect of specific medications. CONCLUSIONS Together the results reveal that anhedonic subjects, because of their negative expectations, are less sensitive to negative feedbacks; this might lead them to persist in actions leading to negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ossola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Mental Health, AUSL of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Neil Garrett
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
| | - Letizia Biso
- Department of Mental Health, AUSL of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anthony Bishara
- Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Mental Health, AUSL of Parma, Parma, Italy
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5
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Yang H, Xiao W, Yang M, Wang Y, Zhang X. Decreased neuregulin1β1 in first episode and drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: Negative correlation with cognitive impairment. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304:114164. [PMID: 34388510 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuregulin1β1 (NRG1β1) is essential for neuronal migration during development and for the ongoing neural plasticity underlying cognitive function. This study investigated the relationship between cognitive impairment and serum NRG1β1 concentration in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with schizophrenia. METHOD We measured serum NRG1β1 from 65 FEDN schizophrenia patients and 67 healthy matched controls. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Hopkins Vocabulary Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span Test (DST), and Stroop Test. RESULTS Serum NRG1β1 concentration was significantly lower in the FEDN patient group than the control group (7.25±0.49 vs. 12.52±0.77 ng/mL; F=23.716, P<0.0001, Cohen's d=1.00). Further, serum NRG1β1 concentration in FEDN schizophrenia patients was negatively correlated with TMT-part A score (r=-0.408, P=0.001) and positively correlated with Stroop color subtest score (r=0.246, P=0.048). Multiple regression analysis also revealed weak correlations among FEDN patients between TMT-part A score and both serum NRG1β1 concentration (R2=0.116, F=8.235, P=0.011) and duration of untreated psychosis (R2=0.193, F=5.969, P=0.017). CONCLUSION This preliminary study suggests that serum NRG1β1 levels are reduced in FEDN patients with schizophrenia and that NRG1β1 may be involved in the cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Yang
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225003, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222003, PR China
| | - Wenhuan Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225003, PR China
| | - Man Yang
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225003, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222003, PR China
| | - Yili Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222003, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225003, PR China; Institute of Mental Health, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215137, PR China.
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6
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Internal manipulation of perceptual representations in human flexible cognition: A computational model. Neural Netw 2021; 143:572-594. [PMID: 34332343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions represent a set of processes in goal-directed cognition that depend on integrated cortical-basal ganglia brain systems and form the basis of flexible human behaviour. Several computational models have been proposed for studying cognitive flexibility as a key executive function and the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) that represents an important neuropsychological tool to investigate it. These models clarify important aspects that underlie cognitive flexibility, particularly decision-making, motor response, and feedback-dependent learning processes. However, several studies suggest that the categorisation processes involved in the solution of the WCST include an additional computational stage of category representation that supports the other processes. Surprisingly, all models of the WCST ignore this fundamental stage and they assume that decision making directly triggers actions. Thus, we propose a novel hypothesis where the key mechanisms of cognitive flexibility and goal-directed behaviour rely on the acquisition of suitable representations of percepts and their top-down internal manipulation. Moreover, we propose a neuro-inspired computational model to operationalise this hypothesis. The capacity of the model to support cognitive flexibility was validated by systematically reproducing and interpreting the behaviour exhibited in the WCST by young and old healthy adults, and by frontal and Parkinson patients. The results corroborate and further articulate the hypothesis that the internal manipulation of representations is a core process in goal-directed flexible cognition.
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7
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Pratt DN, Barch DM, Carter CS, Gold JM, Ragland JD, Silverstein SM, MacDonald AW. Reliability and Replicability of Implicit and Explicit Reinforcement Learning Paradigms in People With Psychotic Disorders. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:731-739. [PMID: 33914891 PMCID: PMC8084427 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivational deficits in people with psychosis may be a result of impairments in reinforcement learning (RL). Therefore, behavioral paradigms that can accurately measure these impairments and their change over time are essential. METHODS We examined the reliability and replicability of 2 RL paradigms (1 implicit and 1 explicit, each with positive and negative reinforcement components) given at 2 time points to healthy controls (n = 75), and people with bipolar disorder (n = 62), schizoaffective disorder (n = 60), and schizophrenia (n = 68). RESULTS Internal consistency was acceptable (mean α = 0.78 ± 0.15), but test-retest reliability was fair to low (mean intraclass correlation = 0.33 ± 0.25) for both implicit and explicit RL. There were no clear effects of practice for these tasks. Largely, performance on these tasks shows intact implicit and impaired explicit RL in psychosis. Symptom presentation did not relate to performance in any robust way. CONCLUSIONS Our findings replicate previous literature showing spared implicit RL and impaired explicit reinforcement in psychosis. This suggests typical basal ganglia dopamine release, but atypical recruitment of the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. However, we found that these tasks have only fair to low test-retest reliability and thus may not be useful for assessing change over time in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Pratt
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John D Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
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8
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Steinke A, Kopp B. Toward a Computational Neuropsychology of Cognitive Flexibility. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E1000. [PMID: 33348638 PMCID: PMC7766646 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10121000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive inflexibility is a well-documented, yet non-specific corollary of many neurological diseases. Computational modeling of covert cognitive processes supporting cognitive flexibility may provide progress toward nosologically specific aspects of cognitive inflexibility. We review computational models of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which represents a gold standard for the clinical assessment of cognitive flexibility. A parallel reinforcement-learning (RL) model provides the best conceptualization of individual trial-by-trial WCST responses among all models considered. Clinical applications of the parallel RL model suggest that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) share a non-specific covert cognitive symptom: bradyphrenia. Impaired stimulus-response learning appears to occur specifically in patients with PD, whereas haphazard responding seems to occur specifically in patients with ALS. Computational modeling hence possesses the potential to reveal nosologically specific profiles of covert cognitive symptoms, which remain undetectable by traditionally applied behavioral methods. The present review exemplifies how computational neuropsychology may advance the assessment of cognitive flexibility. We discuss implications for neuropsychological assessment and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steinke
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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9
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The dual-system theory of bipolar spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 83:101945. [PMID: 33217713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar spectrum disorders are characterized by alternating intervals of extreme positive and negative affect. We performed a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that such disorders would be related to dysregulated reinforcement sensitivity. First, we reviewed 23 studies that reported the correlation between self-report measures of (hypo)manic personality and measures of reinforcement sensitivity. A large relationship was found between (hypo)manic personality and BAS sensitivity (g = .74), but not with BIS sensitivity (g = -.08). This stands in contrast to self-reported depression which has a small, negative relationship with BAS sensitivity and a large positive one with BIS sensitivity (Katz et al., 2020). Next, we reviewed 33 studies that compared reinforcement sensitivity between euthymic, bipolar participants and healthy controls. There, bipolar disorder had a small, positive relationship with BAS sensitivity (g = .20) and a medium, positive relationship with BIS sensitivity (g = .64). These findings support a dualsystem theory of bipolar disorders, wherein BAS sensitivity is more closely related to mania and BIS sensitivity more closely to bipolar depression. Bipolar disorders show diatheses for both states with euthymic participants being BAS- and BIS- hypersensitive. Implications for further theory and research practice are expounded upon in the discussion.
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10
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Steinke A, Lange F, Kopp B. Parallel model-based and model-free reinforcement learning for card sorting performance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15464. [PMID: 32963297 PMCID: PMC7508815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is considered a gold standard for the assessment of cognitive flexibility. On the WCST, repeating a sorting category following negative feedback is typically treated as indicating reduced cognitive flexibility. Therefore such responses are referred to as 'perseveration' errors. Recent research suggests that the propensity for perseveration errors is modulated by response demands: They occur less frequently when their commitment repeats the previously executed response. Here, we propose parallel reinforcement-learning models of card sorting performance, which assume that card sorting performance can be conceptualized as resulting from model-free reinforcement learning at the level of responses that occurs in parallel with model-based reinforcement learning at the categorical level. We compared parallel reinforcement-learning models with purely model-based reinforcement learning, and with the state-of-the-art attentional-updating model. We analyzed data from 375 participants who completed a computerized WCST. Parallel reinforcement-learning models showed best predictive accuracies for the majority of participants. Only parallel reinforcement-learning models accounted for the modulation of perseveration propensity by response demands. In conclusion, parallel reinforcement-learning models provide a new theoretical perspective on card sorting and it offers a suitable framework for discerning individual differences in latent processes that subserve behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steinke
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Lange
- Behavioral Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Steinke A, Lange F, Seer C, Petri S, Kopp B. A Computational Study of Executive Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2605. [PMID: 32796719 PMCID: PMC7463664 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive dysfunction is a well-documented, yet nonspecific corollary of various neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. Here, we applied computational modeling of latent cognition for executive control in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. We utilized a parallel reinforcement learning model of trial-by-trial Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) behavior. Eighteen ALS patients and 21 matched healthy control participants were assessed on a computerized variant of the WCST (cWCST). ALS patients showed latent cognitive symptoms, which can be characterized as bradyphrenia and haphazard responding. A comparison with results from a recent computational Parkinson's disease (PD) study (Steinke et al., 2020, J Clin Med) suggests that bradyphrenia represents a disease-nonspecific latent cognitive symptom of ALS and PD patients alike. Haphazard responding seems to be a disease-specific latent cognitive symptom of ALS, whereas impaired stimulus-response learning seems to be a disease-specific latent cognitive symptom of PD. These data were obtained from the careful modeling of trial-by-trial behavior on the cWCST, and they suggest that computational cognitive neuropsychology provides nosologically specific indicators of latent facets of executive dysfunction in ALS (and PD) patients, which remain undiscoverable for traditional behavioral cognitive neuropsychology. We discuss implications for neuropsychological assessment, and we discuss opportunities for confirmatory computational brain imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steinke
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.L.); (C.S.); (S.P.); (B.K.)
| | - Florian Lange
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.L.); (C.S.); (S.P.); (B.K.)
- Behavioral Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Seer
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.L.); (C.S.); (S.P.); (B.K.)
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- LBI-KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.L.); (C.S.); (S.P.); (B.K.)
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.L.); (C.S.); (S.P.); (B.K.)
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12
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Rivas-Grajales AM, Savadjiev P, Kubicki M, Nestor PG, Niznikiewicz M, McCarley RW, Westin CF, Shenton ME, Levitt JJ. Striato-nigro-striatal tract dispersion abnormalities in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 13:1236-1245. [PMID: 30109597 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The white matter connections between the midbrain dopamine neurons and the striatum are part of a neural system involved in reward-based learning, a process that is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. The striato-nigro-striatal (SNS) tract, which participates in this process, has not as yet been explored. The present study aimed to use diffusion MRI (dMRI) to delineate the SNS tract, and to compare the application of two dMRI measures, Tract Dispersion (TD), an index of white matter morphology, and Fractional Anisotropy (FA), an index of white matter integrity, to detect group differences between patients with chronic schizophrenia (CSZ) and healthy controls (HC). dMRI scans were acquired in 22 male patients with CSZ and 23 age-matched HC. Two-tensor tractography was used in addition to manually-delineated regions of interest to extract the SNS tract. A mixed-model analysis of variance was used to investigate differences in TD and FA between CSZ patients and HC. The associations between TD and behavioral measures were also explored. Patients and controls differed significantly in TD (P = 0.04), but not in FA (P = 0.69). The group differences in TD were driven by a higher TD in the right hemisphere in the CSZ group. Higher TD correlated significantly with poorer performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) when combining the scores of both groups. The findings suggest that dysconnectiviy of the SNS tract which is associated with schizophrenia, could arise from abnormalities in white matter morphology. These abnormalities may potentially reflect irregularities in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Rivas-Grajales
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Savadjiev
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul G Nestor
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Niznikiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Robert W McCarley
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Carl-Fredrik Westin
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - James J Levitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA, USA.
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13
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Toward a computational cognitive neuropsychology of Wisconsin card sorts: a showcase study in Parkinson’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42113-018-0009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Identifying the "Therapy Targets" for Treating the Negative Symptoms of Psychosis Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. J Cogn Psychother 2018; 32:203-220. [PMID: 32746436 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.32.3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The division of psychotic symptoms into positive and negative categories has largely divided the research on them. While the research on positive symptoms of psychosis has rapidly developed over the last three decades, the literature on negative symptoms has noticeably lagged behind. Negative symptoms have likely been ignored in the treatment literature because they were previously thought to remit following the treatment of positive symptoms. Recent evidence does not consistently support this theory and indicates that the different manifestations of negative symptoms require distinct approaches to treatment. The current review provides a re-evaluation of the theoretical literature on negative symptoms to inform and identify "treatment targets" to reduce them. The "treatment targets" are then translated into intervention strategies using a cognitive behavioral framework. A review of the empirical literature on cognitive behavior therapy for treating negative symptoms is then offered along with a critical discussion of where cognitive behavior therapy stands compared to other interventions and what research is still needed.
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15
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Du B, Cao B, He W, Li F. Different Electrophysiological Responses to Informative Value of Feedback Between Children and Adults. Front Psychol 2018; 9:346. [PMID: 29666592 PMCID: PMC5891721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn from feedback is important for children's adaptive behavior and school learning. Feedback has two main components, informative value and valence. How to disentangle these two components and what is the developmental neural correlates of using the informative value of feedback is still an open question. In this study, 23 children (7-10 years old) and 19 adults (19-22 years old) were asked to perform a rule induction task, in which they were required to find a rule, based on the informative value of feedback. Behavioral results indicated that the likelihood of correct searching behavior under negative feedback was low for children. Event-related potentials showed that (1) the effect of valence was processed in a wide time window, particularly in the N2 component; (2) the encoding process of the informative value of negative feedback began later for children than for adults; (3) a clear P300 was observed for adults; for children, however, P300 was absent in the frontal region; and (4) children processed the informative value of feedback chiefly in the left sites during the P300 time window, whereas adults did not show this laterality. These results suggested that children were less sensitive to the informative value of negative feedback possibly because of the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Du
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Bihua Cao
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiqi He
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Fuhong Li
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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16
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Cohen L, Khoramshahi M, Salesse RN, Bortolon C, Słowiński P, Zhai C, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Di Bernardo M, Capdevielle D, Marin L, Schmidt RC, Bardy BG, Billard A, Raffard S. Influence of facial feedback during a cooperative human-robot task in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15023. [PMID: 29101325 PMCID: PMC5670132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid progress in the area of humanoid robots offers tremendous possibilities for investigating and improving social competences in people with social deficits, but remains yet unexplored in schizophrenia. In this study, we examined the influence of social feedbacks elicited by a humanoid robot on motor coordination during a human-robot interaction. Twenty-two schizophrenia patients and twenty-two matched healthy controls underwent a collaborative motor synchrony task with the iCub humanoid robot. Results revealed that positive social feedback had a facilitatory effect on motor coordination in the control participants compared to non-social positive feedback. This facilitatory effect was not present in schizophrenia patients, whose social-motor coordination was similarly impaired in social and non-social feedback conditions. Furthermore, patients' cognitive flexibility impairment and antipsychotic dosing were negatively correlated with patients' ability to synchronize hand movements with iCub. Overall, our findings reveal that patients have marked difficulties to exploit facial social cues elicited by a humanoid robot to modulate their motor coordination during human-robot interaction, partly accounted for by cognitive deficits and medication. This study opens new perspectives for comprehension of social deficits in this mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cohen
- Learning Algorithms and Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Khoramshahi
- Learning Algorithms and Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Catherine Bortolon
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory Epsylon, EA 4556, University Montpellier 3 Paul Valery, Montpellier, France
| | - Piotr Słowiński
- Department of Mathematics, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Zhai
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Di Bernardo
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ludovic Marin
- EuroMov, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard C Schmidt
- Psychology Department, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Benoit G Bardy
- EuroMov, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Aude Billard
- Learning Algorithms and Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU, Montpellier, France.
- Laboratory Epsylon, EA 4556, University Montpellier 3 Paul Valery, Montpellier, France.
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17
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Hartmann-Riemer MN, Aschenbrenner S, Bossert M, Westermann C, Seifritz E, Tobler PN, Weisbrod M, Kaiser S. Deficits in reinforcement learning but no link to apathy in patients with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40352. [PMID: 28071747 PMCID: PMC5223142 DOI: 10.1038/srep40352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia have been linked to selective reinforcement learning deficits in the context of gains combined with intact loss-avoidance learning. Fundamental mechanisms of reinforcement learning and choice are prediction error signaling and the precise representation of reward value for future decisions. It is unclear which of these mechanisms contribute to the impairments in learning from positive outcomes observed in schizophrenia. A recent study suggested that patients with severe apathy symptoms show deficits in the representation of expected value. Considering the fundamental relevance for the understanding of these symptoms, we aimed to assess the stability of these findings across studies. Sixty-four patients with schizophrenia and 19 healthy control participants performed a probabilistic reward learning task. They had to associate stimuli with gain or loss-avoidance. In a transfer phase participants indicated valuation of the previously learned stimuli by choosing among them. Patients demonstrated an overall impairment in learning compared to healthy controls. No effects of apathy symptoms on task indices were observed. However, patients with schizophrenia learned better in the context of loss-avoidance than in the context of gain. Earlier findings were thus partially replicated. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanistic link between negative symptoms and reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias N Hartmann-Riemer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital; University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital; University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Psychiatric Hospital Karlsbad Langensteinbach, Karlsbad, Germany.,University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital; University of Zurich, Switzerland
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