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Calmette T, Meunier H. Is self-awareness necessary to have a theory of mind? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38676546 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Forty years ago, Gallup proposed that theory of mind presupposes self-awareness. Following Humphrey, his hypothesis was that individuals can infer the mental states of others thanks to the ability to monitor their own mental states in similar circumstances. Since then, advances in several disciplines, such as comparative and developmental psychology, have provided empirical evidence to test Gallup's hypothesis. Herein, we review and discuss this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Calmette
- Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Niederhausbergen, 67207, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Hélène Meunier
- Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Niederhausbergen, 67207, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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2
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Freiburger T, Miller N, Skinner M. Olfactory self-recognition in two species of snake. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240125. [PMID: 38565155 PMCID: PMC10987230 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mark tests, in which an animal uses a mirror to locate and examine an otherwise unnoticeable mark on its own body, are commonly used to assess self-recognition, which may have implications for self-awareness. Recently, several olfactory-reliant species have appeared to pass odour-based versions of the mark test, though it has never been attempted in reptiles. We conducted an odour-based mark test on two species of snakes, Eastern gartersnakes and ball pythons, with widely divergent ecologies (i.e. terrestrial foragers that communally brumate versus semi-arboreal ambush predators that do not). We find that gartersnakes, but not ball pythons, pass the test, and a range of control tests suggest this is based on self-recognition. Gartersnakes are more social than ball pythons, supporting recent suggestions that social species are more likely to self-recognize. These results open the door to examination of the ecology of self-recognition, and suggest that this ability may evolve in response to species-specific ecological challenges, some of which may align with complexity of social structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Freiburger
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Noam Miller
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Morgan Skinner
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5
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3
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Żochowska A, Nowicka A. Subjectively salient faces differ from emotional faces: ERP evidence. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3634. [PMID: 38351111 PMCID: PMC10864357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The self-face is processed differently than emotional faces. A question arises whether other highly familiar and subjectively significant non-self faces (e.g. partner's face) are also differentiated from emotional faces. The aim of this event-related potential (ERP) study was to investigate the neural correlates of personally-relevant faces (the self and a close-other's) as well as emotionally positive (happy) and neutral faces. Participants were tasked with the simple detection of faces. Amplitudes of N170 were more negative in the right than in the left hemisphere and were not modulated by type of face. A similar pattern of N2 and P3 results for the self-face and close-other's face was observed: they were associated with decreased N2 and increased P3 relative to happy and neutral faces. However, the self-face was preferentially processed also when compared to a close-other's face as revealed by lower N2 and higher P3 amplitudes. Nonparametric cluster-based permutation tests showed an analogous pattern of results: significant clusters for the self-face compared with all other faces (close-other's, happy, neutral) and for close-other's face compared to happy and neutral faces. In summary, the self-face prioritization was observed, as indicated by significant differences between one's own face and all other faces. Crucially, both types of personally-relevant faces differed from happy faces. These findings point to the pivotal role of subjective evaluation of the saliency factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żochowska
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Yokose J, Marks WD, Kitamura T. Visuotactile integration facilitates mirror-induced self-directed behavior through activation of hippocampal neuronal ensembles in mice. Neuron 2024; 112:306-318.e8. [PMID: 38056456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Remembering the visual features of oneself is critical for self-recognition. However, the neural mechanisms of how the visual self-image is developed remain unknown because of the limited availability of behavioral paradigms in experimental animals. Here, we demonstrate a mirror-induced self-directed behavior (MSB) in mice, resembling visual self-recognition. Mice displayed increased mark-directed grooming to remove ink placed on their heads when an ink-induced visual-tactile stimulus contingency occurred. MSB required mirror habituation and social experience. The chemogenetic inhibition of dorsal or ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) neurons attenuated MSB. Especially, a subset of vCA1 neurons activated during the mirror exposure was significantly reactivated during re-exposure to the mirror and was necessary for MSB. The self-responding vCA1 neurons were also reactivated when mice were exposed to a conspecific of the same strain. These results suggest that visual self-image may be developed through social experience and mirror habituation and stored in a subset of vCA1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yokose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - William D Marks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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5
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Zanchi P, Ledoux JB, Fornari E, Denervaud S. Me, Myself, and I: Neural Activity for Self versus Other across Development. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1914. [PMID: 38136116 PMCID: PMC10742061 DOI: 10.3390/children10121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Although adults and children differ in self-vs.-other perception, a developmental perspective on this discriminative ability at the brain level is missing. This study examined neural activation for self-vs.-other in a sample of 39 participants spanning four different age groups, from 4-year-olds to adults. Self-related stimuli elicited higher neural activity within two brain regions related to self-referential thinking, empathy, and social cognition processes. Second, stimuli related to 'others' (i.e., unknown peer) elicited activation within nine additional brain regions. These regions are associated with multisensory processing, somatosensory skills, language, complex visual stimuli, self-awareness, empathy, theory of mind, and social recognition. Overall, activation maps were gradually increasing with age. However, patterns of activity were non-linear within the medial cingulate cortex for 'self' stimuli and within the left middle temporal gyrus for 'other' stimuli in 7-10-year-old participants. In both cases, there were no self-vs.-other differences. It suggests a critical period where the perception of self and others are similarly processed. Furthermore, 11-19-year-old participants showed no differences between others and self within the left inferior orbital gyrus, suggesting less distinction between self and others in social learning. Understanding the neural bases of self-vs.-other discrimination during development can offer valuable insights into how social contexts can influence learning processes during development, such as when to introduce peer-to-peer teaching or group learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zanchi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ledoux
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Fornari
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solange Denervaud
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- MRI Animal Imaging and Technology, Polytechnical School of Lausanne, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Szabo B, Ringler E. Geckos differentiate self from other using both skin and faecal chemicals: evidence towards self-recognition? Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1011-1019. [PMID: 36753008 PMCID: PMC10066140 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-recognition is the ability to recognise stimuli originating from oneself. Humans and some non-human animals show evidence of true visual self-recognition in the mirror test. They use their reflection to inspect themselves and to remove a mark that is only visible in the mirror. Not all animals, however, rely primarily on vision. In lizards, chemical cues are crucial in social interactions, and therefore, lizards would benefit from a chemical self-other distinction. Here, we test the tokay gecko (Gekko gecko), a social species, on their ability to discriminate their own skin and faecal chemicals from those of same-sex, unfamiliar conspecifics. We predicted that individuals would show more self-directed behaviour when confronted with the chemicals from unfamiliar individuals within their home enclosure as a sign of the need for increased comparison. Geckos showed higher self-directed responses towards chemicals from unfamiliar individuals compared to self-produced chemicals and a water control. Furthermore, scat and skin chemicals (regardless of origin) elicited similar but stronger responses than peppermint oil pointing towards a possible social function of scat piles. Although further tests and controls are needed, our study provides evidence towards chemical self-recognition and for a social function of scat piling in tokay geckos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Szabo
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3032, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Ringler
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3032, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Sun Y, Xu L, Luo X, Ren Y, Ding X. Unconscious social relation threats: Invisible boss face biases attention. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:76-88. [PMID: 34935121 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Threatening stimuli as a kind of salient information often guide attentional orienting. Besides physically threatening stimuli, social threats can also strongly bias attention, even in the absence of conscious awareness. However, the available evidence mainly came from studies on an emotional face. It is unclear whether social relation threats, such as a boss face without emotional expressions, can also direct attentional orienting unconsciously. This study aimed to reveal the extent to which the attentional system has developed to process threatening stimuli by exploring whether invisible social relation threats unconsciously biased attention. We asked graduate and undergraduate students to perform a modified Posner's cue-target task, in which the probe was preceded by a pair of competitive face cues (an advisor's face and another faculty member's face), rendered invisible through continuous flash suppression. Experiment 1a's results showed that the advisor's face reflexively oriented graduate students' spatial attention, which was significantly correlated with subjective social threat evaluation. However, Experiment 1b showed that an invisible advisor's face did not induce the same effect in undergraduate students, as they reported significantly fewer threats from their advisors than graduates. To ensure the robustness of this new effect, we preregistered a replicate study and successfully replicated the above results in Experiments 2a and 2b. Our findings provide evidence for the existence of an attentional orienting bias toward invisible social relation threats. These results suggest that the attentional system evolved to promote the exploration of our visual environment for threatening social relation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Sun
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No.1 University Road, Jinan, China
| | - Luzi Xu
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Luo
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No.1 University Road, Jinan, China
| | - Yanju Ren
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No.1 University Road, Jinan, China.
| | - Xiaowei Ding
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Deltort N, Swendsen J, Bouvard M, Cazalets JR, Amestoy A. The enfacement illusion in autism spectrum disorder: How interpersonal multisensory stimulation influences facial recognition of the self. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:946066. [PMID: 36405905 PMCID: PMC9669257 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.946066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
At its most basic level, the sense of self is built upon awareness of one's body and the face holds special significance as the individual's most important and distinctive physical feature. Multimodal sensory integration is pivotal to experiencing one's own body as a coherent visual "self" representation is formed and maintained by matching felt and observed sensorimotor experiences in the mirror. While difficulties in individual facial identity recognition and in both self-referential cognition and empathy are frequently reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), studying the effect of multimodal sensory stimulation in this population is of relevant interest. The present study investigates for the first time the specific effect on Interpersonal Multisensory Stimulation (IMS) on face self-recognition in a sample of 30 adults with (n = 15) and without (n = 15) ASD, matched on age and sex. The results demonstrate atypical self-face recognition and absence of IMS effects (enfacement illusion) in adults with ASD compared to controls, indicating that multisensory integration failed in updating cognitive representations of one's own face among persons with this disorder. The results are discussed in the light of other findings indicating alterations in body enfacement illusion and automatic imitation in ASD as well as in the context of the theories of procedural perception and multisensory integration alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Deltort
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joël Swendsen
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Bouvard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-René Cazalets
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anouck Amestoy
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Bordeaux, France
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9
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Gallup GG, Platek SM. Self-Processing and Self-Face Reaction Time Latencies: A Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111409. [PMID: 34827408 PMCID: PMC8615763 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we detail the advantages of self-face identification latencies over more traditional tests of mirror self-recognition. Using reaction time latencies (measured in milliseconds) to identify different dimensions of the self, instead of relying on a simple dichotomous pass/fail mirror mark-test outcome, enables investigators to examine individual differences in self-processing time. This is a significant methodological step forward with important implications. The point of departure for our article is to detail research we and others have conducted on latencies for self-face identification, to show how self-processing occurs in the right side of the brain, how schizophrenia is a self-processing disorder, how self-face reaction time latencies implicate the existence of an underlying multiple modal self-processing system, and to explore ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon G. Gallup
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Steven M. Platek
- Psychology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30024, USA;
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10
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Damon F, Mezrai N, Magnier L, Leleu A, Durand K, Schaal B. Olfaction in the Multisensory Processing of Faces: A Narrative Review of the Influence of Human Body Odors. Front Psychol 2021; 12:750944. [PMID: 34675855 PMCID: PMC8523678 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent body of research has emerged regarding the interactions between olfaction and other sensory channels to process social information. The current review examines the influence of body odors on face perception, a core component of human social cognition. First, we review studies reporting how body odors interact with the perception of invariant facial information (i.e., identity, sex, attractiveness, trustworthiness, and dominance). Although we mainly focus on the influence of body odors based on axillary odor, we also review findings about specific steroids present in axillary sweat (i.e., androstenone, androstenol, androstadienone, and estratetraenol). We next survey the literature showing body odor influences on the perception of transient face properties, notably in discussing the role of body odors in facilitating or hindering the perception of emotional facial expression, in relation to competing frameworks of emotions. Finally, we discuss the developmental origins of these olfaction-to-vision influences, as an emerging literature indicates that odor cues strongly influence face perception in infants. Body odors with a high social relevance such as the odor emanating from the mother have a widespread influence on various aspects of face perception in infancy, including categorization of faces among other objects, face scanning behavior, or facial expression perception. We conclude by suggesting that the weight of olfaction might be especially strong in infancy, shaping social perception, especially in slow-maturing senses such as vision, and that this early tutoring function of olfaction spans all developmental stages to disambiguate a complex social environment by conveying key information for social interactions until adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Damon
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Inrae, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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11
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Spence C. The scent of attraction and the smell of success: crossmodal influences on person perception. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:46. [PMID: 34173932 PMCID: PMC8233629 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been an explosion of research into the crossmodal influence of olfactory cues on multisensory person perception. Numerous peer-reviewed studies have documented that a variety of olfactory stimuli, from ambient malodours through to fine fragrances, and even a range of chemosensory body odours can influence everything from a perceiver's judgments of another person's attractiveness, age, affect, health/disease status, and even elements of their personality. The crossmodal and multisensory contributions to such effects are reviewed and the limitations/peculiarities of the research that have been published to date are highlighted. At the same time, however, it is important to note that the presence of scent (and/or the absence of malodour) can also influence people's (i.e., a perceiver's) self-confidence which may, in turn, affect how attractive they appear to others. Several potential cognitive mechanisms have been put forward to try and explain such crossmodal/multisensory influences, and some of the neural substrates underpinning these effects have now been characterized. At the end of this narrative review, a number of the potential (and actual) applications for, and implications of, such crossmodal/multisensory phenomena involving olfaction are outlined briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Oxford, OX2 6BW, UK.
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12
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Fugazza C, Pongrácz P, Pogány Á, Lenkei R, Miklósi Á. Mental representation and episodic-like memory of own actions in dogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10449. [PMID: 32591620 PMCID: PMC7320188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether dogs remember their spontaneous past actions relying on episodic-like memory. Dogs were trained to repeat a small set of actions upon request. Then we tested them on their ability to repeat other actions produced by themselves, including actions performed spontaneously in everyday situations. Dogs repeated their own actions after delays ranging from a few seconds to 1 hour, with their performance showing a decay typical of episodic memory. The combined evidence of representing own actions and using episodic-like memory to recall them suggests a far more complex representation of a key feature of the self than previously attributed to dogs. Our method is applicable to various species, paving the way for comparative investigations on the evolution and complexity of self-representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fugazza
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Pongrácz
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Pogány
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Lenkei
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Perrykkad K, Hohwy J. Modelling Me, Modelling You: the Autistic Self. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-019-00173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Liu L, Li W, Li J, Lou L, Chen J. Temporal Features of Psychological and Physical Self-Representation: An ERP Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:785. [PMID: 31024408 PMCID: PMC6467969 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological and physical-self are two important aspects of self-concept. Although a growing number of behavioral and neuroimaging studies have investigated the cognitive mechanism and neural substrate underlying psychological and physical-self-representation, most of the existing research on psychological and physical-self-representation had been done in isolation. The present study aims to examine the electrophysiological responses to both psychological (one’s own name) and physical (one’s own voice) self-related stimuli in a uniform paradigm. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for subjects’ own and others’ names uttered by subjects’ own or others’ voice (own voice-own name, own voice-other’s name, other’s voice-own name, other’s voice-other’s name) while subjects performed an auditory passive oddball task. The results showed that one’s own name elicited smaller P2 and larger P3 amplitudes than those of other’s names, irrespective of the voice identity. However, no differences were observed between self and other’s voice during the P2 and P3 stages. Moreover, an obvious interaction effect was observed between voice content and voice identity at the N400 stage that the subject’s own voice elicited a larger parietal N400 amplitude than other’s voice in other name condition but not in own name condition. Taken together, these findings suggested that psychological (one’s own name) and physical (one’s own voice) self-representation induced distinct electrophysiological response patterns in auditory-cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingna Lou
- Faculty of Philosophy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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15
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Filippetti ML, Tsakiris M. Just Before I Recognize Myself: The Role of Featural and Multisensory Cues Leading up to Explicit Mirror Self-Recognition. INFANCY 2018; 23:577-590. [PMID: 29937697 PMCID: PMC6001620 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leading up to explicit mirror self-recognition, infants rely on two crucial sources of information: the continuous integration of sensorimotor and multisensory signals, as when seeing one's movements reflected in the mirror, and the unique facial features associated with the self. While visual appearance and multisensory contingent cues may be two likely candidates of the processes that enable self-recognition, their respective contribution remains poorly understood. In this study, 18-month-old infants saw side-by-side pictures of themselves and a peer, which were systematically and simultaneously touched on the face with a hand. While watching the stimuli, the infant's own face was touched either in synchrony or out of synchrony and their preferential looking behavior was measured. Subsequently, the infants underwent the mirror-test task. We demonstrated that infants who were coded as nonrecognizers at the mirror test spent significantly more time looking at the picture of their own face compared to the other-face, irrespective of whether the multisensory input was synchronous or asynchronous. Our results suggest that right before the onset of mirror self-recognition, featural information about the self might be more relevant in the process of recognizing one's face, compared to multisensory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Filippetti
- Department of Psychology University of Essex.,Psychology Department Royal Holloway University of London
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Psychology Department Royal Holloway University of London.,The Warburg Institute School of Advanced Study University of London
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16
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Gallup GG, Anderson JR. The “olfactory mirror” and other recent attempts to demonstrate self-recognition in non-primate species. Behav Processes 2018; 148:16-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Hecht EE, Mahovetz LM, Preuss TM, Hopkins WD. A neuroanatomical predictor of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:37-48. [PMID: 27803287 PMCID: PMC5390703 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize one's own reflection is shared by humans and only a few other species, including chimpanzees. However, this ability is highly variable across individual chimpanzees. In humans, self-recognition involves a distributed, right-lateralized network including frontal and parietal regions involved in the production and perception of action. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is a system of white matter tracts linking these frontal and parietal regions. The current study measured mirror self-recognition (MSR) and SLF anatomy in 60 chimpanzees using diffusion tensor imaging. Successful self-recognition was associated with greater rightward asymmetry in the white matter of SLFII and SLFIII, and in SLFIII's gray matter terminations in Broca's area. We observed a visible progression of SLFIII's prefrontal extension in apes that show negative, ambiguous, and compelling evidence of MSR. Notably, SLFIII's terminations in Broca's area are not right-lateralized or particularly pronounced at the population level in chimpanzees, as they are in humans. Thus, chimpanzees with more human-like behavior show more human-like SLFIII connectivity. These results suggest that self-recognition may have co-emerged with adaptations to frontoparietal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Hecht
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience.,Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L M Mahovetz
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - T M Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,Center for Translational Social Neuroscience.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W D Hopkins
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience.,Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,The Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Processing of self-related kinematic information embedded in static handwritten characters. Brain Res 2016; 1642:287-297. [PMID: 27033832 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Handwritten characters are generated by our own motor actions, and previous studies have shown that the manner in which such characters are perceived and generated is related. However, the temporal course of the neural activation involved in the processing of self-related kinematic information embedded in static handwritten characters remains to be identified. We applied event-related potential (ERP) recording while participants judged whether handwritten characters were self- or non-self-generated. To test the effects of the self-related kinematic characteristics of static handwritten characters, we conducted two experiments in which the styles or familiarity of characters were manipulated. The ERP results indicated differences in brain activation between self- and non-self-written characters for the P250 component (250-350ms after stimulus onset) in right posterior regions and for the late positive component (LPC; 350-500ms after stimulus onset) in anterior midline regions; this was the case even when the handwritten characters were not generated in their usual form or were written for the first time. Therefore, our data indicate that self-information embedded in handwritten characters involves both right-lateralized brain activation associated with bodily self-processing and anterior midline brain activation related to self-referential processing.
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Hoffmann-Hensel SM, Freiherr J. Intramodal Olfactory Priming of Positive and Negative Odors in Humans Using Respiration-Triggered Olfactory Stimulation (RETROS). Chem Senses 2016; 41:567-78. [PMID: 27170666 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming describes the principle of modified stimulus perception that occurs due to a previously presented stimulus. Although we have begun to understand the mechanisms of crossmodal priming, the concept of intramodal olfactory priming remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, we applied positive and negative odors using respiration-triggered olfactory stimulation (RETROS), enabling us to record the skin conductance response (SCR) and breathing data without a crossmodal cueing error and measure reaction times (RTs) for olfactory tasks. RT, SCR, and breathing data revealed that negative odors were perceived significantly more arousing than positive ones. In a second experiment, 2 odors were applied during consecutive respirations. Here, we observed intramodal olfactory priming effects: A negative odor preceded by a positive odor was rated as more pleasant than when the same odor was preceded by a negative odor. Additionally, a longer identification RT was found for the second compared with the first odor. We interpret this as increased "perceptual load" due to incomplete first odor processing while the second odor was presented. Furthermore, intramodal priming can be considered a possible reason for the increase of identification RT. The use of RETROS led to these novel insights into olfactory processing beyond crossmodal interaction by providing a noncued unimodal olfactory test, and therefore, RETROS can be used in the experimental design of future olfactory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Maria Hoffmann-Hensel
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauserstr. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Preferential processing of self-relevant stimuli occurs mainly at the perceptual and conscious stages of information processing. Conscious Cogn 2016; 41:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Karylowski JJ, Mrozinski B. Accessibility of observable and unobservable characteristics in autobiographical memories of recent and distant past. Memory 2016; 25:164-169. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1137323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Self-esteem buffers the mortality salience effect on the implicit self-face processing. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Malaspina M, Albonico A, Daini R. Right perceptual bias and self-face recognition in individuals with congenital prosopagnosia. Laterality 2015; 21:118-42. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2015.1084312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Martini M, Bufalari I, Stazi MA, Aglioti SM. Is that me or my twin? Lack of self-face recognition advantage in identical twins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120900. [PMID: 25853249 PMCID: PMC4390198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing interest in twin studies and the stunning amount of research on face recognition, the ability of adult identical twins to discriminate their own faces from those of their co-twins has been scarcely investigated. One's own face is the most distinctive feature of the bodily self, and people typically show a clear advantage in recognizing their own face even more than other very familiar identities. Given the very high level of resemblance of their faces, monozygotic twins represent a unique model for exploring self-face processing. Herein we examined the ability of monozygotic twins to distinguish their own face from the face of their co-twin and of a highly familiar individual. Results show that twins equally recognize their own face and their twin's face. This lack of self-face advantage was negatively predicted by how much they felt physically similar to their co-twin and by their anxious or avoidant attachment style. We speculate that in monozygotic twins, the visual representation of the self-face overlaps with that of the co-twin. Thus, to distinguish the self from the co-twin, monozygotic twins have to rely much more than control participants on the multisensory integration processes upon which the sense of bodily self is based. Moreover, in keeping with the notion that attachment style influences perception of self and significant others, we propose that the observed self/co-twin confusion may depend upon insecure attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martini
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00100 Rome, Italy
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer del Rosselló, 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Psychology, University of East London, Water Lane, Stratford, London E15 4LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Bufalari
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- National Twin Registry—Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00100 Rome, Italy
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25
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Chakraborty A, Chakrabarti B. Is it me? Self-recognition bias across sensory modalities and its relationship to autistic traits. Mol Autism 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 25908952 PMCID: PMC4407378 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical self-processing is an emerging theme in autism research, suggested by lower self-reference effect in memory, and atypical neural responses to visual self-representations. Most research on physical self-processing in autism uses visual stimuli. However, the self is a multimodal construct, and therefore, it is essential to test self-recognition in other sensory modalities as well. Self-recognition in the auditory modality remains relatively unexplored and has not been tested in relation to autism and related traits. This study investigates self-recognition in auditory and visual domain in the general population and tests if it is associated with autistic traits. METHODS Thirty-nine neurotypical adults participated in a two-part study. In the first session, individual participant's voice was recorded and face was photographed and morphed respectively with voices and faces from unfamiliar identities. In the second session, participants performed a 'self-identification' task, classifying each morph as 'self' voice (or face) or an 'other' voice (or face). All participants also completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). For each sensory modality, slope of the self-recognition curve was used as individual self-recognition metric. These two self-recognition metrics were tested for association between each other, and with autistic traits. RESULTS Fifty percent 'self' response was reached for a higher percentage of self in the auditory domain compared to the visual domain (t = 3.142; P < 0.01). No significant correlation was noted between self-recognition bias across sensory modalities (τ = -0.165, P = 0.204). Higher recognition bias for self-voice was observed in individuals higher in autistic traits (τ AQ = 0.301, P = 0.008). No such correlation was observed between recognition bias for self-face and autistic traits (τ AQ = -0.020, P = 0.438). CONCLUSIONS Our data shows that recognition bias for physical self-representation is not related across sensory modalities. Further, individuals with higher autistic traits were better able to discriminate self from other voices, but this relation was not observed with self-face. A narrow self-other overlap in the auditory domain seen in individuals with high autistic traits could arise due to enhanced perceptual processing of auditory stimuli often observed in individuals with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Chakraborty
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AL UK
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AL UK
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Zhu M, Hu Y, Tang X, Luo J, Gao X. Withholding response to self-face is faster than to other-face. J Mot Behav 2014; 47:117-23. [PMID: 25356599 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.959888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Self-face advantage refers to adults' response to self-face is faster than that to other-face. A stop-signal task was used to explore how self-face advantage interacted with response inhibition. The results showed that reaction times of self-face were faster than that of other-face not in the go task but in the stop response trials. The novelty of the finding was that self-face has shorter stop-signal reaction time compared to other-face in the successful inhibition trials. These results indicated the processing mechanism of self-face may be characterized by a strong response tendency and a corresponding strong inhibition control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- a Education College , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai , China
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27
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Know thy sound: perceiving self and others in musical contexts. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 152:67-74. [PMID: 25113128 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a summary of the findings from empirical studies that investigated recognition of an action's agent by using music and/or other auditory information. Embodied cognition accounts ground higher cognitive functions in lower level sensorimotor functioning. Action simulation, the recruitment of an observer's motor system and its neural substrates when observing actions, has been proposed to be particularly potent for actions that are self-produced. This review examines evidence for such claims from the music domain. It covers studies in which trained or untrained individuals generated and/or perceived (musical) sounds, and were subsequently asked to identify who was the author of the sounds (e.g., the self or another individual) in immediate (online) or delayed (offline) research designs. The review is structured according to the complexity of auditory-motor information available and includes sections on: 1) simple auditory information (e.g., clapping, piano, drum sounds), 2) complex instrumental sound sequences (e.g., piano/organ performances), and 3) musical information embedded within audiovisual performance contexts, when action sequences are both viewed as movements and/or listened to in synchrony with sounds (e.g., conductors' gestures, dance). This work has proven to be informative in unraveling the links between perceptual-motor processes, supporting embodied accounts of human cognition that address action observation. The reported findings are examined in relation to cues that contribute to agency judgments, and their implications for research concerning action understanding and applied musical practice.
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Guan L, Qi M, Zhang Q, Yang J. The neural basis of self-face recognition after self-concept threat and comparison with important others. Soc Neurosci 2014; 9:424-35. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.920417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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Gallup GG, Platek SM, Spaulding KN. The nature of visual self-recognition revisited. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:57-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Apps MAJ, Tsakiris M. The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 41:85-97. [PMID: 23416066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recognising and representing one's self as distinct from others is a fundamental component of self-awareness. However, current theories of self-recognition are not embedded within global theories of cortical function and therefore fail to provide a compelling explanation of how the self is processed. We present a theoretical account of the neural and computational basis of self-recognition that is embedded within the free-energy account of cortical function. In this account one's body is processed in a Bayesian manner as the most likely to be "me". Such probabilistic representation arises through the integration of information from hierarchically organised unimodal systems in higher-level multimodal areas. This information takes the form of bottom-up "surprise" signals from unimodal sensory systems that are explained away by top-down processes that minimise the level of surprise across the brain. We present evidence that this theoretical perspective may account for the findings of psychological and neuroimaging investigations into self-recognition and particularly evidence that representations of the self are malleable, rather than fixed as previous accounts of self-recognition might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A J Apps
- Laboratory of Action and Body, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK.
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Laboratory of Action and Body, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK.
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31
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Geng H, Zhang S, Li Q, Tao R, Xu S. Dissociations of subliminal and supraliminal self-face from other-face processing: behavioral and ERP evidence. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:2933-2942. [PMID: 22898645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-related information has been found to be processed more quickly and accurately in studies with supraliminal self-stimuli and traditional paradigms such as masked priming. We conducted two experiments to investigate whether subliminal self-face processing enjoys this advantage and the neural correlates of processing self-faces at both subliminal and supraliminal levels. We found that self-faces were quicker than famous-other faces to gain dominance against dynamic noise patterns during prolonged interocular suppression to enter awareness (Experiment 1). Meanwhile, subliminal contrast of self- and famous-other face processing was reflected in a reduced early vertex positive potential (VPP) component, whereas supraliminal self-other face differentiation was reflected in an enhanced N170, as well as a more positive late component (300-580ms, Experiment 2) to the self-face. The clear dissociations of self- and other-face processing found across our two experiments validate the self advantage. Our findings also contribute to understandings of the mechanisms underlying self-face processing at different levels of awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Geng
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Pannese A, Hirsch J. Self-face enhances processing of immediately preceding invisible faces. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:564-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Hughes SM, Nicholson SE. The processing of auditory and visual recognition of self-stimuli. Conscious Cogn 2010; 19:1124-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
A fashionable view in comparative psychology states that primates possess self-awareness because they exhibit mirror self-recognition (MSR), which in turn makes it possible to infer mental states in others ("theory-of-mind"; ToM). In cognitive neuroscience, an increasingly popular position holds that the right hemisphere represents the centre of self-awareness because MSR and ToM tasks presumably increase activity in that hemisphere. These two claims are critically assessed here as follows: (1) MSR should not be equated with full-blown self-awareness, as it most probably only requires kinaesthetic self-knowledge and does not involve access to one's mental events; (2) ToM and self-awareness are fairly independent and should also not be taken as equivalent notions; (3) MSR and ToM tasks engage medial and left brain areas; (4) other self-awareness tasks besides MSR and ToM tasks (e.g., self-description, autobiography) mostly recruit medial and left brain areas; (5) and recent neuropsychological evidence implies that inner speech (produced by the left hemisphere) plays a significant role in self-referential activity. The main conclusions reached based on this analysis are that (a) organisms that display MSR most probably do not possess introspective self-awareness, and (b) self-related processes most likely engage a distributed network of brain regions situated in both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Morin
- Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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36
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Devue C, Brédart S. The neural correlates of visual self-recognition. Conscious Cogn 2010; 20:40-51. [PMID: 20880722 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of studies that were aimed at determining which brain regions are recruited during visual self-recognition, with a particular focus on self-face recognition. A complex bilateral network, involving frontal, parietal and occipital areas, appears to be associated with self-face recognition, with a particularly high implication of the right hemisphere. Results indicate that it remains difficult to determine which specific cognitive operation is reflected by each recruited brain area, in part due to the variability of used control stimuli and experimental tasks. A synthesis of the interpretations provided by previous studies is presented. The relevance of using self-recognition as an indicator of self-awareness is discussed. We argue that a major aim of future research in the field should be to identify more clearly the cognitive operations induced by the perception of the self-face, and search for dissociations between neural correlates and cognitive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Devue
- Centre des Neurosciences Cognitives et Comportementales, Université de Liège, Belgium.
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37
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Hecht D. Depression and the hyperactive right-hemisphere. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:77-87. [PMID: 20603163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with an inter-hemispheric imbalance; a hyperactive right-hemisphere (RH) and a relatively hypoactive left-hemisphere (LH). Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms which can explain why depression is associated with a RH dominance remain elusive. This article points out the potential links between functional cerebral asymmetries and specific symptoms and features of depression. There is evidence that the RH is selectively involved in processing negative emotions, pessimistic thoughts and unconstructive thinking styles--all which comprise the cognitive phenomenology of depression and in turn contribute to the elevated anxiety, stress and pain associated with the illness. Additionally, the RH mediates vigilance and arousal which may explain the sleep disturbances often reported in depression. The RH had also been linked with self-reflection, accounting for the tendency of depressed individuals to withdraw from their external environments and focus attention inward. Physiologically, RH activation is associated with hyprecortisolemia, which contributes to the deterioration of the immune system functioning and puts depressed patients at a greater risk of developing other illnesses, accounting for depression's high comorbidity with other diseases. Conversely, the LH is specifically involved in processing pleasurable experiences, and its relative attenuation is in line with the symptoms of anhedonia that characterize depression. The LH is also relatively more involved in decision-making processes, accounting for the indecisiveness that is often accompanied with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hecht
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N3AR, UK.
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38
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Pannese A, Hirsch J. Self-specific priming effect. Conscious Cogn 2010; 19:962-8. [PMID: 20598907 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Priority of the "self" is thought to be evolutionarily advantageous. However, evidence for this priority has been sparse. In this study, subjects performed a gender categorization task on self- and non-self target faces preceded by either congruent (same gender as target) or incongruent (different gender) periliminal (33ms) or subliminal (17ms) primes. We found that subliminal primes induced a priming effect only on self target faces. This discovery of a self-specific priming effect suggests that functional specificity for faces may include timing as well as spatial adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pannese
- Program for Imaging and Cognitive Sciences (PICS), Columbia University, Neurological Institute B41, 710 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Miyakoshi M, Kanayama N, Iidaka T, Ohira H. EEG evidence of face-specific visual self-representation. Neuroimage 2010; 50:1666-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Mirror, mirror, on the wall, is that even my hand at all? Changes in the afterimage of one's reflection in a mirror in response to bodily movement. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:1495-500. [PMID: 20117118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Successful mirror self-recognition has often been considered a correlate of self-awareness in human development and phylogeny (Gallup, 1982). Studies have also shown that vision and touch interact such that objects viewed in a mirror's reflection are recoded as originating from a location within reachable, or peripersonal, space (Maravita et al. 2002). However, the association of mirror self-recognition and self-awareness is controversial, and the mechanism that underlies the recoding of visual information into peripersonal space remains an open question. In the present study, we address these issues through the novel use of an old paradigm: positive afterimages. It has been shown that when a positive afterimage is induced, and a limb is displaced from its apparent location in the afterimage, the afterimage of the limb fades or "crumbles" (Davies, 1973). We reproduced this effect in conditions where subjects viewed the afterimage of their arms' reflection using a frontally placed mirror and mirror box (Ramachandran & Rogers-Ramachandran, 1996). Our results suggest that the explicit knowledge that one is looking at a mirror as well as online visual feedback from bodily movement are unlikely to be responsible for previously observed interactions between vision and touch. Instead, we propose that a sense of ownership, and (bodily) self-awareness, might in part explain these interactions between vision and proprioception, which provides a partial vindication of the inference from successful mirror self-recognition to self-awareness.
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41
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Schizophrenia, the sense of ‘self’ and the right cerebral hemisphere. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:186-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Brancucci A, Lucci G, Mazzatenta A, Tommasi L. Asymmetries of the human social brain in the visual, auditory and chemical modalities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:895-914. [PMID: 19064350 PMCID: PMC2666086 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional asymmetries are present in many regions of the human brain responsible for motor control, sensory and cognitive functions and communication. Here, we focus on hemispheric asymmetries underlying the domain of social perception, broadly conceived as the analysis of information about other individuals based on acoustic, visual and chemical signals. By means of these cues the brain establishes the border between 'self' and 'other', and interprets the surrounding social world in terms of the physical and behavioural characteristics of conspecifics essential for impression formation and for creating bonds and relationships. We show that, considered from the standpoint of single- and multi-modal sensory analysis, the neural substrates of the perception of voices, faces, gestures, smells and pheromones, as evidenced by modern neuroimaging techniques, are characterized by a general pattern of right-hemispheric functional asymmetry that might benefit from other aspects of hemispheric lateralization rather than constituting a true specialization for social information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University of ChietiBlocco A, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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43
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Kaplan JT, Aziz-Zadeh L, Uddin LQ, Iacoboni M. The self across the senses: an fMRI study of self-face and self-voice recognition. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009; 3:218-23. [PMID: 19015113 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsn014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that the right hemisphere is involved in processing self-related stimuli. Previous brain imaging research has found a network of right-lateralized brain regions that preferentially respond to seeing one's own face rather than a familiar other. Given that the self is an abstract multimodal concept, we tested whether these brain regions would also discriminate the sound of one's own voice compared to a friend's voice. Participants were shown photographs of their own face and friend's face, and also listened to recordings of their own voice and a friend's voice during fMRI scanning. Consistent with previous studies, seeing one's own face activated regions in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), inferior parietal lobe and inferior occipital cortex in the right hemisphere. In addition, listening to one's voice also showed increased activity in the right IFG. These data suggest that the right IFG is concerned with processing self-related stimuli across multiple sensory modalities and that it may contribute to an abstract self-representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas T Kaplan
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Dubas JS, Heijkoop M, van Aken MAG. A Preliminary Investigation of Parent–Progeny Olfactory Recognition and Parental Investment. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12110-009-9058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Tsakiris M. Looking for myself: current multisensory input alters self-face recognition. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4040. [PMID: 19107208 PMCID: PMC2603324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How do I know the person I see in the mirror is really me? Is it because I know the person simply looks like me, or is it because the mirror reflection moves when I move, and I see it being touched when I feel touch myself? Studies of face-recognition suggest that visual recognition of stored visual features inform self-face recognition. In contrast, body-recognition studies conclude that multisensory integration is the main cue to selfhood. The present study investigates for the first time the specific contribution of current multisensory input for self-face recognition. Participants were stroked on their face while they were looking at a morphed face being touched in synchrony or asynchrony. Before and after the visuo-tactile stimulation participants performed a self-recognition task. The results show that multisensory signals have a significant effect on self-face recognition. Synchronous tactile stimulation while watching another person's face being similarly touched produced a bias in recognizing one's own face, in the direction of the other person included in the representation of one's own face. Multisensory integration can update cognitive representations of one's body, such as the sense of ownership. The present study extends this converging evidence by showing that the correlation of synchronous multisensory signals also updates the representation of one's face. The face is a key feature of our identity, but at the same time is a source of rich multisensory experiences used to maintain or update self-representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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46
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Investigations of hemispheric specialization of self-voice recognition. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:204-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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47
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Sugiura M, Sassa Y, Jeong H, Horie K, Sato S, Kawashima R. Face-specific and domain-general characteristics of cortical responses during self-recognition. Neuroimage 2008; 42:414-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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48
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Devue C, Collette F, Balteau E, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Maquet P, Brédart S. Here I am: The cortical correlates of visual self-recognition. Brain Res 2007; 1143:169-82. [PMID: 17306235 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, interest in the neural correlates of self-recognition has grown. Most studies concentrate on self-face recognition. However, there is a lack of convergence as to precise neuroanatomical locations underlying self-face recognition. In addition, recognition of familiar persons from bodies has been relatively neglected. In the present study, cerebral activity while participants performed a task in which they had to indicate the real appearance of themselves and of a gender-matched close colleague among intact and altered pictures of faces and bodies was measured. The right frontal cortex and the insula were found to be the main regions specifically implicated in visual self-recognition compared with visual processing of other highly familiar persons. Moreover, the right anterior insula along with the right anterior cingulate seemed to play a role in the integration of information about oneself independently of the stimulus domain. The processing of self-related pictures was also compared to scrambled versions of these pictures. Results showed that different areas of the occipito-temporal cortex were more or less recruited depending on whether a face or a body was perceived, as it has already been reported by several recent studies. The implication of present findings for a general framework of person identification is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Devue
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Self-Awareness and the Left Hemisphere: The Dark Side of Selectively Reviewing the Literature. Cortex 2007; 43:1068-73; discussion 1074-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Keenan JP, Gorman J. The Causal Role of the Right Hemisphere in Self-Awareness: It is the Brain that is Selective. Cortex 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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