1
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Wang LT, Idris AH, Kisalu NK, Crompton PD, Seder RA. Monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite proteins as an emerging tool for malaria prevention. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1530-1545. [PMID: 39198635 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite various public health strategies, malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites remains a major global health challenge that requires development of new interventions. Extended half-life human monoclonal antibodies targeting the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein on sporozoites, the infective form of malaria parasites, prevent malaria in rodents and humans and have been advanced into clinical development. The protective epitopes on the circumsporozoite protein targeted by monoclonal antibodies have been defined. Cryogenic electron and multiphoton microscopy have enabled mechanistic structural and functional investigations of how antibodies bind to the circumsporozoite protein and neutralize sporozoites. Moreover, innovations in bioinformatics and antibody engineering have facilitated enhancement of antibody potency and durability. Here, we summarize the latest scientific advances in understanding how monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein prevent malaria and highlight existing clinical data and future plans for how this emerging intervention can be used alone or alongside existing antimalarial interventions to control malaria across at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- PATH's Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Strohl WR. Structure and function of therapeutic antibodies approved by the US FDA in 2023. Antib Ther 2024; 7:132-156. [PMID: 38617189 PMCID: PMC11011201 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In calendar year 2023, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved a total of 55 new molecular entities, of which 12 were in the class of therapeutic antibodies. Besides antibody protein drugs, the US FDA also approved another five non-antibody protein drugs, making the broader class of protein drugs about 31% of the total approved drugs. Among the 12 therapeutic antibodies approved by the US FDA, 8 were relatively standard IgG formats, 3 were bivalent, bispecific antibodies and 1 was a trivalent, bispecific antibody. In 2023, no new antibody-drug conjugates, immunocytokines or chimeric antigen receptor-T cells were approved. Of the approved antibodies, two targeted programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) for orphan indications, two targeted CD20 for diffuse large B cell lymphoma, two targeted different receptors (B-cell maturation antigen [BCMA] and G-coupled protein receptor class C, group 5, member D [GPRC5D]) for treatment of multiple myeloma, and one each that targeted amyloid-β protofibrils for Alzheimer's disease, neonatal Fc receptor alpha-chain for myasthenia gravis, complement factor C5 for CD55 deficiency with hyper-activation of complement, angiopathic thrombosis and severe protein-losing enteropathy disease, interleukin (IL)-23p19 for severely active ulcerative colitis, IL-17A-F for plaque psoriasis and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-F protein for season-long RSV prophylaxis in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Strohl
- Scientific Advisor Department, BiStro Biotechnology Consulting, 1086 Tullo Farm Rd., Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
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3
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Bauer-Smith H, Sudol ASL, Beers SA, Crispin M. Serum immunoglobulin and the threshold of Fc receptor-mediated immune activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130448. [PMID: 37652365 PMCID: PMC11032748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies can mediate immune recruitment or clearance of immune complexes through the interaction of their Fc domain with cellular Fc receptors. Clustering of antibodies is a key step in generating sufficient avidity for efficacious receptor recognition. However, Fc receptors may be saturated with prevailing, endogenous serum immunoglobulin and this raises the threshold by which cellular receptors can be productively engaged. Here, we review the factors controlling serum IgG levels in both healthy and disease states, and discuss how the presence of endogenous IgG is encoded into the functional activation thresholds for low- and high-affinity Fc receptors. We discuss the circumstances where antibody engineering can help overcome these physiological limitations of therapeutic antibodies. Finally, we discuss how the pharmacological control of Fc receptor saturation by endogenous IgG is emerging as a feasible mechanism for the enhancement of antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bauer-Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Abigail S L Sudol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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4
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Chen YJ, Chen M, Cheng TL, Tsai YS, Wang CH, Chen CY, Wu TY, Tzou SC, Wang KH, Cheng JJ, Kao AP, Lin SY, Chuang KH. A non-genetic engineering platform for rapidly generating and expanding cancer-specific armed T cells. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:35. [PMID: 37259079 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-specific adoptive T cell therapy has achieved successful milestones in multiple clinical treatments. However, the commercial production of cancer-specific T cells is often hampered by laborious cell culture procedures, the concern of retrovirus-based gene transfection, or insufficient T cell purity. METHODS In this study, we developed a non-genetic engineering technology for rapidly manufacturing a large amount of cancer-specific T cells by utilizing a unique anti-cancer/anti-CD3 bispecific antibody (BsAb) to directly culture human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The anti-CD3 moiety of the BsAb bound to the T cell surface and stimulated the differentiation and proliferation of T cells in PBMCs. The anti-cancer moiety of the BsAb provided these BsAb-armed T cells with the cancer-targeting ability, which transformed the naïve T cells into cancer-specific BsAb-armed T cells. RESULTS With this technology, a large amount of cancer-specific BsAb-armed T cells can be rapidly generated with a purity of over 90% in 7 days. These BsAb-armed T cells efficiently accumulated at the tumor site both in vitro and in vivo. Cytotoxins (perforin and granzyme) and cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) were dramatically released from the BsAb-armed T cells after engaging cancer cells, resulting in a remarkable anti-cancer efficacy. Notably, the BsAb-armed T cells did not cause obvious cytokine release syndrome or tissue toxicity in SCID mice bearing human tumors. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the BsAb-armed T cell technology represents a simple, time-saving, and highly safe method to generate highly pure cancer-specific effector T cells, thereby providing an affordable T cell immunotherapy to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Tsai
- Master Program in Clinical Genomics and Proteomics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hung Wang
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yun Wu
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shey-Cherng Tzou
- Departmet of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hung Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Kuo General Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jy Cheng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shyr-Yi Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Master Program in Clinical Genomics and Proteomics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Ph.D Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D. Program of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Ebrahimi SB, Samanta D. Engineering protein-based therapeutics through structural and chemical design. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2411. [PMID: 37105998 PMCID: PMC10132957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have led to new paradigms in disease treatment. Projected to be half of the top ten selling drugs in 2023, proteins have emerged as rivaling and, in some cases, superior alternatives to historically used small molecule-based medicines. This review chronicles both well-established and emerging design strategies that have enabled this paradigm shift by transforming protein-based structures that are often prone to denaturation, degradation, and aggregation in vitro and in vivo into highly effective therapeutics. In particular, we discuss strategies for creating structures with increased affinity and targetability, enhanced in vivo stability and pharmacokinetics, improved cell permeability, and reduced amounts of undesired immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha B Ebrahimi
- Drug Product Development-Steriles, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| | - Devleena Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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6
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Hamdan F, Cerullo V. Cancer immunotherapies: A hope for the uncurable? FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1140977. [PMID: 39086690 PMCID: PMC11285639 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1140977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The use of cancer immunotherapies is not novel but has been used over the decades in the clinic. Only recently have we found the true potential of stimulating an anti-tumor response after the breakthrough of checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer immunotherapies have become the first line treatment for many malignancies at various stages. Nevertheless, the clinical results in terms of overall survival and progression free survival were not as anticipated. Majority of cancer patients do not respond to immunotherapies and the reasons differ. Hence, further improvements for cancer immunotherapies are crucially needed. In the review, we will discuss various forms of cancer immunotherapies that are being tested or already in the clinic. Moreover, we also highlight future directions to improve such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Hamdan
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology and CEINGE, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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7
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Aigbogun OP, Phenix CP, Krol ES, Price EW. The Chemistry of Creating Chemically Programmed Antibodies (cPAbs): Site-Specific Bioconjugation of Small Molecules. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:853-874. [PMID: 36696533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule drugs have been employed for years as therapeutics in the pharmaceutical industry. However, small-molecule drugs typically have short in vivo half-lives which is one of the largest impediments to the success of many potentially valuable pharmacologically active small molecules. The undesirable pharmacokinetics and pharmacology associated with some small molecules have led to the development of a new class of bioconjugates known as chemically programmed antibodies (cPAbs). cPAbs are bioconjugates in which antibodies are used to augment small molecules with effector functions and prolonged pharmacokinetic profiles, where the pharmacophore of the small molecule is harnessed for target binding and therefore biological targeting. Many different small molecules can be conjugated to large proteins such as full monoclonal antibodies (IgG), fragment crystallizable regions (Fc), or fragment antigen binding regions (Fab). In order to successfully and site-specifically conjugate small molecules to any class of antibodies (IgG, Fc, or Fab), the molecules must be derivatized with a functional group for ease of conjugation without altering the pharmacology of the small molecules. In this Review, we summarize the different synthetic or biological methods that have been employed to produce cPAbs. These unique chemistries have potential to be applied to other fields of antibody modification such as antibody drug conjugates, radioimmunoconjugates, and fluorophore-tagged antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omozojie P Aigbogun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N-5C9 Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christopher P Phenix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N-5C9 Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ed S Krol
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, S7N-5E5 Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N-5C9 Saskatchewan, Canada
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8
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Guo M, Yao J, Li J, Zhang J, Wang D, Zuo H, Zhang Y, Xu B, Zhong Y, Shen F, Lu J, Ding S, Hu C, Xu L, Xiao J, Ma X. Irisin ameliorates age-associated sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:391-405. [PMID: 36510115 PMCID: PMC9891925 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-associated sarcopenia is characterized of progressed loss of skeletal muscle power, mass, and function, which affects human physical activity and life quality. Besides, accompanied with sarcopenia, aged population also faces a series of metabolic dysfunctions. Irisin, the cleaved form of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), is a myokine induced by exercise and has been shown to exert multiple beneficial effects on health. The goal of the study is to investigate the alterations of Fndc5/irisin in skeletal muscles during ageing and whether irisin administration could ameliorate age-associated sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction. METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of FNDC5/irisin in skeletal muscle and serum from 2- and 24-month-old mice or human subjects were analysed using qRT-PCR and western blot. FNDC5/irisin knockout mice were generated to investigate the consequences of FNDC5/irisin deletion on skeletal muscle mass, as well as morphological and molecular changes in muscle during ageing via histological and molecular analysis. To identify the therapeutic effects of chronic irisin treatment in mice during ageing, in vivo intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg/kg recombinant irisin was performed three times per week in ageing mice (14-month-old) for 4 months or in aged mice (22-month-old) for 1 month to systematically investigate irisin's effects on age-associated sarcopenia and metabolic performances, including grip strength, body weights, body composition, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, serum parameters and phenotypical and molecular changes in fat and liver. RESULTS We showed that the expression levels of irisin, as well as its precursor Fndc5, were reduced at mRNA and protein expression levels in muscle during ageing. In addition, via phenotypic analysis of FNDC5/irisin knockout mice, we found that FNDC5/irisin deficiency in aged mice exhibited aggravated muscle atrophy including smaller grip strength (-3.23%, P < 0.05), muscle weights (quadriceps femoris [QU]: -20.05%; gastrocnemius [GAS]: -17.91%; tibialis anterior [TA]: -19.51%, all P < 0.05), fibre size (QU: P < 0.01) and worse molecular phenotypes compared with wild-type mice. We then delivered recombinant irisin protein intraperitoneally into ageing or aged mice and found that it could improve sarcopenia with grip strength (+18.42%, P < 0.01 or +13.88%, P < 0.01), muscle weights (QU: +9.02%, P < 0.01 or +16.39%, P < 0.05), fibre size (QU: both P < 0.05) and molecular phenotypes and alleviated age-associated fat tissues expansion, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis (all P < 0.05), accompanied with altered gene signatures. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study revealed the importance of irisin in the maintenance of muscle physiology and systematic energy homeostasis during ageing and suggested a potent therapeutic strategy against age-associated metabolic diseases via irisin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhao Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, China
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9
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de Marco A. Mechanisms underlying the efficacy and safety of IgG, antibody fragments, and design immune biologics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023:S0091-6749(23)00082-9. [PMID: 36669622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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10
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An Fc variant with two mutations confers prolonged serum half-life and enhanced effector functions on IgG antibodies. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1850-1861. [PMID: 36319752 PMCID: PMC9628495 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The pH-selective interaction between the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) and the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is critical for prolonging the circulating half-lives of IgG molecules through intracellular trafficking and recycling. By using directed evolution, we successfully identified Fc mutations that improve the pH-dependent binding of human FcRn and prolong the serum persistence of a model IgG antibody and an Fc-fusion protein. Strikingly, trastuzumab-PFc29 and aflibercept-PFc29, a model therapeutic IgG antibody and an Fc-fusion protein, respectively, when combined with our engineered Fc (Q311R/M428L), both exhibited significantly higher serum half-lives in human FcRn transgenic mice than their counterparts with wild-type Fc. Moreover, in a cynomolgus monkey model, trastuzumab-PFc29 displayed a superior pharmacokinetic profile to that of both trastuzumab-YTE and trastuzumab-LS, which contain the well-validated serum half-life extension Fcs YTE (M252Y/S254T/T256E) and LS (M428L/N434S), respectively. Furthermore, the introduction of two identified mutations of PFc29 (Q311R/M428L) into the model antibodies enhanced both complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity, which are triggered by the association between IgG Fc and Fc binding ligands and are critical for clearing cancer cells. In addition, the effector functions could be turned off by combining the two mutations of PFc29 with effector function-silencing mutations, but the antibodies maintained their excellent pH-dependent human FcRn binding profile. We expect our Fc variants to be an excellent tool for enhancing the pharmacokinetic profiles and potencies of various therapeutic antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins.
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11
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Liu C, Yang M, Zhang D, Chen M, Zhu D. Clinical cancer immunotherapy: Current progress and prospects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961805. [PMID: 36304470 PMCID: PMC9592930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy via PD-1 antibodies has shown exciting clinical value and robust therapeutic potential in clinical practice. It can significantly improve progression-free survival and overall survival. Following surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, cancer treatment has now entered the age of immunotherapy. Although cancer immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy, it also suffers from limitations such as irAEs, cytokine storm, low response rate, etc. In this review, we discuss the basic classification, research progress, and limitations of cancer immunotherapy. Besides, by combining cancer immunotherapy resistance mechanism with analysis of combination therapy, we give our insights into the development of new anticancer immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Liu
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxuan Yang
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- New Drug Evaluation Center, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Taixing Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Taizhou, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- New Drug Evaluation Center, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of ImmunoTherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Mazinani M, Rahbarizadeh F. CAR-T cell potency: from structural elements to vector backbone components. Biomark Res 2022; 10:70. [PMID: 36123710 PMCID: PMC9487061 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in which a patient’s own T lymphocytes are engineered to recognize and kill cancer cells, has achieved remarkable success in some hematological malignancies in preclinical and clinical trials, resulting in six FDA-approved CAR-T products currently available in the market. Once equipped with a CAR construct, T cells act as living drugs and recognize and eliminate the target tumor cells in an MHC-independent manner. In this review, we first described all structural modular of CAR in detail, focusing on more recent findings. We then pointed out behind-the-scene elements contributing to CAR expression and reviewed how CAR expression can be drastically affected by the elements embedded in the viral vector backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mazinani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran. .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Bouvarel T, Duivelshof BL, Camperi J, Schlothauer T, Knaupp A, Stella C, Guillarme D. Extending the performance of FcRn and FcγRIIIa affinity liquid chromatography for protein biopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463518. [PMID: 36155073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Affinity liquid chromatography using FcRn and FcγRIIIa columns can provide important information on the drug effector functions and the unique PK/PD properties of therapeutic mAbs. In this study, we propose a unique strategy to improve the performance of affinity chromatography by applying pH-gradient programs that incorporate multi-isocratic and negative gradient segments. These alternative gradient programs are known to greatly improve the separation of large solutes that follow a "bind-and-elute" type retention behavior. First, judicious optimization of the mobile phase compositions was performed to obtain a linear pH response. Then, with the developed strategy using multi-isocratic analysis conditions, the FcRn affinity separation selectivity for the analysis of oxidized mAb species was greatly improved. Furthermore, the introduction of negative gradient segments after each eluted peak improved the resolution between multiple glycosylated mAb species on the FcγRIIIa column. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy to improve the performance of affinity chromatography with mAb species, and could assist in the development of more accurate binding assays for important critical quality attributes related to FcRn and FcγRIIIa binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bouvarel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julien Camperi
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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14
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γ-secretase inhibitors augment efficacy of BCMA-targeting bispecific antibodies against multiple myeloma cells without impairing T-cell activation and differentiation. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:118. [PMID: 35973981 PMCID: PMC9381512 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We here defined the impacts of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) on T-cell-dependent BCMA-specific multiple myeloma (MM) cell lysis and immunomodulatory effects induced by bispecific antibodies (BisAbs). GSIs-induced membrane BCMA (mBCMA) accumulation reached near maximum within 4 h and sustained over 42h-study period on MM cell lines and patient MM cells. GSIs, i.e., 2 nM LY-411575 or 1 μM DAPT, robustly increased mBCMA densities on CD138+ but not CD3+ patient cells, concomitantly with minimum soluble/shed BCMA (sBCMA) in 1 day-culture supernatants. In ex vivo MM-T-cell co-cultures, GSIs overcame sBCMA-inhibited MM cell lysis and further enhanced autologous patient MM cell lysis induced by BCMAxCD3 BisAbs, accompanied by significantly enhanced cytolytic markers (CD107a, IFNγ, IL2, and TNFα) in patient T cells. In longer 7 day-co-cultures, LY-411575 minimally affected BCMAxCD3 BisAb (PL33)-induced transient expression of checkpoint (PD1, TIGIT, TIM3, LAG3) and co-stimulatory (41BB, CD28) proteins, as well as time-dependent increases in % effector memory/central memory subsets and CD8/CD4 ratios in patient T cells. Importantly, LY41157 rapidly cleared sBCMA from circulation of MM-bearing NSG mice reconstituted with human T cells and significantly enhanced anti-MM efficacy of PL33 with prolonged host survival. Taken together, these results further support ongoing combination BCMA-targeting immunotherapies with GSI clinical studies to improve patient outcome.
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15
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Clarke E, Stocki P, Sinclair EH, Gauhar A, Fletcher EJR, Krawczun-Rygmaczewska A, Duty S, Walsh FS, Doherty P, Rutkowski JL. A Single Domain Shark Antibody Targeting the Transferrin Receptor 1 Delivers a TrkB Agonist Antibody to the Brain and Provides Full Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071335. [PMID: 35890231 PMCID: PMC9318160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain shark antibodies that bind to the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) on brain endothelial cells have been used to shuttle antibodies and other cargos across the blood brain barrier (BBB) to the brain. For these studies the TXB4 brain shuttle was fused to a TrkB neurotrophin receptor agonist antibody. The TXB4-TrkB fusion retained potent agonist activity at its cognate receptor and after systemic administration showed a 12-fold increase in brain levels over the unmodified antibody. Only the TXB4-TrkB antibody fusion was detected within the brain and localized to TrkB positive cells in the cortex and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), where it was associated with activated ERK1/2 signaling. When tested in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), TXB4-TrkB, but not the unmodified antibody, completely prevented the 6-OHDA induced death of TH positive neurons in the SNc. In conclusion, the fusion of the TXB4 brain shuttle allows a TrkB agonist antibody to reach neuroprotective concentrations in the brain parenchyma following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clarke
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Pawel Stocki
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Elizabeth H. Sinclair
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Aziz Gauhar
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Edward J. R. Fletcher
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Alicja Krawczun-Rygmaczewska
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Susan Duty
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Frank S. Walsh
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Patrick Doherty
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Julia Lynn Rutkowski
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(610)-291-1724
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16
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Wu HH, Crames M, Wei Y, Liu D, Gueneva-Boucheva K, Son I, Frego L, Han F, Kroe-Barrett R, Nixon A, Michael M. Effect of the ADCC-modulating mutations and the selection of human IgG isotypes on physicochemical properties of Fc. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2411-2421. [PMID: 35760121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, particularly IgGs and Ig-based molecules, are a well-established and growing class of biotherapeutic drugs. In order to improve efficacy, potency and pharmacokinetics of these therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical industries have investigated significantly in engineering fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of these drugs to optimize the interactions of these drugs and Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) in recent ten years. The biological function of the therapeutics with the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) enhanced double mutation (S239D/I332E) of isotype IgG1, the ADCC reduced double mutation (L234A/L235A) of isotype IgG1, and ADCC reduced isotype IgG4 has been well understood. However, limited information regarding the effect of these mutations or isotype difference on physicochemical properties (PCP), developability, and manufacturability of therapeutics bearing these different Fc regions is available. In this report, we systematically characterize the effects of the mutations and IgG4 isotype on conformation stability, colloidal stability, solubility, and storage stability at accelerated conditions in two buffer systems using six Fc variants. Our results provide a basis for selecting appropriate Fc region during development of IgG or Ig-based therapeutics and predicting effect of the mutations on CMC development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haixia Wu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Maureen Crames
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Amgen Inc., Drug Product Technologies, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kristina Gueneva-Boucheva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ikbae Son
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lee Frego
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Nixon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marlow Michael
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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17
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Grunert I, Heinrich K, Ernst J, Hingar M, Briguet A, Leiss M, Wuhrer M, Reusch D, Bulau P. Detailed Analytical Characterization of a Bispecific IgG1 CrossMab Antibody of the Knob-into-Hole Format Applying Various Stress Conditions Revealed Pronounced Stability. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3671-3679. [PMID: 35128275 PMCID: PMC8811765 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of new antibody formats have been developed. One of these formats allows the binding of one type of antibody to two different epitopes. This can for example be achieved by introduction of the "knob-into-hole" format and a combined CrossMab approach. Due to their complexity, these bispecific antibodies are expected to result in an enhanced variety of different degradation products. Reports on the stability of these molecules are still largely lacking. To address this, a panel of stress conditions, including elevated temperature, pH, oxidizing agents, and forced glycation via glucose incubation, to identify and functionally evaluate critical quality attributes in the complementary-determining and conserved regions of a bispecific antibody was applied in this study. The exertion of various stress conditions combined with an assessment by size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, LC-MS/MS peptide mapping, and functional evaluation by cell-based assays was adequate to identify chemical modification sites and assess the stability and integrity, as well as the functionality of a bispecific antibody. Stress conditions induced size variants and post-translational modifications, such as isomerization, deamidation, and oxidation, albeit to a modest extent. Of note, all the observed stress conditions largely maintained functionality. In summary, this study revealed the pronounced stability of IgG1 "knob-into-hole" bispecific CrossMab antibodies compared to already marketed antibody products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Grunert
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Katrin Heinrich
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Juliane Ernst
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Michael Hingar
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Alexandre Briguet
- Pharma
Technical Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma
Technical Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel 4070, Switzerland
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18
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Zhou K, Hong H, Lin H, Gong L, Li D, Shi J, Zhou Z, Xu F, Wu Z. Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Hapten Conjugates Capable of Recruiting the Endogenous Antibody to Magnify the Fc Effector Immunity of Antibody for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 65:323-332. [PMID: 34962121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with enhanced effector functions in cancer immunotherapy, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), could improve the clinical performance. Here, we develop an mAb-hapten conjugate strategy to augment the mAb effector functions with the engagement of endogenous antibodies. An "off-the-shelf" mAb, rituximab, is site-specifically conjugated with the rhamnose (Rha) hapten to generate rituximab-Rha conjugates. The octopus-like conjugates could recruit anti-Rha antibodies onto the cancer cell surface and further form an immune complex that is able to provide multivalent Fc domains to interact with immune cells or complement protein C1q, leading to magnified ADCC and CDC simultaneously. One optimal conjugate R2 with PEG2 as a linker exhibits the most potent in vitro cancer cell killing activity and significant in vivo antitumor efficacy in a xenograft model. This is a general and cost-effective approach to generate mAb with improved effector functions that may have broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - HaoFei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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19
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Willment JA. Fc-conjugated C-type lectin receptors: Tools for understanding host-pathogen interactions. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:632-660. [PMID: 34709692 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of soluble fusion proteins of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) used in the detection of exogenous and endogenous ligands has helped resolve the roles of PRRs in the innate immune response to pathogens, how they shape the adaptive immune response, and function in maintaining homeostasis. Using the immunoglobulin (Ig) crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain as a fusion partner, the PRR fusion proteins are soluble, stable, easily purified, have increased affinity due to the Fc homodimerization properties, and consequently have been used in a wide range of applications such as flow cytometry, screening of protein and glycan arrays, and immunofluorescent microscopy. This review will predominantly focus on the recognition of pathogens by the cell membrane-expressed glycan-binding proteins of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) subgroup of PRRs. PRRs bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as glycans, usually located within or on the outer surface of the pathogen. Significantly, many glycans structures are identical on both host and pathogen (e.g. the Lewis (Le) X glycan), allowing the use of Fc CLR fusion proteins with known endogenous and/or exogenous ligands as tools to identify pathogen structures that are able to interact with the immune system. Screens of highly purified pathogen-derived cell wall components have enabled identification of many unique PAMP structures recognized by CLRs. This review highlights studies using Fc CLR fusion proteins, with emphasis on the PAMPs found in fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The structure and unique features of the different CLR families is presented using examples from a broad range of microbes whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Willment
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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20
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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21
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Song D, Wang W, Dong C, Ning Z, Liu X, Liu C, Du G, Sha C, Wang K, Lu J, Sun B, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Xu H, Li Y, Shen Z, Jiao J, Wang R, Tian J, Liu W, Wang L, Deng YQ, Dou C. Structure and function analysis of a potent human neutralizing antibody CA521 FALA against SARS-CoV-2. Commun Biol 2021; 4:500. [PMID: 33893388 PMCID: PMC8065039 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in more than two million deaths at 2021 February . There is currently no approved therapeutics for treating COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is considered a key therapeutic target by many researchers. Here we describe the identification of several monoclonal antibodies that target SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. One human antibody, CA521FALA, demonstrated neutralization potential by immunizing human antibody transgenic mice. CA521FALA showed potent SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. CA521FALA also demonstrated having a long half-life of 9.5 days in mice and 9.3 days in rhesus monkeys. CA521FALA inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in SARS-CoV-2 susceptible mice at a therapeutic setting with virus titer of the lung reduced by 4.5 logs. Structural analysis by cryo-EM revealed that CA521FALA recognizes an epitope overlapping with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-binding sites in SARS-CoV-2 RBD in the Spike protein. CA521FALA blocks the interaction by binding all three RBDs of one SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer simultaneously. These results demonstrate the importance for antibody-based therapeutic interventions against COVID-19 and identifies CA521FALA a promising antibody that reacts with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to strongly neutralize its activity.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pandemics
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyong Song
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Chuangchuang Dong
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Zhenfei Ning
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Shuimu BioSciences Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Guangying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Chunjie Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Kailin Wang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Baiping Sun
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Qiaoping Wang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Zhenduo Shen
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Jie Jiao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China.
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Changlin Dou
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, China.
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22
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Development of a novel, fully human, anti-PCSK9 antibody with potent hypolipidemic activity by utilizing phage display-based strategy. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103250. [PMID: 33647772 PMCID: PMC7921758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by facilitating the degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and is an attractive therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia intervention. Herein, we generated a novel fully human antibody with favourable druggability by utilizing phage display-based strategy. Methods A potent single-chain variable fragment (scFv) named AP2M21 was obtained by screening a fully human scFv phage display library with hPCSK9, and performing two in vitro affinity maturation processes including CDR-targeted tailored mutagenesis and cross-cloning. Thereafter, it was transformed to a full-length Fc-silenced anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 by fusing to a modified human IgG1 Fc fragment with L234A/L235A/N297G mutations and C-terminal lysine deletion, thus eliminating its immune effector functions and mitigating mAb heterogeneity. Findings Our data showed that the generated full-length anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 binds to hPCSK9 with a KD as low as 1.42 nM, and a dramatically slow dissociation rate (koff, 4.68 × 10−6 s−1), which could be attributed to its lower binding energy (-47.51 kcal/mol) than its parent counterpart FAP2 (-30.39 kcal/mol). We verified that FAP2M21 potently inhibited PCSK9-induced reduction of LDL-C uptake in HepG2 cells, with an EC50 of 43.56 nM. Further, in hPCSK9 overexpressed C57BL/6 mice, a single tail i.v. injection of FAP2M21 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, dose-dependently up-regulated hepatic LDLR levels, and concomitantly reduced serum LDL-C by 3.3% (P = 0.658, unpaired Student's t-test), 30.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test) and 37.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test), respectively. Interpretation FAP2M21 with potent inhibitory effect on PCSK9 may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for treating hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Wang B, Yang C, Jin X, Du Q, Wu H, Dall'Acqua W, Mazor Y. Regulation of antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity by modulating the intrinsic affinity and binding valency of IgG for target antigen. MAbs 2021; 12:1690959. [PMID: 31829766 PMCID: PMC6927764 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1690959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is a potent effector mechanism, engaging both innate and adaptive immunity. Although strategies to improve the CDC activity of antibody therapeutics have primarily focused on enhancing the interaction between the antibody crystallizable fragment (Fc) and the first subcomponent of the C1 complement complex (C1q), the relative importance of intrinsic affinity and binding valency of an antibody to the target antigen is poorly understood. Here we show that antibody binding affinity to a cell surface target antigen evidently affects the extent and efficacy of antibody-mediated complement activation. We further report the fundamental role of antibody binding valency in the capacity to recruit C1q and regulate CDC. More specifically, an array of affinity-modulated variants and functionally monovalent bispecific derivatives of high-affinity anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapeutic immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), previously reported to be deficient in mediating complement activation, were tested for their ability to bind C1q by biolayer interferometry using antigen-loaded biosensors and to exert CDC against a panel of EGFR and HER2 tumor cells of various histological origins. Significantly, affinity-reduced variants or monovalent derivatives, but not their high-affinity bivalent IgG counterparts, induced near-complete cell cytotoxicity in tumor cell lines that had formerly been shown to be resistant to complement-mediated attack. Our findings suggest that monovalent target engagement may contribute to an optimal geometrical positioning of the antibody Fc to engage C1q and deploy the complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chunning Yang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xiaofang Jin
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qun Du
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Herren Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - William Dall'Acqua
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yariv Mazor
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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24
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Brinkhaus M, Douwes RGJ, Bentlage AEH, Temming AR, de Taeye SW, Tammes Buirs M, Gerritsen J, Mok JY, Brasser G, Ligthart PC, van Esch WJE, Verheesen P, de Haard H, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Glycine 236 in the Lower Hinge Region of Human IgG1 Differentiates FcγR from Complement Effector Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3456-3467. [PMID: 33188070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abs of the IgG isotype mediate effector functions like Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis by Fc interactions with FcγRs and complement-dependent cytotoxicity upon IgG-Fc binding to C1q. In this study, we describe the crucial role of the highly conserved dual glycines at position 236-237 in the lower hinge region of human IgG, including the lack of one glycine as found in IgG2. We found several permutations in this region that either silence or largely abrogate FcγR binding and downstream FcγR effector functions, as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance, Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays. Although the binding regions of FcγRs and C1q on the IgG-Fc largely overlap, IgG1 with a deletion of G236 only silences FcγR-mediated effector functions without affecting C1q-binding or activation. Several mutations resulted in only residual FcγRI binding with differing affinities that are either complement competent or silenced. Interestingly, we also found that IgG2, naturally only binding FcγRIIa, gains binding to FcγRI and FcγRIIIa after insertion of G236, highlighting the crucial importance of G236 in IgG for FcγR interaction. These mutants may become invaluable tools for FcγR-related research as well as for therapeutic purposes in which only complement-mediated functions are required without the involvement of FcγR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben G J Douwes
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Robin Temming
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Tammes Buirs
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacoline Gerritsen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juk Yee Mok
- Sanquin Reagents, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giso Brasser
- Sanquin Reagents, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Ligthart
- Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | | | | | | | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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Lešnik S, Hodošček M, Podobnik B, Konc J. Loop Grafting between Similar Local Environments for Fc-Silent Antibodies. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:5475-5486. [PMID: 32379970 PMCID: PMC7686954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Reduction
of the affinity of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region with immune
receptors by substitution of one or a few amino acids, known as Fc-silencing,
is an established approach to reduce the immune effector functions
of monoclonal antibody therapeutics. This approach to Fc-silencing,
however, is problematic as it can lead to instability and immunogenicity
of the developed antibodies. We evaluated loop grafting as a novel
approach to Fc-silencing in which the Fc loops responsible for immune
receptor binding were replaced by loops of up to 20 amino acids from
similar local environments in other human and mouse antibodies. Molecular
dynamics simulations of the designed variants of an Fc region in a
complex with the immune receptor FcγIIIa confirmed that loop
grafting potentially leads to a significant reduction in the binding
of the antibody variants to the receptor, while retaining their stability.
In comparison, standard variants with less than eight substituted
amino acids showed possible instability and a lower degree of Fc-silencing
due to the occurrence of compensatory interactions. The presented
approach to Fc-silencing is general and could be used to modulate
undesirable side effects of other antibody therapeutics without affecting
their stability or increasing their immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Lešnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Hodošček
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Podobnik
- Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Technical Research & Development Novartis, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Janez Konc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Reprogramming the Constant Region of Immunoglobulin G Subclasses for Enhanced Therapeutic Potency against Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030382. [PMID: 32121592 PMCID: PMC7175108 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies is responsible for their effector immune mechanism and prolongs serum half-life, while the fragment variable (Fv) region is responsible for cellular or tissue targeting. Therefore, antibody engineering for cancer therapeutics focuses on both functional efficacy of the constant region and tissue- or cell-specificity of the Fv region. In the functional aspect of therapeutic purposes, antibody engineers in both academia and industry have capitalized on the constant region of different IgG subclasses and engineered the constant region to enhance therapeutic efficacy against cancer, leading to a number of successes for cancer patients in clinical settings. In this article, we review IgG subclasses for cancer therapeutics, including (i) IgG1, (ii) IgG2, 3, and 4, (iii) recent findings on Fc receptor functions, and (iv) future directions of reprogramming the constant region of IgG to maximize the efficacy of antibody drug molecules in cancer patients.
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Zheng Z, Teo SHC, Arularasu SC, Liu Z, Mohd-Ismail NK, Mok CK, Ong CB, Chu JJH, Tan YJ. Contribution of Fc-dependent cell-mediated activity of a vestigial esterase-targeting antibody against H5N6 virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:95-110. [PMID: 31906790 PMCID: PMC6968706 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1708215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) virus has caused sporadic human infections with a high case fatality rate. Due to the continuous evolution of this virus subtype and its ability to transmit to humans, there is an urgent need to develop effective antiviral therapeutics. In this study, a murine monoclonal antibody 9F4 was shown to display broad binding affinity against H5Nx viruses. Furthermore, 9F4 can neutralize H5N6 pseudotyped particles and prevent entry into host cells. Additionally, ADCC/ADCP deficient L234A, L235A (LALA) and CDC deficient K322A mutants were generated and displayed comparable binding affinity and neutralizing activity as wild type 9F4 (9F4-WT). Notably, 9F4-WT, 9F4-LALA and 9F4-K322A exhibit in vivo protective efficacies against H5N6 infections in that they were able to reduce viral loads in mice. However, only 9F4-WT and 9F4-K322A but not 9F4-LALA were able to reduce viral pathogenesis in H5N6 challenged mice. Furthermore, depletion of phagocytic cells in mice lungs nullifies 9F4-WT's protection against H5N6 infections, suggesting a crucial role of the host's immune cells in 9F4 antiviral activity. Collectively, these findings reveal the importance of ADCC/ADCP function for 9F4-WT protection against HPAIV H5N6 and demonstrate the potential of 9F4 to confer protection against the reassortant H5-subtype HPAIVs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Influenza A virus/chemistry
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phagocytosis
- Protein Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Hui Catherine Teo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suganya Cheyyatraivendran Arularasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhehao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nur Khairiah Mohd-Ismail
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Keng Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Bing Ong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang-hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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29
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Kang TH, Jung ST. Boosting therapeutic potency of antibodies by taming Fc domain functions. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31735912 PMCID: PMC6859160 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most widely used drug platforms for infectious diseases or cancer therapeutics because they selectively target pathogens, infectious cells, cancerous cells, and even immune cells. In this way, they mediate the elimination of target molecules and cells with fewer side effects than other therapeutic modalities. In particular, cancer therapeutic mAbs can recognize cell-surface proteins on target cells and then kill the targeted cells by multiple mechanisms that are dependent upon a fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain interacting with effector Fc gamma receptors, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis. Extensive engineering efforts have been made toward tuning Fc functions by either reinforcing (e.g. for targeted therapy) or disabling (e.g. for immune checkpoint blockade therapy) effector functions and prolonging the serum half-lives of antibodies, as necessary. In this report, we review Fc engineering efforts to improve therapeutic potency, and propose future antibody engineering directions that can fulfill unmet medical needs. Fine-tuning the function of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) holds promise for developing new therapeutic agents. Antibodies bind to pathogens or cancer cells, flagging them with Fc (fragment crystallizable) domain for destruction by the immune system. mAbs attached only to specific target cells enable lower side effect than other conventional drugs. Sang Taek Jung at Korea University and Tae Hyun Kang at Kookmin University, both in Seoul, reviewed recent developments in engineering therapeutic potency of mAbs. They report that mAbs can be engineered to activate effective immune cell types to treat a particular disease. Engineering can also increase mAbs’ persistence in the blood, enabling less frequent administration. Antibodies engineered to bind to two different antigens at once can also improve therapeutic efficacy. Applying these techniques could help developing new treatments against cancer, and infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kang
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Tada M, Aoyama M, Ishii-Watabe A. Fcγ Receptor Activation by Human Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:576-583. [PMID: 31676270 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregates are a potential risk factor for immunogenicity. The measurement, characterization, and control of protein aggregates in drug products are indispensable for the development of biopharmaceuticals, including therapeutic mAbs. In this study, Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-expressing reporter cell lines were used to analyze the FcγR-activation properties of mAb aggregates. Comparison of aggregates of mAbs harboring different IgG subclasses revealed that the FcγR-activation profiles of the mAb aggregates were dependent on IgG subclass. In addition, aggregates of Fc-engineered mAb with enhanced FcγR-activation properties exhibited stronger activation of FcγRs than was observed in the wild-type aggregates, whereas aggregates of Fc-engineered mAb with decreased FcγR-activation properties showed reduced activation. These results suggest that FcγR activation by mAb aggregates depends greatly on the Fc functions of the native (nonaggregated) mAbs. We also showed that aggregates of mAbs smaller than 1 μm in size have the potential to directly activate FcγRs. Unintended immune cell activation can be induced on account of FcγR activation by mAb aggregates and such FcγR activation may contribute to immunogenicity, and therefore, analysis of the FcγR-activation properties of mAb aggregates using FcγR-expressing reporter cell lines is a promising approach for the characterization of mAb aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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31
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Saunders KO. Conceptual Approaches to Modulating Antibody Effector Functions and Circulation Half-Life. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1296. [PMID: 31231397 PMCID: PMC6568213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and Fc-fusion antibody-like proteins have become successful biologics developed for cancer treatment, passive immunity against infection, addiction, and autoimmune diseases. In general these biopharmaceuticals can be used for blocking protein:protein interactions, crosslinking host receptors to induce signaling, recruiting effector cells to targets, and fixing complement. With the vast capability of antibodies to affect infectious and genetic diseases much effort has been placed on improving and tailoring antibodies for specific functions. While antibody:antigen engagement is critical for an efficacious antibody biologic, equally as important are the hinge and constant domains of the heavy chain. It is the hinge and constant domains of the antibody that engage host receptors or complement protein to mediate a myriad of effector functions and regulate antibody circulation. Molecular and structural studies have provided insight into how the hinge and constant domains from antibodies across different species, isotypes, subclasses, and alleles are recognized by host cell receptors and complement protein C1q. The molecular details of these interactions have led to manipulation of the sequences and glycosylation of hinge and constant domains to enhance or reduce antibody effector functions and circulating half-life. This review will describe the concepts being applied to optimize the hinge and crystallizable fragment of antibodies, and it will detail how these interactions can be tuned up or down to mediate a biological function that confers a desired disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O. Saunders
- Laboratory of Protein Expression, Departments of Surgery, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
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Aeschlimann SH, Graf C, Mayilo D, Lindecker H, Urda L, Kappes N, Burr AL, Simonis M, Splinter E, Min M, Laux H. Enhanced CHO Clone Screening: Application of Targeted Locus Amplification and Next‐Generation Sequencing Technologies for Cell Line Development. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800371. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Aeschlimann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Integrated Biologics Profiling UnitCH‐4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christian Graf
- Novartis Technical R&D, Technical Development BiosimilarsHexal AG, Keltenring 1+3 82041 Oberhaching Germany
| | - Dmytro Mayilo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Integrated Biologics Profiling UnitCH‐4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Hélène Lindecker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Integrated Biologics Profiling UnitCH‐4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Lorena Urda
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Integrated Biologics Profiling UnitCH‐4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Nora Kappes
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Integrated Biologics Profiling UnitCH‐4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alicia Leone Burr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Integrated Biologics Profiling UnitCH‐4002 Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Erik Splinter
- Cergentis B.VYalelaan 62 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Max Min
- Cergentis B.VYalelaan 62 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Holger Laux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Integrated Biologics Profiling UnitCH‐4002 Basel Switzerland
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33
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Aoyama M, Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A. A Cell-Based Reporter Assay Measuring the Activation of Fc Gamma Receptors Induced by Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:423-429. [PMID: 30539484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are expressed on the surface of various immune cells, and the interactions between FcγRs and the Fc region of immunoglobulin G are involved in the activation of immune cells by antigen-bound antibodies. Fc-mediated immune-cell activations are related to both the efficacy and the safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. It is indispensable to elucidate the Fc-mediated functions in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Here, we describe a cell-based assay using FcγR-expressing reporter cell lines that can be used to evaluate the human FcγR-activation properties of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by a rapid and simple procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kuramochi T, Igawa T, Tsunoda H, Hattori K. Humanization and Simultaneous Optimization of Monoclonal Antibody. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:213-230. [PMID: 30539472 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Antibody humanization is an essential technology for reducing the potential risk of immunogenicity associated with animal-derived antibodies and has been applied to a majority of the therapeutic antibodies on the market. For developing an antibody molecule as a pharmaceutical at the current biotechnology level, however, other properties also have to be considered in parallel with humanization in antibody generation and optimization. This section describes the critical properties of therapeutic antibodies that should be sufficiently qualified, including immunogenicity, binding affinity, physicochemical stability, expression in host cells and pharmacokinetics, and the basic methodologies of antibody engineering involved. By simultaneously optimizing the antibody molecule in light of these properties, it should prove possible to shorten the research and development period necessary to identify a highly qualified clinical candidate and consequently accelerate the start of the clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki Tsunoda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sequence-to-structure dependence of isolated IgG Fc complex biantennaryN-glycans: a molecular dynamics study. Glycobiology 2018; 29:94-103. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Human IgG subclass cross-species reactivity to mouse and cynomolgus monkey Fcγ receptors. Immunol Lett 2018; 197:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sioud M, Westby P, Vasovic V, Fløisand Y, Peng Q. Development of a new high-affinity human antibody with antitumor activity against solid and blood malignancies. FASEB J 2018; 32:5063-5077. [PMID: 29913558 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701544r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
mAbs have emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. However, in several malignancies, no effective antitumor mAbs are yet available. Identifying therapeutic mAbs that recognize common tumor antigens could render the treatment widely applicable. Here, a human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library was sequentially affinity selected against a panel of human cancer cell lines and an antibody fragment (named MS5) that bound to solid and blood cancer cells was identified. The MS5 scFv was fused to the human IgG1 Fc domain to generate an antibody (MS5-Fc fusion) that induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis of cancer cells by macrophages. In addition, the MS5-Fc antibody bound to primary leukemia cells and induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In the majority of analyzed cancer cells, the MS5-Fc antibody induced cell surface redistribution of the receptor complexes, but not internalization, thus maximizing the accessibility of the IgG1 Fc domain to immune effector cells. In vitro stability studies showed that the MS5-Fc antibody was stable after 6 d of incubation in human serum, retaining ∼60% of its initial intact form. After intravenous injections, the antibody localized into tumor tissues and inhibited the growth of 3 different human tumor xenografts (breast, lymphoma, and leukemia). These antitumor effects were associated with tumor infiltration by macrophages and NK cells. In the Ramos B-cell lymphoma xenograft model, the MS5-Fc antibody exhibited a comparable antitumor effect as rituximab, a chimeric anti-CD20 IgG1 mAb. These results indicate that human antibodies with pan-cancer abilities can be generated from phage display libraries, and that the engineered MS5-Fc antibody could be an attractive agent for further clinical investigation.-Sioud, M., Westby, P., Vasovic, V., Fløisand, Y., Peng, Q. Development of a new high-affinity human antibody with antitumor activity against solid and blood malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Phuong Westby
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vlada Vasovic
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Yngvar Fløisand
- Department of Hematology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
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L'Italien L, Orozco O, Abrams T, Cantagallo L, Connor A, Desai J, Ebersbach H, Gelderblom H, Hoffmaster K, Lees E, Maacke H, Schleyer S, Skegro D, Lee-Hoeflich ST. Mechanistic Insights of an Immunological Adverse Event Induced by an Anti-KIT Antibody Drug Conjugate and Mitigation Strategies. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3465-3474. [PMID: 29615457 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) were observed in three patients dosed in a phase I clinical trial treated with LOP628, a KIT targeted antibody drug conjugate. Mast cell degranulation was implicated as the root cause for the HSR. Underlying mechanism of this reported HSR was investigated with an aim to identifying potential mitigation strategies.Experimental Design: Biomarkers for mast cell degranulation were evaluated in patient samples and in human peripheral blood cell-derived mast cell (PBC-MC) cultures treated with LOP628. Mitigation strategies interrogated include pretreatment of mast cells with small molecule inhibitors that target KIT or signaling pathways downstream of FcεR1, FcγR, and treatment with Fc silencing antibody formats.Results: Transient elevation of serum tryptase was observed in patients 1-hour posttreatment of LOP628. In agreement with the clinical observation, LOP628 and its parental antibody LMJ729 induced degranulation of human PBC-MCs. Unexpectedly, KIT small molecule inhibitors did not abrogate mast cell degranulation. By contrast, small molecule inhibitors that targeted pathways downstream of Fc receptors blunted degranulation. Furthermore, interference of the KIT antibody to engage Fc receptors by pre-incubation with IgG or using engineered Fc silencing mutations reduced or prevented degranulation. Characterization of Fcγ receptors revealed human PBC-MCs expressed both FcγRII and low levels of FcγRI. Interestingly, increasing the level of FcγRI upon addition of IFNγ, significantly enhanced LOP628-mediated mast cell degranulation.Conclusions: Our data suggest LOP628-mediated mast cell degranulation is the likely cause of HSR observed in the clinic due to co-engagement of the FcγR and KIT, resulting in mast cell activation. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3465-74. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Orozco
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tinya Abrams
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Cantagallo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anu Connor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Hilmar Ebersbach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Heiko Maacke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Siew Schleyer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Darko Skegro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
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Lyophilization: Process Design, Robustness, and Risk Management. CHALLENGES IN PROTEIN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90603-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
As of May 1, 2017, 74 antibody-based molecules have been approved by a regulatory authority in a major market. Additionally, there are 70 and 575 antibody-based molecules in phase III and phase I/II clinical trials, respectively. These total 719 antibody-based clinical stage molecules include 493 naked IgGs, 87 antibody-drug conjugates, 61 bispecific antibodies, 37 total Fc fusion proteins, 17 radioimmunoglobulins, 13 antibody fragments, and 11 immunocytokines. New uses for these antibodies are being discovered each year. For oncology, many of the exciting new approaches involve antibody modulation of T-cells. There are over 80 antibodies in clinical trials targeting T cell checkpoints, 26 T-cell-redirected bispecific antibodies, and 145 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell-based candidates (all currently in phase I or II clinical trials), totaling more than 250 T cell interacting clinical stage antibody-based candidates. Finally, significant progress has been made recently on routes of delivery, including delivery of proteins across the blood-brain barrier, oral delivery to the gut, delivery to the cellular cytosol, and gene- and viral-based delivery of antibodies. Thus, there are currently at least 864 antibody-based clinical stage molecules or cells, with incredible diversity in how they are constructed and what activities they impart. These are followed by a next wave of novel molecules, approaches, and new methods and routes of delivery, demonstrating that the field of antibody-based biologics is very innovative and diverse in its approaches to fulfill their promise to treat unmet medical needs.
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Effects of N-Glycan Composition on Structure and Dynamics of IgG1 Fc and Their Implications for Antibody Engineering. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12659. [PMID: 28978918 PMCID: PMC5627252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), a subclass of human serum antibodies, is the most widely used scaffold for developing monoclonal antibodies to treat human diseases. The composition of asparagine(N)297-linked glycans can modulate the binding affinity of IgG1 Fc to Fc γ receptors, but it is unclear how the structural modifications of N-glycan termini, which are distal from the binding interface, contribute to the affinity. Through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of a series of sequentially truncated high-mannose IgG1 Fc glycoforms, we found that the C′E loop and the Cγ2-Cγ3 orientation are highly dynamic, and changes in N-glycan composition alter their conformational ensembles. High-mannose glycoform preferentially samples conformations that are more competent to FcγRIIIa binding, compared to the truncated glycoforms, suggesting a role of IgG1 Fc N-glycan in optimizing the interface with the Fc receptor for efficient binding. The trajectory analyses also reveal that the N-glycan has large amplitude motions and the carbohydrate moiety interconverts between Fc-bound and unbound forms, enabling enzymatic modification of the glycan termini.
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Kellner C, Otte A, Cappuzzello E, Klausz K, Peipp M. Modulating Cytotoxic Effector Functions by Fc Engineering to Improve Cancer Therapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2017; 44:327-336. [PMID: 29070978 DOI: 10.1159/000479980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the therapy of cancer patients. Although antibody therapy has continuously been improved, still a significant number of patients do not benefit from antibody therapy. Therefore, rational optimization of the antibody molecule by Fc engineering represents a major area of translational research to further improve this potent therapeutic option. Monoclonal antibodies are able to trigger a variety of effector mechanisms. Especially Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement- dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) are considered important in antibody therapy of cancer. Novel mechanistic insights into the action of monoclonal antibodies allowed the development of various Fc engineering approaches to modulate antibodies' effector functions. Strategies in modifying the Fc glycosylation profile (Fc glyco-engineering) or approaches in engineering the protein backbone (Fc protein engineering) have been intensively evaluated. In the current review, Fc engineering strategies resulting in improved ADCC, ADCP and CDC activity are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Otte
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisa Cappuzzello
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Tam SH, McCarthy SG, Armstrong AA, Somani S, Wu SJ, Liu X, Gervais A, Ernst R, Saro D, Decker R, Luo J, Gilliland GL, Chiu ML, Scallon BJ. Functional, Biophysical, and Structural Characterization of Human IgG1 and IgG4 Fc Variants with Ablated Immune Functionality. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 31548527 PMCID: PMC6698826 DOI: 10.3390/antib6030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering of fragment crystallizable (Fc) domains of therapeutic immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies to eliminate their immune effector functions while retaining other Fc characteristics has numerous applications, including blocking antigens on Fc gamma (Fcγ) receptor-expressing immune cells. We previously reported on a human IgG2 variant termed IgG2σ with barely detectable activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activity, and Fcγ receptor binding assays. Here, we extend that work to IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies, alternative subtypes which may offer advantages over IgG2 antibodies. In several in vitro and in vivo assays, the IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants showed equal or even lower Fc-related activities than the corresponding IgG2σ variant. In particular, IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants demonstrate complete lack of effector function as measured by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and in vivo T-cell activation. The IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants showed acceptable solubility and stability, and typical human IgG1 pharmacokinetic profiles in human FcRn-transgenic mice and cynomolgus monkeys. In silico T-cell epitope analyses predict a lack of immunogenicity in humans. Finally, crystal structures and simulations of the IgG1σ and IgG4σ Fc domains can explain the lack of Fc-mediated immune functions. These variants show promise for use in those therapeutic antibodies and Fc fusions for which the Fc domain should be immunologically "silent".
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Tam
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Stephen G McCarthy
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Anthony A Armstrong
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Sandeep Somani
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Sheng-Jiun Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Alexis Gervais
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Robin Ernst
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Dorina Saro
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Rose Decker
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Mark L Chiu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Bernard J Scallon
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
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Asymmetric Fc Engineering for Bispecific Antibodies with Reduced Effector Function. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6020007. [PMID: 31548523 PMCID: PMC6698841 DOI: 10.3390/antib6020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric bispecific antibodies are a rapidly expanding therapeutic antibody class, designed to recognize two different target epitopes concurrently to achieve novel functions not available with normal antibodies. Many therapeutic designs require antibodies with reduced or silenced effector function. Although many solutions have been described in the literature to knockout effector function, to date all of them have involved the use of a specific antibody subtype (e.g., IgG2 or IgG4), or symmetric mutations in the lower hinge or CH2 domain of traditional homodimeric monospecific antibodies. In the context of a heterodimeric Fc, we describe novel asymmetric Fc mutations with reduced or silenced effector function in this article. These heteromultimeric designs contain asymmetric charged mutations in the lower hinge and the CH2 domain of the Fc. Surface plasmon resonance showed that the designed mutations display much reduced binding to all of the Fc gamma receptors and C1q. Ex vivo ADCC and CDC assays showed a consistent reduction in activity. Differential scanning calorimetry showed increased thermal stability for some of the designs. Finally, the asymmetric nature of the introduced charged mutations allowed for separation of homodimeric impurities by ion exchange chromatography, providing, as an added benefit, a purification strategy for the production of bispecific antibodies with reduced or silenced effector function.
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Borrok MJ, Mody N, Lu X, Kuhn ML, Wu H, Dall'Acqua WF, Tsui P. An “Fc-Silenced” IgG1 Format With Extended Half-Life Designed for Improved Stability. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1008-1017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nnane IP, Han C, Jiao Q, Tam SH, Davis HM, Xu Z. Modification of the Fc Region of a Human Anti-oncostatin M Monoclonal Antibody for Higher Affinity to FcRn Receptor and Extension of Half-life in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:13-21. [PMID: 28132416 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of anti-oncostatin M (OSM) IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, CNTO 1119 and its Fc variant (CNTO 8212), which incorporates the LS(Xtend) mutation to extend terminal half-life (T1/2 ), after a single intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) administration in cynomolgus monkeys, and to predict human PK. In study 1, single doses of CNTO 1119 and CNTO 8212 were administered IV or SC at 3 mg/kg to cynomolgus monkeys (n = 3 per group). In study 2, single doses of CNTO 8212 were administered IV at 1, 5 or 20 mg/kg, or SC at 5 mg/kg to cynomolgus monkeys (n = 5 per group). Serial blood samples were collected for assessment of serum concentrations of CNTO 1119 and/or CNTO 8212. A two-compartment population PK model with first-order elimination was utilized to simultaneously describe the serum concentrations of CNTO 1119 and CNTO 8212 over time after IV and SC administration in cynomolgus monkeys. The typical population PK parameter estimates for CNTO 1119 in cynomolgus monkeys were clearance (CL) = 2.81 mL/day/kg, volume of distribution of central compartment (V1 ) = 31.3 mL/kg, volume of distribution of peripheral compartment (V2 ) = 23.3 mL/kg, absolute bioavailability (F) = 0.84 and T1/2 = 13.4 days. In comparison, the typical population PK parameter estimates for CNTO 8212 in cynomolgus monkeys were CL = 1.41 mL/day/kg, V1 = 39.8 mL/kg, V2 = 32.6 mL/kg, F = 0.75 and T1/2 = 35.7 days. The mean CL of CNTO 8212 was ~50% lower compared with that for CNTO 1119 in cynomolgus monkeys. The overall volume of distribution (V1 +V2 ) for CNTO 8212 was about 32% larger compared with that for CNTO 1119, but generally similar to the vascular volume in cynomolgus monkeys. The T1/2 of CNTO 8212 was significantly (p < 0.05) longer by about 2.7-fold than that for CNTO 1119 in cynomolgus monkeys. Thus, the modification of the Fc portion of an anti-OSM IgG1 mAb for higher FcRn binding affinity resulted in lower systemic clearance and a longer terminal half-life in cynomolgus monkeys. CNTO 8212 demonstrated linear PK after a single IV dose (1-20 mg/kg) in cynomolgus monkeys. The predicted human PK parameters suggest that CNTO 8212 is likely to exhibit slow clearance and long terminal half-life in human beings and may likely allow less frequent dosing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P Nnane
- Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Chao Han
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Qun Jiao
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Susan H Tam
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Hugh M Davis
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
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Boesch AW, Miles AR, Chan YN, Osei-Owusu NY, Ackerman ME. IgG Fc variant cross-reactivity between human and rhesus macaque FcγRs. MAbs 2017; 9:455-465. [PMID: 28055295 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1274845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) studies are often an essential component of antibody development efforts before human trials. Because the efficacy or toxicity of candidate antibodies may depend on their interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγR) and their resulting ability to induce FcγR-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-meditated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis (ADCP), the evaluation of human IgG variants with modulated affinity toward human FcγR is becoming more prevalent in both infectious disease and oncology studies in NHP. Reliable translation of these results necessitates analysis of the cross-reactivity of these human Fc variants with NHP FcγR. We report evaluation of the binding affinities of a panel of human IgG subclasses, Fc amino acid point mutants and Fc glycosylation variants against the common allotypes of human and rhesus macaque FcγR by applying a high-throughput array-based surface plasmon resonance platform. The resulting data indicate that amino acid variation present in rhesus FcγRs can result in disrupted, matched, or even increased affinity of IgG Fc variants compared with human FcγR orthologs. These observations emphasize the importance of evaluating species cross-reactivity and developing an understanding of the potential limitations or suitability of representative in vitro and in vivo models before human clinical studies when either efficacy or toxicity may be associated with FcγR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Boesch
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Adam R Miles
- b Wasatch Microfluidics , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Ying N Chan
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Nana Y Osei-Owusu
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine , Lebanon , NH , USA
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Pinkston KL, Gao P, Singh KV, Azhdarinia A, Murray BE, Sevick-Muraca EM, Harvey BR. Antibody Guided Molecular Imaging of Infective Endocarditis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1535:229-241. [PMID: 27914083 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6673-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this protocol, we describe the application of using a high affinity monoclonal antibody generated against the major pilin protein component of the pilin structure of Enterococcus faecalis as a PET imaging agent for enterococcal endocarditis detection. The anti-pilin -mAb 64Cu conjugate was able to specifically label enterococcal endocarditis vegetation in vivo in a rodent endocarditis model. By targeting pili, a covalently linked surface antigen extending from the bacterial surface, we provided evidence that gram-positive pilin represent a logical surface antigen to define or target an infectious agent for molecularly guided imaging. Our goal in providing a detailed protocol of our efforts is to enable others to build upon this methodology to answer pertinent translational and basic research questions in the pursuit of diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Pinkston
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kavindra V Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Barbara E Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eva M Sevick-Muraca
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Barrett R Harvey
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Jacobsen FW, Stevenson R, Li C, Salimi-Moosavi H, Liu L, Wen J, Luo Q, Daris K, Buck L, Miller S, Ho SY, Wang W, Chen Q, Walker K, Wypych J, Narhi L, Gunasekaran K. Engineering an IgG Scaffold Lacking Effector Function with Optimized Developability. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1865-1875. [PMID: 27994062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG isotypes can differentially bind to Fcγ receptors and complement, making the selection of which isotype to pursue for development of a particular therapeutic antibody important in determining the safety and efficacy of the drug. IgG2 and IgG4 isotypes have significantly lower binding affinity to Fcγ receptors. Recent evidence suggests that the IgG2 isotype is not completely devoid of effector function, whereas the IgG4 isotype can undergo in vivo Fab arm exchange leading to bispecific antibody and off-target effects. Here an attempt was made to engineer an IgG1-based scaffold lacking effector function but with stability equivalent to that of the parent IgG1. Care was taken to ensure that both stability and lack of effector function was achieved with a minimum number of mutations. Among the Asn297 mutants that result in lack of glycosylation and thus loss of effector function, we demonstrate that the N297G variant has better stability and developability compared with the N297Q or N297A variants. To further improve the stability of N297G, we introduced a novel engineered disulfide bond at a solvent inaccessible location in the CH2 domain. The resulting scaffold has stability greater than or equivalent to that of the parental IgG1 scaffold. Extensive biophysical analyses and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in mouse, rat, and monkey further confirmed the developability of this unique scaffold, and suggest that it could be used for all Fc containing therapeutics (e.g. antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and Fc fusions) requiring lack of effector function or elimination of binding to Fcγ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W Jacobsen
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
| | - Riki Stevenson
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Cynthia Li
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Hossein Salimi-Moosavi
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Ling Liu
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Jie Wen
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Quanzhou Luo
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Kristine Daris
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Lynette Buck
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Sterling Miller
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Shu-Yin Ho
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Wei Wang
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Qing Chen
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Kenneth Walker
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Jette Wypych
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Linda Narhi
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Kannan Gunasekaran
- From the Biologics Optimization-Therapeutic Discovery, Clinical Immunology, and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
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