1
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Bashkirova EV, Klimpert N, Monahan K, Campbell CE, Osinski J, Tan L, Schieren I, Pourmorady A, Stecky B, Barnea G, Xie XS, Abdus-Saboor I, Shykind BM, Marlin BJ, Gronostajski RM, Fleischmann A, Lomvardas S. Opposing, spatially-determined epigenetic forces impose restrictions on stochastic olfactory receptor choice. eLife 2023; 12:RP87445. [PMID: 38108811 PMCID: PMC10727497 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptor (OR) choice represents an example of genetically hardwired stochasticity, where every olfactory neuron expresses one out of ~2000 OR alleles in the mouse genome in a probabilistic, yet stereotypic fashion. Here, we propose that topographic restrictions in OR expression are established in neuronal progenitors by two opposing forces: polygenic transcription and genomic silencing, both of which are influenced by dorsoventral gradients of transcription factors NFIA, B, and X. Polygenic transcription of OR genes may define spatially constrained OR repertoires, among which one OR allele is selected for singular expression later in development. Heterochromatin assembly and genomic compartmentalization of OR alleles also vary across the axes of the olfactory epithelium and may preferentially eliminate ectopically expressed ORs with more dorsal expression destinations from this 'privileged' repertoire. Our experiments identify early transcription as a potential 'epigenetic' contributor to future developmental patterning and reveal how two spatially responsive probabilistic processes may act in concert to establish deterministic, precise, and reproducible territories of stochastic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta V Bashkirova
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Nell Klimpert
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine and Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Kevin Monahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers UniversityNewarkUnited States
| | - Christine E Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life SciencesBuffaloUnited States
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life SciencesBuffaloUnited States
| | - Jason Osinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life SciencesBuffaloUnited States
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life SciencesBuffaloUnited States
| | - Longzhi Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Ira Schieren
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ariel Pourmorady
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Beka Stecky
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine and Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
- Beijing Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ishmail Abdus-Saboor
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Benjamin M Shykind
- Prevail Therapeutics- a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and CompanyNew YorkUnited States
| | - Bianca J Marlin
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life SciencesBuffaloUnited States
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life SciencesBuffaloUnited States
| | - Alexander Fleischmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine and Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Stavros Lomvardas
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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2
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Bashkirova EV, Klimpert N, Monahan K, Campbell CE, Osinski JM, Tan L, Schieren I, Pourmorady A, Stecky B, Barnea G, Xie XS, Abdus-Saboor I, Shykind B, Jones-Marlin B, Gronostajski RM, Fleischmann A, Lomvardas S. Opposing, spatially-determined epigenetic forces impose restrictions on stochastic olfactory receptor choice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.15.532726. [PMID: 36993168 PMCID: PMC10055043 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory receptor (OR) choice represents an example of genetically hardwired stochasticity, where every olfactory neuron expresses one out of ~2000 OR alleles in a probabilistic, yet stereotypic fashion. Here, we propose that topographic restrictions in OR expression are established in neuronal progenitors by two opposing forces: polygenic transcription and genomic silencing, both of which are influenced by dorsoventral gradients of transcription factors NFIA, B, and X. Polygenic transcription of OR genes may define spatially constrained OR repertoires, among which one OR allele is selected for singular expression later in development. Heterochromatin assembly and genomic compartmentalization of OR alleles also vary across the axes of the olfactory epithelium and may preferentially eliminate ectopically expressed ORs with more dorsal expression destinations from this "privileged" repertoire. Our experiments identify early transcription as a potential "epigenetic" contributor to future developmental patterning and reveal how two spatially responsive probabilistic processes may act in concert to establish deterministic, precise, and reproducible territories of stochastic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta V Bashkirova
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nell Klimpert
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine and Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kevin Monahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Christine E Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jason M Osinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Longzhi Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Ira Schieren
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Ariel Pourmorady
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Beka Stecky
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine and Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - X Sunnie Xie
- Beijing Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ishmail Abdus-Saboor
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Benjamin Shykind
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine and Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bianca Jones-Marlin
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University at Buffalo and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Fleischmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine and Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stavros Lomvardas
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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3
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Sorkaç A, Moșneanu RA, Crown AM, Savaş D, Okoro AM, Memiş E, Talay M, Barnea G. retro-Tango enables versatile retrograde circuit tracing in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:e85041. [PMID: 37166114 PMCID: PMC10208638 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transsynaptic tracing methods are crucial tools in studying neural circuits. Although a couple of anterograde tracing methods and a targeted retrograde tool have been developed in Drosophila melanogaster, there is still need for an unbiased, user-friendly, and flexible retrograde tracing system. Here, we describe retro-Tango, a method for transsynaptic, retrograde circuit tracing and manipulation in Drosophila. In this genetically encoded system, a ligand-receptor interaction at the synapse triggers an intracellular signaling cascade that results in reporter gene expression in presynaptic neurons. Importantly, panneuronal expression of the elements of the cascade renders this method versatile, enabling its use not only to test hypotheses but also to generate them. We validate retro-Tango in various circuits and benchmark it by comparing our findings with the electron microscopy reconstruction of the Drosophila hemibrain. Our experiments establish retro-Tango as a key method for circuit tracing in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar Sorkaç
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Rareș A Moșneanu
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Anthony M Crown
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Doruk Savaş
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Angel M Okoro
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Ezgi Memiş
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
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4
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Coomer C, Naumova D, Talay M, Zolyomi B, Snell N, Sorkac A, Chanchu JM, Cheng J, Roman I, Li J, Robson D, Barnea G, Halpern ME. Transsynaptic labeling and transcriptional control of zebrafish neural circuits. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.03.535421. [PMID: 37066422 PMCID: PMC10103993 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the connectome, the ensemble of synaptic connections that underlie brain function is a central goal of neuroscience research. The trans-Tango genetic approach, initially developed for anterograde transsynaptic tracing in Drosophila, can be used to map connections between presynaptic and postsynaptic partners and to drive gene expression in target neurons. Here, we describe the successful adaptation of trans-Tango to visualize neural connections in a living vertebrate nervous system, that of the zebrafish. Connections were validated between synaptic partners in the larval retina and brain. Results were corroborated by functional experiments in which optogenetic activation of retinal ganglion cells elicited responses in neurons of the optic tectum, as measured by trans-Tango-dependent expression of a genetically encoded calcium indicator. Transsynaptic signaling through trans-Tango reveals predicted as well as previously undescribed synaptic connections, providing a valuable in vivo tool to monitor and interrogate neural circuits over time.
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5
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Snell NJ, Fisher JD, Hartmann GG, Zolyomi B, Talay M, Barnea G. Complex representation of taste quality by second-order gustatory neurons in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3758-3772.e4. [PMID: 35973432 PMCID: PMC9474709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sweet and bitter compounds excite different sensory cells and drive opposing behaviors. However, it remains unclear how sweet and bitter tastes are represented by the neural circuits linking sensation to behavior. To investigate this question in Drosophila, we devised trans-Tango(activity), a strategy for calcium imaging of second-order gustatory projection neurons based on trans-Tango, a genetic transsynaptic tracing technique. We found spatial overlap between the projection neuron populations activated by sweet and bitter tastants. The spatial representation of bitter tastants in the projection neurons was consistent, while that of sweet tastants was heterogeneous. Furthermore, we discovered that bitter tastants evoke responses in the gustatory receptor neurons and projection neurons upon both stimulus onset and offset and that bitter offset and sweet onset excite overlapping second-order projections. These findings demonstrate an unexpected complexity in the representation of sweet and bitter tastants by second-order neurons of the gustatory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Snell
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - John D Fisher
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Griffin G Hartmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Bence Zolyomi
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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6
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Fei A, Wu W, Tan L, Tang C, Xu Z, Huo X, Bao H, Kong Y, Johnson M, Hartmann G, Talay M, Yang C, Riegler C, Herrera KJ, Engert F, Xie XS, Barnea G, Liberles SD, Yang H, Li Q. Coordination of two enhancers drives expression of olfactory trace amine-associated receptors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3798. [PMID: 34145235 PMCID: PMC8213717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are functionally defined by their expression of a unique odorant receptor (OR). Mechanisms underlying singular OR expression are well studied, and involve a massive cross-chromosomal enhancer interaction network. Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) form a distinct family of olfactory receptors, and here we find that mechanisms regulating Taar gene choice display many unique features. The epigenetic signature of Taar genes in TAAR OSNs is different from that in OR OSNs. We further identify that two TAAR enhancers conserved across placental mammals are absolutely required for expression of the entire Taar gene repertoire. Deletion of either enhancer dramatically decreases the expression probabilities of different Taar genes, while deletion of both enhancers completely eliminates the TAAR OSN populations. In addition, both of the enhancers are sufficient to drive transgene expression in the partially overlapped TAAR OSNs. We also show that the TAAR enhancers operate in cis to regulate Taar gene expression. Our findings reveal a coordinated control of Taar gene choice in OSNs by two remote enhancers, and provide an excellent model to study molecular mechanisms underlying formation of an olfactory subsystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Fei
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longzhi Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cheng Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brian-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengrong Xu
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaona Huo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brian-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongqiang Bao
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalei Kong
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Griffin Hartmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Cheng Yang
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemens Riegler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristian J Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florian Engert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brian-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Scaplen KM, Talay M, Fisher JD, Cohn R, Sorkaç A, Aso Y, Barnea G, Kaun KR. Transsynaptic mapping of Drosophila mushroom body output neurons. eLife 2021; 10:e63379. [PMID: 33570489 PMCID: PMC7877909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mushroom body (MB) is a well-characterized associative memory structure within the Drosophila brain. Analyzing MB connectivity using multiple approaches is critical for understanding the functional implications of this structure. Using the genetic anterograde transsynaptic tracing tool, trans-Tango, we identified divergent projections across the brain and convergent downstream targets of the MB output neurons (MBONs). Our analysis revealed at least three separate targets that receive convergent input from MBONs: other MBONs, the fan-shaped body (FSB), and the lateral accessory lobe (LAL). We describe, both anatomically and functionally, a multilayer circuit in which inhibitory and excitatory MBONs converge on the same genetic subset of FSB and LAL neurons. This circuit architecture enables the brain to update and integrate information with previous experience before executing appropriate behavioral responses. Our use of trans-Tango provides a genetically accessible anatomical framework for investigating the functional relevance of components within these complex and interconnected circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Department of Psychology, Bryant UniversitySmithfieldUnited States
- Center for Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bryant UniversitySmithfieldUnited States
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - John D Fisher
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Raphael Cohn
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Altar Sorkaç
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Yoshi Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
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8
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Scaplen KM, Talay M, Nunez KM, Salamon S, Waterman AG, Gang S, Song SL, Barnea G, Kaun KR. Circuits that encode and guide alcohol-associated preference. eLife 2020; 9:48730. [PMID: 32497004 PMCID: PMC7272191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A powerful feature of adaptive memory is its inherent flexibility. Alcohol and other addictive substances can remold neural circuits important for memory to reduce this flexibility. However, the mechanism through which pertinent circuits are selected and shaped remains unclear. We show that circuits required for alcohol-associated preference shift from population level dopaminergic activation to select dopamine neurons that predict behavioral choice in Drosophila melanogaster. During memory expression, subsets of dopamine neurons directly and indirectly modulate the activity of interconnected glutamatergic and cholinergic mushroom body output neurons (MBON). Transsynaptic tracing of neurons important for memory expression revealed a convergent center of memory consolidation within the mushroom body (MB) implicated in arousal, and a structure outside the MB implicated in integration of naïve and learned responses. These findings provide a circuit framework through which dopamine neuronal activation shifts from reward delivery to cue onset, and provide insight into the maladaptive nature of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Kavin M Nunez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Sarah Salamon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amanda G Waterman
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Sydney Gang
- Department of Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Sophia L Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
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9
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Abstract
In Drosophila, the four inner photoreceptor neurons exhibit overlapping but distinct spectral sensitivities and mediate behaviors that reflect spectral preference. We developed a genetic strategy, Tango-Trace, that has permitted the identification of the connections of the four chromatic photoreceptors. Each of the four stochastically distributed chromatic photoreceptor subtypes make distinct connections in the medulla with four different TmY cells. Moreover, each class of TmY cells forms a retinotopic map in both the medulla and the lobula complex, generating four overlapping topographic maps that could carry different color information. Thus, the four inner photoreceptors transmit spectral information through distinct channels that may converge in both the medulla and lobula complex. These projections could provide an anatomic basis for color vision and may relay information about color to motion sensitive areas. Moreover, the Tango-Trace strategy we used may be applied more generally to identify neural circuits in the fly brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Jagadish
- Department of Neuroscience and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Richard Axel
- Department of Neuroscience and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The olfactory system remains plastic throughout life because of continuous neurogenesis of sensory neurons in the nose and inhibitory interneurons in the olfactory bulb. Here, we reveal that transgenic expression of an odorant receptor has non-cell autonomous effects on axons expressing this receptor from the endogenous gene. Perinatal expression of transgenic odorant receptor causes rerouting of like axons to new glomeruli, whereas expression after the sensory map is established does not lead to rerouting. Further, chemical ablation of the map after rerouting does not restore the normal map, even when the transgenic receptor is no longer expressed. Our results reveal that glomeruli are designated as targets for sensory neurons expressing specific odorant receptors during a critical period in the formation of the olfactory sensory map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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11
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Lyons DB, Allen WE, Goh T, Tsai L, Barnea G, Lomvardas S. An epigenetic trap stabilizes singular olfactory receptor expression. Cell 2013; 154:325-36. [PMID: 23870122 PMCID: PMC3929589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating olfactory receptor (OR) expression in the mammalian nose are not yet understood. Here, we identify the transient expression of histone demethylase LSD1 and the OR-dependent expression of adenylyl cyclase 3 (Adcy3) as requirements for initiation and stabilization of OR expression. As a transcriptional coactivator, LSD1 is necessary for desilencing and initiating OR transcription, but as a transcriptional corepressor, it is incompatible with maintenance of OR expression, and its downregulation is imperative for stable OR choice. Adcy3, a sensor of OR expression and a transmitter of an OR-elicited feedback, mediates the downregulation of LSD1 and promotes the differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). This novel, three-node signaling cascade locks the epigenetic state of the chosen OR, stabilizes its singular expression, and prevents the transcriptional activation of additional OR alleles for the life of the neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Lyons
- Tetrad Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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12
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Clowney EJ, LeGros MA, Mosley CP, Clowney FG, Markenskoff-Papadimitriou EC, Myllys M, Barnea G, Larabell CA, Lomvardas S. Nuclear aggregation of olfactory receptor genes governs their monogenic expression. Cell 2012; 151:724-737. [PMID: 23141535 PMCID: PMC3659163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene positioning and regulation of nuclear architecture are thought to influence gene expression. Here, we show that, in mouse olfactory neurons, silent olfactory receptor (OR) genes from different chromosomes converge in a small number of heterochromatic foci. These foci are OR exclusive and form in a cell-type-specific and differentiation-dependent manner. The aggregation of OR genes is developmentally synchronous with the downregulation of lamin b receptor (LBR) and can be reversed by ectopic expression of LBR in mature olfactory neurons. LBR-induced reorganization of nuclear architecture and disruption of OR aggregates perturbs the singularity of OR transcription and disrupts the targeting specificity of the olfactory neurons. Our observations propose spatial sequestering of heterochromatinized OR family members as a basis of monogenic and monoallelic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Josephine Clowney
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark A LeGros
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colleen P Mosley
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fiona G Clowney
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Markko Myllys
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Carolyn A Larabell
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stavros Lomvardas
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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13
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Magklara A, Yen A, Colquitt BM, Clowney EJ, Allen W, Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E, Evans ZA, Kheradpour P, Mountoufaris G, Carey C, Barnea G, Kellis M, Lomvardas S. An epigenetic signature for monoallelic olfactory receptor expression. Cell 2011; 145:555-70. [PMID: 21529909 PMCID: PMC3094500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive heterochromatin is traditionally viewed as the static form of heterochromatin that silences pericentromeric and telomeric repeats in a cell cycle- and differentiation-independent manner. Here, we show that, in the mouse olfactory epithelium, olfactory receptor (OR) genes are marked in a highly dynamic fashion with the molecular hallmarks of constitutive heterochromatin, H3K9me3 and H4K20me3. The cell type and developmentally dependent deposition of these marks along the OR clusters are, most likely, reversed during the process of OR choice to allow for monogenic and monoallelic OR expression. In contrast to the current view of OR choice, our data suggest that OR silencing takes place before OR expression, indicating that it is not the product of an OR-elicited feedback signal. Our findings suggest that chromatin-mediated silencing lays a molecular foundation upon which singular and stochastic selection for gene expression can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Magklara
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Angela Yen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bradley M. Colquitt
- Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - E. Josephine Clowney
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - William Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Zoe A. Evans
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Pouya Kheradpour
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - George Mountoufaris
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Catriona Carey
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stavros Lomvardas
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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14
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Lomvardas S, Barnea G, Pisapia DJ, Mendelsohn M, Kirkland J, Axel R. Interchromosomal interactions and olfactory receptor choice. Cell 2006; 126:403-13. [PMID: 16873069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of a single odorant receptor (OR) gene from a large gene family in individual sensory neurons is an essential feature of the organization and function of the olfactory system. We have used chromosome conformation capture to demonstrate the specific association of an enhancer element, H, on chromosome 14 with multiple OR gene promoters on different chromosomes. DNA and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments allow us to visualize the colocalization of the H enhancer with the single OR allele that is transcribed in a sensory neuron. In transgenic mice bearing additional H elements, sensory neurons that express OR pseudogenes also express a second functional receptor. These data suggest a model of receptor choice in which a single trans-acting enhancer element may allow the stochastic activation of only one OR allele in an olfactory sensory neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Lomvardas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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15
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Shykind BM, Rohani SC, O'Donnell S, Nemes A, Mendelsohn M, Sun Y, Axel R, Barnea G. Gene switching and the stability of odorant receptor gene choice. Cell 2004; 117:801-15. [PMID: 15186780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Individual olfactory sensory neurons express only a single odorant receptor from a large family of genes, and this singularity is an essential feature in models of olfactory perception. We have devised a genetic strategy to examine the stability of receptor choice. We observe that immature olfactory sensory neurons that express a given odorant receptor can switch receptor expression, albeit at low frequency. Neurons that express a mutant receptor gene switch receptor transcription with significantly greater probability, suggesting that the expression of a functional odorant receptor elicits a feedback signal that terminates switching. This process of receptor gene switching assures that a neuron will ultimately express a functional receptor and that the choice of this receptor will remain stable for the life of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Shykind
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barnea
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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17
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Yu CR, Power J, Barnea G, O'Donnell S, Brown HEV, Osborne J, Axel R, Gogos JA. Spontaneous Neural Activity Is Required for the Establishment and Maintenance of the Olfactory Sensory Map. Neuron 2004; 42:553-66. [PMID: 15157418 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a genetic approach to examine the role of spontaneous activity and synaptic release in the establishment and maintenance of an olfactory sensory map. Conditional expression of tetanus toxin light chain, a molecule that inhibits synaptic release, does not perturb targeting during development, but neurons that express this molecule in a competitive environment fail to maintain appropriate synaptic connections and disappear. Overexpression of the inward rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1, diminishes the excitability of sensory neurons and more severely disrupts the formation of an olfactory map. These studies suggest that spontaneous neural activity is required for the establishment and maintenance of the precise connectivity inherent in an olfactory sensory map.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ron Yu
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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19
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Barnea G. Many-body effects in the temperature dependence of the susceptibility of normal paramagnetic metals and Fermi liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/8/10/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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22
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23
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Barnea G, Edwards DM. A theory of anomalies in the field dependence of the magnetization of strongly enhanced itinerant paramagnets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4608/7/7/030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Barnea G. Microscopic Fermi liquid theory of the temperature dependence of the susceptibility of normal paramagnetic metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4608/7/2/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Detailed Monte Carlo electron transport simulations were carried out for the purpose of investigating the possibility of improving electron dose distribution for therapeutic applications, by using transverse magnetic fields. The case studied here is that of a 15 MeV electron beam of 6 cm diameter. The electrons pass through 4 cm of field-free tissue and a transverse magnetic field is applied for depth greater than 4 cm. A field of 3 T was found to improve the skin sparing factor by a factor of 2, when compared to field-free irradiation. A field of 2 T could also have a significant effect although less pronounced than 3 T while, for the case at hand, a magnetic field of only 1 T is not effective. The results here include detailed energy deposition contours in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nardi
- Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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26
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Peles E, Nativ M, Campbell PL, Sakurai T, Martinez R, Lev S, Clary DO, Schilling J, Barnea G, Plowman GD, Grumet M, Schlessinger J. The carbonic anhydrase domain of receptor tyrosine phosphatase beta is a functional ligand for the axonal cell recognition molecule contactin. Cell 1995; 82:251-60. [PMID: 7628014 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTP beta) is expressed in the developing nervous system and contains a carbonic anhydrase (CAH) domain as well as a fibronectin type III repeat in its extracellular domain. Fusion proteins containing these domains were used to search for ligands of RPTP beta. The CAH domain bound specifically to a 140 kDa protein expressed on the surface of neuronal cells. Expression cloning in COS7 cells revealed that this protein is contactin, a GPI membrane-anchored neuronal cell recognition molecule. The CAH domain of RPTP beta induced cell adhesion and neurite growth of primary tectal neurons, and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. These responses were blocked by antibodies against contactin, demonstrating that contactin is a neuronal receptor for RPTP beta. These experiments show that an individual domain of RPTP beta acts as a functional ligand for the neuronal receptor contactin. The interaction between contactin and RPTP beta may generate unidirectional or bidirectional signals during neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peles
- SUGEN, Incorporated, Redwood City, California 94063-4720, USA
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27
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Barnea G, Grumet M, Milev P, Silvennoinen O, Levy JB, Sap J, Schlessinger J. Receptor tyrosine phosphatase beta is expressed in the form of proteoglycan and binds to the extracellular matrix protein tenascin. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:14349-52. [PMID: 7514167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTP beta) exhibits striking sequence similarity with a soluble, rat brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (3F8 PG). Immunoprecipitation experiments of cells transfected with RPTP beta expression vector and metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate and [35S]methionine indicate that the transmembrane form of RPTP beta is indeed a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. The 3F8 PG is therefore a variant form composed of the entire extracellular domain of RPTP beta probably generated by alternative RNA splicing. Previous immunohistochemical studies indicated that both RPTP beta and the extracellular matrix protein tenascin are localized in similar regions of the central nervous system. We have performed co-aggregation assays with red and green Co-vaspheres coated with tenascin and 3F8 PG, respectively, showing that the extracellular domain of RPTP beta (3F8 PG) binds specifically to tenascin. The interaction between a receptor tyrosine phosphatase and an extracellular matrix protein may have a role in development of the mammalian central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barnea
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016
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28
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Barnea G, Grumet M, Milev P, Silvennoinen O, Levy J, Sap J, Schlessinger J. Receptor tyrosine phosphatase beta is expressed in the form of proteoglycan and binds to the extracellular matrix protein tenascin. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Canoll PD, Barnea G, Levy JB, Sap J, Ehrlich M, Silvennoinen O, Schlessinger J, Musacchio JM. The expression of a novel receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase suggests a role in morphogenesis and plasticity of the nervous system. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1993; 75:293-8. [PMID: 8261619 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the localization of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase-beta (RPTP-beta) by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry indicates that it is predominantly expressed in the developing central nervous system (CNS). RPTP-beta is highly expressed in radial glia and other forms of glial cells that play an important role during development. The immunoreactivity localizes to the radial processes of these cells, which act as guides during neuronal migration and axonal elongation. The pattern of RPTP-beta expression changes with the progression of glial cell differentiation. In the adult, high levels of RPTP-beta are seen in regions of the brain where there is continued neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth. The spatial and temporal patterns of RPTP-beta expression suggest that this receptor phosphatase plays a role in morphogenesis and plasticity of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Canoll
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016
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Abstract
The physics of imaging with metal/phosphor (Gd2O2S:Tb on brass) screens at megavoltage energies has been investigated using Monte Carlo simulation. It has been found that pair production is a significant contributor to energy deposition for Bremsstrahlung beams with energies greater than 6 MV. The effects of different thicknesses of phosphor and metal have been studied, and it is shown that the metal plays a significant role in establishing electronic equilibrium in the phosphor. The transport of optical photons through the phosphor has been modeled, and was found that only 10% to 20% of the light created in the phosphor escapes from the surface, with much of the loss being due to total internal reflection at the surface. Calculated results have been compared with experimental measurements of screen brightness for different phosphor and metal thicknesses. The SNR of a video electronic portal imaging device (VEPID) has been calculated as a function of x-ray and optical photon detection efficiency. The non-Poisson distribution of energy deposition in the phosphor is an important contributor to the SNR. The results of this paper should serve as a useful guide to the engineering design of future electronic portal imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Radcliffe
- Department of Medical Physics, MCTRF, Winnipeg, Canada
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32
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LaForgia S, Lasota J, Latif F, Boghosian-Sell L, Kastury K, Ohta M, Druck T, Atchison L, Cannizzaro LA, Barnea G. Detailed genetic and physical map of the 3p chromosome region surrounding the familial renal cell carcinoma chromosome translocation, t(3;8)(p14.2;q24.1). Cancer Res 1993; 53:3118-24. [PMID: 8319219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies of loss of heterozygosity of 3p markers in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) have established that there are at least three regions critical in kidney tumorigenesis, one most likely coincident with the von Hippel-Lindau gene at 3p25.3, one in 3p21 which may also be critical in small cell lung carcinomas, and one in 3p13-p14.2, a region which includes the 3p chromosome translocation break of familial RCC with the t(3;8)(p14.2;q24.1) translocation. A panel of rodent-human hybrids carrying portions of 3p, including a hybrid carrying the derivative 8 (der(8)(8pter-->8q24.1::3p14.2-->3pter)) from the RCC family, have been characterized using 3p anchor probes and cytogenetic methods. This 3p panel was then used to map a large number of genetically mapped probes into seven physical intervals between 3p12 and 3pter defined by the hybrid panel. Markers have been physically, and some genetically, placed relative to the t(3;8) break, such that positional cloning of the break is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S LaForgia
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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33
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Levy JB, Canoll PD, Silvennoinen O, Barnea G, Morse B, Honegger AM, Huang JT, Cannizzaro LA, Park SH, Druck T. The cloning of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed in the central nervous system. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:10573-81. [PMID: 8387522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated cDNA clones and deduced the complete amino acid sequence of a large receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase containing 2307 amino acids. The human gene encoding this phosphatase, denoted RPTP beta (or PTP zeta), has been localized to chromosome 7q31-33. RPTP beta is composed of a large extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic portion with two tandem catalytic domains. We have also cloned a variant of RPTP beta lacking 859 amino acids from the extracellular domain but with intact transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Interestingly, the amino-terminal region of the extracellular domain of RPTP beta contains a stretch of 266 amino acids with striking homology to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Immunoprecipitation experiments from a human neuroblastoma cell line indicate that the apparent molecular mass of the core and glycosylated forms of RPTP beta are approximately 250 and 300 kDa, respectively. Northern blot analysis shows that RPTP beta is strictly expressed in the central nervous system. In situ hybridization was used to further localize the expression to different regions of the adult brain including the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, the dentate gyrus, and the subependymal layer of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Hence, RPTP beta represents the first mammalian tyrosine phosphatase whose expression is restricted to the nervous system. The high level of expression of RPTP beta transcripts in the ventricular and subventricular zones of the embryonic mouse brain suggests the importance of this tyrosine phosphatase in the development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Levy
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016
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34
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Barnea G, Silvennoinen O, Shaanan B, Honegger AM, Canoll PD, D'Eustachio P, Morse B, Levy JB, Laforgia S, Huebner K. Identification of a carbonic anhydrase-like domain in the extracellular region of RPTP gamma defines a new subfamily of receptor tyrosine phosphatases. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:1497-506. [PMID: 8382771 PMCID: PMC359461 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.3.1497-1506.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase RPTP gamma is a candidate tumor suppressor gene since it is located on human chromosome 3p14.2-p21 in a region frequently deleted in certain types of renal and lung carcinomas. In order to evaluate its oncogenic potential and to explore its normal in vivo functions, we have isolated cDNAs and deduced the complete sequences of both human and murine RPTP gamma. The murine RPTP gamma gene has been localized to chromosome 14 to a region syntenic to the location of the human gene. Northern (RNA) blot analysis reveals the presence of two major transcripts of 5.5 and 8.5 kb in a variety of murine tissues. In situ hybridization analysis reveals that RPTP gamma mRNA is expressed in specific regions of the brain and that the localization of RPTP gamma changes during brain development. RPTP gamma is composed of a putative extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic portion with two tandem catalytic tyrosine phosphatase domains. The extracellular domain contains a stretch of 266 amino acids with striking homology to the zinc-containing enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CAH), indicating that RPTP gamma and RPTP beta (HPTP zeta) represent a subfamily of receptor tyrosine phosphatases. We have constructed a model for the CAH-like domain of RPTP gamma based upon the crystal structure of CAH. It appears that 11 of the 19 residues that form the active site of CAH are conserved in RPTP gamma. Yet only one of the three His residues that ligate the zinc atom and are required for catalytic activity is conserved. On the basis of this model we propose that the CAH-like domain of RPTP gamma may have a function other than catalysis of hydration of metabolic CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barnea
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016
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35
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Abstract
The quality of portal imaging is strongly affected by the source size of the radiotherapy machine. The effective source size of the dual-energy clinac 1800 (6 and 18 MV) was measured with a 50 microns wide and 120 mm long slit formed by two tungsten-copper alloy blocks. A series of slit images were obtained by translating the slit horizontally. The images were analyzed using a microdensitometer. The measured data was simulated using an analytical model of the source and its size was derived by a best-fit analysis. For both energies the FWHM was found to be 1.5 +/- 0.1 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Loewenthal
- Clinical Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Hadasa Hospital, Ein Kerem, Israel
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36
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LaForgia S, Morse B, Levy J, Barnea G, Cannizzaro LA, Li F, Nowell PC, Boghosian-Sell L, Glick J, Weston A. Receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase gamma is a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome region 3p21. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:5036-40. [PMID: 1711217 PMCID: PMC51802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PTPG, the gene for protein-tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTP gamma), maps to a region of human chromosome 3, 3p21, that is frequently deleted in renal cell carcinoma and lung carcinoma. One of the functions of protein-tyrosine phosphatases is to reverse the effect of protein-tyrosine kinases, many of which are oncogenes, suggesting that some protein-tyrosine phosphatase genes may act as tumor suppressor genes. A hallmark of tumor suppressor genes is that they are deleted in tumors in which their inactivation contributes to the malignant phenotype. In this study, one PTP gamma allele was lost in 3 of 5 renal carcinoma cell lines and 5 of 10 lung carcinoma tumor samples tested. Importantly, one PTP gamma allele was lost in three lung tumors that had not lost flanking loci. PTP gamma mRNA was expressed in kidney cell lines and lung cell lines but not expressed in several hematopoietic cell lines tested. Thus, the PTP gamma gene has characteristics that suggest it as a candidate tumor suppressor gene at 3p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- S LaForgia
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Barnea G, Navon E, Ginzburg A, Politch J, Roehrig H, Dick CE, Placious RC. Use of storage phosphor imaging plates in portal imaging and high-energy radiography: the intensifying effect of metallic screens on the sensitivity. Med Phys 1991; 18:432-8. [PMID: 1870486 DOI: 10.1118/1.596690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of storage phosphor imaging plates (SPIP) at megavolt photon energies (60Co, 6-, 10-, and 18-MV radiotherapy beams) is studied both experimentally and by Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations. In addition, the same techniques are used to investigate the intensifying effect of metal screens on the sensitivity of the SPIP. The results provide evidence that the sensitivity of the SPIPs is proportional to the absorbed energy in the phosphor layer per cGy. The spectral sensitivity is calculated for photon energies between 10 keV and 20 MeV for various SPIP-screen combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barnea
- Department of Radiology and Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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Navon E, Dick CE, Barnea G. Intensifying effect of metallic screens on the sensitivity of x-ray films for 400-kV bremsstrahlung photons. Med Phys 1991; 18:299-304. [PMID: 2046618 DOI: 10.1118/1.596725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements are carried out to determine the relative photographic effect produced by electrons emanating from metallic screens on a typical radiographic film. The electrons are produced in metal foils of aluminum, copper, and lead by the interaction of photons in a 400-kV bremsstrahlung beam. Intensification factors of up to 1.65, 2.05, and 5.90 aluminum, copper, and lead screens, respectively, are determined as a function of the foil thickness. The equilibrium thickness screens are determined to be 20 mg/cm2 for aluminum and 30 mg/cm2 for copper and lead. These results are compared with the absorbed dose in the film emulsions, calculated by Monte Carlo methods. The results of the present work are compared with those for 60Co and 137Cs photon beams. The dependence of the equilibrium thickness and the intensification factor on photon energy and the atomic number of the screen material is summarized and explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Navon
- Center for Radiation Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20599
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Barnea G, Attias J, Gold S, Shahar A. Tinnitus with normal hearing sensitivity: extended high-frequency audiometry and auditory-nerve brain-stem-evoked responses. Audiology 1990; 29:36-45. [PMID: 2310352 DOI: 10.3109/00206099009081644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extended high-frequency (HF) audiometry and auditory-nerve brain-stem-evoked responses (ABR) were carried out on two groups of subjects with normal hearing sensitivity. The experimental group comprised 17 subjects with tinnitus, while the control group consisted of age- and sex-matched subjects, not suffering from tinnitus. The aim of the study was to determine whether extended HF audiometry or ABR might reveal significant differences between these two groups of subjects with normal hearing sensitivity. In addition, the characteristics of tinnitus in subjects with normal audiograms were discussed. The results of extended HF audiometry showed no significant differences between the subjects with and without tinnitus. The ABR parameters considered were also within normal limits bilaterally. Based on the methods employed in this study, tinnitus in normal listeners does not appear to reflect appreciable damage in the cochlea or in the brain-stem auditory pathways. The authors present some suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barnea
- Institute for Noise Hazards Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Abstract
Monte Carlo methods have been used to simulate the scattering of x rays in polystyrene and water phantoms. In particular, the ratio of the scattered to total x-ray fluence (scatter fraction) has been calculated for monoenergetic x-ray beams in the energy region relevant to diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine (30-660 keV). Simulations have been made for representative values of the pertinent geometrical factors; phantom thickness from 5 to 21 cm, x-ray beam diameters of 10 and 25 cm, and scatterer-to-image-plane separations from 0 to 20 cm. As a function of x-ray energy, the scatter fraction was found to vary slowly between 30 and 100 keV, and to decrease between 100 and 660 keV. The present results were generated with a special transport code which included the effects of special geometries and the response of the x-ray detector. With the inclusion of these effects, the results resolved inconsistencies and showed good agreement with previous measured and calculated data.
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