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Wang S, Li D, Li G, Duan N, He C, Meng J, Cheng Y, Geng X, Hou L, Chang M, Xu L. Functional Properties, Rheological Characteristics, Simulated Digestion, and Fermentation by Human Fecal Microbiota of Polysaccharide from Morchella importuna. Foods 2024; 13:2148. [PMID: 38998652 PMCID: PMC11241200 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Morchella importuna polysaccharide (MIP) has been proven to have obvious hypoglycemic effects on mice with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study looked at the functional and rheological characteristics of MIP, and investigated the effects of MIP on the human fecal microbiota through in vitro fermentation experiments. The outcomes demonstrate the excellent oil-holding capacity, emulsifying, foaming, and rheological characteristics of MIP. After salivary gastrointestinal digestion, the Mw of MIP decreased from 398.2 kDa and 21.5 kDa to 21.9 kDa and 11.7 kDa. By 16S rRNA sequencing of bacteria fermented in vitro, it was found that MIP did not improve the richness and diversity of intestinal microorganisms, but it may exert an anti-T2DM function by significantly increasing the relative abundance of Firmicutes and promoting Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, Bacteroides, and Blautia proliferation. Escherichia-Shigella could also be inhibited to improve the intestinal microenvironment. In addition, the fermentation of MIP increased the total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration from 3.23 mmol/L to 39.12 mmol/L, and the propionic acid content increased significantly. In summary, MIP has excellent processing performance and is expected to exert potential anti-T2DM activity through the human intestinal microbiota, which has broad market prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Dongjie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Guangle Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Naixin Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Chang He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Junlong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
- Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Xueran Geng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Ludan Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Mingchang Chang
- Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Lijing Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (S.W.); (D.L.)
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Tarazi-Riess H, Shani-Levi C, Lesmes U. Heat-moisture and acid treatments can increase levels of resistant starch in arrowroot starch without adversely affecting its prebiotic activity in human colon microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:5813-5824. [PMID: 38747641 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient whose processing and digestive fate can have numerous beneficial or adverse effects on consumer health. This study investigated the impact of heat-moisture treatments (HMT) and citric acid treatments (CAT) on arrowroot starch (ARS) with a focus on its physicochemical properties, digestibility, and influence on gut microbiota. The results revealed that HMT and CAT did not alter the colloidal characteristics of ARS but significantly affected the balance between amorphous and crystalline regions. Changes in thermal properties, morphology, and particle size were also observed. These can influence ARS shelf life and functional properties in various food applications. Furthermore, certain treatments in both processing methods increased the resistant starch (RS) content of ARS, with HMT for 16 hours at 80 °C and CAT with 0.6 M citric acid, resulting in the most pronounced effects. These changes coincided with reductions in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) levels and improvements in the ratio of slowly digestible starch (SDS) to RDS, which could potentially improve glycemic control. This study also examined the impact of processed ARS on colonic microbiota composition. It found that ARS-derived RS formed under HMT and CAT did not negatively affect the prebiotic potential of the RS fraction. Both treatments were associated with lowering the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B), a marker of gut health, and decreasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, microbes associated with adverse health effects. Additionally, CAT-derived RS showed a significant increase in the relative abundance of Roseburia, a beneficial gut bacterium. In conclusion, processing ARS through HMT and CAT techniques has the potential for enhancing its RS content, improving its glycemic impact, and positively influencing the gut microbiota composition, potentially contributing to gut health and metabolic well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Tarazi-Riess
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Foods and Bioactives, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Carmit Shani-Levi
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Foods and Bioactives, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Uri Lesmes
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Foods and Bioactives, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
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Vorländer D, Schultz G, Hoffmann K, Rasch D, Dohnt K. PETR: A novel peristaltic mixed tubular bioreactor simulating human colonic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1118-1143. [PMID: 38151924 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel bioreactor simulating human colonic conditions for in vitro cultivation of intestinal microbiota is presented. The PEristaltic mixed Tubular bioReactor (PETR) is modular designed and periodically kneaded to simulate intestinal peristalsis. The reactor is introduced, characterized from a bioprocess engineer's perspective and discussed in its ability to mimic colon conditions. PETR provides physiological temperature and appropriate anaerobic conditions, simulates intestinal peristalsis, and has a mean residence time of 32.8 ± 0.8 h comparable to the adult human colon. The single-tube design enables a time-constant and longitudinally progressive pH gradient from 5.5 to 7.0. Using a dialysis liquid containing high molecular weight polyethylene glycol, the integrated dialysis system efficiently absorbs short chain fatty acids (up to 60%) and water (on average 850 mL d-1 ). Cultivation of a typical gut bacterium (Bifidobacterium animalis) was performed to demonstrate the applicability for controlled microbiota cultivation. PETR is unique in combining simulation of the entire colon, peristaltic mixing, dialytic water and metabolite absorption, and a progressive pH gradient in a single-tube design. PETR is a further step to precise replication of colonic conditions in vitro for reliable and reproducible microbiota research, such as studying the effect of food compounds, prebiotics or probiotics, or the development and treatment of infections with enteric pathogens, but also for further medical applications such as drug delivery studies or to study the effect of drugs on and their degradation by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vorländer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gábor Schultz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin Hoffmann
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Detlev Rasch
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katrin Dohnt
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Sun XW, Huang HJ, Wang XM, Wei RQ, Niu HY, Chen HY, Luo M, Abdugheni R, Wang YL, Liu FL, Jiang H, Liu C, Liu SJ. Christensenella strain resources, genomic/metabolomic profiling, and association with host at species level. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2347725. [PMID: 38722028 PMCID: PMC11085954 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2347725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut commensal bacteria Christensenellaceae species are negatively associated with many metabolic diseases, and have been seen as promising next-generation probiotics. However, the cultured Christensenellaceae strain resources were limited, and their beneficial mechanisms for improving metabolic diseases have yet to be explored. In this study, we developed a method that enabled the enrichment and cultivation of Christensenellaceae strains from fecal samples. Using this method, a collection of Christensenellaceae Gut Microbial Biobank (ChrisGMB) was established, composed of 87 strains and genomes that represent 14 species of 8 genera. Seven species were first described and the cultured Christensenellaceae resources have been significantly expanded at species and strain levels. Christensenella strains exerted different abilities in utilization of various complex polysaccharides and other carbon sources, exhibited host-adaptation capabilities such as acid tolerance and bile tolerance, produced a wide range of volatile probiotic metabolites and secondary bile acids. Cohort analyses demonstrated that Christensenellaceae and Christensenella were prevalent in various cohorts and the abundances were significantly reduced in T2D and OB cohorts. At species level, Christensenellaceae showed different changes among healthy and disease cohorts. C. faecalis, F. tenuis, L. tenuis, and Guo. tenuis significantly reduced in all the metabolic disease cohorts. The relative abundances of C. minuta, C. hongkongensis and C. massiliensis showed no significant change in NAFLD and ACVD. and C. tenuis and C. acetigenes showed no significant change in ACVD, and Q. tenuis and Geh. tenuis showed no significant change in NAFLD, when compared with the HC cohort. So far as we know, this is the largest collection of cultured resource and first exploration of Christensenellaceae prevalences and abundances at species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Qi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Han-Yu Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agr icultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hao-Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Man Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agr icultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Rashidin Abdugheni
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürűmqi, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Lan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - He Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Kaur S, Sharma P, Mayer MJ, Neuert S, Narbad A, Kaur S. Beneficial effects of GABA-producing potential probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum L18 of human origin on intestinal permeability and human gut microbiota. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:256. [PMID: 38087304 PMCID: PMC10717626 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid with neuroinhibitory, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties and is used as a drug for treating anxiety and depression. Some strains of lactobacilli are known to produce GABA and strengthen the gut barrier function which play an important role in ameliorating the effects caused by the pathogen on the gut barrier. The probiotic bacteria are also known to modulate the human fecal microbiota, however, the role of GABA-producing strains on the gut epithelium permeability and gut microbiota is not known. RESULTS In this study, we report the production of high levels of GABA by potential probiotic bacterium Limosilactobacillus fermentum L18 for the first time. The kinetics of the production of GABA by L18 showed that the maximum production of GABA in the culture supernatant (CS) occurred at 24 h, whereas in fermented milk it took 48 h of fermentation. The effect of L18 on the restoration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-disrupted intestinal cell membrane permeability in Caco-2 monolayers showed that it significantly restored the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, by significantly increasing the levels of junction proteins, occludin and E-cadherin in L18 and LPS-treated Caco-2 cells as compared to only LPS-treated cells. The effect of GABA-secreting L18 on the metataxonome of human stool samples from healthy individuals was investigated by a batch fermentor that mimics the conditions of the human colon. Although, no differences were observed in the α and β diversities of the L18-treated and untreated samples at 24 h, the relative abundances of bacterial families Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae increased in the L18-treated group, but both decreased in the untreated groups. On the other hand, the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae decreased in the L18 samples but it increased in the untreated samples. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Li. fermentum L18 is a promising GABA-secreting strain that strengthens the gut epithelial barrier by increasing junction protein concentrations and positively modulating the gut microbiota. It has the potential to be used as a psychobiotic or for the production of functional foods for the management of anxiety-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Saskia Neuert
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- East Genomics Laboratory Hub, Cambridge University Hospitals Genomic Laboratory, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sukhraj Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
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Arcidiacono S, Spangler JR, Litteral V, Doherty LA, Stamps B, Walper S, Goodson M, Soares JW. In Vitro Fermentation Evaluation of Engineered Sense and Respond Probiotics in Polymicrobial Communities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5176-5185. [PMID: 37642529 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology provides a means of engineering tailored functions into probiotic bacteria. Of particular interest is introducing microbial sense and response functions; however, techniques for testing in physiologically relevant environments, such as those for the intended use, are still lacking. Typically, engineered probiotics are developed and tested in monoculture or in simplified cocultures still within ideal environments. In vitro fermentation models using simplified microbial communities now allow us to simulate engineered organism behavior, specifically organism persistence and intended functionality, within more physiologically relevant, tailored microbial communities. Here, probiotic bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle and Lactobacillus plantarum engineered with sense and response functionalities were evaluated for the ability to persist and function without adverse impact on commensal bacteria within simplified polymicrobial communities with increasing metabolic competition that simulate gut microbe community dynamics. Probiotic abundance and plasmid stability, measured by viability qPCR, decreased for engineered E. coli Nissle relative to monocultures as metabolic competition increased; functional output was not affected. For engineered L. plantarum, abundance and plasmid stability were not adversely impacted; however, functional output was decreased universally as metabolic competition was introduced. For both organisms, adverse effects on select commensals were not evident. Testing engineered probiotics in more physiologically relevant in vitro test beds can provide critical knowledge for circuit design feedback and functional validation prior to the transition to more costly and time-consuming higher-fidelity testing in animal or human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Arcidiacono
- Soldier Effectiveness Directorate, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Joseph R Spangler
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Vaughn Litteral
- UES Inc, US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Laurel A Doherty
- Soldier Effectiveness Directorate, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Blake Stamps
- 711th Human Performance Wing, US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Scott Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Michael Goodson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jason W Soares
- Soldier Effectiveness Directorate, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
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Bellerose M, Fravalo P, Mainville I, Arcand Y, Thibodeau A. A short-term bioreactor assay to assess the effect of essential oils on a microbiota derived from piglet's intestinal content. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:17. [PMID: 37208761 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulating the microbiota is an emerging way to improve pig health. In-vitro bioreactor systems can be used to reproduce intestinal microbiota to study modulating avenues. In this study, a continuous feeding system to support a microbiota derived from piglet colonic contents, over 72 h, was developed. The microbiota from piglets was collected and used as inoculum. The culture media was derived from an artificial digestion of piglet feed. The microbiota diversity in time, the reproducibility between replicates and the diversity of the bioreactor microbiota compared to the inoculum was assessed. Essential oils were used as a proof of concept to assess the in vitro microbiota modulation. The microbiota diversity was assessed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Quantitative PCR was also used for total bacteria, lactobacilli and Enterobacteria. RESULTS At the start of the assay, the bioreactor microbiota diversity was similar to the inoculum. Time and replication affected the bioreactor microbiota diversity. Between 48 and 72 h, no statistical variation of the microbiota diversity was observable. After a 48 h running period, thymol and carvacrol were added at 200 ppm or 1000 ppm for 24 h. No microbiota modification was observed by sequencing. Quantitative PCR results showed a significant growth of lactobacilli when thymol was used at 1000 ppm, where only a trend was observed with the 16S analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a bioreactor assay that can be used as a tool for rapid screening of additives and suggests that the effects of essential oils on the microbiota are subtle, acting against a few bacterial genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bellerose
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3 200 rue Sicotte, (J2S 2M2), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3 200 rue Sicotte, (J2S 2M2), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3 200 rue Sicotte, (J2S 2M2), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
- Chaire Agro-alimentaire, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Le Cnam, 2 Rue Camille Guérin, Ploufragan, 22440, France
| | - Isabelle Mainville
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, 3 600 Casavant O, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Yves Arcand
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, 3 600 Casavant O, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3 200 rue Sicotte, (J2S 2M2), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada.
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3 200 rue Sicotte, (J2S 2M2), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada.
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Hernalsteens S, Cong HH, Chen XD. Soymilk modification by immobilized bacteria in a soft elastic tubular reactor's wall. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2023.111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Chen J, Yuan Z, Tu Y, Hu W, Xie C, Ye L. Experimental and computational models to investigate intestinal drug permeability and metabolism. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:25-45. [PMID: 36779684 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2180454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is the preferred route for drug administration that leads to better therapy compliance. The intestine plays a key role in the absorption and metabolism of oral drugs, therefore, new intestinal models are being continuously proposed, which contribute to the study of intestinal physiology, drug screening, drug side effects, and drug-drug interactions.Advances in pharmaceutical processes have produced more drug formulations, causing challenges for intestinal models. To adapt to the rapid evolution of pharmaceuticals, more intestinal models have been created. However, because of the complexity of the intestine, few models can take all aspects of the intestine into account, and some functions must be sacrificed to investigate other areas. Therefore, investigators need to choose appropriate models according to the experimental stage and other requirements to obtain the desired results.To help researchers achieve this goal, this review summarised the advantages and disadvantages of current commonly used intestinal models and discusses possible future directions, providing a better understanding of intestinal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Chen
- Institute of Scientific Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziyun Yuan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Tu
- Boehringer-Ingelheim, Connecticut, P.R. USA
| | - Wanyu Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cong Xie
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ye
- TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Nguyen NM, Cho J, Lee C. Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer's Disease: How to Study and Apply Their Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044047. [PMID: 36835459 PMCID: PMC9958597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM), the microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the regulation of brain homeostasis through bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. GM disturbance has been discovered to be related to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) has emerged as an enticing subject not only to understand AD pathology but also to provide novel therapeutic strategies for AD. In this review, the general concept of the MGBA and its impacts on the development and progression of AD are described. Then, diverse experimental approaches for studying the roles of GM in AD pathogenesis are presented. Finally, the MGBA-based therapeutic strategies for AD are discussed. This review provides concise guidance for those who wish to obtain a conceptual and methodological understanding of the GM and AD relationship with an emphasis on its practical application.
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Wang W, Jiang S, Xu C, Tang L, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Zhu G. Interactions between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease: The role of microbiota-derived amino acid metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:976316. [PMID: 36408101 PMCID: PMC9667037 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.976316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as constipation, sleep disorders, and olfactory deficits, may emerge up to 20 years earlier than motor symptoms. A series of evidence indicates that the pathology of PD may occur from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Numerous studies support that the gut microbiota communicates with the brain through the immune system, special amino acid metabolism, and the nervous system in PD. Recently, there is growing recognition that the gut microbiota plays a vital role in the modulation of multiple neurochemical pathways via the “gut microbiota-brain axis” (GMBA). Many gut microbiota metabolites, such as fatty acids, amino acids, and bile acids, convey signaling functions as they mediate the crosstalk between gut microbiota and host physiology. Amino acids' abundance and species alteration, including glutamate and tryptophan, may disturb the signaling transmission between nerve cells and disrupt the normal basal ganglia function in PD. Specific amino acids and their receptors are considered new potential targets for ameliorating PD. The present study aimed to systematically summarize all available evidence on the gut microbiota-derived amino acid metabolism alterations associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Zhao
| | - Guoxue Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Guoxue Zhu
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12
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Aguirre-Calvo TR, Sosa N, López TA, Quintanilla-Carvajal MX, Perullini M, Santagapita PR. Bioaccessibility assay, antioxidant activity and consumer-oriented sensory analysis of Beta vulgaris by-product encapsulated in Ca(II)-alginate beads for different foods. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 5:100140. [PMID: 36277674 PMCID: PMC9583031 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility analysis and antioxidant activity along in vitro digestion and a consumer-oriented sensory analysis were conducted in three potential functional foods based on Ca(II)-alginate beads containing bioactive compounds extracted from beet stems. Ca(II)-alginate beads per se, and two selected products (cookies and turkish delights supplemented with the beads) were prepared. Regarding the beads, among the attributes rated by consumers, visual appreciation predominates, being color in the just-as-right (JAR) category and in the like preference. Instead, both flavor and sweet taste were attributes highly penalized and should be improved in beads to be accepted as food per se. A higher percentage of customers preferred cookies and turkish delights instead of only beads, considering global satisfaction. Regarding in vitro digestion, there was a significant content of phenolic compounds in the products with beads, showing a bioaccessibility greater than 80% (for cookies) and 26% (for turkish delights). Also, the antioxidant capacity measured by ABTS ranged between 50 and 109% for cookies and turkish delights, being lower when measured by FRAP (between 20 and 30%, respectively). Thus, including the beads with beet stem extract in both products leads to a significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds and in the antioxidant capacity compared to their counterparts, protecting the compound during oral and gastric phases. These results allow the generation of improved Ca(II)-alginate systems with promising functional properties for the development of ingredients and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rocio Aguirre-Calvo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica y Departamento de Industrias, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Sosa
- Desarrollo y Mejoramiento de Alimentos de Calidad a partir de Recursos de Entre Ríos (DyMACRER), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de Entre Ríos (ICTAER) CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Facultad de Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Corresponding authors at: CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina (P. Román Santagapita). CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de Entre Ríos (ICTAER), Entre Ríos, Argentina (N. Sosa).
| | - Tamara Anahí López
- Desarrollo y Mejoramiento de Alimentos de Calidad a partir de Recursos de Entre Ríos (DyMACRER), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de Entre Ríos (ICTAER) CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Facultad de Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | | | - Mercedes Perullini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Román Santagapita
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica y Departamento de Industrias, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Corresponding authors at: CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina (P. Román Santagapita). CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de Entre Ríos (ICTAER), Entre Ríos, Argentina (N. Sosa).
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13
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Dynamic metabolic interactions and trophic roles of human gut microbes identified using a minimal microbiome exhibiting ecological properties. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2144-2159. [PMID: 35717467 PMCID: PMC9381525 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrobe–microbe interactions in the human gut are influenced by host-derived glycans and diet. The high complexity of the gut microbiome poses a major challenge for unraveling the metabolic interactions and trophic roles of key microbes. Synthetic minimal microbiomes provide a pragmatic approach to investigate their ecology including metabolic interactions. Here, we rationally designed a synthetic microbiome termed Mucin and Diet based Minimal Microbiome (MDb-MM) by taking into account known physiological features of 16 key bacteria. We combined 16S rRNA gene-based composition analysis, metabolite measurements and metatranscriptomics to investigate community dynamics, stability, inter-species metabolic interactions and their trophic roles. The 16 species co-existed in the in vitro gut ecosystems containing a mixture of complex substrates representing dietary fibers and mucin. The triplicate MDb-MM’s followed the Taylor’s power law and exhibited strikingly similar ecological and metabolic patterns. The MDb-MM exhibited resistance and resilience to temporal perturbations as evidenced by the abundance and metabolic end products. Microbe-specific temporal dynamics in transcriptional niche overlap and trophic interaction network explained the observed co-existence in a competitive minimal microbiome. Overall, the present study provides crucial insights into the co-existence, metabolic niches and trophic roles of key intestinal microbes in a highly dynamic and competitive in vitro ecosystem.
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14
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Goya-Jorge E, Gonza I, Bondue P, Douny C, Taminiau B, Daube G, Scippo ML, Delcenserie V. Human Adult Microbiota in a Static Colon Model: AhR Transcriptional Activity at the Crossroads of Host–Microbe Interaction. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131946. [PMID: 35804761 PMCID: PMC9265634 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional symbiotic intestinal microbiota regulates immune defense and the metabolic processing of xenobiotics in the host. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is one of the transcription factors mediating host–microbe interaction. An in vitro static simulation of the human colon was used in this work to analyze the evolution of bacterial populations, the microbial metabolic output, and the potential induction of AhR transcriptional activity in healthy gut ecosystems. Fifteen target taxa were explored by qPCR, and the metabolic content was chromatographically profiled using SPME-GC-MS and UPLC-FLD to quantify short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and biogenic amines, respectively. Over 72 h of fermentation, the microbiota and most produced metabolites remained stable. Fermentation supernatant induced AhR transcription in two of the three reporter gene cell lines (T47D, HepG2, HT29) evaluated. Mammary and intestinal cells were more sensitive to microbiota metabolic production, which showed greater AhR agonism than the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) used as a positive control. Some of the SCFA and biogenic amines identified could crucially contribute to the potent AhR induction of the fermentation products. As a fundamental pathway mediating human intestinal homeostasis and as a sensor for several microbial metabolites, AhR activation might be a useful endpoint to include in studies of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Goya-Jorge
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Av. de Cureghem 10 (B43b), 4000 Liege, Belgium; (E.G.-J.); (I.G.)
| | - Irma Gonza
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Av. de Cureghem 10 (B43b), 4000 Liege, Belgium; (E.G.-J.); (I.G.)
| | - Pauline Bondue
- Research & Development, ORTIS S.A., Hinter der Heck 46, 4750 Elsenborn, Belgium;
| | - Caroline Douny
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Av. de Cureghem 10 (B43b), 4000 Liege, Belgium; (C.D.); (M.-L.S.)
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Av. de Cureghem 180 (B42), 4000 Liege, Belgium; (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Georges Daube
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Av. de Cureghem 180 (B42), 4000 Liege, Belgium; (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Av. de Cureghem 10 (B43b), 4000 Liege, Belgium; (C.D.); (M.-L.S.)
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Av. de Cureghem 10 (B43b), 4000 Liege, Belgium; (E.G.-J.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-51-24
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15
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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16
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Aguanno D, Metwaly A, Coleman OI, Haller D. Modeling microbiota-associated human diseases: from minimal models to complex systems. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2022; 1:17. [PMID: 38046357 PMCID: PMC10688821 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the intestinal microbiota are associated with various human diseases of the digestive system, including obesity and its associated metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and colorectal cancer (CRC). All three diseases are characterized by modifications of the richness, composition, and metabolic functions of the human intestinal microbiota. Despite being multi-factorial diseases, studies in germ-free animal models have unarguably identified the intestinal microbiota as a causal driver of disease pathogenesis. However, for an increased mechanistic understanding of microbial signatures in human diseases, models require detailed refinement to closely mimic the human microbiota and reflect the complexity and range of dysbiosis observed in patients. The transplantation of human fecal microbiota into animal models represents a powerful tool for studying the causal and functional role of the dysbiotic human microbiome in a pathological context. While human microbiota-associated models were initially employed to study obesity, an increasing number of studies have applied this approach in the context of IBD and CRC over the past decade. In this review, we discuss different approaches that allow the functional validation of the bacterial contribution to human diseases, with emphasis on obesity and its associated metabolic diseases, IBD, and CRC. We discuss the utility of simple models, such as in vitro fermentation systems of the human microbiota and ex vivo intestinal organoids, as well as more complex whole organism models. Our focus here lies on human microbiota-associated mouse models in the context of all three diseases, as well as highlighting the advantages and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Aguanno
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Amira Metwaly
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Olivia I. Coleman
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
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17
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Roupar D, Coelho MC, Gonçalves DA, Silva SP, Coelho E, Silva S, Coimbra MA, Pintado M, Teixeira JA, Nobre C. Evaluation of Microbial-Fructo-Oligosaccharides Metabolism by Human Gut Microbiota Fermentation as Compared to Commercial Inulin-Derived Oligosaccharides. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070954. [PMID: 35407041 PMCID: PMC8997964 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prebiotic potential of fructo-oligosaccharides (microbial-FOS) produced by a newly isolated Aspergillus ibericus, and purified by Saccharomyces cerevisiae YIL162 W, was evaluated. Their chemical structure and functionality were compared to a non-microbial commercial FOS sample. Prebiotics were fermented in vitro by fecal microbiota of five healthy volunteers. Microbial-FOS significantly stimulated the growth of Bifidobacterium probiotic strains, triggering a beneficial effect on gut microbiota composition. A higher amount of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) was produced by microbial-FOS fermentation as compared to commercial-FOS, particularly propionate and butyrate. Inulin neoseries oligosaccharides, with a degree of polymerization (DP) up to 5 (e.g., neokestose and neonystose), were identified only in the microbial-FOS mixture. More than 10% of the microbial-oligosaccharides showed a DP higher than 5. Differences identified in the structures of the FOS samples may explain their different functionalities. Results indicate that microbial-FOS exhibit promising potential as nutraceutical ingredients for positive gut microbiota modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Roupar
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta C. Coelho
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Daniela A. Gonçalves
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Soraia P. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.P.S.); (E.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Elisabete Coelho
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.P.S.); (E.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Sara Silva
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuel A. Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.P.S.); (E.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Nobre
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-604-400; Fax: +351-253-678-986
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18
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Asare PT, Greppi A, Pennacchia A, Brenig K, Geirnaert A, Schwab C, Stephan R, Lacroix C. In vitro Modeling of Chicken Cecal Microbiota Ecology and Metabolism Using the PolyFermS Platform. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:780092. [PMID: 34987487 PMCID: PMC8721126 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.780092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous in vitro fermentation models provide a useful tool for a fast, reproducible, and direct assessment of treatment-related changes in microbiota metabolism and composition independent of the host. In this study, we used the PolyFermS model to mimic the conditions of the chicken cecum and evaluated three nutritive media for in vitro modeling of the chicken cecal microbiota ecology and metabolism. We observed that our model inoculated with immobilized cecal microbiota and fed with a modified Viande Levure medium (mVL-3) reached a high bacterial cell density of up to approximately 10.5 log cells per mL and stable microbiota composition, akin to the host, during 82 days of continuous operation. Relevant bacterial functional groups containing primary fibrolytic (Bacteroides, Bifidobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae), glycolytic (Enterococcus), mucolytic (Bacteroides), proteolytic (Bacteroides), and secondary acetate-utilizing butyrate-producing and propionate-producing (Lachnospiraceae) taxa were preserved in vitro. Besides, conserved metabolic and functional Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were observed between in vitro microbiota and cecal inoculum microbiota as predicted by functional metagenomics analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the continuous inoculation provided by the inoculum reactor generated reproducible metabolic profiles in second-stage reactors comparable to the chicken cecum, allowing for the simultaneous investigation and direct comparison of different treatments with a control. In conclusion, we showed that PolyFermS is a suitable model for mimicking chicken cecal microbiota fermentation allowing ethical and ex vivo screening of environmental factors, such as dietary additives, on chicken cecal fermentation. We report here for the first time a fermentation medium (mVL-3) that closely mimics the substrate conditions in the chicken cecum and supports the growth and metabolic activity of the cecal bacterial akin to the host. Our PolyFermS chicken cecum model is a useful tool to study microbiota functionality and structure ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Tetteh Asare
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Greppi
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Pennacchia
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Brenig
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies Geirnaert
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa Schwab
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Hygiene and Safety, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Hernalsteens S, Huang S, Cong HH, Chen XD. The final fate of food: On the establishment of in vitro colon models. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110743. [PMID: 34865762 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The search for life/health quality has driven the search for a better understanding of food components on the overall individual health, which turns to be intrinsically related to the digestive system. In vitro digestion models are considered an alternative for the in vivo studies for a variety of practical reasons, but further research is still needed concerning the colon model establishment. An effective in vitro colon model should consider all unit operations and transport phenomena, together with chemical and biochemical reactions, material handling and reactor design. Due to the different techniques and dependence on the donor microbiota, it is difficult to obtain a standard protocol with results reproductible in time and space. Furthermore, the colon model should be fed with a representative substrate, thus what happens in upper digestion tract and absorption prior to colon is also of crucial importance. Essentially, there are two ways to think about how to achieve a good and useful in vitro colon model: a complex biomimetic system that provides results comparable with the in vivo studies or a simple system, that despite the fact it could not give physiologically relevant data, it is sufficient to understand the fate of some specific components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saartje Hernalsteens
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science - Soochow University, China.
| | | | - Hai Hua Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering - Dalian Ocean University, China
| | - Xiao Dong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science - Soochow University, China.
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20
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Sardelli L, Perottoni S, Tunesi M, Boeri L, Fusco F, Petrini P, Albani D, Giordano C. Technological tools and strategies for culturing human gut microbiota in engineered in vitro models. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2886-2905. [PMID: 33990954 PMCID: PMC8361989 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota directly impacts the pathophysiology of different human body districts. Consequently, microbiota investigation is an hot topic of research and its in vitro culture has gained extreme interest in different fields. However, the high sensitivity of microbiota to external stimuli, such as sampling procedure, and the physicochemical complexity of the gut environment make its in vitro culture a challenging task. New engineered microfluidic gut-on-a-chip devices have the potential to model some important features of the intestinal structure, but they are usually unable to sustain culture of microbiota over an extended period of time. The integration of gut-on-a-chip devices with bioreactors for continuous bacterial culture would lead to fast advances in the study of microbiota-host crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the main technologies for the continuous culture of microbiota as upstream systems to be coupled with microfluidic devices to study bacteria-host cells communication. The engineering of integrated microfluidic platforms, capable of sustaining both anaerobic and aerobic cultures, would be the starting point to unveil complex biological phenomena proper of the microbiota-host crosstalks, paving to way to multiple research and technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Sardelli
- Department of ChemistryMaterials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Simone Perottoni
- Department of ChemistryMaterials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Marta Tunesi
- Department of ChemistryMaterials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Department of ChemistryMaterials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Federica Fusco
- Department of ChemistryMaterials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department of ChemistryMaterials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of ChemistryMaterials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
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21
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Kong Q, Liu S, Li A, Wang Y, Zhang L, Iqbal M, Jamil T, Shang Z, Suo LS, Li J. Characterization of fungal microbial diversity in healthy and diarrheal Tibetan piglets. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:204. [PMID: 34217216 PMCID: PMC8254304 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is an important ailment limiting the production of the Tibetan pig industry. Dynamic balance of the intestinal microbiota is important for the physiology of the animal. The objective of this work was to study fungal diversity in the feces of early weaning Tibetan piglets in different health conditions. RESULTS In the present study, we performed high-throughput sequencing to characterize the fungal microbial diversity in healthy, diarrheal and treated Tibetan piglets at the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The four alpha diversity indices (Chao1, ACE, Shannon and Simpson) revealed no significant differences in the richness across the different groups (P > 0.05). In all samples, the predominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Rozellomycota. Moreover, the healthy piglets showed a higher abundance of Ascomycota than the treated ones with a decreased level of Basidiomycota. One phylum (Rozellomycota) showed higher abundance in the diarrheal piglets than in the treated. At genus level, compared with that to the healthy group, the proportion of Derxomyces and Lecanicillium decreased, whereas that of Cortinarius and Kazachstania increased in the diarrheal group. The relative abundances of Derxomyces, Phyllozyma and Hydnum were higher in treated piglets than in the diarrheal ones. CONCLUSIONS A decreased relative abundance of beneficial fungi (e.g. Derxomyces and Lecanicillium) may cause diarrhea in the early-weaned Tibetan piglets. Addition of probiotics into the feed may prevent diarrhea at this stage. This study presented the fungal diversity in healthy, diarrheal and treated early-weaned Tibetan piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China. .,Tibetan Plateau Feed Processing Engineering Research Center, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suozhu Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China.,Tibetan Plateau Feed Processing Engineering Research Center, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhenda Shang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China.,Tibetan Plateau Feed Processing Engineering Research Center, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang-Sizhu Suo
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Beeck R, Glöckl G, Krause J, Schick P, Weitschies W. Mimicking the dynamic Colonic microbiota in vitro to gain a better understanding on the in vivo metabolism of xenobiotics: Degradation of sulfasalazine. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120704. [PMID: 33991596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the potential effects of colonic metabolism, the interest in the composition and action of intestinal microbiota has increased significantly throughout the last 10 years. Recently focus is turning to the development and implementation of in vitro tools closely simulating in vivo colonic metabolic processes suitable for routine use. The aim of the present study is to compare the metabolization of the model drug sulfasalazine utilizing the novel dynamic bioreactor MimiCol and a standard static batch fermenter inoculated with cryopreserved faecal microbiota. Major advantages of the novel bioreactor MimiCol are the smaller media volume which is closer to in vivo conditions, the possibility to perform media changes and the closer simulation of in vivo mixing patterns. The study proved that the MimiCol is able to simulate the dynamic conditions found within the ascending colon. The dynamic conditions within the MimiCol led to an almost 2-fold increase of the metabolization rate constant in comparison to the static batch fermenter. Our study was able to prove that the novel dynamic bioreactor MimiCol is able to closely simulate physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Beeck
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Gunnar Glöckl
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Julius Krause
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Philipp Schick
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Werner Weitschies
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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23
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Nissen L, Casciano F, Gianotti A. Intestinal fermentation in vitro models to study food-induced gut microbiota shift: an updated review. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5854534. [PMID: 32510557 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro gut fermentation models were firstly introduced in nutrition and applied microbiology research back in the 1990s. These models have improved greatly during time, mainly over the resemblance to the complexity of digestion stages, the replication of experimental conditions, the multitude of ecological parameters to assay. The state of the science is that the most competitive models shall include a complex gut microbiota, small working volumes, distinct interconnected compartments and rigorous bio-chemical and ecological settings, controlled by a computer, as well as a free-hands accessibility, not to contaminate the mock microbiota. These models are a useful tool to study the impact of a given diet compound, e.g. prebiotics, on the human gut microbiota. The principal application is to focus on the shift of the core microbial groups and selected species together with their metabolites, assaying their diversity, richness and abundance in the community over time. Besides, it is possible to study how a compound is digested, which metabolic pathways are triggered, and the type and quantity of microbial metabolites produced. Further prospective should focus on challenges with pathogens as well as on ecology of gut syndromes. In this minireview an updated presentation of the most used intestinal models is presented, basing on their concept, technical features, as well as on research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nissen
- CIRI-Interdepartmental Centre of Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, P.za G. Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Flavia Casciano
- DiSTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 50, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gianotti
- CIRI-Interdepartmental Centre of Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, P.za G. Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy.,DiSTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 50, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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24
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Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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25
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Chen J, Pi X, Liu W, Ding Q, Wang X, Jia W, Zhu L. Age-related changes of microbiota in midlife associated with reduced saccharolytic potential: an in vitro study. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:47. [PMID: 33588748 PMCID: PMC7885556 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota is critical in maintaining human health, of which diversity and abundance are subject to significantly reduce in seniors. Gut microbiota is reported to be stable across the long adulthood in general, but lack of careful examination, especially for the midlife people. RESULTS To characterize the gut microbiota in midlife, we investigated the faecal microbiota between two groups of healthy people, young, 20-39 years old, n = 15; and midlife, 40-60 years old, n = 15. Metabolic responses of the microbiota were studied through in vitro batch fermentation model. Although no difference was observed in the diversity indices between the two age groups, a wide range taxonomic changes were found in the faecal microbiota. Furthermore, substantial Bifidobacterium reduction was also found in both faecal and fermented samples. The faecal SCFAs are similar in both groups, as well as starch fermentation broth. However, after inulin fermentation, the acetate concentration and inulin degradation rate decreased while the gas production increased in midlife group, suggesting a deficiency of saccharolytic potential in midlife, especially for non-digestible carbohydrate. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that gut microbiota begins to change as early as in midlife. The reduction in Bifidobacterium dominates the change of the microbiota composition in midlife resulting in attenuated saccharolytic capacity of inulin, possibly leading to insufficient acetate production which might be associated with healthy problems in this transition period from young to elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xionge Pi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qunfang Ding
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Jia
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Liying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
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26
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Effect of in vitro digestion-fermentation of Ca(II)-alginate beads containing sugar and biopolymers over global antioxidant response and short chain fatty acids production. Food Chem 2020; 333:127483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Aguirre-Calvo TR, Molino S, Perullini M, Rufián-Henares J, Santagapita PR. Effects of in vitro digestion-fermentation over global antioxidant response and short chain fatty acid production of beet waste extracts in Ca(ii)-alginate beads. Food Funct 2020; 11:10645-10654. [PMID: 33216078 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02347g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to analyze the effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion-fermentation on antioxidant capacity, total phenols and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from biocompounds derived from beet waste (leaf and stem) encapsulated in different formulations of Ca(ii)-alginate beads. The encapsulated systems presented higher antioxidant capacity in different phases (digested and fermented) than the extracts without encapsulation, making Ca(ii)-alginate beads a suitable delivery vehicle. Levels of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the fermented fraction were up to ten times higher than those of the digested fraction, boosted by the contribution of bioactive compounds from the by-product of beet as well as by sugars and biopolymers. Among the formulations used, those that had excipients (sugars and/or biopolymers) presented a better overall antioxidant response than the beads with just alginate. Guar gum and sucrose lead to a promising enhancement of Ca(ii)-alginate beads not only for preservation and protection but also in terms of stability under in vitro digestion-fermentation and production of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rocio Aguirre-Calvo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Departamento de Industrias, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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28
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Ntemiri A, Ghosh TS, Gheller ME, Tran TTT, Blum JE, Pellanda P, Vlckova K, Neto MC, Howell A, Thalacker-Mercer A, O’Toole PW. Whole Blueberry and Isolated Polyphenol-Rich Fractions Modulate Specific Gut Microbes in an In Vitro Colon Model and in a Pilot Study in Human Consumers. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2800. [PMID: 32932733 PMCID: PMC7551244 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberry (BB) consumption is linked to improved health. The bioconversion of the polyphenolic content of BB by fermentative bacteria in the large intestine may be a necessary step for the health benefits attributed to BB consumption. The identification of specific gut microbiota taxa that respond to BB consumption and that mediate the bioconversion of consumed polyphenolic compounds into bioactive forms is required to improve our understanding of how polyphenols impact human health. We tested the ability of polyphenol-rich fractions purified from whole BB-namely, anthocyanins/flavonol glycosides (ANTH/FLAV), proanthocyanidins (PACs), the sugar/acid fraction (S/A), and total polyphenols (TPP)-to modulate the fecal microbiota composition of healthy adults in an in vitro colon system. In a parallel pilot study, we tested the effect of consuming 38 g of freeze-dried BB powder per day for 6 weeks on the fecal microbiota of 17 women in two age groups (i.e., young and older). The BB ingredients had a distinct effect on the fecal microbiota composition in the artificial colon model. The ANTH/FLAV and PAC fractions were more effective in promoting microbiome alpha diversity compared to S/A and TPP, and these effects were attributed to differentially responsive taxa. Dietary enrichment with BB resulted in a moderate increase in the diversity of the microbiota of the older subjects but not in younger subjects, and certain health-relevant taxa were significantly associated with BB consumption. Alterations in the abundance of some gut bacteria correlated not only with BB consumption but also with increased antioxidant activity in blood. Collectively, these pilot data support the notion that BB consumption is associated with gut microbiota changes and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ntemiri
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Tarini S. Ghosh
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Molly E. Gheller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.E.G.); (J.E.B.); (A.T.-M.)
| | - Tam T. T. Tran
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Jamie E. Blum
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.E.G.); (J.E.B.); (A.T.-M.)
| | - Paola Pellanda
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Klara Vlckova
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Marta C. Neto
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Amy Howell
- Marucci Center for Blueberry Cranberry Research, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA;
| | - Anna Thalacker-Mercer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.E.G.); (J.E.B.); (A.T.-M.)
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
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Krause JL, Schaepe SS, Fritz-Wallace K, Engelmann B, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Kleinsteuber S, Schattenberg F, Liu Z, Mueller S, Jehmlich N, Von Bergen M, Herberth G. Following the community development of SIHUMIx - a new intestinal in vitro model for bioreactor use. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1116-1129. [PMID: 31918607 PMCID: PMC7524388 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1702431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse intestinal microbiota is frequently used in in vitro bioreactor models to study the effects of diet, chemical contaminations, or medication. However, the reproducible cultivation of fecal microbiota is challenging and the resultant communities behave highly dynamic. To approach the issue of reproducibility in in vitro models, we established an intestinal microbiota model community of reduced complexity, SIHUMIx, as a valuable model for in vitro use. The development of the SIHUMIx community was monitored over time with methods covering the cellular and the molecular level. We used microbial flow cytometry, intact protein profiling and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to assess community structure. In parallel, we analyzed the functional level by targeted analysis of short-chain fatty acids and untargeted metabolomics. The stability properties constancy, resistance, and resilience were approached both on the structural and functional level of the community. We show that the SIHUMIx community is highly reproducible and constant since day 5 of cultivation. Furthermore, SIHUMIx has the ability to resist and recover from a pulsed perturbation, with changes in community structure recovered earlier than functional changes. Since community structure and function changed divergently, both levels need to be monitored at the same time to gain a full overview of the community development. All five methods are highly suitable to follow the community dynamics of SIHUMIx and indicated stability on day five. This makes SIHUMIx a suitable in vitro model to investigate the effects of e.g. medical, chemical, or dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannike Lea Krause
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, German
| | - Stephanie Serena Schaepe
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katarina Fritz-Wallace
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatrice Engelmann
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Kleinsteuber
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Schattenberg
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zishu Liu
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Mueller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, German
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30
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Andrade RMSD, Silva S, Costa CMDSF, Veiga M, Costa E, Ferreira MSL, Gonçalves ECBDA, Pintado ME. Potential prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable byproducts flour using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109354. [PMID: 33233058 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable byproducts (FVBP) present high content of bioactive compounds and dietary fibers and have demonstrated a positive modulatory effect upon gut microbiota composition. In the present study, the prebiotic potential of a FVBP flour obtained from solid byproducts after fruit and vegetable processing was evaluated after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. An initial screening with three strains of Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus casei 01, Lactobacillus rhamnosus R11 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5®) and one Bifidobacterium strain (Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis BB12®) was carried out and then the prebiotic effect of FVBP flour was performed with fecal samples of five donors. The changes in gut microbiota were evaluated at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h of fermentation by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method with 16S rRNA-based specific primers. The pH and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production at each fermentation time were assessed. The fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were used as positive control. The impact of FVBP flour upon cell viability was also evaluated. FVBP flour showed higher prebiotic effect than FOS on growth enhancement of Lactobacillus after 48 h of fermentation and similar bifidogenic effect as FOS on Bifidobacterium growth at 12, 24 and 48 h of fermentation. SCFA production was observed when FVBP flour was used as carbon source, including butyrate, which supports the prebiotic potential of this flour. Additionally, it was observed that after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the FVBP flour at 3% promoted cell metabolism of Caco-2 cell line up to 67%. Thus, the present study demonstrates the viability of using a fruit and vegetable byproducts flour as a potential sustainable prebiotic source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Melquiades Silva de Andrade
- Laboratory of Bioactives, Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition (PPGAN), UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 296, Nutrition Pd, 5(o)andar, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ Campus Macaé, Clinical Nutrition Department, Macaé, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Sara Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Célia Maria da Silva Freitas Costa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Veiga
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Costa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Simões Larraz Ferreira
- Laboratory of Bioactives, Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition (PPGAN), UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 296, Nutrition Pd, 5(o)andar, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Center of Innovation in Mass Spectrometry, UNIRIO, Brazil.
| | - Edira Castello Branco de Andrade Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Bioactives, Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition (PPGAN), UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 296, Nutrition Pd, 5(o)andar, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; School of Nutrition, Department of Food Science, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil.
| | - Manuela Estevez Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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Fritz-Wallace K, Engelmann B, Krause JL, Schäpe SS, Pöppe J, Herberth G, Rösler U, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Rolle-Kampczyk U. Quantification of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid from microbiome reactor fluids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8668. [PMID: 31961458 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides and it is suspected to affect the intestinal microbiota through inhibition of aromatic amino acid synthesis via the shikimate pathway. In vitro microbiome bioreactors are increasingly used as model systems to investigate effects on intestinal microbiota and consequently methods for the quantitation of glyphosate and its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in microbiome model systems are required. METHODS An optimized protocol enables the analysis of both glyphosate and AMPA by simple extraction with methanol:acetonitrile:water (2:3:1) without further enrichment steps. Glyphosate and AMPA are separated by liquid chromatography on an amide column and identified and quantified with a targeted tandem mass spectrometry method using a QTRAP 5500 system (AB Sciex). RESULTS Our method has a limit of detection (LOD) in extracted water samples of <2 ng/mL for both glyphosate and AMPA. In complex intestinal medium, the LOD is 2 and 5 ng/mL for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. These LODs allow for measurement at exposure-relevant concentrations. Glyphosate levels in a bioreactor model of porcine colon were determined and consequently it was verified whether AMPA was produced by porcine gut microbiota. CONCLUSIONS The method presented here allows quantitation of glyphosate and AMPA in complex bioreactor fluids and thus enables studies of the impact of glyphosate and its metabolism on intestinal microbiota. In addition, the extraction protocol is compatible with an untargeted metabolomics analysis, thus allowing one to look for other perturbations caused by glyphosate in the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Fritz-Wallace
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatrice Engelmann
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jannike L Krause
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie S Schäpe
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Judith Pöppe
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Rösler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Amorim C, Silvério SC, Cardoso BB, Alves JI, Pereira MA, Rodrigues LR. In vitro assessment of prebiotic properties of xylooligosaccharides produced by Bacillus subtilis 3610. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Karimi R, Azizi MH, Sahari MA, Kazem AE. In vitro fermentation profile of soluble dietary fibers obtained by different enzymatic extractions from barley bran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2019.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Bryan DDSL, Abbott DA, Van Kessel AG, Classen HL. The influence of indigestible protein on broiler digestive tract morphology and caecal protein fermentation metabolites. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:847-866. [PMID: 31854098 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Indigestible dietary protein fermentation products have been suggested to negatively influence broiler performance due to their impact on health and digestive tract morphology. This study evaluated the digestive tract morphology and caecal protein fermentation metabolites of broiler fed 3 dietary protein levels (24%, 26% and 28%) with low or high indigestible protein (LIP, HIP). Two completely randomized 3 × 2 factorial trials were conducted with protein level (PL) and indigestible protein (IDP) as the main factors. In both trials, birds received six diets (24-LIP, 24-HIP, 26-LIP, 26-HIP, 28-LIP and 28 HIP) formulated with no medication. On day 5, trial 1 birds were vaccinated with Coccivac-B52, while trial 2 received no vaccine. Tissue and caecal samples were collected and caecal contents analysed for fermentation metabolites. Differences were considered significant when p ≤ .05. The LIP treatment caecal content in trial 1 at 14 days had greater histamine, agmatine and cadaverine levels, while HIP diets resulted in increased serotonin, tryptamine and spermidine. Histamine, serotonin and tryptamine at day 28 were not affected by IDP, and ammonia was not affected by treatments at day 14 or day 28. At day 14, HIP birds had lower total short-chain fatty acids, higher caecal pH and heavier pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard, jejunum and ileum weights. The same effects of IDP found in trial 1 were observed for histamine, agmatine, cadaverine, serotonin, tryptamine and spermidine at day 21 in trial 2. Trial 2 had a PL-by-IDP interaction influencing tyramine, spermidine (28-LIP > 24-LIP) and spermine with values increasing with PL for LIP diets and remaining constant for HIP diets. An interaction between PL and IDP was found for ammonia level and was similar to interactions for biogenic amines. In conclusion, dietary PL and IDP influence broiler caecal protein fermentation metabolites and those effects varied with coccidiosis vaccination and rearing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervan D S L Bryan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dawn A Abbott
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew G Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Henry L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Astó E, Méndez I, Rodríguez-Prado M, Cuñé J, Espadaler J, Farran-Codina A. Effect of the Degree of Polymerization of Fructans on Ex Vivo Fermented Human Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1293. [PMID: 31181638 PMCID: PMC6627432 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic supplements are used to promote gastrointestinal health by stimulating beneficial bacteria. The aim of this study was to compare the potential prebiotic effects of fructans with increasing degrees of polymerization, namely fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulins with a low and high polymerization degree (LPDI and HPDI, respectively), using an ex vivo fermentation system to simulate the colonic environment. The system was inoculated with pooled feces from three healthy donors with the same baseline enterotype. Changes in microbiota composition were measured by 16S metagenomic sequencing after 2, 7, and 14 days of fermentation, and acid production was measured throughout the experiment. Alpha-diversity decreased upon inoculation of the ex vivo fermentation under all treatments. Composition changed significantly across both treatments and time (ANOSIM p < 0.005 for both factors). HPDI and LPDI seemed to be similar to each other regarding composition and acidification activity, but different from the control and FOS. FOS differed from the control in terms of composition but not acidification. HDPI restored alpha-diversity on day 14 as compared to the control (Bonferroni p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prebiotic activity of fructans appears to depend on the degree of polymerization, with LPDI and especially HPDI having a greater effect than FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erola Astó
- AB-Biotics, S.A, ESADE Creapolis, Av. Torre Blanca, 57, E-08172 Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, XaRTA-INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Av. Prat de la Riba, 171, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Iago Méndez
- AB-Biotics, S.A, ESADE Creapolis, Av. Torre Blanca, 57, E-08172 Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Maria Rodríguez-Prado
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Building V. Office V0-308, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ Travessera dels Turons s/n, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Jordi Cuñé
- AB-Biotics, S.A, ESADE Creapolis, Av. Torre Blanca, 57, E-08172 Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Jordi Espadaler
- AB-Biotics, S.A, ESADE Creapolis, Av. Torre Blanca, 57, E-08172 Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Andreu Farran-Codina
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, XaRTA-INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Av. Prat de la Riba, 171, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
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A Small In Vitro Fermentation Model for Screening the Gut Microbiota Effects of Different Fiber Preparations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081925. [PMID: 31003566 PMCID: PMC6514940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of prebiotic fibers requires fast high-throughput screening of their effects on the gut microbiota. We demonstrated the applicability of a mictotiter plate in the in vitro fermentation models for the screening of potentially-prebiotic dietary fibers. The effects of seven rye bran-, oat- and linseed-derived fiber preparations on the human fecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid production were studied. The model was also used to study whether fibers can alleviate the harmful effects of amoxicillin-clavulanate on the microbiota. The antibiotic induced a shift in the bacterial community in the absence of fibers by decreasing the relative amounts of Bifidobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, and increasing proteobacterial Sutterilaceae levels from 1% to 11% of the total microbiota. The fermentation of rye bran, enzymatically treated rye bran, its insoluble fraction, soluble oat fiber and a mixture of rye fiber:soluble oat fiber:linseed resulted in a significant increase in butyrate production and a bifidogenic effect in the absence of the antibiotic. These fibers were also able to counteract the negative effects of the antibiotic and prevent the decrease in the relative amount of bifidobacteria. Insoluble and soluble rye bran fractions and soluble oat fiber were the best for controlling the level of proteobacteria at the level below 2%.
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The Use of Defined Microbial Communities To Model Host-Microbe Interactions in the Human Gut. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:83/2/e00054-18. [PMID: 30867232 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00054-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal ecosystem is characterized by a complex interplay between different microorganisms and the host. The high variation within the human population further complicates the quest toward an adequate understanding of this complex system that is so relevant to human health and well-being. To study host-microbe interactions, defined synthetic bacterial communities have been introduced in gnotobiotic animals or in sophisticated in vitro cell models. This review reinforces that our limited understanding has often hampered the appropriate design of defined communities that represent the human gut microbiota. On top of this, some communities have been applied to in vivo models that differ appreciably from the human host. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of using defined microbial communities are outlined, and suggestions for future improvement of host-microbe interaction models are provided. With respect to the host, technological advances, such as the development of a gut-on-a-chip system and intestinal organoids, may contribute to more-accurate in vitro models of the human host. With respect to the microbiota, due to the increasing availability of representative cultured isolates and their genomic sequences, our understanding and controllability of the human gut "core microbiota" are likely to increase. Taken together, these advancements could further unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the human gut microbiota superorganism. Such a gain of insight would provide a solid basis for the improvement of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics as well as the development of new therapeutic microbes.
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Wiese M. The potential of pectin to impact pig nutrition and health: feeding the animal and its microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5320383. [PMID: 30767016 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing efforts to substitute antibiotics and improve animal health combined with the acknowledgement of the role of gut microbiota in health have led to an elevated interest in the understanding on how fibre with prebiotic potential, such as pectin, can improve animal growth and health via direct or gut microbiota mediated effects. Various reports exist on the antiviral and antibacterial effects of pectin, as well as its potency as a modulator of the immune response and gut microbial community. Comprehensive insights into the potential of pectin to improve animal growth and health are currently still hampered by heterogeneity in the design of studies. Studies differ with regard to the dosage, molecular structure and source of the pectin implemented, as well as concerning the set of investigations of its effects on the host. Harmonisation of the study design including an in-depth analysis of the gut microbial community and its metabolome will aid to extract information on how pectin can impact growth and overall animal health. Studies with an increased focus on pectin structure such as on pectin-derived rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) are just starting to unravel pectin-structure-related effects on mammalian health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiese
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,CP Kelco ApS, Ved Banen 16, 4623 Lille Skensved, Denmark
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Silverman JD, Durand HK, Bloom RJ, Mukherjee S, David LA. Dynamic linear models guide design and analysis of microbiota studies within artificial human guts. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:202. [PMID: 30419949 PMCID: PMC6233358 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial gut models provide unique opportunities to study human-associated microbiota. Outstanding questions for these models' fundamental biology include the timescales on which microbiota vary and the factors that drive such change. Answering these questions though requires overcoming analytical obstacles like estimating the effects of technical variation on observed microbiota dynamics, as well as the lack of appropriate benchmark datasets. RESULTS To address these obstacles, we created a modeling framework based on multinomial logistic-normal dynamic linear models (MALLARDs) and performed dense longitudinal sampling of four replicate artificial human guts over the course of 1 month. The resulting analyses revealed how the ratio of biological variation to technical variation from sample processing depends on sampling frequency. In particular, we find that at hourly sampling frequencies, 76% of observed variation could be ascribed to technical sources, which could also skew the observed covariation between taxa. We also found that the artificial guts demonstrated replicable trajectories even after a recovery from a transient feed disruption. Additionally, we observed irregular sub-daily oscillatory dynamics associated with the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae within all four replicate vessels. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses suggest that, beyond variation due to sequence counting, technical variation from sample processing can obscure temporal variation from biological sources in artificial gut studies. Our analyses also supported hypotheses that human gut microbiota fluctuates on sub-daily timescales in the absence of a host and that microbiota can follow replicable trajectories in the presence of environmental driving forces. Finally, multiple aspects of our approach are generalizable and could ultimately be used to facilitate the design and analysis of longitudinal microbiota studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Silverman
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, CIEMAS, Room 2171, 101 Science Drive, Box 3382, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Heather K. Durand
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Rachael J. Bloom
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Sayan Mukherjee
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, CIEMAS, Room 2171, 101 Science Drive, Box 3382, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Departments of Statistical Science, Mathematics, Computer Science, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Lawrence A. David
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, CIEMAS, Room 2171, 101 Science Drive, Box 3382, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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McDonald JAK, Mullish BH, Pechlivanis A, Liu Z, Brignardello J, Kao D, Holmes E, Li JV, Clarke TB, Thursz MR, Marchesi JR. Inhibiting Growth of Clostridioides difficile by Restoring Valerate, Produced by the Intestinal Microbiota. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1495-1507.e15. [PMID: 30025704 PMCID: PMC6347096 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is effective for treating recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), but there are concerns about its long-term safety. Understanding the mechanisms of the effects of FMT could help us design safer, targeted therapies. We aimed to identify microbial metabolites that are important for C difficile growth. METHODS We used a CDI chemostat model as a tool to study the effects of FMT in vitro. The following analyses were performed: C difficile plate counts, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry bile acid profiling. FMT mixtures were prepared using fresh fecal samples provided by donors enrolled in an FMT program in the United Kingdom. Results from chemostat experiments were validated using human stool samples, C difficile batch cultures, and C57BL/6 mice with CDI. Human stool samples were collected from 16 patients with recurrent CDI and healthy donors (n = 5) participating in an FMT trial in Canada. RESULTS In the CDI chemostat model, clindamycin decreased valerate and deoxycholic acid concentrations and increased C difficile total viable counts and valerate precursors, taurocholic acid, and succinate concentrations. After we stopped adding clindamycin, levels of bile acids and succinate recovered, whereas levels of valerate and valerate precursors did not. In the CDI chemostat model, FMT increased valerate concentrations and decreased C difficile total viable counts (94% decrease), spore counts (86% decrease), and valerate precursor concentrations; concentrations of bile acids were unchanged. In stool samples from patients with CDI, valerate was depleted before FMT but restored after FMT. Clostridioides difficile batch cultures confirmed that valerate decreased vegetative growth, and that taurocholic acid was required for germination but had no effect on vegetative growth. Clostridioides difficile total viable counts were decreased by 95% in mice with CDI given glycerol trivalerate compared with phosphate buffered saline. CONCLUSIONS We identified valerate as a metabolite that is depleted with clindamycin and only recovered with FMT. Valerate is a target for a rationally designed recurrent CDI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A K McDonald
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin H Mullish
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Pechlivanis
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerusa Brignardello
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dina Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jia V Li
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B Clarke
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Thursz
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Bianchi F, Larsen N, de Mello Tieghi T, Adorno MAT, Kot W, Saad SMI, Jespersen L, Sivieri K. Modulation of gut microbiota from obese individuals by in vitro fermentation of citrus pectin in combination with Bifidobacterium longum BB-46. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8827-8840. [PMID: 30121748 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three treatments, i.e., Bifidobacterium longum BB-46 (T1), B. longum BB-46 combined with the pectin (T2), and harsh extracted pectin from lemon (T3) on obesity-related microbiota using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). The effects of the treatments were assessed by the analysis of the intestinal microbial composition (using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and ammonium ions (NH4+). Treatments T2 and T3 stimulated members of the Ruminococcaceae and Succinivibrionaceae families, which were positively correlated with an increase in butyric and acetic acids. Proteolytic bacteria were reduced by the two treatments, concurrently with a decrease in NH4+. Treatment T1 stimulated the production of butyric acid in the simulated transverse and descending colon, reduction of NH4+ as well as the growth of genera Lactobacillus, Megamonas, and members of Lachnospiracea. The results indicate that both B. longum BB-46 and pectin can modulate the obesity-related microbiota; however, when the pectin is combined with B. longum BB-46, the predominant effect of the pectin can be observed. This study showed that the citric pectin is able to stimulate butyrate-producing bacteria as well as genera related with anti-inflammatory effects. However, prospective clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the anti/pro-obesogenic and inflammatory effects of this pectin for future prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Bianchi
- Department of Food Science, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nadja Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Angela Tallarico Adorno
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Susana Marta Isay Saad
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food Science, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.
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42
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Geerlings SY, Kostopoulos I, de Vos WM, Belzer C. Akkermansia muciniphila in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: When, Where, and How? Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030075. [PMID: 30041463 PMCID: PMC6163243 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading bacterium of the phylum Verrucomicrobia. Its abundance in the human intestinal tract is inversely correlated to several disease states. A. muciniphila resides in the mucus layer of the large intestine, where it is involved in maintaining intestinal integrity. We explore the presence of Akkermansia-like spp. based on its 16S rRNA sequence and metagenomic signatures in the human body so as to understand its colonization pattern in time and space. A. muciniphila signatures were detected in colonic samples as early as a few weeks after birth and likely could be maintained throughout life. The sites where Akkermansia-like sequences (including Verrucomicrobia phylum and/or Akkermansia spp. sequences found in the literature) were detected apart from the colon included human milk, the oral cavity, the pancreas, the biliary system, the small intestine, and the appendix. The function of Akkermansia-like spp. in these sites may differ from that in the mucosal layer of the colon. A. muciniphila present in the appendix or in human milk could play a role in the re-colonization of the colon or breast-fed infants, respectively. In conclusion, even though A. muciniphila is most abundantly present in the colon, the presence of Akkermansia-like spp. along the digestive tract indicates that this bacterium might have more functions than those currently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Y Geerlings
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ioannis Kostopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Immunobiology Research Program, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Meijers B, Jouret F, Evenepoel P. Linking gut microbiota to cardiovascular disease and hypertension: Lessons from chronic kidney disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Andrade LSD, Dalboni MA, Carvalho JTGD, Grabulosa CC, Pereira NBF, Aoike DT, Cuppari L. In vitro effect of uremic serum on barrier function and inflammation in human colonocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 40:217-224. [PMID: 29944162 PMCID: PMC6533953 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In chronic kidney disease (CKD), it has been suggested that alterations
within the gut are associated with an inflammatory state and uremic
toxicity. Studies suggest that uremia may impair the function of the
intestinal barrier via the promotion of increased intestinal permeability.
To understand the mechanisms that are involved in intestinal barrier damage
in the setting of uremia, we evaluated the in vitro effect
of uremic serum on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER),
inflammation, and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells (T84). Methods: Pools of serum from healthy individuals, patients not on dialysis, and
patients on hemodialysis (Pre-HD and Post-HD) were prepared. T84 cells were
incubated for 24 h in medium, of which 10% consisted of the pooled serum
from each group. After incubation, the TER was measured and the following
parameters were determined by flow cytometry: expression of toll-like
receptors (TLRs), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and
apoptosis. The level of IL-6 in the culture supernatant was determined by
ELISA. Results: No difference was observed among the groups with respect to TER, apoptosis,
and ROS or the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, and TLR-9. IL-6 secretion was
higher (p < 0.001) in cells that were incubated with
pre- and post-HD serum. Conclusion: The results that were obtained from this model suggest that uremic serum
per se does not seem to impair the integrity of
intestinal epithelial cells. The increased IL-6 secretion by cells that were
incubated with HD serum suggests a potential effect of uremia in the
intestinal inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Santos de Andrade
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Aparecida Dalboni
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de medicina, Divisão de Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Caren Cristina Grabulosa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de medicina, Divisão de Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Danilo Takashi Aoike
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de medicina, Divisão de Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lilian Cuppari
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de medicina, Divisão de Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Pham VT, Mohajeri MH. The application of in vitro human intestinal models on the screening and development of pre- and probiotics. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:725-742. [PMID: 29695182 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiota community on host's health and disease has long been recognised and is well documented. The development of pro- and prebiotic interventions offers an opportunity for the modulation of the gut microbiota towards long lasting health. In vitro fermentation models were developed as a powerful tool to study the impact of pro- and prebiotics on the gut microbiota under tightly controlled conditions, which allow dynamic sampling over time in reactors mimicking different colon regions. These models have been further evolved to suit specific experimental purposes, e.g. including immobilised faecal microbiota, peristaltic movement, mucin microcosm and the ability to perform treatments in parallel. In this review we discuss the advantages, disadvantages and technical considerations of the most frequently used models. We further focus on recent advances in the application of these models in prebiotics and probiotics research and outline their predictability for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Pham
- 1 DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R&D Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 2676, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M H Mohajeri
- 1 DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R&D Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 2676, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,2 University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Wiese M, Khakimov B, Nielsen S, Sørensen H, van den Berg F, Nielsen DS. CoMiniGut-a small volume in vitro colon model for the screening of gut microbial fermentation processes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4268. [PMID: 29372119 PMCID: PMC5777374 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Driven by the growing recognition of the influence of the gut microbiota (GM) on human health and disease, there is a rapidly increasing interest in understanding how dietary components, pharmaceuticals and pre- and probiotics influence GM. In vitro colon models represent an attractive tool for this purpose. With the dual objective of facilitating the investigation of rare and expensive compounds, as well as an increased throughput, we have developed a prototype in vitro parallel gut microbial fermentation screening tool with a working volume of only 5 ml consisting of five parallel reactor units that can be expanded with multiples of five to increase throughput. This allows e.g., the investigation of interpersonal variations in gut microbial dynamics and the acquisition of larger data sets with enhanced statistical inference. The functionality of the in vitro colon model, Copenhagen MiniGut (CoMiniGut) was first demonstrated in experiments with two common prebiotics using the oligosaccharide inulin and the disaccharide lactulose at 1% (w/v). We then investigated fermentation of the scarce and expensive human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) 3-Fucosyllactose, 3-Sialyllactose, 6-Sialyllactose and the more common Fructooligosaccharide in fermentations with infant gut microbial communities. Investigations of microbial community composition dynamics in the CoMiniGut reactors by MiSeq-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon high throughput sequencing showed excellent experimental reproducibility and allowed us to extract significant differences in gut microbial composition after 24 h of fermentation for all investigated substrates and fecal donors. Furthermore, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified for all treatments and donors. Fermentations with inulin and lactulose showed that inulin leads to a microbiota dominated by obligate anaerobes, with high relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, while the more easily fermented lactulose leads to higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The subsequent study on the influence of HMOs on two infant GM communities, revealed the strongest bifidogenic effect for 3'SL for both infants. Inter-individual differences of infant GM, especially with regards to the occurrence of Bacteroidetes and differences in bifidobacterial species composition, correlated with varying degrees of HMO utilization foremost of 6'SL and 3'FL, indicating species and strain related differences in HMO utilization which was also reflected in SCFAs concentrations, with 3'SL and 6'SL resulting in significantly higher butyrate production compared to 3'FL. In conclusion, the increased throughput of CoMiniGut strengthens experimental conclusions through elimination of statistical interferences originating from low number of repetitions. Its small working volume moreover allows the investigation of rare and expensive bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiese
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Nielsen
- Plant Facilities and Workshops, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helena Sørensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frans van den Berg
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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47
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In vitro models of the human microbiota and microbiome. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:373-384. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20170045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiome studies have been gaining popularity over the years, especially with the development of new technologies (e.g. metataxonomics, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabonomics) that makes it easier for researchers to characterize the composition and functionality of these complex microbial communities. The goal of these studies is to identify a microorganism, group of microbes, or microbial metabolite which correlates with a disease state (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and obesity). Many of these are cross-sectional studies, where fecal samples from a group of diseased individuals are compared with those from a group of healthy individuals at a single time point. However, there are a wide range of variables that can affect the gut microbiota of humans which make mechanistic studies challenging. Longitudinal studies are required for research to more reliably correlate interventions or disease status to microbiota composition and functionality. However, longitudinal studies in humans and animals are difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. This review will discuss in vitro gut fermentation models and how they can be used to perform longitudinal studies that complement in vivo microbiome studies. Gut fermentation models support the growth of stable, reproducible, and diverse microbial communities in a tightly controlled environment set to mimic the conditions microbes encounter in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut fermentation models will make it easier for researchers to perform mechanistic studies and aid in the development of novel treatments that are both targeted and maintained over time.
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48
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Bajury DM, Nashri SM, King Jie Hung P, Sarbini SR. Evaluation of potential prebiotics: a review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1373287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Marshitah Bajury
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Siti Maisarah Nashri
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Patricia King Jie Hung
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Razid Sarbini
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
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Daly A, Evans S, Ashmore C, Chahal S, Santra S, MacDonald A. Refining low protein modular feeds for children on low protein tube feeds with organic acidaemias. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 13:99-104. [PMID: 29034175 PMCID: PMC5633752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) who are dependent on tube feeding and require a protein restriction are commonly fed by ‘modular tube feeds’ consisting of several ingredients. A longitudinal, prospective two-phase study, conducted over 18 months assessed the long-term efficacy of a pre-measured protein-free composite feed. This was specifically designed to meet the non-protein nutritional requirements of children (aged over 1 year) with organic acidaemias on low protein enteral feeds and to be used as a supplement with an enteral feeding protein source. Methodology All non-protein individual feed ingredients were replaced with one protein-free composite feed supplying fat, carbohydrate, and micronutrients. Thirteen subjects, median age 7.4y (3–15.5y), all nutritionally tube dependent (supplying nutritional intake: ≥ 90%, n = 12; 75%, n = 1), and diagnosed with organic acidaemias (Propionic acidaemia, n = 6; Vitamin B12 non-responsive methyl malonic acidaemia, n = 4; Isovaleric acidaemia, n = 2; Glutaric aciduria type1, n = 1); were studied. Nutritional intake, biochemistry and anthropometry were monitored at week − 8, 0, 12, 26 and 79. Results Energy intake remained unchanged, providing 76% of estimated energy requirements. Dietary intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids significantly increased from week 0 to week 79, but sodium, potassium, magnesium, decosahexanoic acid and fibre did not meet suggested requirements. Plasma zinc, selenium, haemoglobin and MCV significantly improved, and growth remained satisfactory. Natural protein intake met WHO/FAO/UNU 2007 recommendations. Conclusions A protein-free composite feed formulated to meet the non-protein nutritional requirements of children aged over 1 year improved nutritional intake, biochemical nutritional status, and simplified enteral tube feeding regimens in children with organic acidaemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Daly
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - S Evans
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - C Ashmore
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - S Chahal
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - S Santra
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - A MacDonald
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
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50
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Bi Y, Li C, Liu L, Zhou J, Li Z, Deng H, Wu C, Han Y, Song Y, Tan Y, Wang X, Du Z, Cui Y, Yan Y, Zhi F, Liu G, Qin N, Zhang H, Yang R. IL-17A-dependent gut microbiota is essential for regulating diet-induced disorders in mice. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1052-1063. [PMID: 36659332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in obesity and related metabolic disorders, and multiple factors including diet, host genotype, and age regulate it. Many studies have examined the contribution of extrinsic factors to the regulation of the gut microbiota, but the importance of the host genetic constitution cannot be ignored. Interleukin 17A (IL-17A), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is important in the defense against infection and diseases. Here, we investigated the association among IL-17, a high-fat diet (HFD), and the gut microbiota. Mice deficient in IL-17A were resistant to diet-induced obesity and related diseases. Compared with the Il-17a-/- mice, wild-type (WT) mice challenged with HFD showed obvious weight fluctuations, such as those seen in type 2 diabetes, and hematological changes similar to those associated with metabolic syndrome. However, housing WT mice and Il-17a-/- mice together significantly alleviated these symptoms in the WT mice. A metagenomic analysis of the mouse feces indicated that the microbial community compositions of these two groups differed before HFD feeding. The HFD mediated shifts in the gut microbial compositions, which were associated with the mouse phenotypes. We also identified potentially beneficial and harmful species present during this period, and drew networks of the most abundant species. A functional analysis indicated pathway changes in the WT and Il-17a-/- mice when fed the HFD. Collectively, these data underscore the importance of the host factor IL-17A in shaping and regulating the gut microbiota, which conversely, influences the host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Bi
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiyuan Zhou
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhengchao Li
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huimin Deng
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yanping Han
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Nan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
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