1
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Ringo JM, Segal D. Altered Grooming Cycles in Transgenic Drosophila. Behav Genet 2024; 54:290-301. [PMID: 38536593 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-024-10180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Head grooming in Drosophila consists of repeated sweeps of the legs across the head, comprising regular cycles. We used the GAL4-UAS system to study the effects of overexpressing shibirets1 and of Adar knockdown via RNA interference, on the period of head-grooming cycles in Drosophila. Overexpressing shibirets1 interferes with synaptic vesicle recycling and thus with cell communication, while Adar knockdown reduces RNA editing of neuronal transcripts for a large number of genes. All transgenic flies and their controls were tested at 22° to avoid temperature effects; in wild type, cycle frequency varied with temperature with a Q10 of 1.3. Two experiments were performed with transgenic shibirets1: (1) each fly was heat-shocked for 10 min at 30° immediately before testing at 22° and (2) flies were not heat shocked. In both experiments, cycle period was increased when shibirets1 was overexpressed in all neurons, but was not increased when shibirets1 was overexpressed in motoneurons alone. We hypothesize that grooming cycles in flies overexpressing shibirets1 are lengthened because of synaptic impairment in neural circuits that control head-grooming cycles. In flies with constitutive, pan-neuronal Adar knockdown, cycle period was more variable within individuals, but mean cycle period was not significantly altered. We conclude that RNA editing is essential for the maintenance of within-individual stereotypy of head-grooming cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ringo
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04473, USA.
| | - Daniel Segal
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Sagol School of Neuroscience, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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2
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Çoban B, Poppinga H, Rachad EY, Geurten B, Vasmer D, Rodriguez Jimenez FJ, Gadgil Y, Deimel SH, Alyagor I, Schuldiner O, Grunwald Kadow IC, Riemensperger TD, Widmann A, Fiala A. The caloric value of food intake structurally adjusts a neuronal mushroom body circuit mediating olfactory learning in Drosophila. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053997. [PMID: 38862177 PMCID: PMC11199950 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053997.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Associative learning enables the adaptive adjustment of behavioral decisions based on acquired, predicted outcomes. The valence of what is learned is influenced not only by the learned stimuli and their temporal relations, but also by prior experiences and internal states. In this study, we used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to demonstrate that neuronal circuits involved in associative olfactory learning undergo restructuring during extended periods of low-caloric food intake. Specifically, we observed a decrease in the connections between specific dopaminergic neurons (DANs) and Kenyon cells at distinct compartments of the mushroom body. This structural synaptic plasticity was contingent upon the presence of allatostatin A receptors in specific DANs and could be mimicked optogenetically by expressing a light-activated adenylate cyclase in exactly these DANs. Importantly, we found that this rearrangement in synaptic connections influenced aversive, punishment-induced olfactory learning but did not impact appetitive, reward-based learning. Whether induced by prolonged low-caloric conditions or optogenetic manipulation of cAMP levels, this synaptic rearrangement resulted in a reduction of aversive associative learning. Consequently, the balance between positive and negative reinforcing signals shifted, diminishing the ability to learn to avoid odor cues signaling negative outcomes. These results exemplify how a neuronal circuit required for learning and memory undergoes structural plasticity dependent on prior experiences of the nutritional value of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Çoban
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Haiko Poppinga
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - El Yazid Rachad
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bart Geurten
- Department of Zoology, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - David Vasmer
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Yogesh Gadgil
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Idan Alyagor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Oren Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | | | - Annekathrin Widmann
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - André Fiala
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Wang M, Fan J, Shao Z. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic Subcellular Specificity. Brain Sci 2024; 14:155. [PMID: 38391729 PMCID: PMC10886843 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are essential for neuronal information storage and relay. The synaptic signal received or sent from spatially distinct subcellular compartments often generates different outcomes due to the distance or physical property difference. Therefore, the final output of postsynaptic neurons is determined not only by the type and intensity of synaptic inputs but also by the synaptic subcellular location. How synaptic subcellular specificity is determined has long been the focus of study in the neurodevelopment field. Genetic studies from invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have uncovered important molecular and cellular mechanisms required for subcellular specificity. Interestingly, similar molecular mechanisms were found in the mammalian cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. This review summarizes the comprehensive advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic subcellular specificity, focusing on studies from C. elegans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiale Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Almoril-Porras A, Calvo AC, Niu L, Beagan J, Hawk JD, Aljobeh A, Wisdom EM, Ren I, Díaz-García M, Wang ZW, Colón-Ramos DA. Specific configurations of electrical synapses filter sensory information to drive choices in behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551556. [PMID: 37577611 PMCID: PMC10418224 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic configurations in precisely wired circuits underpin how sensory information is processed by the nervous system, and the emerging animal behavior. This is best understood for chemical synapses, but far less is known about how electrical synaptic configurations modulate, in vivo and in specific neurons, sensory information processing and context-specific behaviors. We discovered that INX-1, a gap junction protein that forms electrical synapses, is required to deploy context-specific behavioral strategies during C. elegans thermotaxis behavior. INX-1 couples two bilaterally symmetric interneurons, and this configuration is required for the integration of sensory information during migration of animals across temperature gradients. In inx-1 mutants, uncoupled interneurons display increased excitability and responses to subthreshold temperature stimuli, resulting in abnormally longer run durations and context-irrelevant tracking of isotherms. Our study uncovers a conserved configuration of electrical synapses that, by increasing neuronal capacitance, enables differential processing of sensory information and the deployment of context-specific behavioral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Almoril-Porras
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ana C. Calvo
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Longgang Niu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jonathan Beagan
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Josh D. Hawk
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ahmad Aljobeh
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Elias M. Wisdom
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ivy Ren
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Malcom Díaz-García
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Zhao-Wen Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Daniel A. Colón-Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Recinto de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Puerto Rico; San Juan 00901, Puerto Rico
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5
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Anholt RRH, Mackay TFC. The genetic architecture of behavioral canalization. Trends Genet 2023:S0168-9525(23)00033-1. [PMID: 36878820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Behaviors are components of fitness and contribute to adaptive evolution. Behaviors represent the interactions of an organism with its environment, yet innate behaviors display robustness in the face of environmental change, which we refer to as 'behavioral canalization'. We hypothesize that positive selection of hub genes of genetic networks stabilizes the genetic architecture for innate behaviors by reducing variation in the expression of interconnected network genes. Robustness of these stabilized networks would be protected from deleterious mutations by purifying selection or suppressing epistasis. We propose that, together with newly emerging favorable mutations, epistatically suppressed mutations can generate a reservoir of cryptic genetic variation that could give rise to decanalization when genetic backgrounds or environmental conditions change to allow behavioral adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R H Anholt
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
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6
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Boehm AC, Friedrich AB, Hunt S, Bandow P, Siju KP, De Backer JF, Claussen J, Link MH, Hofmann TF, Dawid C, Grunwald Kadow IC. A dopamine-gated learning circuit underpins reproductive state-dependent odor preference in Drosophila females. eLife 2022; 11:e77643. [PMID: 36129174 PMCID: PMC9536836 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motherhood induces a drastic, sometimes long-lasting, change in internal state and behavior in many female animals. How a change in reproductive state or the discrete event of mating modulates specific female behaviors is still incompletely understood. Using calcium imaging of the whole brain of Drosophila females, we find that mating does not induce a global change in brain activity. Instead, mating modulates the pheromone response of dopaminergic neurons innervating the fly's learning and memory center, the mushroom body (MB). Using the mating-induced increased attraction to the odor of important nutrients, polyamines, we show that disruption of the female fly's ability to smell, for instance the pheromone cVA, during mating leads to a reduction in polyamine preference for days later indicating that the odor environment at mating lastingly influences female perception and choice behavior. Moreover, dopaminergic neurons including innervation of the β'1 compartment are sufficient to induce the lasting behavioral increase in polyamine preference. We further show that MB output neurons (MBON) of the β'1 compartment are activated by pheromone odor and their activity during mating bidirectionally modulates preference behavior in mated and virgin females. Their activity is not required, however, for the expression of polyamine attraction. Instead, inhibition of another type of MBON innervating the β'2 compartment enables expression of high odor attraction. In addition, the response of a lateral horn (LH) neuron, AD1b2, which output is required for the expression of polyamine attraction, shows a modulated polyamine response after mating. Taken together, our data in the fly suggests that mating-related sensory experience regulates female odor perception and expression of choice behavior through a dopamine-gated learning circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane C Boehm
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMartinsriedGermany
| | - Anja B Friedrich
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
| | - Sydney Hunt
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
| | - Paul Bandow
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMartinsriedGermany
- ZIEL – Institute for Food and Health, Technical University Munich, School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
| | - KP Siju
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
| | - Jean Francois De Backer
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
| | - Julia Claussen
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
| | - Marie Helen Link
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
| | - Thomas F Hofmann
- ZIEL – Institute for Food and Health, Technical University Munich, School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory ScienceFreisingGermany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- ZIEL – Institute for Food and Health, Technical University Munich, School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory ScienceFreisingGermany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Neuronal Control of MetabolismFreisingGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMartinsriedGermany
- ZIEL – Institute for Food and Health, Technical University Munich, School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
- University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology IIBonnGermany
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7
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Hermanns T, Graf-Boxhorn S, Poeck B, Strauss R. Octopamine mediates sugar relief from a chronic-stress-induced depression-like state in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4048-4056.e3. [PMID: 35914533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, uncontrollable stress can result in psychiatric syndromes, including anxiety and major depressive disorder, in humans and mammalian disease models.1,2 Similarly, several days of chronic stress can induce depression-associated behavioral alteration in Drosophila accompanied by changes in biogenic amine levels in the adult brain.3-6 In our chronic stress paradigm, flies are subjected to 3 days of repetitive phases of 300 Hz vibrations combined with overcrowding and food deprivation. This treatment reduces voluntary behavioral activity, including the motivation to climb wide gaps (risk taking) and to stop for sweets (anhedonia), suggesting a depression-like state (DLS). These behavioral changes correlate with decreased serotonin release to the mushroom body (MB), a major behavioral control center in the central brain of the fly.7,8 Stressed flies are relieved from the DLS by feeding the anti-depressant serotonin precursor 5-HTP or the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Notably, feeding sucrose to stressed flies results in elevated serotonin levels in the brain and ameliorates the DLS.3 Here, we show that this sugar relief is mediated by the neurotransmitter octopamine signaled from ventral unpaired medial neurons located in the subesophageal ganglion. The octopamine signaling of sweet sensation is transmitted to the MB via the dopaminergic PAM neurons. In addition, neuronal-silencing experiments reveal that the serotonergic dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons innervating the MB are essential for sugar relief. Conversely, thermogenetic or optogenetic activation of DPMs can replace sweet sensation, elucidating that serotonergic signaling from DPMs takes part in positively modulating DLS-related behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hermanns
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonja Graf-Boxhorn
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Burkhard Poeck
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland Strauss
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Tao L, Bhandawat V. Mechanisms of Variability Underlying Odor-Guided Locomotion. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:871884. [PMID: 35600988 PMCID: PMC9115574 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.871884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in locomotion mediated by odors (odor-guided locomotion) are an important mechanism by which animals discover resources important to their survival. Odor-guided locomotion, like most other behaviors, is highly variable. Variability in behavior can arise at many nodes along the circuit that performs sensorimotor transformation. We review these sources of variability in the context of the Drosophila olfactory system. While these sources of variability are important, using a model for locomotion, we show that another important contributor to behavioral variability is the stochastic nature of decision-making during locomotion as well as the persistence of these decisions: Flies choose the speed and curvature stochastically from a distribution and locomote with the same speed and curvature for extended periods. This stochasticity in locomotion will result in variability in behavior even if there is no noise in sensorimotor transformation. Overall, the noise in sensorimotor transformation is amplified by mechanisms of locomotion making odor-guided locomotion in flies highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Tao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vikas Bhandawat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Liang T, Brinkman BAW. Evolution of innate behavioral strategies through competitive population dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009934. [PMID: 35286315 PMCID: PMC8947601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organism behaviors are innate or instinctual and have been "hard-coded" through evolution. Current approaches to understanding these behaviors model evolution as an optimization problem in which the traits of organisms are assumed to optimize an objective function representing evolutionary fitness. Here, we use a mechanistic birth-death dynamics approach to study the evolution of innate behavioral strategies in a simulated population of organisms. In particular, we performed agent-based stochastic simulations and mean-field analyses of organisms exploring random environments and competing with each other to find locations with plentiful resources. We find that when organism density is low, the mean-field model allows us to derive an effective objective function, predicting how the most competitive phenotypes depend on the exploration-exploitation trade-off between the scarcity of high-resource sites and the increase in birth rate those sites offer organisms. However, increasing organism density alters the most competitive behavioral strategies and precludes the derivation of a well-defined objective function. Moreover, there exists a range of densities for which the coexistence of many phenotypes persists for evolutionarily long times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Braden A. W. Brinkman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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10
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Abstract
Within populations, individuals show a variety of behavioral preferences, even in the absence of genetic or environmental variability. Neuromodulators affect these idiosyncratic preferences in a wide range of systems, however, the mechanism(s) by which they do so is unclear. I review the evidence supporting three broad mechanisms by which neuromodulators might affect variability in idiosyncratic behavioral preference: by being a source of variability directly upstream of behavior, by affecting the behavioral output of a circuit in a way that masks or accentuates underlying variability in that circuit, and by driving plasticity in circuits leading to either homeostatic convergence toward a given behavior or divergence from a developmental setpoint. I find evidence for each of these mechanisms and propose future directions to further understand the complex interplay between individual variability and neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Maloney
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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11
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Guo D, Zhang YJ, Zhang S, Li J, Guo C, Pan YF, Zhang N, Liu CX, Jia YL, Li CY, Ma JY, Nässel DR, Gao CF, Wu SF. Cholecystokinin-like peptide mediates satiety by inhibiting sugar attraction. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009724. [PMID: 34398892 PMCID: PMC8366971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding is essential for animal survival and reproduction and is regulated by both internal states and external stimuli. However, little is known about how internal states influence the perception of external sensory cues that regulate feeding behavior. Here, we investigated the neuronal and molecular mechanisms behind nutritional state-mediated regulation of gustatory perception in control of feeding behavior in the brown planthopper and Drosophila. We found that feeding increases the expression of the cholecystokinin-like peptide, sulfakinin (SK), and the activity of a set of SK-expressing neurons. Starvation elevates the transcription of the sugar receptor Gr64f and SK negatively regulates the expression of Gr64f in both insects. Interestingly, we found that one of the two known SK receptors, CCKLR-17D3, is expressed by some of Gr64f-expressing neurons in the proboscis and proleg tarsi. Thus, we have identified SK as a neuropeptide signal in a neuronal circuitry that responds to food intake, and regulates feeding behavior by diminishing gustatory receptor gene expression and activity of sweet sensing GRNs. Our findings demonstrate one nutritional state-dependent pathway that modulates sweet perception and thereby feeding behavior, but our experiments cannot exclude further parallel pathways. Importantly, we show that the underlying mechanisms are conserved in the two distantly related insect species. Food intake is critical for animal survival and reproduction and is regulated both by internal states that signal appetite or satiety, and by external sensory stimuli. It is well known that the internal nutritional state influences the strength of the chemosensory perception of food signals. Thus, both gustatory and olfactory signals of preferred food are strengthened in hungry animals. However, the molecular mechanisms behind satiety-mediated modulation of taste are still not known. We show here that cholecystokinin-like (SK) peptide in brown planthopper and Drosophila signals satiety and inhibits sugar attraction by lowering the activity of sweet-sensing gustatory neurons and transcription of a sugar receptor gene, Gr64f. We show that SK peptide signaling reflects the nutritional state and inhibits feeding behavior. Re-feeding after starvation increases SK peptide expression and spontaneous activity of SK producing neurons. Interestingly, we found that SK peptide negatively regulates the expression of the sweet gustatory receptor and that activation of SK producing neurons inhibits the activity of sweet-sensing gustatory neurons (GRNs). Furthermore, we found that one of the two known SK peptide receptors is expressed in some sweet-sensing GRNs in the proboscis and proleg tarsi. In summary, our findings provide a mechanism that is conserved in distantly related insects and which explains how feeding state modulates sweet perception to regulate feeding behavior. Thus, we have identified a neuropeptide signal and its neuronal circuitry that respond to satiety, and that regulate feeding behavior by inhibiting gustatory receptor gene expression and activity of sweet sensing GRNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Jie Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Feng Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Xi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Long Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Yu Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Yu Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cong-Fen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Traniello IM, Robinson GE. Neural and Molecular Mechanisms of Biological Embedding of Social Interactions. Annu Rev Neurosci 2021; 44:109-128. [PMID: 34236891 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092820-012959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animals operate in complex environments, and salient social information is encoded in the nervous system and then processed to initiate adaptive behavior. This encoding involves biological embedding, the process by which social experience affects the brain to influence future behavior. Biological embedding is an important conceptual framework for understanding social decision-making in the brain, as it encompasses multiple levels of organization that regulate how information is encoded and used to modify behavior. The framework we emphasize here is that social stimuli provoke short-term changes in neural activity that lead to changes in gene expression on longer timescales. This process, simplified-neurons are for today and genes are for tomorrow-enables the assessment of the valence of a social interaction, an appropriate and rapid response, and subsequent modification of neural circuitry to change future behavioral inclinations in anticipation of environmental changes. We review recent research on the neural and molecular basis of biological embedding in the context of social interactions, with a special focus on the honeybee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Traniello
- Neuroscience Program and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Gene E Robinson
- Neuroscience Program and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; .,Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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13
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Bolton LG, Piñero JC, Barrett BA. Olfactory Cues From Host- and Non-host Plant Odor Influence the Behavioral Responses of Adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to Visual Cues. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:571-579. [PMID: 33590858 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While trapping methods for Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) have typically relied on fermentation volatiles alone or in association with a visual stimulus, the relative contribution of visual and olfactory stimuli to the food- and host-seeking behavior of D. suzukii is poorly understood. This study quantified the type of response exhibited by male and female D. suzukii to color and the effects that volatiles (fermentation, fresh fruit, and leaf) exert on the outcome. Seven-, four- and two-choice assays were used to quantify interactions between visual and olfactory cues. When no volatiles were present in a seven-choice assay, D. suzukii preferred red, black, and green pigments. Black and red were preferred when yeast odors were present, and black alone was the most attractive color when blueberry odor was present. A strawberry leaf terpenoid, β-cyclocitral, seemed to have overridden the flies' response to color. In four-choice assays, blueberry odor was more likely to interact synergistically with color than yeast or β-cyclocitral. This study demonstrates that D. suzukii modulates the response to multimodal sensory modalities (vision and olfaction) depending, to some extent, on the type of olfactory stimuli. Our findings also provide insight into the relative importance of vision as a function of odor quality in this invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grant Bolton
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jaime C Piñero
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Bruce A Barrett
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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14
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Schlegel P, Bates AS, Stürner T, Jagannathan SR, Drummond N, Hsu J, Serratosa Capdevila L, Javier A, Marin EC, Barth-Maron A, Tamimi IFM, Li F, Rubin GM, Plaza SM, Costa M, Jefferis GSXE. Information flow, cell types and stereotypy in a full olfactory connectome. eLife 2021; 10:e66018. [PMID: 34032214 PMCID: PMC8298098 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemibrain connectome provides large-scale connectivity and morphology information for the majority of the central brain of Drosophila melanogaster. Using this data set, we provide a complete description of the Drosophila olfactory system, covering all first, second and lateral horn-associated third-order neurons. We develop a generally applicable strategy to extract information flow and layered organisation from connectome graphs, mapping olfactory input to descending interneurons. This identifies a range of motifs including highly lateralised circuits in the antennal lobe and patterns of convergence downstream of the mushroom body and lateral horn. Leveraging a second data set we provide a first quantitative assessment of inter- versus intra-individual stereotypy. Comparing neurons across two brains (three hemispheres) reveals striking similarity in neuronal morphology across brains. Connectivity correlates with morphology and neurons of the same morphological type show similar connection variability within the same brain as across two brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schlegel
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Tomke Stürner
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Nikolas Drummond
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hsu
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | | | - Alexandre Javier
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C Marin
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Asa Barth-Maron
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Imaan FM Tamimi
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Feng Li
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Stephen M Plaza
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Marta Costa
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gregory S X E Jefferis
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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15
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Mahishi D, Triphan T, Hesse R, Huetteroth W. The Panopticon-Assessing the Effect of Starvation on Prolonged Fly Activity and Place Preference. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:640146. [PMID: 33841109 PMCID: PMC8026880 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.640146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behaviours are demonstrably governed by sensory stimulation, previous experience and internal states like hunger. With increasing hunger, priorities shift towards foraging and feeding. During foraging, flies are known to employ efficient path integration strategies. However, general long-term activity patterns for both hungry and satiated flies in conditions of foraging remain to be better understood. Similarly, little is known about how permanent contact chemosensory stimulation affects locomotion. To address these questions, we have developed a novel, simplistic fly activity tracking setup—the Panopticon. Using a 3D-printed Petri dish inset, our assay allows recording of walking behaviour, of several flies in parallel, with all arena surfaces covered by a uniform substrate layer. We tested two constellations of providing food: (i) in single patches and (ii) omnipresent within the substrate layer. Fly tracking is done with FIJI, further assessment, analysis and presentation is done with a custom-built MATLAB analysis framework. We find that starvation history leads to a long-lasting reduction in locomotion, as well as a delayed place preference for food patches which seems to be not driven by immediate hunger motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Mahishi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilman Triphan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ricarda Hesse
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolf Huetteroth
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Scaplen KM, Talay M, Fisher JD, Cohn R, Sorkaç A, Aso Y, Barnea G, Kaun KR. Transsynaptic mapping of Drosophila mushroom body output neurons. eLife 2021; 10:e63379. [PMID: 33570489 PMCID: PMC7877909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mushroom body (MB) is a well-characterized associative memory structure within the Drosophila brain. Analyzing MB connectivity using multiple approaches is critical for understanding the functional implications of this structure. Using the genetic anterograde transsynaptic tracing tool, trans-Tango, we identified divergent projections across the brain and convergent downstream targets of the MB output neurons (MBONs). Our analysis revealed at least three separate targets that receive convergent input from MBONs: other MBONs, the fan-shaped body (FSB), and the lateral accessory lobe (LAL). We describe, both anatomically and functionally, a multilayer circuit in which inhibitory and excitatory MBONs converge on the same genetic subset of FSB and LAL neurons. This circuit architecture enables the brain to update and integrate information with previous experience before executing appropriate behavioral responses. Our use of trans-Tango provides a genetically accessible anatomical framework for investigating the functional relevance of components within these complex and interconnected circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Department of Psychology, Bryant UniversitySmithfieldUnited States
- Center for Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bryant UniversitySmithfieldUnited States
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - John D Fisher
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Raphael Cohn
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Altar Sorkaç
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Yoshi Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
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17
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Wang M, Witvliet D, Wu M, Kang L, Shao Z. Temperature regulates synaptic subcellular specificity mediated by inhibitory glutamate signaling. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009295. [PMID: 33428618 PMCID: PMC7822552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as temperature affect neuronal activity and development. However, it remains unknown whether and how they affect synaptic subcellular specificity. Here, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans AIY interneurons as a model, we found that high cultivation temperature robustly induces defects in synaptic subcellular specificity through glutamatergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, we determined that the functional glutamate is mainly released by the ASH sensory neurons and sensed by two conserved inhibitory glutamate-gated chloride channels GLC-3 and GLC-4 in AIY. Our work not only presents a novel neurotransmission-dependent mechanism underlying the synaptic subcellular specificity, but also provides a potential mechanistic insight into high-temperature-induced neurological defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Witvliet
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mengting Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Kobler JM, Rodriguez Jimenez FJ, Petcu I, Grunwald Kadow IC. Immune Receptor Signaling and the Mushroom Body Mediate Post-ingestion Pathogen Avoidance. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4693-4709.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Hadjieconomou D, King G, Gaspar P, Mineo A, Blackie L, Ameku T, Studd C, de Mendoza A, Diao F, White BH, Brown AEX, Plaçais PY, Préat T, Miguel-Aliaga I. Enteric neurons increase maternal food intake during reproduction. Nature 2020; 587:455-459. [PMID: 33116314 PMCID: PMC7610780 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction induces increased food intake across females of many animal species1-4, providing a physiologically relevant paradigm for the exploration of appetite regulation. Here, by examining the diversity of enteric neurons in Drosophila melanogaster, we identify a key role for gut-innervating neurons with sex- and reproductive state-specific activity in sustaining the increased food intake of mothers during reproduction. Steroid and enteroendocrine hormones functionally remodel these neurons, which leads to the release of their neuropeptide onto the muscles of the crop-a stomach-like organ-after mating. Neuropeptide release changes the dynamics of crop enlargement, resulting in increased food intake, and preventing the post-mating remodelling of enteric neurons reduces both reproductive hyperphagia and reproductive fitness. The plasticity of enteric neurons is therefore key to reproductive success. Our findings provide a mechanism to attain the positive energy balance that sustains gestation, dysregulation of which could contribute to infertility or weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafni Hadjieconomou
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - George King
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pedro Gaspar
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Mineo
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Blackie
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tomotsune Ameku
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Studd
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex de Mendoza
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fengqiu Diao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin H White
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - André E X Brown
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pierre-Yves Plaçais
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Préat
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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20
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Takeishi A, Yeon J, Harris N, Yang W, Sengupta P. Feeding state functionally reconfigures a sensory circuit to drive thermosensory behavioral plasticity. eLife 2020; 9:e61167. [PMID: 33074105 PMCID: PMC7644224 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal state alters sensory behaviors to optimize survival strategies. The neuronal mechanisms underlying hunger-dependent behavioral plasticity are not fully characterized. Here we show that feeding state alters C. elegans thermotaxis behavior by engaging a modulatory circuit whose activity gates the output of the core thermotaxis network. Feeding state does not alter the activity of the core thermotaxis circuit comprised of AFD thermosensory and AIY interneurons. Instead, prolonged food deprivation potentiates temperature responses in the AWC sensory neurons, which inhibit the postsynaptic AIA interneurons to override and disrupt AFD-driven thermotaxis behavior. Acute inhibition and activation of AWC and AIA, respectively, restores negative thermotaxis in starved animals. We find that state-dependent modulation of AWC-AIA temperature responses requires INS-1 insulin-like peptide signaling from the gut and DAF-16/FOXO function in AWC. Our results describe a mechanism by which functional reconfiguration of a sensory network via gut-brain signaling drives state-dependent behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Takeishi
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Jihye Yeon
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Nathan Harris
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
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21
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Siju KP, Štih V, Aimon S, Gjorgjieva J, Portugues R, Grunwald Kadow IC. Valence and State-Dependent Population Coding in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Fly Mushroom Body. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2104-2115.e4. [PMID: 32386530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulation permits flexibility of synapses, neural circuits, and ultimately behavior. One neuromodulator, dopamine, has been studied extensively in its role as a reward signal during learning and memory across animal species. Newer evidence suggests that dopaminergic neurons (DANs) can modulate sensory perception acutely, thereby allowing an animal to adapt its behavior and decision making to its internal and behavioral state. In addition, some data indicate that DANs are not homogeneous but rather convey different types of information as a heterogeneous population. We have investigated DAN population activity and how it could encode relevant information about sensory stimuli and state by taking advantage of the confined anatomy of DANs innervating the mushroom body (MB) of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. Using in vivo calcium imaging and a custom 3D image registration method, we found that the activity of the population of MB DANs encodes innate valence information of an odor or taste as well as the physiological state of the animal. Furthermore, DAN population activity is strongly correlated with movement, consistent with a role of dopamine in conveying behavioral state to the MB. Altogether, our data and analysis suggest that DAN population activities encode innate odor and taste valence, movement, and physiological state in a MB-compartment-specific manner. We propose that dopamine shapes innate perception through combinatorial population coding of sensory valence, physiological, and behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Siju
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vilim Štih
- Sensorimotor Control Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sophie Aimon
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruben Portugues
- Sensorimotor Control Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; ZIEL-Institute of Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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22
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Modi MN, Shuai Y, Turner GC. The Drosophila Mushroom Body: From Architecture to Algorithm in a Learning Circuit. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020; 43:465-484. [PMID: 32283995 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-0621333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila brain contains a relatively simple circuit for forming Pavlovian associations, yet it achieves many operations common across memory systems. Recent advances have established a clear framework for Drosophila learning and revealed the following key operations: a) pattern separation, whereby dense combinatorial representations of odors are preprocessed to generate highly specific, nonoverlapping odor patterns used for learning; b) convergence, in which sensory information is funneled to a small set of output neurons that guide behavioral actions; c) plasticity, where changing the mapping of sensory input to behavioral output requires a strong reinforcement signal, which is also modulated by internal state and environmental context; and d) modularization, in which a memory consists of multiple parallel traces, which are distinct in stability and flexibility and exist in anatomically well-defined modules within the network. Cross-module interactions allow for higher-order effects where past experience influences future learning. Many of these operations have parallels with processes of memory formation and action selection in more complex brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrab N Modi
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA;
| | - Yichun Shuai
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA;
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23
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Abstract
The field has successfully used Drosophila genetic tools to identify neurons and sub-circuits important for specific functions. However, for an organism with complex and changing internal states to succeed in a complex and changing natural environment, many neurons and circuits need to interact dynamically. Drosophila's many advantages, combined with new imaging tools, offer unique opportunities to study how the brain functions as a complex dynamical system. We give an overview of complex activity patterns and how they can be observed, as well as modeling strategies, adding proof of principle in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Aimon
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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24
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Münch D, Ezra-Nevo G, Francisco AP, Tastekin I, Ribeiro C. Nutrient homeostasis - translating internal states to behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 60:67-75. [PMID: 31816522 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience aims to describe a causal relationship between neuronal processes and behavior. Animals' ever-changing physiological needs alter their internal states. Internal states then alter neuronal processes to adapt the behavior of the animal enabling it to meet its needs. Here, we describe nutrient-specific appetites as an attractive framework to study how internal states shape complex neuronal processes and resulting behavioral outcomes. Understanding how neurons detect nutrient states and how these are integrated at the level of neuronal circuits will provide a multilevel description of the mechanisms underlying complex feeding and foraging decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Münch
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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25
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Amin H, Lin AC. Neuronal mechanisms underlying innate and learned olfactory processing in Drosophila. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 36:9-17. [PMID: 31280185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction allows animals to adapt their behavior in response to different chemical cues in their environment. How does the brain efficiently discriminate different odors to drive appropriate behavior, and how does it flexibly assign value to odors to adjust behavior according to experience? This review traces neuronal mechanisms underlying these processes in adult Drosophila melanogaster from olfactory receptors to higher brain centers. We highlight neural circuit principles such as lateral inhibition, segregation and integration of olfactory channels, temporal accumulation of sensory evidence, and compartmentalized synaptic plasticity underlying associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoger Amin
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Lin
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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26
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Random Walk Revisited: Quantification and Comparative Analysis of Drosophila Walking Trajectories. iScience 2019; 19:1145-1159. [PMID: 31541919 PMCID: PMC6831876 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking trajectory is frequently measured to assess animal behavior. Air-supported spherical treadmills have been developed for real-time monitoring of animal walking trajectories. However, current systems for mice mainly employ computer mouse microcameras (chip-on-board sensors) to monitor ball motion, and these detectors exhibit technical issues with focus and rotation scale. In addition, computational methods to analyze and quantify the “random walk” of organisms are under-developed. In this work, we overcame the hurdle of frame-to-signal translation to develop a treadmill system with camera-based detection. Moreover, we generated a package of mathematical methods to quantify distinct aspects of Drosophila walking trajectories. By extracting and quantifying certain features of walking dynamics with high temporal resolution, we found that depending on their internal state, flies employ different walking strategies to approach environmental cues. This camera-based treadmill system and method package may also be applicable to monitor the walking trajectories of other diverse animal species. A camera-mode treadmill system was built to track Drosophila walking trajectories Four key features were identified to describe walking strategies Ball rotation is indispensable for full characterization of trajectories Fed and starved control flies show no obvious differences in their random walk
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Sayin S, De Backer JF, Siju KP, Wosniack ME, Lewis LP, Frisch LM, Gansen B, Schlegel P, Edmondson-Stait A, Sharifi N, Fisher CB, Calle-Schuler SA, Lauritzen JS, Bock DD, Costa M, Jefferis GSXE, Gjorgjieva J, Grunwald Kadow IC. A Neural Circuit Arbitrates between Persistence and Withdrawal in Hungry Drosophila. Neuron 2019; 104:544-558.e6. [PMID: 31471123 PMCID: PMC6839618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of food, hungry animals mobilize significant energy resources and overcome exhaustion and fear. How need and motivation control the decision to continue or change behavior is not understood. Using a single fly treadmill, we show that hungry flies persistently track a food odor and increase their effort over repeated trials in the absence of reward suggesting that need dominates negative experience. We further show that odor tracking is regulated by two mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) connecting the MB to the lateral horn. These MBONs, together with dopaminergic neurons and Dop1R2 signaling, control behavioral persistence. Conversely, an octopaminergic neuron, VPM4, which directly innervates one of the MBONs, acts as a brake on odor tracking by connecting feeding and olfaction. Together, our data suggest a function for the MB in internal state-dependent expression of behavior that can be suppressed by external inputs conveying a competing behavioral drive. Hunger motivates persistent food odor tracking even without reward Two synaptically connected MBONs, -γ1pedc>αβ and -α2sc, regulate odor tracking Octopamine neurons connect feeding and counteract MBON and odor tracking Dopaminergic neurons and Dop1R2 signaling promote persistent tracking
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Sayin
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - K P Siju
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marina E Wosniack
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Computation in Neural Circuits Group, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laurence P Lewis
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Chemosensory Coding Group, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Frisch
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benedikt Gansen
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Philipp Schlegel
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Amelia Edmondson-Stait
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Davi D Bock
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Marta Costa
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Gregory S X E Jefferis
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Computation in Neural Circuits Group, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for food and health, 85354 Freising, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Chemosensory Coding Group, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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28
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Brenman-Suttner DB, Yost RT, Frame AK, Robinson JW, Moehring AJ, Simon AF. Social behavior and aging: A fly model. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 19:e12598. [PMID: 31286644 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of behavioral genetics has recently begun to explore the effect of age on social behaviors. Such studies are particularly important, as certain neuropsychiatric disorders with abnormal social interactions, like autism and schizophrenia, have been linked to older parents. Appropriate social interaction can also have a positive impact on longevity, and is associated with successful aging in humans. Currently, there are few genetic models for understanding the effect of aging on social behavior and its potential transgenerational inheritance. The fly is emerging as a powerful model for identifying the basic molecular mechanisms underlying neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss these recent advancements, with a focus on how studies in Drosophila melanogaster have provided insight into the effect of aging on aspects of social behavior, including across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dova B Brenman-Suttner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryley T Yost
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel K Frame
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Wesley Robinson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J Moehring
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne F Simon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Waddell S, Sjöström PJ. Editorial overview: Neurobiology of learning and plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 54:iii-vi. [PMID: 30712705 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Waddell
- University of Oxford, Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Per Jesper Sjöström
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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