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Zhu H, Pan H, Fang Y, Wang H, Chen Z, Hu W, Tong L, Ren J, Lu X, Huang C. Apoptosis-induced decline in hippocampal microglia mediates the development of depression-like behaviors in adult mice triggered by unpredictable stress during adolescence. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176763. [PMID: 38906239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Depression triggered by harmful stress during adolescence is a common problem that can affect mental health. To date, the mechanisms underlying this type of depression remain unclear. One mechanism for the promotion of depression by chronic stress in adulthood is the loss of hippocampal microglia. Since deleterious stress in adolescence also activates microglia, we investigated the dynamic changes of microglia in the hippocampus in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in adolescence. Our results showed that 12 days of CUS stimulation in adolescence induced typical depression-like behaviors in adult mice, which were accompanied by a significant decrease and dystrophy of microglia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Further analysis showed that this decrease in microglia was mediated by the initial response of microglia to unpredictable stress in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and their subsequent apoptosis. Blocking the initial response of microglia to unpredictable stress by pretreatment with minocycline was able to prevent apoptosis and microglial decline as well as the development of depression-like behaviors in adult mice induced by adolescent CUS. Moreover, administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or macrophage-colony stimulatory factor (M-CSF), two drugs that reversed microglia decline in the dentate gyrus, ameliorated the depression-like behaviors induced by CUS stimulation in adolescence. These findings reveal a novel mechanism for the development of depression-like behaviors in animals triggered by deleterious stress in adolescence and suggest that reversing microglial decline in the hippocampus may be a hopeful strategy for the treatment of depression triggered by deleterious stress in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hainan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunli Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shijidadao, Nantong, 226007, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Sancho-Balsells A, Borràs-Pernas S, Flotta F, Chen W, Del Toro D, Rodríguez MJ, Alberch J, Blivet G, Touchon J, Xifró X, Giralt A. Brain-gut photobiomodulation restores cognitive alterations in chronically stressed mice through the regulation of Sirt1 and neuroinflammation. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:574-588. [PMID: 38490587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress is an important risk factor for the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent studies have shown microbiome dysbiosis as one of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with MDD. Thus, it is important to find novel non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies that can modulate gut microbiota and brain activity. One such strategy is photobiomodulation (PBM), which involves the non-invasive use of light. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Brain-gut PBM could have a synergistic beneficial effect on the alterations induced by chronic stress. METHODS We employed the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol to induce a depressive-like state in mice. Subsequently, we administered brain-gut PBM for 6 min per day over a period of 3 weeks. Following PBM treatment, we examined behavioral, structural, molecular, and cellular alterations induced by CUMS. RESULTS We observed that the CUMS protocol induces profound behavioral alterations and an increase of sirtuin1 (Sirt1) levels in the hippocampus. We then combined the stress protocol with PBM and found that tissue-combined PBM was able to rescue cognitive alterations induced by CUMS. This rescue was accompanied by a restoration of hippocampal Sirt1 levels, prevention of spine density loss in the CA1 of the hippocampus, and the modulation of the gut microbiome. PBM was also effective in reducing neuroinflammation and modulating the morphology of Iba1-positive microglia. LIMITATIONS The molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of tissue-combined PBM are not fully understood. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that non-invasive photobiomodulation of both the brain and the gut microbiome could be beneficial in the context of stress-induced MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sancho-Balsells
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Borràs-Pernas
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Flotta
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wanqi Chen
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel J Rodríguez
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; Production and Validation Centre of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Xavier Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain.
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Surala M, Soso-Zdravkovic L, Munro D, Rifat A, Ouk K, Vida I, Priller J, Madry C. Lifelong absence of microglia alters hippocampal glutamatergic networks but not synapse and spine density. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2348-2374. [PMID: 38589666 PMCID: PMC11094096 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia sculpt developing neural circuits by eliminating excess synapses in a process called synaptic pruning, by removing apoptotic neurons, and by promoting neuronal survival. To elucidate the role of microglia during embryonic and postnatal brain development, we used a mouse model deficient in microglia throughout life by deletion of the fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE) in the Csf1r locus. Surprisingly, young adult Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice display no changes in excitatory and inhibitory synapse number and spine density of CA1 hippocampal neurons compared with Csf1r+/+ littermates. However, CA1 neurons are less excitable, receive less CA3 excitatory input and show altered synaptic properties, but this does not affect novel object recognition. Cytokine profiling indicates an anti-inflammatory state along with increases in ApoE levels and reactive astrocytes containing synaptic markers in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice. Notably, these changes in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice closely resemble the effects of acute microglial depletion in adult mice after normal development. Our findings suggest that microglia are not mandatory for synaptic pruning, and that in their absence pruning can be achieved by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Surala
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luna Soso-Zdravkovic
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Munro
- University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ali Rifat
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Koliane Ouk
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imre Vida
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- DZNE Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Madry
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Zhu Q, Wan L, Huang H, Liao Z. IL-1β, the first piece to the puzzle of sepsis-related cognitive impairment? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1370406. [PMID: 38665289 PMCID: PMC11043581 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1370406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of death resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to an infectious agent. Multiple organ injuries, including brain injuries, are common in sepsis. The underlying mechanism of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), which is associated with neuroinflammation, is not yet fully understood. Recent studies suggest that the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) following activation of microglial cells plays a crucial role in the development of long-lasting neuroinflammation after the initial sepsis episode. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent literature on the molecular signaling pathways involved in microglial cell activation and interleukin-1β release. It also explores the physiological and pathophysiological role of IL-1β in cognitive function, with a particular focus on its contribution to long-lasting neuroinflammation after sepsis. The findings from this review may assist healthcare providers in developing novel interventions against SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Medical Genetics/Prenatal Diagnostic Center Nursing and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhimin Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wu C, Zhang S, Sun H, Li A, Hou F, Qi L, Liao H. STING inhibition suppresses microglia-mediated synapses engulfment and alleviates motor functional deficits after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:86. [PMID: 38584255 PMCID: PMC11000342 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Ischemia leads to progressive neuronal death and synapse loss. The engulfment of stressed synapses by microglia further contributes to the disruption of the surviving neuronal network and related brain function. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective target for suppressing the microglia-mediated synapse engulfment. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an important participant in innate immune response. In the brain, microglia are the primary cell type that mediate immune response after brain insult. The intimate relationship between STING and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been gradually established. However, whether STING affects other functions of microglia remains elusive. In this study, we found that STING regulated microglial phagocytosis of synapses after photothrombotic stroke. The treatment of STING inhibitor H151 significantly improved the behavioral performance of injured mice in grid-walking test, cylinder test, and adhesive removal test after stroke. Moreover, the puncta number of engulfed SYP or PSD95 in microglia was reduced after consecutive H151 administration. Further analysis showed that the mRNA levels of several complement components and phagocytotic receptors were decreased after STING inhibition. Transcriptional factor STAT1 is known for regulating most of the decreased molecules. After STING inhibition, the nucleus translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 was also suppressed in microglia. Our data uncovered the novel regulatory effects of STING in microglial phagocytosis after stroke, and further emphasized STING as a potential drug-able target for post-stroke functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Wu
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Sun
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ao Li
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengsheng Hou
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Long Qi
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Liao
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Alvino FG, Gini S, Minetti A, Pagani M, Sastre-Yagüe D, Barsotti N, De Guzman E, Schleifer C, Stuefer A, Kushan L, Montani C, Galbusera A, Papaleo F, Lombardo MV, Pasqualetti M, Bearden CE, Gozzi A. Synaptic-dependent developmental dysconnectivity in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587339. [PMID: 38585897 PMCID: PMC10996624 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion is among the strongest known genetic risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Brain imaging studies have reported disrupted large-scale functional connectivity in people with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). However, the significance and biological determinants of these functional alterations remain unclear. Here, we use a cross-species design to investigate the developmental trajectory and neural underpinnings of brain dysconnectivity in 22q11DS. We find that LgDel mice, an established mouse model of 22q11DS, exhibit age-specific patterns of functional MRI (fMRI) dysconnectivity, with widespread fMRI hyper-connectivity in juvenile mice reverting to focal hippocampal hypoconnectivity over puberty. These fMRI connectivity alterations are mirrored by co-occurring developmental alterations in dendritic spine density, and are both transiently normalized by developmental GSK3β inhibition, suggesting a synaptic origin for this phenomenon. Notably, analogous hyper- to hypoconnectivity reconfiguration occurs also in human 22q11DS, where it affects hippocampal and cortical regions spatially enriched for synaptic genes that interact with GSK3β, and autism-relevant transcripts. Functional dysconnectivity in somatomotor components of this network is predictive of age-dependent social alterations in 22q11.2 deletion carriers. Taken together, these findings suggest that synaptic-related mechanisms underlie developmentally mediated functional dysconnectivity in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Alvino
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
| | - S Gini
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
- Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - A Minetti
- Department of Biology, Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Pagani
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
- IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy
| | - D Sastre-Yagüe
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
- Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - N Barsotti
- Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell'Universita di Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - E De Guzman
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
| | - C Schleifer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - A Stuefer
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
- Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - L Kushan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - C Montani
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
| | - A Galbusera
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
| | - F Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - M V Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - M Pasqualetti
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
- Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell'Universita di Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - C E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - A Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Rovereto, Italy
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DeVries SA, Conner B, Dimovasili C, Moore TL, Medalla M, Mortazavi F, Rosene DL. Immune proteins C1q and CD47 may contribute to aberrant microglia-mediated synapse loss in the aging monkey brain that is associated with cognitive impairment. GeroScience 2024; 46:2503-2519. [PMID: 37989825 PMCID: PMC10828237 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in learning, memory, and executive function occurs in normal aging even in the absence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While neurons do not degenerate in humans or monkeys free of AD, there are structural changes including synapse loss and dendritic atrophy, especially in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and these correlate with cognitive age-related impairment. Developmental studies revealed activity-dependent neuronal properties that lead to synapse remodeling by microglia. Microglia-mediated phagocytosis that may eliminate synapses is regulated by immune "eat me" and "don't eat me" signaling proteins in an activity-dependent manner, so that less active synapses are eliminated. Whether this process contributes to age-related synapse loss remains unknown. The present study used a rhesus monkey model of normal aging to investigate the balance between the "eat me" signal, complement component C1q, and the "don't eat me" signal, transmembrane glycoprotein CD47, relative to age-related synapse loss in dlPFC Area 46. Results showed an age-related elevation of C1q and reduction of CD47 at PSD95+ synapses that is associated with cognitive impairment. Additionally, reduced neuronal CD47 RNA expression was found, indicating that aged neurons were less able to produce the protective signal CD47. Interestingly, microglia do not show the hypertrophic morphology indicative of phagocytic activity. These findings suggest that in the aging brain, changes in the balance of immunologic proteins give microglia instructions favoring synapse elimination of less active synapses, but this may occur by a process other than classic phagocytosis such as trogocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A DeVries
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Bryce Conner
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Dimovasili
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Farzad Mortazavi
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Eugenín J, Beltrán-Castillo S, Irribarra E, Pulgar-Sepúlveda R, Abarca N, von Bernhardi R. Microglial reactivity in brainstem chemosensory nuclei in response to hypercapnia. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1332355. [PMID: 38476146 PMCID: PMC10927973 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1332355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, surveil, detect, and respond to various extracellular signals. Depending on the nature of these signals, an integrative microglial response can be triggered, resulting in a phenotypic transformation. Here, we evaluate whether hypercapnia modifies microglia phenotype in brainstem respiratory-related nuclei. Adult C57BL/6 inbred mice were exposed to 10% CO2 enriched air (hypercapnia), or pure air (control), for 10 or 30 min and immediately processed for immunohistochemistry to detect the ubiquitous microglia marker, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1). Hypercapnia for thirty, but not 10 min reduced the Iba1 labeling percent coverage in the ventral respiratory column (VRC), raphe nucleus (RN), and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the number of primary branches in VRC. The morphological changes persisted, at least, for 60 min breathing air after the hypercapnic challenge. No significant changes were observed in Iba1+ cells in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5) and the hippocampus. In CF-1 outbred mice, 10% CO2 followed by 60 min of breathing air, resulted in the reduction of Iba1 labeling percent coverage and the number and length of primary branches in VRC, RN, and NTS. No morphological change was observed in Iba1+ cells in Sp5 and hippocampus. Double immunofluorescence revealed that prolonged hypercapnia increased the expression of CD86, an inflammatory marker for reactive state microglia, in Iba1+ cells in VRC, RN, and NTS, but not in Sp5 and hippocampus in CF-1 mice. By contrast, the expression of CD206, a marker of regulatory state microglia, persisted unmodified. In brainstem, but not in hippocampal microglia cultures, hypercapnia increased the level of IL1β, but not that of TGFβ measured by ELISA. Our results show that microglia from respiratory-related chemosensory nuclei, are reactive to prolonged hypercapnia acquiring an inflammatory-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Eugenín
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Beltrán-Castillo
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Estefanía Irribarra
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Nicolás Abarca
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rommy von Bernhardi
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Weyer MP, Strehle J, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Repurposing of pexidartinib for microglia depletion and renewal. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108565. [PMID: 38052308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with moderate selectivity over other members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor family. It is approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). CSF1R is highly expressed by microglia, which are macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that defend the CNS against injury and pathogens and contribute to synapse development and plasticity. Challenged by pathogens, apoptotic cells, debris, or inflammatory molecules they adopt a responsive state to propagate the inflammation and eventually return to a homeostatic state. The phenotypic switch may fail, and disease-associated microglia contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric diseases or long-lasting detrimental brain inflammation after brain, spinal cord or nerve injury or ischemia/hemorrhage. Microglia also contribute to the growth permissive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM). In rodents, continuous treatment for 1-2 weeks via pexidartinib food pellets leads to a depletion of microglia and subsequent repopulation from the remaining fraction, which is aided by peripheral monocytes that search empty niches for engraftment. The putative therapeutic benefit of such microglia depletion or forced renewal has been assessed in almost any rodent model of CNS disease or injury or GBM with heterogeneous outcomes, but a tendency of partial beneficial effects. So far, microglia monitoring e.g. via positron emission imaging is not standard of care for patients receiving Pexidartinib (e.g. for TGCT), so that the depletion and repopulation efficiency in humans is still largely unknown. Considering the virtuous functions of microglia, continuous depletion is likely no therapeutic option but short-lasting transient partial depletion to stimulate microglia renewal or replace microglia in genetic disease in combination with e.g. stem cell transplantation or as part of a multimodal concept in treatment of glioblastoma appears feasible. The present review provides an overview of the preclinical evidence pro and contra microglia depletion as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
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10
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Merzon E, Magen E, Ashkenazi S, Weizman A, Manor I, Krone B, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Vinker S, Faraone SV, Israel A. The Association between Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Nutrients 2023; 15:4948. [PMID: 38068806 PMCID: PMC10708268 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, impacting 4.9% of the population and more prevalent in Mediterranean communities, is a common enzymopathy with potential relevance to Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study investigated this association. METHODS The clinical characteristics of 7473 G6PD-deficient patients and 29,892 matched case-controls (selected at a 1:4 ratio) from a cohort of 1,031,354 within the Leumit Health Services database were analyzed using Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. RESULTS In total, 68.7% were male. The mean duration of follow-up was 14.3 ± 6.2 years at a mean age of 29.2 ± 22.3 years. G6PD deficiency was associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with ADHD (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.16 [95% CI, 1.08-1.25], p < 0.001), seeking care from adult neurologists (OR = 1.30 [95% CI, 1.22-1.38], p < 0.001), and consulting adult psychiatrists (OR = 1.12 [95% CI, 1.01-1.24], p = 0.048). The use of stimulant medications among G6PD-deficient individuals was 17% higher for the methylphenidate class of drugs (OR = 1.17 [95% CI, 1.08, 1.27], p < 0.001), and there was a 16% elevated risk for amphetamine use (OR = 1.16 [95% CI, 1.03, 1.37], p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS G6PD deficiency signals an increased risk of ADHD diagnosis, more severe presentations of ADHD and a greater need for psychiatric medications to treat ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Merzon
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40776, Israel;
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel; (I.G.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (A.I.)
| | - Eli Magen
- Department of Medicine A, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheba 84990, Israel;
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40776, Israel;
| | - Abraham Weizman
- ADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (A.W.); (I.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biological Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Iris Manor
- ADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (A.W.); (I.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Beth Krone
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Ilan Green
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel; (I.G.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (A.I.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel; (I.G.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (A.I.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel; (I.G.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (A.I.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
| | - Ariel Israel
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel; (I.G.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (A.I.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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11
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Dundee JM, Puigdellívol M, Butler R, Brown GC. P2Y 6 Receptor-Dependent Microglial Phagocytosis of Synapses during Development Regulates Synapse Density and Memory. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8090-8103. [PMID: 37758475 PMCID: PMC10697425 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1089-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain development, excess synapses are pruned (i.e., removed), in part by microglial phagocytosis, and dysregulated synaptic pruning can lead to behavioral deficits. The P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is known to regulate microglial phagocytosis of neurons, and to regulate microglial phagocytosis of synapses in cell culture and in vivo during aging. However, currently it is unknown whether P2Y6R regulates synaptic pruning during development. Here, we show that P2Y6R KO mice of both sexes had strongly reduced microglial internalization of synaptic material, measured as Vglut1 within CD68-staining lysosomes of microglia at postnatal day 30 (P30), suggesting reduced microglial phagocytosis of synapses. Consistent with this, we found an increased density of synapses in the somatosensory cortex and the CA3 region and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus at P30. We also show that adult P2Y6R KO mice have impaired short- and long-term spatial memory and impaired short- and long-term recognition memory compared with WT mice, as measured by novel location recognition, novel object recognition, and Y-maze memory tests. Overall, this indicates that P2Y6R regulates microglial phagocytosis of synapses during development, and this contributes to memory capacity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is activated by uridine diphosphate released by neurons, inducing microglial phagocytosis of such neurons or synapses. We tested whether P2Y6R regulates developmental synaptic pruning in mice and found that P2Y6R KO mice have reduced synaptic material within microglial lysosomes, and increased synaptic density in the brains of postnatal day 30 mice, consistent with reduced synaptic pruning during development. We also found that adult P2Y6R KO mice had reduced memory, consistent with persistent deficits in brain function, resulting from impaired synaptic pruning. Overall, the results suggest that P2Y6R mediates microglial phagocytosis of synapses during development, and the absence of this results in memory deficits in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Dundee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Richard Butler
- The Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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12
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Ricciardelli AR, Robledo A, Fish JE, Kan PT, Harris TH, Wythe JD. The Role and Therapeutic Implications of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2876. [PMID: 38001877 PMCID: PMC10669898 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are focal vascular lesions composed of abnormal vascular channels without an intervening capillary network. As a result, high-pressure arterial blood shunts directly into the venous outflow system. These high-flow, low-resistance shunts are composed of dilated, tortuous, and fragile vessels, which are prone to rupture. BAVMs are a leading cause of hemorrhagic stroke in children and young adults. Current treatments for bAVMs are limited to surgery, embolization, and radiosurgery, although even these options are not viable for ~20% of AVM patients due to excessive risk. Critically, inflammation has been suggested to contribute to lesion progression. Here we summarize the current literature discussing the role of the immune system in bAVM pathogenesis and lesion progression, as well as the potential for targeting inflammation to prevent bAVM rupture and intracranial hemorrhage. We conclude by proposing that a dysfunctional endothelium, which harbors the somatic mutations that have been shown to give rise to sporadic bAVMs, may drive disease development and progression by altering the immune status of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Ricciardelli
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ariadna Robledo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (A.R.)
| | - Jason E. Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter T. Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (A.R.)
| | - Tajie H. Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia (BIG) Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Joshua D. Wythe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia (BIG) Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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13
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Olivero G, Roggeri A, Pittaluga A. Anti-NMDA and Anti-AMPA Receptor Antibodies in Central Disorders: Preclinical Approaches to Assess Their Pathological Role and Translatability to Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14905. [PMID: 37834353 PMCID: PMC10573896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against NMDA and AMPA receptors have been identified in the central nervous system of patients suffering from brain disorders characterized by neurological and psychiatric symptoms. It has been demonstrated that these autoantibodies can affect the functions and/or the expression of the targeted receptors, altering synaptic communication. The importance to clarify, in preclinical models, the molecular mechanisms involved in the autoantibody-mediated effects has emerged in order to understand their pathogenic role in central disorders, but also to propose new therapeutic approaches for preventing the deleterious central consequences. In this review, we describe some of the available preclinical literature concerning the impact of antibodies recognizing NMDA and AMPA receptors in neurons. This review discusses the cellular events that would support the detrimental roles of the autoantibodies, also illustrating some contrasting findings that in our opinion deserve attention and further investigations before translating the preclinical observations to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFar), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (G.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Roggeri
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFar), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (G.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, 3Rs Center, Department of Pharmacy (DiFar), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16145 Genoa, Italy
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14
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Reece AS, Hulse GK. Perturbation of 3D nuclear architecture, epigenomic aging and dysregulation, and cannabinoid synaptopathy reconfigures conceptualization of cannabinoid pathophysiology: part 2-Metabolome, immunome, synaptome. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1182536. [PMID: 37854446 PMCID: PMC10579598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1182536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The second part of this paper builds upon and expands the epigenomic-aging perspective presented in Part 1 to describe the metabolomic and immunomic bases of the epigenomic-aging changes and then considers in some detail the application of these insights to neurotoxicity, neuronal epigenotoxicity, and synaptopathy. Cannabinoids are well-known to have bidirectional immunomodulatory activities on numerous parts of the immune system. Immune perturbations are well-known to impact the aging process, the epigenome, and intermediate metabolism. Cannabinoids also impact metabolism via many pathways. Metabolism directly impacts immune, genetic, and epigenetic processes. Synaptic activity, synaptic pruning, and, thus, the sculpting of neural circuits are based upon metabolic, immune, and epigenomic networks at the synapse, around the synapse, and in the cell body. Many neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and autistic spectrum disorder have been linked with cannabis. Therefore, it is important to consider these features and their complex interrelationships in reaching a comprehensive understanding of cannabinoid dependence. Together these findings indicate that cannabinoid perturbations of the immunome and metabolome are important to consider alongside the well-recognized genomic and epigenomic perturbations and it is important to understand their interdependence and interconnectedness in reaching a comprehensive appreciation of the true nature of cannabinoid pathophysiology. For these reasons, a comprehensive appreciation of cannabinoid pathophysiology necessitates a coordinated multiomics investigation of cannabinoid genome-epigenome-transcriptome-metabolome-immunome, chromatin conformation, and 3D nuclear architecture which therefore form the proper mechanistic underpinning for major new and concerning epidemiological findings relating to cannabis exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stuart Reece
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Gary Kenneth Hulse
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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15
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Matrone C, Ferretti G. Semaphorin 3A influences neuronal processes that are altered in patients with autism spectrum disorder: Potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105338. [PMID: 37524141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive disorder that most frequently manifests in early childhood and lasts for their entire lifespan. Several behavioural traits characterise the phenotype of patients with ASD, including difficulties in reciprocal social communication as well as compulsive/repetitive stereotyped verbal and non-verbal behaviours. Although multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the aetiology of ASD and many resources have been used to improve our understanding of ASD, several aspects remain largely unexplored. Class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3) are secreted proteins involved in the organisation of structural and functional connectivity in the brain that regulate synaptic and dendritic development. Alterations in brain connectivity and aberrant neuronal development have been described in some patients with ASD. Mutations and polymorphisms in SEMA3A and alterations in its receptors and signalling have been associated with some neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and epilepsy, which are comorbidities in ASD, but also with ASD itself. In addition, SEMA3A is a key regulator of the immune response and neuroinflammatory processes, which have been found to be dysregulated in mothers of children who develop ASD and in affected patients. In this review, we highlight neurodevelopmental-related processes in which SEMA3A is involved, which are altered in ASD, and provide a viewpoint emphasising the development of strategies targeting changes in the SEMA3A signal to identify patterns of anomalies distinctive of ASD or to predict the prognosis of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Matrone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Ferretti
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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