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Özdemir Ö, Işik SS, Çam HH. Unveiling the Shadows: Childhood Traumas and the Dynamics of Seeking Psychological Help and Self-Stigmatization Among Prisoners. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2024:01263942-990000000-00096. [PMID: 39007746 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with the general population, prison inmates show a higher prevalence of mental disorders, particularly among those with childhood traumas. Despite childhood traumas being robust indicators of poor mental health, there is limited research on their relationship with prisoners' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. This study investigates the impact of childhood traumas on prisoners' attitudes toward help-seeking and self-stigmatization. METHODS This cross-sectional, explanatory study was conducted with 250 persons in prison. Data were collected using a sociodemographic information form, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help Scale, and the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS Version 28. RESULTS A significant link was found between childhood traumas and self-stigmatization in seeking psychological help. Positive attitudes toward help-seeking were significantly associated with increased self-stigmatization. Childhood traumas were significantly related to single-parent families, conflicted intrafamilial relationships, entering prison at the age of 19 years or older, mental health issues, and behavioral disorders. Moreover, a meaningful association was observed between self-stigmatization in help-seeking and being from a single-parent family with a low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION In conclusion, imprisoned persons with childhood traumas exhibit higher levels of self-stigmatization in seeking psychological help, contributing to negative attitudes. Recommendations for adequate access to mental health services in prisons include fostering a culture of psychological help, enhancing mental health literacy, providing trauma-informed care, and developing comprehensive strategies. In addition, the suggestion is made for the development of societal reintegration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özcan Özdemir
- Author Affiliations:Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Yusuf Serefoglu Faculty of Health Sciences, Kilis 7 Aralık University
| | | | - Hasan Hüseyin Çam
- Department of Public Health, Yusuf Serefoglu Faculty of Health Sciences, Kilis 7 Aralık University
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Jennings EA, Mall S, Bassil DT, Kahn K. Exposure to Adversity and its Impact on Later Life Cognitive, Mental, and Physical Health. Int J Public Health 2024; 69:1606499. [PMID: 38961855 PMCID: PMC11219567 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1606499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to assess later-life health responses to childhood and lifetime adversity in a cohort of rural, Black South African adults. Methods We performed ordinary least squares regression using two waves of data from Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa (HAALSI) to estimate a decline in cognitive, mental, and physical health over approximately 3 years. Our analytic sample consisted of 1,993 women and 1,496 men. Results Associations between several types of adversity and health outcomes point to declines in health. At the same time, many adverse experiences are associated with improvements in cognitive, mental, and physical health in later life. The direction of the association varied by type of exposure, health outcome, and gender. Conclusion In populations exposed to many adversities during life, specific adverse experiences may sometimes be associated with greater improvements (and not just greater decline) in health in later life. Further research is needed to unpack the mechanisms at play in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse A. Jennings
- Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sumaya Mall
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Darina T. Bassil
- Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Dong F. The association of adverse family experiences, physical activity, and depression in a national sample of US adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2024; 37:e12444. [PMID: 38059546 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEMS Sufficient engagement in physical activity could foster resilience in adolescents and help alleviate the impact of adverse family experiences (AFEs), such as depression. However, the association between cumulative AFEs exposure, physical activity, and depression remains unclear. The aims of this study are to determine the relationship between AFEs and adolescent depression and whether physical activity moderates this relationship. METHODS Secondary analyses were conducted on 29,617 adolescents aged 12-17 years from the 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health. Binomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship among AFEs, child depression, and physical activity. Covariates include individual-level, social-level, and societal-level factors. FINDINGS This study reveals that 7.3% of US adolescents had a depression diagnosis. The odds of having a depression diagnosis among US children were 1.6 times (adjusted OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.37-1.86) greater for adolescents with one type of AFEs, and 3.4 times greater (adjusted OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 2.78-4.13) for adolescents with three or more AFEs, compared with children living without AFEs. Physical activity for 1-3 days per week remained a significant, substantial protector of childhood depression among children with at least one type of AFEs (adjusted OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62-0.87). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a clinical concern for adolescents with more AFEs. Trauma-informed care to address multiple types of trauma and physical activity interventions to reduce depression symptoms may be particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghong Dong
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cerqueira A, Almeida TC. Adverse Childhood Experiences: Relationship with Empathy and Alexithymia. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:559-568. [PMID: 37593064 PMCID: PMC10427576 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Several studies showed that adults who have experienced childhood adversity are more likely to develop alexithymia and low empathy. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the relationship between childhood adversity and alexithymia and empathy in adulthood and verify a predictive explanatory model of alexithymia. The sample comprised 92 adults who responded to the sociodemographic questionnaire, the Childhood History Questionnaire, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Alexithymia Scale of Toronto. Childhood adversity showed a positive relationship with alexithymia and a negative relationship with empathy. Predictive validity showed that marital status, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and empathic concern predicted higher alexithymia scores. These results show the impact of these childhood experiences on adult life, underlining the importance of developing intervention programs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Cerqueira
- Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), LabPSI – Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, IUEM, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Telma Catarina Almeida
- Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM); CiiEM – Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, IUEM; LabPSI – Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, IUEM, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Segal L, Dawe S, Nguyen H, Dennison S, Gnanamanickam ES, Bell M, Spittal M, Kinner S, Preen DB. Child protection system involvement in children of incarcerated mothers: A linked data study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:106126. [PMID: 36889149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women prisoners are a growing portion of the prison population. Health and social outcomes of their children have been studied and found to be poor, but little is known about child protection outcomes. OBJECTIVES Ascertain child protection system contact of children exposed to maternal incarceration. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING All children born between 1985 and 2011 exposed to the incarceration of their mothers in a Western Australian correctional facility and a matched comparison group. METHODS A matched cohort study using linked administrative data on 2637 mothers entering prison between 1985 and 2015 and their 6680 children. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of child protection service (CPS) contact post maternal incarceration (four concern levels), comparing rates for children exposed to maternal incarceration with a matched non-exposed group, adjusting for maternal and child factors. FINDINGS Exposure to maternal incarceration increased risk of CPS contact. Unadjusted HRs exposed vs unexposed children were 7.06 (95%CI = 6.49-7.69) for substantiated child maltreatment and 12.89 (95%CI = 11.42-14.55) for out-of-home care (OOHC). Unadjusted IRRs were 6.04 (95%CI = 5.57-6.55) for number of substantiations and 12.47 (95%CI = 10.65-14.59) for number of removals to OOHC. HRs and IRRs were only slightly attenuated in adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS Maternal incarceration is a warning flag for a child at high risk of serious child protection concerns. Family-friendly rehabilitative women's prisons, incorporating support for more nurturing mother-child relationships could provide a placed-based public health opportunity for disrupting distressing life trajectories and intergenerational pathways of disadvantage of these vulnerable children and their mothers. This population should be a priority for trauma-informed family support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Segal
- Health Economcis and Social Policy Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Sharon Dawe
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Ha Nguyen
- Health Economcis and Social Policy Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Susan Dennison
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Emmanuel S Gnanamanickam
- Health Economcis and Social Policy Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Megan Bell
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Stuart Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - David B Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Vilhjalmsdottir A, Halldorsdottir S, Sigurdardottir S. Women's Lived Experience of the Interconnectedness of Trauma, Substance Use, and Prison. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2023; 19:3-11. [PMID: 36383035 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore women's experience of Icelandic prisons and of the interconnectedness of trauma, substance use, and prison. Nine incarcerated women, 20-45 years old, participated in this phenomenological study. One or two in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant, in all 16 interviews. The interconnectedness of trauma, substance use, and prison was evident in the participants' accounts. The participants had experienced severe traumas, in childhood and/or in adult life, most of it caused by recurrent experience of violence, bullying, neglect, and beatings and later violent relationships. For the participants, substance use was an unhelpful coping strategy intended to numb severe emotional distress. Most of the participants used substances intravenously that had progressed incredibly fast from initial drug use. They had tried most of the addiction treatments available to them, none of which were trauma based. Participants struggled with complex physical and mental health problems related to substance use and previous traumas but often felt prejudged when they sought healthcare services. They experienced being in prison as depersonalizing and dehumanizing. Most of them were mothers and had lost custody of their children because of substance use causing some of them deep grief. Participants called for more active substance treatment programs in prisons and complained about idleness that they felt increased their addiction. As a conclusion, we call for a trauma-informed care approach in prisons for women to prevent revictimization as well as to assist with mental health issues and substance use.
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TAŞÖREN AB, GÜL İŞ. The Role of Childhood Abuse and Psychological Symptoms in Discriminating Frequency of Drug Use and Self-Harm in Incarcerated Men Convicted of Robbery. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1083683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of prior childhood abuse and current psychological symptoms on the frequency of drug use and self-harming behavior among a group of male prisoners convicted of robbery. The sample consists of 127 men convicted of armed, aggravated, unarmed/forced robbery, who were held in Metris T-type closed penitentiary state correctional institution. History of childhood abuse was assessed with The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and psychological symptoms were assessed with The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Frequency of drug use was assessed with three questions and self-harm was assessed through four questions both on the self-completed demographic information form. Among 127 men recruited, history of childhood abuse and psychological symptoms provided discrimination concerning frequency of drug use and self-harm. The rate of self-harming individuals in the present study was relatively high compared to the literature. There was a significant correlation between CTQ total and subscale scores and BSI total and subscale scores, except for the emotional neglect subscale.
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Alexithymia and depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal risk in Chinese male prisoners. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Morse DS, Cerulli C, Hordes M, El-Bassel N, Bleasdale J, Wilson K, Henry O, Przybyla SM. "I was 15 when I started doing drugs with my dad": Victimization, Social Determinants of Health, and Criminogenic Risk Among Women Opioid Intervention Court Participants. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP20513-NP20541. [PMID: 34989645 PMCID: PMC9256849 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211052053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence and severity of childhood and adult victimization increase the likelihood of substance use disorder (SUD), crimes, antisocial behaviors, arrests, convictions, and medical and psychiatric disorders among women more than men. These problems are compounded by the impact of social determinants of health (SDH) challenges, which include predisposition to the understudied, dramatic increase in opioid dependence among women. This study examined victimization, related SDH challenges, gender-based criminogenic risk factors for female participants, and public health opportunities to address these problems. We recruited women from the first national Opioid Intervention Court, a fast-track SUD treatment response to rapidly increasing overdose deaths. We present a consensual qualitative research analysis of 24 women Opioid Intervention Court participants (among 31 interviewed) who reported childhood, adolescent, and/or adult victimization experiences in the context of substance use and recovery, mental health symptoms, heath behaviors, and justice-involved trajectories. We iteratively established codes and overarching themes. Six primary themes emerged: child or adolescent abuse as triggers for drug use; impact of combined child or adolescent abuse with loss or witnessing abuse; adult abduction or assault; trajectory from lifetime abuse, substance use, and criminal and antisocial behaviors to sobriety; role of friends and family support in recovery; and role of treatment and opioid court in recovery, which we related to SDH, gender-based criminogenic factors, and public health. These experiences put participants at risk of further physical and mental health disorders, yet indicate potential strategies. Findings support future studies examining strategies where courts and health systems could collaboratively address SDH with women Opioid Intervention Court participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S. Morse
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY
- Women’s Health Initiative Supporting Health, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY
- Center for Community Health, Rochester, NY
| | - Catherine Cerulli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Susan B. Anthony Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Hordes
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nabila El-Bassel
- Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY
| | - Jacob Bleasdale
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kennethea Wilson
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Olivia Henry
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarahmona M. Przybyla
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Cruz D, Lichten M, Berg K, George P. Developmental trauma: Conceptual framework, associated risks and comorbidities, and evaluation and treatment. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:800687. [PMID: 35935425 PMCID: PMC9352895 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.800687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and pervasive interpersonal traumas may go on to develop PTSD and, in most cases, will further undergo a significant shift in their developmental trajectory. This paper examines contemporary research on Developmental Trauma (DT), which is inextricably linked to disruptions in social cognition, physiological and behavioral regulation, and parent-child attachments. Developmental trauma associated with early experiences of abuse or neglect leads to multi-faceted and longstanding consequences and underscores critical periods of development, complex stress-mediated adaptations, and multilevel, trans-theoretical influences in the diagnostic formulation and treatment of traumatized children, adolescents, and adults. Psychological and medical correlates of Developmental Trauma Disorder are considered, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cruz
- Hackensack Meridian Health Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | | | - Kevin Berg
- Hackensack Meridian Health Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - Preethi George
- Hackensack Meridian Health Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ, United States
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Ngubane LB, Nöthling J, Moletsane R, Wilkinson A, Qulu L. Why Men Rape: Perspectives From Incarcerated Rapists in a KwaZulu-Natal Prison, South Africa. Front Psychol 2022; 13:805289. [PMID: 35859829 PMCID: PMC9291727 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual offending is a global problem but is particularly prevalent on the African continent and in South Africa. Childhood experiences related to abuse, alcohol use, and criminal activities in the household and community has been associated with an increased risk for violence perpetration in adulthood. Less is known about sexual violence perpetration, especially in the South African context. In this study, the experiences of incarcerated male perpetrators of rape in South Africa are investigated along with the collective social context and individual childhood experiences that potentially contribute to rape perpetration. Eighteen male perpetrators of rape who were inmates at Westville Correctional Services in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, were interviewed. The semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews were transcribed, coded and annotated using an interpretive paradigm and thematic analysis approach. Five main themes emerged from the research and included (1) childhood trauma and adverse events, e.g., an absent father, being raised without parents, exposure to criminal or violent behavior, physical abuse, sexual abuse and poverty, (2) understanding rape, e.g., rape as sex by force and without consent, rape as a violent act, rape as sex with a minor, myths about rape (3) substance abuse, e.g., history of alcohol and drug use, and intoxication during rape perpetration, (4) gender roles and avoiding responsibility, e.g., victim blaming, rape as male prerogative, transactional sex, being framed or set-up, ignoring an ancestral call and (5) recidivism. The findings revealed that all rape perpetrators were exposed to at least one childhood trauma type. Family and community violence and criminality was common. Most participants avoided taking responsibility for their actions and blamed the victim and recidivism/prior convictions were often reported. The findings demonstrate the complex personality dynamic involved in the cycle of abuse and the evolution of criminal behavior, starting as a victim and ending as a perpetrator. The findings also highlight the need for interventions aimed at reducing childhood trauma exposure and improving the social and relational context of those at risk for childhood neglect and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle Blessing Ngubane
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Lindokuhle Blessing Ngubane,
| | - Jani Nöthling
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Relebohile Moletsane
- School of Education, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Abigail Wilkinson
- School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lihle Qulu
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Lihle Qulu,
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Papathanasiou NN, Bismpas L, Panteris E, Konsta A, Diakogiannis II, Athanasiadis L. Depression and anxiety levels in a population of Greek male prisoners with a history of dependence. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2069611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor N. Papathanasiou
- Psychiatrist MD Correctional Facility of Grevena, Grevena, Greece
- Researcher Toxicology Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. & Research Associate 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lazaros Bismpas
- Psychiatrist MD Correctional Facility of Grevena, Grevena, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Panteris
- Researcher Toxicology Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. & Research Associate 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Konsta
- Researcher Toxicology Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. & Research Associate 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis I. Diakogiannis
- Researcher Toxicology Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. & Research Associate 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Loukas Athanasiadis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Nguyen BM, Guh J, Freeman B. Black Lives Matter: Moving from passion to action in academic medical institutions. J Natl Med Assoc 2022; 114:193-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fovet T, Wathelet M, Amad A, Horn M, Belet B, Benradia I, Roelandt JL, Thomas P, Vaiva G, D'Hondt F. Trauma exposure and PTSD among men entering jail: A comparative study with the general population. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 145:205-212. [PMID: 34929470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research has consistently shown high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in correctional settings. We aimed to compare the prevalences of trauma exposure, subthreshold PTSD, and full PTSD in incarcerated people with those observed in the general population. We used the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview to screen for psychiatric disorders among men upon admission to jail (N = 630) and non-incarcerated men living in the same geographic area (the northern district of France; N = 5793). We utilized a multinomial regression model to assess the association between admission to jail and the prevalences of trauma exposure, subthreshold PTSD, and full PTSD. We employed logistic regression models to verify the interaction between admission to jail and PTSD status on the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. Full PTSD was overrepresented among men in jail after adjustment for all covariates (OR [95% CI] = 3.49 [1.55-7.85], p = 0.002). The association between PTSD status and the presence of at least one psychiatric comorbidity was also more important upon admission to jail than in the general population. Admission to jail was not associated with a higher prevalence of trauma exposure (OR [95% CI] = 1.12 [0.85-1.46], p = 0.419) or subthreshold PTSD (OR [95% CI] = 1.17 [0.81-1.68], p = 0.413). These results suggest higher prevalence rates of full PTSD and psychiatric comorbidities associated with PTSD symptoms in incarcerated people than in the general population. The provision of trauma-focused interventions tailored to these clinical specificities should be considered for the jail population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fovet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marielle Wathelet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale, Hauts-de, France
| | - Ali Amad
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale, Hauts-de, France
| | - Mathilde Horn
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bettina Belet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Imane Benradia
- EPSM Lille Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la recherche et la formation en santé mentale, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Roelandt
- EPSM Lille Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la recherche et la formation en santé mentale, Lille, France; ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale, Hauts-de, France
| | - Guillaume Vaiva
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
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15
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Butcher E, Packham C, Williams M, Miksza J, Kaul A, Khunti K, Morriss R. Screening male prisoners for depression and anxiety with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 at NHS Healthcheck: patterns of symptoms and caseness threshold. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:446. [PMID: 34496806 PMCID: PMC8428050 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for depression and anxiety disorders has been proposed in prison populations but little is known about caseness thresholds on commonly used self-report measures in relation to core symptoms, risk factors and symptom patterns. METHOD A cross-sectional prevalence survey measured depression and anxiety caseness (threshold scores > 10 and > 15 on PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and diagnostic algorithm on PHQ-9) in 1205 male prisoners aged 35-74 years eligible for an NHS Healthcheck from six English prisons. Caseness scores were compared with the presence or absence of daily core symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), demographic, prison and cardiovascular risk factors. Cluster analysis was applied to PHQ-9 and GAD-7 items in prisoners scoring > 10 on PHQ-9. RESULTS 453(37.6%) and 249(20.7%) prisoners scored > 10 and > 15 respectively on PHQ-9; 216 (17.9%) had a depressive episode on the PHQ-9 algorithm; 378(31.4%) and 217(18.0%) scored > 10 and > 15 on GAD-7 respectively. Daily core items for depression were scored in 232(56.2%) and 139(74.3%) prisoners reaching > 10 and > 15 respectively on PHQ-9; daily core anxiety items in 282(74.9%) and 179(96.3%) reaching > 10 and > 15 on GAD-7. Young age, prison and previous high alcohol intake were associated with > 15 on the PHQ-9. Cluster analysis showed a cluster with core symptoms of depression, slowness, restlessness, suicidality, poor concentration, irritability or fear. Altered appetite, poor sleep, lack of energy, guilt or worthlessness belonged to other clusters and may not be indicative of depression. CONCLUSIONS In male prisoners > 35 years, a score of > 10 on the PHQ-9 over diagnoses depressive episodes but a score of > 10 on the GAD-7 may detect cases of GAD more efficiently. Further research utilising standardised psychiatric interviews is required to determine whether the diagnostic algorithm, a higher cut-off on the PHQ-9 or the profile of symptoms on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 used singly or in combination may be used to screen depressive episodes efficiently in prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Butcher
- grid.412920.c0000 0000 9962 2336City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
| | - Christopher Packham
- grid.439378.20000 0001 1514 761XNottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, NG3 6AA UK
| | - Marie Williams
- grid.439378.20000 0001 1514 761XNottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, NG3 6AA UK
| | - Joanne Miksza
- grid.9918.90000 0004 1936 8411Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4PW UK
| | - Adarsh Kaul
- grid.439378.20000 0001 1514 761XNottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, NG3 6AA UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- grid.9918.90000 0004 1936 8411Primary Care Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4PW UK
| | - Richard Morriss
- Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2DU, UK.
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16
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Liu H, Li TW, Liang L, Hou WK. Trauma exposure and mental health of prisoners and ex-prisoners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 89:102069. [PMID: 34454322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present meta-analytic review examined the associations between different forms of trauma and mental disorders among prisoners and ex-prisoners. Studies published from 1998 to March 31 2021 were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed, Medline and Web of Science. Data were meta-analyzed using a random-effect model. Moderator and mediator analyses were conducted. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020181587). We identified 62 studies (50 non-duplicated samples) with 15,115 (97.86%) prisoners and 330 (2.14%) ex-prisoners in 16 countries. A multi-level meta-analysis found that overall trauma was positively associated with more diagnoses or symptoms of mental disorders (Zr = 0.198, 95% CI = [0.167, 0.229], p < 0.001). Stronger effect sizes were found between childhood trauma (Zr = 0.357, 95% CI = [0.147, 0.568], p < 0.01) and sexual trauma (Zr = 0.326, 95% CI = [0.216, 0.435], p < 0.001) and stress-related disorders. Multilevel moderator analysis showed that effect size was stronger in imprisonment trauma (β = 0.247, 95% CI = [0.177, 0.316], p < 0.01), mixed trauma (β = 0.234, 95% CI = [0.196, 0.272], p < 0.001), and stress-related disorders (β = 0.261, 95% CI = [0.214, 0.307], p < 0.01). Associations between trauma and mental disorders were mediated by social support but not coping. Our findings provide an evidence base for future research on the impact of trauma and inform assessments and interventions in correctional settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tsz Wai Li
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Li Liang
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wai Kai Hou
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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17
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Lehrer D. Trauma-Informed Care: The Importance of Understanding the Incarcerated Women. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2021; 27:121-126. [PMID: 34232778 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.20.07.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies and research substantiate strong correlations between adverse childhood experience (ACE) scores and corrections. This study assessed the significance of trauma-informed care (TIC) in the recidivism rates of incarcerated women. A retrospective longitudinal survey was conducted. ACE scores were evaluated and documented through a self-reported survey. Seven years of Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions registry documentation was assessed. Descriptive statistics were utilized to define patients and evaluate patterns of recidivism after implementation of trauma-informed approaches to care. There is strong evidence associating lower recidivism rates for those who participate in TIC and trauma programs than for those who do not. This evidence supports further evaluation with a serious potential impact of reduction in recidivism and improved trajectories for incarcerated women and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lehrer
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA
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18
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Gunnthorsdottir H, Kristofersson GK, Gunnarsdottir ED. Prevalence of Childhood Maltreatment and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Male Inmates in Iceland. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2021; 17:98-106. [PMID: 33958543 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood maltreatment is highly correlated with adult criminal behavior, and the prevalence of childhood maltreatment within prison populations is high. Furthermore, studies have repeatedly shown a higher prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in samples of prisoners compared with the general public. PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY The aims of the current study were to determine the frequency of childhood maltreatment among male inmates in Iceland and the percentage of male inmates meeting screening criteria for PTSD. The Icelandic versions of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report (PSS-SR) were used in the study. RESULTS Results show a high prevalence of childhood maltreatment among the sample (N = 48), where 87% of participants reported having experienced at least one of the five categories listed (M = 2.33, SD = 1.68). Approximately 52% had experienced emotional abuse, 27% had experienced physical abuse, 48% had experienced sexual abuse, and over half reported experiencing neglect in their childhood. Two thirds of the participants were above the cutoff score for PTSD on the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report, all of whom expressed a reduced quality of life and/or functional impairment because of their symptoms. DISCUSSION The results indicate that most male inmates in Icelandic prisons were maltreated during their childhood and that many of them report severe posttraumatic stress symptoms. CONCLUSION By integrating trauma-focused interventions into Iceland's Prison Service, mental health nurses and other mental health professionals have an opportunity to profoundly affect prisoners' functioning and quality of life, thereby potentially reducing the likelihood of recidivism for a large part of this population in the future.
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19
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Yu L, Gambaro M, Song JY, Teslik M, Song M, Komoski MC, Wollner B, Enright RD. Forgiveness therapy in a maximum-security correctional institution: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:1457-1471. [PMID: 33709484 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Forgiveness Therapy is proposed as a novel approach to rehabilitation for men in a maximum-security correctional institution to alleviate psychological compromises. METHOD In a two-tiered study, volunteer participants within a correctional institution (N = 103) were asked to report past experiences of abuse and unjust treatment prior to their first crime and were measured on anger, anxiety, depression, hope and forgiveness. Twenty four of the most clinically compromised participants were selected from this initial assessment, with pairs first matched on certain characteristics and then randomly assigned to either experimental or control group interventions followed by a cross-over design (N = 9 in each group at the study's end). Experimental participants received 24 weeks of Forgiveness Therapy. Control group participants received 24 weeks of an alternative treatment followed by Forgiveness Therapy. Dependent variables included anger, anxiety, depression, forgiveness, hope, self-esteem and empathy. RESULTS Ninety percent of 103 participants reported moderate to severe abuse in childhood or adolescence. Data showed an inverse relationship between forgiveness and anger, anxiety and depression. In the Forgiveness Therapy, anger, anxiety, depression, empathy and forgiveness were statistically significant favouring both experimental groups. These results remained at the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Forgiveness Therapy is shown to be effective for correctional rehabilitation in healing clinical psychological compromise and in promoting positive psychological well-being in men within a maximum-security facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Yu
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mengjiao Song
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary Cate Komoski
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brooke Wollner
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert D Enright
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,International Forgiveness Institute, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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20
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Cantürk M, Faraji H, Tezcan AE. The Relationship between Childhood Traumas and Crime in Male Prisoners. ALPHA PSYCHIATRY 2021; 22:56-60. [PMID: 36426206 PMCID: PMC9590671 DOI: 10.5455/apd.111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is known that the negative impact of childhood traumas on the mental health of the individual is significant and leads to the emergence of many psychiatric conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between childhood trauma, violence tendency, and crime among male prisoners and inmates in prison. METHODS The study group consisted of 313 male prisoners who have been convicted of drug crimes, sexual crimes, deliberate manslaughter, and theft crimes in Mersin Anamur T type closed-open prison. Sociodemographic forms prepared by researchers, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Violence Tendency Scale (VTS) were used for measuring variables. RESULTS It was observed that there is a relationship between childhood traumas and criminal behavior in prisoners and detainees and that criminal behavior is affected by sociodemographic variables. In addition, there is a relationship between childhood traumas and violent tendencies. As the scores of individuals on emotional abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and childhood trauma scales increased, the scores of individuals on VTS increased as well. CTQ predicts 11% of the variance of violence tendency. CONCLUSION If psychiatric conditions and violence tendency of individuals with childhood trauma are detected, it will be possible for preventive actions to be taken before these people become prisoners or detainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Cantürk
- Clinic of Psychology, Şelale Termessos Hospital,
Antalya,
Turkey
| | - Haydeh Faraji
- Department of Psychology, İstanbul Aydın University School of Science and Literature,
İstanbul,
Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ertan Tezcan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, İstanbul Aydın University School of Science and Literature,
İstanbul,
Turkey
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21
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Goh KK, Lu ML, Jou S. Childhood Trauma and Aggression in Persons Convicted for Homicide: An Exploratory Study Examines the Role of Plasma Oxytocin. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:719282. [PMID: 34484006 PMCID: PMC8415833 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.719282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated the association between childhood trauma and criminality in adulthood, however, less is known about how best to explain the route from childhood trauma to adulthood aggression. Results from both human and animal studies have generated the hypothesis that dysfunction of the oxytocinergic system may correlate with pathological aggression. The current study represents a first exploratory examination to investigate the trajectory from childhood trauma to aggression, specifically, plasma oxytocin's role in this association. We assessed the childhood trauma experiences in a total of 108 participants, including 33 persons convicted for homicide and 75 non-offending healthy participants, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, with in-depth clarification interviews for cross-validation. All participants were checked for aggression using the Modified Overt Aggression Scale and their plasma oxytocin levels were obtained. Results indicated that persons convicted for homicide had higher childhood trauma scores and lower plasma oxytocin levels than healthy controls. The plasma oxytocin levels were inversely correlated with childhood trauma in all participants. Further mediation models were constructed to explore these associations, in the best-fit model, the relationship between childhood trauma and aggression is mediated by plasma oxytocin levels in persons convicted for homicide. In conclusion, the association between childhood trauma and aggression of persons convicted for homicide is mediated by their plasma oxytocin levels. With leading to further theoretical consideration in the causality on how best to explain the interaction between childhood trauma and aggression, the current study may assist in developing further research and preventive strategies for aggression, particularly the importance of early identification of childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Kheng Goh
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susyan Jou
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate School of Criminology, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Song MJ, Yu L, Enright RD. Trauma and healing in the underserved populations of homelessness and corrections: Forgiveness Therapy as an added component to intervention. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:694-714. [PMID: 33179387 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to begin applying the principles of the psychology of forgiveness to people who are without homes and people who are in prisons. A review of the literature shows trauma for both groups. When the trauma is caused by unjust treatment by others, then excessive anger can result, compromising one's psychological and physical health. We review the interventions that have been offered for those without homes and the imprisoned to examine which existing programmes address such anger. Forgiveness Therapy, although untried in these two settings, may be one beneficial approach for substantially reducing unhealthy anger. Forgiveness interventions have shown a cause-and-effect relationship between learning to forgive and overcoming psychological compromise such as strong resentment and clinical levels of anxiety and depression. The literature review here suggests that forgiveness therapy for those without homes and the imprisoned may be a new and important consideration for ameliorating anger and aiding in a changed life pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lifan Yu
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert D Enright
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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23
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Fassel M, Grieve B, Hosseini S, Oral R, Galet C, Ryan C, Kazis L, Pengsheng N, Wibbenmeyer LA. The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Burn Outcomes in Adult Burn Patients. J Burn Care Res 2020; 40:294-301. [PMID: 30873544 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including child maltreatment and household dysfunction, define adverse events that occur before 18 years of age. National and state data show that between 12.5 and 14.5% of the adult population report ≥4 ACEs (HIGH-ACE), respectively. HIGH-ACEs are associated with more chronic health problems. To date, the interaction between ACEs and burn injuries has not been studied. Herein, we sought to define the ACE exposure in our burn patients and its impact on early outcomes. Inpatient and outpatient adult burn survivors (≥18 years of age) were enrolled. Subjects completed surveys assessing adverse experiences (ACEs-18), needs, strengths, and resiliency at consent, and pain, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social participation surveys at 2 weeks to 3 months postinjury. Demographics, burn, and hospital course data were also collected. Chi-square and student's t-tests were used for descriptive analysis and to compare the groups (HIGH-ACE vs LOW-ACE). The HIGH-ACE group (n = 24; 45.3%) reported more depressive symptoms (P < .04) than the LOW-ACE group (n = 29, 54.7%). HIGH-ACE patients were less resilient when facing stressful events (P ≤ .02) and more likely to screen positive for probable PTSD (P = .01) and to score lower on the Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation Profile (LIBRE Profile), which assesses for social participation, in the domain of Family and Friends (P = .015). Our exploratory study suggests that ACE screening may help detect burn patients at risk for a more complicated recovery, thereby promoting personalized assistance in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikenzy Fassel
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Brian Grieve
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Sameen Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City
| | - Resmiye Oral
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City
| | - Colette Galet
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City
| | - Colleen Ryan
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston
| | - Lewis Kazis
- Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (CAPP), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Ni Pengsheng
- Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (CAPP), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Lucy A Wibbenmeyer
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City
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24
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Dias de Castro Bins H, Dotta Panichi RM, Vernet Taborda JG, Arzeno Ferrão Y. Childhood trauma, psychiatric disorders, and criminality in women: Associations with serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 71:101574. [PMID: 32768114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders and childhood trauma are highly prevalent in female inmates. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a number of roles in neuronal survival, structure, and function. Data in the literature suggest that it is a neurobiological substrate that moderates the impact of childhood adversities on the late expression of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to determine whether five childhood trauma subtypes-physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect-are associated with adult psychiatric disorders, BDNF levels, and criminality among incarcerated women. This was a cross-sectional study involving a consecutive sample of 110 women, divided into three groups of women (forensic - mentally ill who committed crimes, clinical psychiatric inpatients and healthy controls). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus were applied in the whole sample, and BDNF levels were measured in a sub-sample of 54 women. The rates of mental illness and childhood trauma were high in the forensic group. Emotional abuse was higher in the clinical and forensic groups than in the healthy control group. Lower BDNF levels were associated with emotional abuse in the forensic group as well as with sexual abuse in the healthy control group. After multinomial logistic regression, lower levels of BDNF, higher levels of emotional abuse and the presence of familial offense were considered factors related to clinical psychiatric group. The results of this study underscore the idea that BDNF may be an important factor related to the development of diseases and criminality in women who are victims of childhood trauma, becoming a possible biological marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Dias de Castro Bins
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Renata Maria Dotta Panichi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo Vernet Taborda
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ygor Arzeno Ferrão
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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25
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Miura H, Fuchigami Y. Influence of maltreatment, bullying, and neurocognitive impairment on recidivism in adolescents with conduct disorder: A 3-Year prospective study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2020; 11:25-34. [PMID: 32191127 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1734458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We sought to clarify the influence of family developmental conditions (e.g., adverse childhood experiences: ACEs), peer relationships (e.g., bullying), and neurocognitive impairment on recidivism in adolescents with conduct disorder (CD). We interviewed 290 adolescents with CD (265 males, 25 females) who had been admitted to a juvenile justice assessment center for the first time about their offense(s), onset of delinquency, ACEs, and peer relationships. The participants also completed tests of neurocognitive activities and self-report symptom measures: the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), the Memory Updating test for the assessment of attention, the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES) for the assessment of dissociation, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11th version (BIS-11) for the assessment of impulsivity. After the family court judgement and discharge, the participants were followed for 3 years. Readmissions to the center during the follow-up period were considered cases of "recidivism." During the follow-up, 102 (35.2%) participants were readmitted to the center. A survival analysis (Cox proportional hazard model) showed that lower age, bullying (as the perpetrator), and impaired cognitive function (e.g., a lower SDMT score) significantly increased recidivism, whereas bullying (as both victim and perpetrator) decreased recidivism. ACEs showed no clear effect on recidivism. Lower age and impaired cognitive function appear to predispose adolescent first-time offenders with CD to recidivism. However, the peer bullying analysis showed that being a perpetrator positively influenced recidivism, whereas being both a victim and a perpetrator negatively influenced recidivism. Further research considering the heterogeneity and comorbidity of CD could clarify bullying's influence on recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Miura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Nagoya Juvenile Classification Home, Nagoya, Japan
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26
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Clark CB, Reiland SA, Armstrong JD, Ewy R, Cropsey KL. Characteristics Associated with a History of Physical and Sexual Abuse in a Community Corrections Sample. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:512-518. [PMID: 31724472 PMCID: PMC7012502 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1686023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Most predictors of future criminal justice involvement are gender neutral. However, recent research has stressed the importance of physical and sexual abuse as a precursor of incarceration for women. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of a history of physical and sexual abuse on mental health, substance use, and criminal justice history for men and women under community corrections supervision. Methods: A sample of 613 (203 women and 410 men) participants completed structured clinical interviews and questionnaires assessing demographics, mental health and abuse history (physical vs. sexual), substance use, and criminal justice involvement. Results: Results of multivariate analyses indicated that for men, physical abuse was linked to White race, a higher number of arrests, history of a person offense, family problems, and suicidality; while sexual abuse was linked to White race, family problems, suicidality, and antisocial personality disorder. For women, physical abuse was only associated with meeting criteria for an anxiety or depressive disorder; while sexual abuse was linked to reporting a history of a substance offense, meeting criteria for an anxiety or depressive disorder, and increased suicidality. Substance use was not associated with any form of abuse in either gender. Conclusions: In general, abuse was associated with worse mental health and more severe criminal justice involvement. Women reported much greater rates of abuse and our results provide some support for the idea that a history of abuse may be an important precursor to criminal justice involvement for individuals under community corrections supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brendan Clark
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Sarah A Reiland
- Department of Psychology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob D Armstrong
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Ryley Ewy
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Karen L Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Angelakis I, Austin JL, Gooding P. Childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in prisoners: a systematic meta-analytic review. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1-10. [PMID: 31663847 PMCID: PMC6945324 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the links between core types of childhood maltreatment and suicidal acts have become an increasingly important area of investigation. However, no meta-analytic review has examined this relationship in prisoners. We undertook the first systematic meta-analytic review examining the link between childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in prisoners to redress this important gap. We searched Medline, PsychINFO, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL from inception until August 2019. Meta-analyses using random effect models were applied, and heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. Publication bias and risk of bias across studies were assessed. We identified 24 studies comprising 16 586 prisoners. The rates of different types of childhood maltreatment ranged between 29% and 68% [95% confidence interval (CI) 18-81%]. The rate of suicide attempts in prisoners was 23% (95% CI 18-27%). Main results demonstrated that sexual abuse [odds ratio (OR) 2.68, 95% CI 1.86-3.86], physical abuse (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.60-2.91), emotional abuse (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.92-3.79), emotional neglect (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.69-3.10), physical neglect (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.27-1.94) and combined abuse (OR 3.09, 95% CI 2.14-4.45) were strongly associated with suicide attempts in prisoners. There was an indication of publication bias. Duval and Tweedie's trim-and-fill method was applied, which increased the odds for suicide attempts. Given the high rates of prison suicide deaths and suicide attempts, our findings suggest an urgent need for targeted suicide prevention priorities for prisoners, with a particular focus on ameliorating the effects of childhood traumatic experiences on suicidal prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Angelakis
- University of South Wales, School of Psychology, Pontypridd, Wales, UK
| | | | - Patricia Gooding
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
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28
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Tschoeke S, Steinert T, Bichescu-Burian D. Causal connection between dissociation and ongoing interpersonal violence: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:424-437. [PMID: 31562923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify evidence for dissociation as a cause of ongoing interpersonal violence. METHOD A systematic review of the literature retrieved from ten databases. RESULTS Fifteen studies yielded from our search strategy have been included in the review; eleven of these were longitudinal and four were experimental. The evidence indicates that pathological dissociation may contribute towards enduring interpersonal violence. Thus, dissociation may account for instances of repeated victimisation. There are similar indications concerning offenders, but study designs in this area allow one to draw fewer causal conclusions. There is some evidence that dissociation decreases information processing from the limbic system, which may be one underlying neurofunctional mechanism of persistent violence. CONCLUSION There is growing evidence for dissociation as a cause of interpersonal violence. However, the available evidence is still limited, and our review rather reveals an important research gap. Future longitudinal and experimental studies aimed at clarifying the role of dissociation in the context of violence should take into account the theoretical and empirical complexity around the concept of dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tschoeke
- Center for Psychiatry Südwürttemberg, Ulm University, Ravensburg- Weissenau, Germany.
| | - Tilman Steinert
- Center for Psychiatry Südwürttemberg, Ulm University, Ravensburg- Weissenau, Germany.
| | - Dana Bichescu-Burian
- Center for Psychiatry Südwürttemberg, Ulm University, Ravensburg- Weissenau, Germany.
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29
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Chen G, Gueta K. Cognitive Appraisal of Child Abuse Among Israeli Inmates: Does Sex Make a Difference? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:2050-2068. [PMID: 30755041 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19829383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in child abuse and neglect (CAN) have long interested researchers due to their adverse impact. Cognitive appraisal of CAN may also affect the negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to assess sex differences in (a) the experience and (b) the cognitive appraisal of CAN among 247 Israeli inmates. The findings indicated that female inmates experienced higher rates of total CAN than male inmates. No significant sex differences were found in physical abuse, emotional neglect, or cognitive appraisal of CAN. However, there were significant sex differences in ranking the significance of different dimensions of cognitive appraisal of CAN. Paternal partner violence was a predictor of CAN and its cognitive appraisal for both sexes; maternal partner violence was a predictor of both among female inmates only. Even when male and female inmates share similar family risk factors, their effects may differ by sex. Possible clinical implications are discussed.
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30
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DeLisi M, Drury AJ, Elbert MJ. The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 92:1-6. [PMID: 31079021 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a severe personality disorder with robust associations with crime and violence, but its precise etiology is unknown. Drawing on near-population of federal correctional clients in the Midwestern United States, the current study examined antecedent background factors spanning adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Greater adverse childhood experiences were associated with ASPD diagnosis with physical abuse showing associations with ASPD symptoms and sexual abuse with lifetime diagnosis for ASPD. Conduct Disorder was strongly linked to ASPD; however, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and ADHD had null associations. Given the role of environmental factors in the development of ASPD, greater criminological attention should be devoted to understanding how assorted forms of abuse and neglect coupled with childhood psychopathology contribute to ASPD especially given its linkages to severe criminal offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt DeLisi
- Iowa State University, United States of America.
| | - Alan J Drury
- U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services, United States of America
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31
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Douglas LJ, Jackson D, Woods C, Usher K. Rewriting stories of trauma through peer-to-peer mentoring for and by at-risk young people. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2019; 28:744-756. [PMID: 30710411 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences are strongly associated with the development of mental health disorders during the life span. When mental health issues are not effectively dealt with during the adolescent period, young people can become long-term consumers in the mental health system. A widely accepted method of intervention is the provision of mentoring. More recently, young people have been fulfilling the role of mentor to their peers and mentoring has played a large role in supporting young people who are considered at-risk of not achieving the expected psychosocial, educational, and/or developmental goals. What is not known is why young people, previously identified as being at-risk, are motivated to mentor their at-risk peers. The study aim was to examine what motivates previously recognized at-risk young people to provide mentoring to their at-risk peers. Participants were twelve previously recognized at-risk young people recruited through a formal peer-to-peer mentoring programme. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data analysed through narrative inquiry and reported in accordance with the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines (COREQ). Results indicate that young people are motivated by their own lived experiences of trauma(s) to provide at-risk peer mentoring. The experience of mentoring afforded opportunities to rewrite individual personal journeys of trauma through mentoring their at-risk peers, thus constructing a more positive self-identity. Outcomes of developing positive peer relationships and prosocial behaviours could significantly assist mental health clinicians in providing more acceptable care to clients in an age group known to be reluctant to accept traditional mental health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley J Douglas
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Debra Jackson
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy Woods
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Usher
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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The role of adverse childhood experiences and mental health care use in psychological dysfunction of male multi-problem young adults. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1065-1078. [PMID: 30552585 PMCID: PMC6675915 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with severe problems later in life. This study examines how eleven types of ACEs and mental health care use history are related to current psychological dysfunction among multi-problem young adults. A sample of 643 multi-problem young adult men (age 18-27) gave informed consent for us to collect retrospective regional psychiatric case register data and filled out questionnaires. ACEs were highly prevalent (mean 3.6, SD 2.0). Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with participants who experienced other ACEs, participants who experienced psychological problems in their family and grew up in a single-parent family were more likely to have used mental health care, and physically abused participants were less likely to have used mental health care. Linear regression analyses showed a dose-response relationship between ACEs and internalizing and externalizing problems. Linear regression analyses on the single ACE items showed that emotional abuse and emotional neglect were positively related to internalizing problems. Emotional and physical abuse and police contact of family members were positively related to externalizing problems. While multi-problem young adults experienced many ACEs, only a few ACEs were related to mental health care use in childhood and adolescence. Long-term negative effects of ACEs on psychological functioning were demonstrated; specifically, emotional abuse and emotional neglect showed detrimental consequences. Since emotional abuse and emotional neglect are not easily identified and often chronic, child health professionals should be sensitive to such problems.
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