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Ma P, Zhang G, Chen S, Miao C, Cao Y, Wang M, Liu W, Shen J, Tang PMK, Men Y, Ye L, Li C. Promotion effect of TGF-β-Zfp423-ApoD pathway on lip sensory recovery after nerve sacrifice caused by nerve collateral compensation. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:23. [PMID: 37286538 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors is often accompanied by the inferior alveolar nerve neurectomy, resulting in abnormal sensation in lower lip. It is generally believed that spontaneous sensory recovery in this nerve injury is difficult. However, during our follow-up, patients with inferior alveolar nerve sacrifice showed different degrees of lower lip sensory recovery. In this study, a prospective cohort study was conducted to demonstrate this phenomenon and analyze the factors influencing sensory recovery. A mental nerve transection model of Thy1-YFP mice and tissue clearing technique were used to explore possible mechanisms in this process. Gene silencing and overexpression experiments were then conducted to detect the changes in cell morphology and molecular markers. In our follow-up, 75% of patients with unilateral inferior alveolar nerve neurectomy had complete sensory recovery of the lower lip 12 months postoperatively. Patients with younger age, malignant tumors, and preservation of ipsilateral buccal and lingual nerves had a shorter recovery time. The buccal nerve collateral sprouting compensation was observed in the lower lip tissue of Thy1-YFP mice. ApoD was demonstrated to be involved in axon growth and peripheral nerve sensory recovery in the animal model. TGF-β inhibited the expression of STAT3 and the transcription of ApoD in Schwann cells through Zfp423. Overall, after sacrificing the inferior alveolar nerve, the collateral compensation of the ipsilateral buccal nerve could innervate the sensation. And this process was regulated by TGF-β-Zfp423-ApoD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Medical Record, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiefei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine & Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Men
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Shan QH, Qin XY, Zhou N, Huang C, Wang Y, Chen P, Zhou JN. A method for ultrafast tissue clearing that preserves fluorescence for multimodal and longitudinal brain imaging. BMC Biol 2022; 20:77. [PMID: 35351101 PMCID: PMC8966190 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue-clearing techniques have recently been developed to make tissues transparent for three-dimensional (3D) imaging at different scales, including single-cell resolution. However, current tissue-clearing workflows have several disadvantages, including complex protocols, time-consuming application, and fluorescence quenching. Additionally, they can be used mainly for clearing larger-volume samples, preventing wide and easy applicability in conventional experimental approaches. In this study, we aimed to develop a versatile, fast, and convenient method for clearing thin and semi-thick samples, which can be used for three-dimensional imaging of experimental or even clinical samples. Results We developed an alkaline solution (AKS) containing a combination of 2,2′-thiodiethanol (TDE), DMSO, D-sorbitol, and Tris for tissue clearing, as the alkaline environment is suitable for maintaining the fluorescence of most commonly used fluorescence protein GFP and its variants, and tested its clearing effect on samples from mice and human brains. We assessed the clearing speed, the preservation of fluorescence protein and dyes, and the imaging depth and quality. The results showed that AKS treatment rapidly cleared 300-μm-thick brain slices and 1-mm-thick slices from different organs within 5 min and 1 h, respectively. Moreover, AKS was compatible with a variety of fluorescence proteins and dyes. Most importantly, AKS enhanced the fluorescence of YFP, in contrast to the majority of existing tissue-clearing methods which reduce the fluorescence intensity of fluorescent proteins. Using AKS, we performed long-time high-resolution imaging of weak fluorescent protein-labelled tissues, long-distance fibre tracking, larger-scale 3D imaging and cell counting of the entire brain area, neural circuit tracing, 3D neuromorphic reconstruction, and 3D histopathology imaging. Conclusions AKS can be used for simple and rapid clearing of samples from mice and human brains and is widely compatible with a variety of fluorescent dyes. Therefore, AKS has great potential to be used as a broad tissue-clearing reagent for biological optical imaging, especially for time-sensitive experiments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01275-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Shan
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xin-Ya Qin
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Middle Urumqi Road 12, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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3
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Kudithipudi D, Aguilar-Simon M, Babb J, Bazhenov M, Blackiston D, Bongard J, Brna AP, Chakravarthi Raja S, Cheney N, Clune J, Daram A, Fusi S, Helfer P, Kay L, Ketz N, Kira Z, Kolouri S, Krichmar JL, Kriegman S, Levin M, Madireddy S, Manicka S, Marjaninejad A, McNaughton B, Miikkulainen R, Navratilova Z, Pandit T, Parker A, Pilly PK, Risi S, Sejnowski TJ, Soltoggio A, Soures N, Tolias AS, Urbina-Meléndez D, Valero-Cuevas FJ, van de Ven GM, Vogelstein JT, Wang F, Weiss R, Yanguas-Gil A, Zou X, Siegelmann H. Biological underpinnings for lifelong learning machines. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Kim IK, Park JH, Kim B, Hwang KC, Song BW. Recent advances in stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative disease: Three dimensional tracing and its emerging use. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1215-1230. [PMID: 34630859 PMCID: PMC8474717 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a brain disorder caused by the loss of structure and function of neurons that lowers the quality of human life. Apart from the limited potential for endogenous regeneration, stem cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for maintaining homeostatic tissue regeneration and enhancing plasticity. Despite many studies, there remains insufficient evidence for stem cell tracing and its correlation with endogenous neural cells in brain tissue with three-dimensional structures. Recent advancements in tissue optical clearing techniques have been developed to overcome the existing shortcomings of cross-sectional tissue analysis in thick and complex tissues. This review focuses on recent progress of stem cell treatments to improve neurodegenerative disease, and introduces tissue optical clearing techniques that can implement a three-dimensional image as a proof of concept. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding of stem cell tracing that will play an important role in evaluating therapeutic efficacy and cellular interrelationship for regeneration in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kwon Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea.
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5
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Matryba P, Łukasiewicz K, Pawłowska M, Tomczuk J, Gołąb J. Can Developments in Tissue Optical Clearing Aid Super-Resolution Microscopy Imaging? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136730. [PMID: 34201632 PMCID: PMC8268743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) techniques opens new avenues to examine cell and tissue details at a nanometer scale. Due to compatibility with specific labelling approaches, in vivo imaging and the relative ease of sample preparation, SRM appears to be a valuable alternative to laborious electron microscopy techniques. SRM, however, is not free from drawbacks, with the rapid quenching of the fluorescence signal, sensitivity to spherical aberrations and light scattering that typically limits imaging depth up to few micrometers being the most pronounced ones. Recently presented and robustly optimized sets of tissue optical clearing (TOC) techniques turn biological specimens transparent, which greatly increases the tissue thickness that is available for imaging without loss of resolution. Hence, SRM and TOC are naturally synergistic techniques, and a proper combination of these might promptly reveal the three-dimensional structure of entire organs with nanometer resolution. As such, an effort to introduce large-scale volumetric SRM has already started; in this review, we discuss TOC approaches that might be favorable during the preparation of SRM samples. Thus, special emphasis is put on TOC methods that enhance the preservation of fluorescence intensity, offer the homogenous distribution of molecular probes, and vastly decrease spherical aberrations. Finally, we review examples of studies in which both SRM and TOC were successfully applied to study biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Matryba
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.T.); (J.G.)
- The Doctoral School of the Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kacper Łukasiewicz
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Tomczuk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.T.); (J.G.)
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6
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Refaeli R, Doron A, Benmelech-Chovav A, Groysman M, Kreisel T, Loewenstein Y, Goshen I. Features of hippocampal astrocytic domains and their spatial relation to excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Glia 2021; 69:2378-2390. [PMID: 34117643 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mounting evidence for the involvement of astrocytes in neuronal circuits function and behavior stands in stark contrast to the lack of detailed anatomical description of these cells and the neurons in their domains. To fill this void, we imaged >30,000 astrocytes in hippocampi made transparent by CLARITY, and determined the elaborate structure, distribution, and neuronal content of astrocytic domains. First, we characterized the spatial distribution of >19,000 astrocytes across CA1 lamina, and analyzed the morphology of thousands of reconstructed domains. We then determined the excitatory somatic content of CA1 astrocytes, and measured the distance between inhibitory neuronal somata to the nearest astrocyte soma. We find that on average, there are almost 14 pyramidal neurons per domain in the CA1, increasing toward the pyramidal layer midline, compared to only five excitatory neurons per domain in the amygdala. Finally, we discovered that somatostatin neurons are found in close proximity to astrocytes, compared to parvalbumin and VIP inhibitory neurons. This work provides a comprehensive large-scale quantitative foundation for studying neuron-astrocyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Refaeli
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Doron
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviya Benmelech-Chovav
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Groysman
- ELSC Vector Core Facility, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yonatan Loewenstein
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Federmann Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H. Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:5-29. [PMID: 33326739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity and limited availability of human brain tissues, for decades, pathologists have sought to maximize information gained from individual samples, based on which (patho)physiological processes could be inferred. Recently, new understandings of chemical and physical properties of biological tissues and multiple chemical profiling have given rise to the development of scalable tissue clearing methods allowing superior optical clearing of across-the-scale samples. In the past decade, tissue clearing techniques, molecular labeling methods, advanced laser scanning microscopes, and data visualization and analysis have become commonplace. Combined, they have made 3D visualization of brain tissues with unprecedented resolution and depth widely accessible. To facilitate further advancements and applications, here we provide a critical appraisal of these techniques. We propose a classification system of current tissue clearing and expansion methods that allows users to judge the applicability of individual ones to their questions, followed by a review of the current progress in molecular labeling, optical imaging, and data processing to demonstrate the whole 3D imaging pipeline based on tissue clearing and downstream techniques for visualizing the brain. We also raise the path forward of tissue-clearing-based imaging technology, that is, integrating with state-of-the-art techniques, such as multiplexing protein imaging, in situ signal amplification, RNA detection and sequencing, super-resolution imaging techniques, multiomics studies, and deep learning, for drawing the complete atlas of the human brain and building a 3D pathology platform for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hei Ming Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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8
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Campbell-Thompson M, Tang SC. Pancreas Optical Clearing and 3-D Microscopy in Health and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:644826. [PMID: 33981285 PMCID: PMC8108133 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.644826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although first described over a hundred years ago, tissue optical clearing is undergoing renewed interest due to numerous advances in optical clearing methods, microscopy systems, and three-dimensional (3-D) image analysis programs. These advances are advantageous for intact mouse tissues or pieces of human tissues because samples sized several millimeters can be studied. Optical clearing methods are particularly useful for studies of the neuroanatomy of the central and peripheral nervous systems and tissue vasculature or lymphatic system. Using examples from solvent- and aqueous-based optical clearing methods, the mouse and human pancreatic structures and networks will be reviewed in 3-D for neuro-insular complexes, parasympathetic ganglia, and adipocyte infiltration as well as lymphatics in diabetes. Optical clearing with multiplex immunofluorescence microscopy provides new opportunities to examine the role of the nervous and circulatory systems in pancreatic and islet functions by defining their neurovascular anatomy in health and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Martha Campbell-Thompson, ; Shiue-Cheng Tang,
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Martha Campbell-Thompson, ; Shiue-Cheng Tang,
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9
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Alvarsson A, Jimenez-Gonzalez M, Li R, Rosselot C, Tzavaras N, Wu Z, Stewart AF, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stanley SA. A 3D atlas of the dynamic and regional variation of pancreatic innervation in diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/41/eaaz9124. [PMID: 33036983 PMCID: PMC7557000 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the detailed anatomy of the endocrine pancreas, its innervation, and the remodeling that occurs in diabetes can provide new insights into metabolic disease. Using tissue clearing and whole-organ imaging, we identified the 3D associations between islets and innervation. This technique provided detailed quantification of α and β cell volumes and pancreatic nerve fibers, their distribution and heterogeneity in healthy tissue, canonical mouse models of diabetes, and samples from normal and diabetic human pancreata. Innervation was highly enriched in the mouse endocrine pancreas, with regional differences. Islet nerve density was increased in nonobese diabetic mice, in mice treated with streptozotocin, and in pancreata of human donors with type 2 diabetes. Nerve contacts with β cells were preserved in diabetic mice and humans. In summary, our whole-organ assessment allows comprehensive examination of islet characteristics and their innervation and reveals dynamic regulation of islet innervation in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alvarsson
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria Jimenez-Gonzalez
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rosemary Li
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tzavaras
- The Microscopy CoRE and Advanced Bioimaging Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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10
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Susaki EA, Shimizu C, Kuno A, Tainaka K, Li X, Nishi K, Morishima K, Ono H, Ode KL, Saeki Y, Miyamichi K, Isa K, Yokoyama C, Kitaura H, Ikemura M, Ushiku T, Shimizu Y, Saito T, Saido TC, Fukayama M, Onoe H, Touhara K, Isa T, Kakita A, Shibayama M, Ueda HR. Versatile whole-organ/body staining and imaging based on electrolyte-gel properties of biological tissues. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1982. [PMID: 32341345 PMCID: PMC7184626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-organ/body three-dimensional (3D) staining and imaging have been enduring challenges in histology. By dissecting the complex physicochemical environment of the staining system, we developed a highly optimized 3D staining imaging pipeline based on CUBIC. Based on our precise characterization of biological tissues as an electrolyte gel, we experimentally evaluated broad 3D staining conditions by using an artificial tissue-mimicking material. The combination of optimized conditions allows a bottom-up design of a superior 3D staining protocol that can uniformly label whole adult mouse brains, an adult marmoset brain hemisphere, an ~1 cm3 tissue block of a postmortem adult human cerebellum, and an entire infant marmoset body with dozens of antibodies and cell-impermeant nuclear stains. The whole-organ 3D images collected by light-sheet microscopy are used for computational analyses and whole-organ comparison analysis between species. This pipeline, named CUBIC-HistoVIsion, thus offers advanced opportunities for organ- and organism-scale histological analysis of multicellular systems. Tissue clearing has revolutionised histology, but limited penetration of antibodies and stains into thick tissue segments is still a bottleneck. Here, the authors characterise optically cleared tissue as an electrolyte gel and apply this knowledge to stain the entirety of thick tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-5241, Japan.
| | - Chika Shimizu
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-5241, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuno
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Xiang Li
- Neutron Science Laboratory, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kengo Nishi
- Neutron Science Laboratory, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ken Morishima
- Neutron Science Laboratory, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ono
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koji L Ode
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-5241, Japan
| | - Yuki Saeki
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunari Miyamichi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kaoru Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yokoyama
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitaura
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masako Ikemura
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimizu
- Laboratory for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-2-3, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Neutron Science Laboratory, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-5241, Japan.
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11
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Ueda HR, Ertürk A, Chung K, Gradinaru V, Chédotal A, Tomancak P, Keller PJ. Tissue clearing and its applications in neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:61-79. [PMID: 31896771 PMCID: PMC8121164 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art tissue-clearing methods provide subcellular-level optical access to intact tissues from individual organs and even to some entire mammals. When combined with light-sheet microscopy and automated approaches to image analysis, existing tissue-clearing methods can speed up and may reduce the cost of conventional histology by several orders of magnitude. In addition, tissue-clearing chemistry allows whole-organ antibody labelling, which can be applied even to thick human tissues. By combining the most powerful labelling, clearing, imaging and data-analysis tools, scientists are extracting structural and functional cellular and subcellular information on complex mammalian bodies and large human specimens at an accelerated pace. The rapid generation of terabyte-scale imaging data furthermore creates a high demand for efficient computational approaches that tackle challenges in large-scale data analysis and management. In this Review, we discuss how tissue-clearing methods could provide an unbiased, system-level view of mammalian bodies and human specimens and discuss future opportunities for the use of these methods in human neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN BDR, Suita, Japan.
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- IT4Innovations, Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Philipp J Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
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12
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Ladinsky MS, Khamaikawin W, Jung Y, Lin S, Lam J, An DS, Bjorkman PJ, Kieffer C. Mechanisms of virus dissemination in bone marrow of HIV-1-infected humanized BLT mice. eLife 2019; 8:46916. [PMID: 31657719 PMCID: PMC6839903 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune progenitor cells differentiate in bone marrow (BM) and then migrate to tissues. HIV-1 infects multiple BM cell types, but virus dissemination within BM has been poorly understood. We used light microscopy and electron tomography to elucidate mechanisms of HIV-1 dissemination within BM of HIV-1–infected BM/liver/thymus (BLT) mice. Tissue clearing combined with confocal and light sheet fluorescence microscopy revealed distinct populations of HIV-1 p24-producing cells in BM early after infection, and quantification of these populations identified macrophages as the principal subset of virus-producing cells in BM over time. Electron tomography demonstrated three modes of HIV-1 dissemination in BM: (i) semi-synchronous budding from T-cell and macrophage membranes, (ii) mature virus association with virus-producing T-cell uropods contacting putative target cells, and (iii) macrophages engulfing HIV-1–producing T-cells and producing virus within enclosed intracellular compartments that fused to invaginations with access to the extracellular space. These results illustrate mechanisms by which the specialized environment of the BM can promote virus spread locally and to distant lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Wannisa Khamaikawin
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yujin Jung
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Samantha Lin
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jennifer Lam
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dong Sung An
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Collin Kieffer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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13
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Hahn C, Becker K, Saghafi S, Pende M, Avdibašić A, Foroughipour M, Heinz DE, Wotjak CT, Dodt HU. High-resolution imaging of fluorescent whole mouse brains using stabilised organic media (sDISCO). JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800368. [PMID: 30932329 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical tissue clearing using dibenzyl ether (DBE) or BABB (1 part benzyl alcohol and 2 parts benzyl benzoate) is easy in application and allows deep-tissue imaging of a wide range of specimens. However, in both substances, optical clearing and storage times of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing specimens are limited due to the continuous formation of peroxides and aldehydes, which severely quench fluorescence. Stabilisation of purified DBE or BABB by addition of the antioxidant propyl gallate efficiently preserves fluorescence signals in EGFP-expressing samples for more than a year. This enables longer clearing times and improved tissue transparency with higher fluorescence signal intensity. The here introduced clearing protocol termed stabilised DISCO allows to image spines in a whole mouse brain and to detect faint changes in the activity-dependent expression pattern of tdTomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hahn
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Becker
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saiedeh Saghafi
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko Pende
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alma Avdibašić
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Massih Foroughipour
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel E Heinz
- Department of Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Department of Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Dodt
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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mSphere of Influence: Clearing a Path for High-Resolution Visualization of Host-Pathogen Interactions In Vivo. mSphere 2019; 4:4/4/e00308-19. [PMID: 31292229 PMCID: PMC6620373 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00308-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shumin Tan works in the field of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-host interactions. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how the paper "Single-cell phenotyping within transparent intact tissue through whole-body clearing" by B. Yang et al. (Cell 158:945-958, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.017) impacted her ideas on approaches to visualize and understand heterogeneous host-pathogen interactions in vivo in 3-dimensional space at the single-cell level, through the tractable and broadly compatible tissue optical clearing methods developed.
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15
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Gradinaru V, Treweek J, Overton K, Deisseroth K. Hydrogel-Tissue Chemistry: Principles and Applications. Annu Rev Biophys 2019; 47:355-376. [PMID: 29792820 PMCID: PMC6359929 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070317-032905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past five years, a rapidly developing experimental approach has enabled high-resolution and high-content information retrieval from intact multicellular animal (metazoan) systems. New chemical and physical forms are created in the hydrogel-tissue chemistry process, and the retention and retrieval of crucial phenotypic information regarding constituent cells and molecules (and their joint interrelationships) are thereby enabled. For example, rich data sets defining both single-cell-resolution gene expression and single-cell-resolution activity during behavior can now be collected while still preserving information on three-dimensional positioning and/or brain-wide wiring of those very same neurons-even within vertebrate brains. This new approach and its variants, as applied to neuroscience, are beginning to illuminate the fundamental cellular and chemical representations of sensation, cognition, and action. More generally, reimagining metazoans as metareactants-or positionally defined three-dimensional graphs of constituent chemicals made available for ongoing functionalization, transformation, and readout-is stimulating innovation across biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Jennifer Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Kristin Overton
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,H oward Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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16
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Identification of peripheral neural circuits that regulate heart rate using optogenetic and viral vector strategies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1944. [PMID: 31028266 PMCID: PMC6486614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate is under the precise control of the autonomic nervous system. However, the wiring of peripheral neural circuits that regulate heart rate is poorly understood. Here, we develop a clearing-imaging-analysis pipeline to visualize innervation of intact hearts in 3D and employed a multi-technique approach to map parasympathetic and sympathetic neural circuits that control heart rate in mice. We identify cholinergic neurons and noradrenergic neurons in an intrinsic cardiac ganglion and the stellate ganglia, respectively, that project to the sinoatrial node. We also report that the heart rate response to optogenetic versus electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve displays different temporal characteristics and that vagal afferents enhance parasympathetic and reduce sympathetic tone to the heart via central mechanisms. Our findings provide new insights into neural regulation of heart rate, and our methodology to study cardiac circuits can be readily used to interrogate neural control of other visceral organs. The wiring of peripheral neural circuits that regulate heart rate is poorly understood. In this study, authors used tissue clearing for high-resolution characterization of nerves in the heart in 3D and transgenic and novel viral vector approaches to identify peripheral parasympathetic and sympathetic neuronal populations involved in heart rate control in mice.
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17
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Challis RC, Ravindra Kumar S, Chan KY, Challis C, Beadle K, Jang MJ, Kim HM, Rajendran PS, Tompkins JD, Shivkumar K, Deverman BE, Gradinaru V. Systemic AAV vectors for widespread and targeted gene delivery in rodents. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:379-414. [PMID: 30626963 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids to facilitate efficient and noninvasive gene transfer to the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, a detailed protocol for generating and systemically delivering novel AAV variants was not previously available. In this protocol, we describe how to produce and intravenously administer AAVs to adult mice to specifically label and/or genetically manipulate cells in the nervous system and organs, including the heart. The procedure comprises three separate stages: AAV production, intravenous delivery, and evaluation of transgene expression. The protocol spans 8 d, excluding the time required to assess gene expression, and can be readily adopted by researchers with basic molecular biology, cell culture, and animal work experience. We provide guidelines for experimental design and choice of the capsid, cargo, and viral dose appropriate for the experimental aims. The procedures outlined here are adaptable to diverse biomedical applications, from anatomical and functional mapping to gene expression, silencing, and editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary C Challis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ken Y Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Keith Beadle
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Min J Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Pradeep S Rajendran
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John D Tompkins
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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18
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Podgorny O, Peunova N, Park JH, Enikolopov G. Triple S-Phase Labeling of Dividing Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 10:615-626. [PMID: 29358087 PMCID: PMC5830949 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marking replicating DNA with multiple labels presents the possibility of revealing new features and mechanisms of DNA synthesis and cell division; however, progression beyond double labeling has been hampered by cross-reactivity of label detection and scarcity of appropriate labels. Here, we present a method for triple S-phase labeling of the dividing cells, with a fourth label used to mark cells actively engaged in cell-cycle progression (e.g., using Ki67) or to phenotype the dividing cells or their progeny (e.g., using a GFP-expressing lineage reporter transgene). We apply this method to determine the parameters of neural stem cell division in the adult brain, to birth date up to four cohorts of dividing cells, and to reveal patterns of stem cell division in non-neural tissues. Marking replicating DNA is now possible with three thymidine analogs Triple S-phase labeling allows for multiple birth dating of dividing cells Triple S-phase labeling increases resolution of cell-proliferation kinetic analysis Triple S-phase labeling allows for combination of different labeling paradigms
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Podgorny
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Peunova
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - June-Hee Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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19
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Mano T, Albanese A, Dodt HU, Erturk A, Gradinaru V, Treweek JB, Miyawaki A, Chung K, Ueda HR. Whole-Brain Analysis of Cells and Circuits by Tissue Clearing and Light-Sheet Microscopy. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9330-9337. [PMID: 30381424 PMCID: PMC6706004 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1677-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this photo essay, we present a sampling of technologies from laboratories at the forefront of whole-brain clearing and imaging for high-resolution analysis of cell populations and neuronal circuits. The data presented here were provided for the eponymous Mini-Symposium presented at the Society for Neuroscience's 2018 annual meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Mano
- Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, UTIAS
| | | | - Hans-Ulrich Dodt
- Department of Bioelectronics, Vienna University of Technology, FKE, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Erturk
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
| | - Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Center for Brain Science
- Biotechnological Optics Research Team, Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako-City, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science,
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, UTIAS,
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
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20
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Yoneda T, Sakai S, Maruoka H, Hosoya T. Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30247471 DOI: 10.3791/58027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical properties, synaptic connections, and in vivo functions, but their basic functional and anatomical organization from cellular to network scale is poorly understood. Here we describe a method for the three-dimensional imaging of fluorescently-labeled neurons across large areas of the brain for the investigation of the cortical cellular organization. Specific types of neurons are labeled by the injection of fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers or expression of fluorescent proteins in transgenic mice. Block brain samples, e.g., a hemisphere, are prepared after fixation, made transparent with tissue clearing methods, and subjected to fluorescent immunolabeling of the specific cell types. Large areas are scanned using confocal or two-photon microscopes equipped with large working distance objectives and motorized stages. This method can resolve the periodic organization of the cell type-specific microcolumn functional modules in the mouse neocortex. The procedure can be useful for the study of three-dimensional cellular architecture in the diverse brain areas and other complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiichiro Sakai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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21
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Bedbrook CN, Deverman BE, Gradinaru V. Viral Strategies for Targeting the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 41:323-348. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-062048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant viruses allow for targeted transgene expression in specific cell populations throughout the nervous system. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is among the most commonly used viruses for neuroscience research. Recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) are highly versatile and can package most cargo composed of desired genes within the capsid's ∼5-kb carrying capacity. Numerous regulatory elements and intersectional strategies have been validated in rAAVs to enable cell type–specific expression. rAAVs can be delivered to specific neuronal populations or globally throughout the animal. The AAV capsids have natural cell type or tissue tropism and trafficking that can be modified for increased specificity. Here, we describe recently engineered AAV capsids and associated cargo that have extended the utility of AAVs in targeting molecularly defined neurons throughout the nervous system, which will further facilitate neuronal circuit interrogation and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire N. Bedbrook
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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22
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Jing D, Zhang S, Luo W, Gao X, Men Y, Ma C, Liu X, Yi Y, Bugde A, Zhou BO, Zhao Z, Yuan Q, Feng JQ, Gao L, Ge WP, Zhao H. Tissue clearing of both hard and soft tissue organs with the PEGASOS method. Cell Res 2018; 28:803-818. [PMID: 29844583 PMCID: PMC6082844 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue clearing technique enables visualization of opaque organs and tissues in 3-dimensions (3-D) by turning tissue transparent. Current tissue clearing methods are restricted by limited types of tissues that can be cleared with each individual protocol, which inevitably led to the presence of blind-spots within whole body or body parts imaging. Hard tissues including bones and teeth are still the most difficult organs to be cleared. In addition, loss of endogenous fluorescence remains a major concern for solvent-based clearing methods. Here, we developed a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated solvent system (PEGASOS), which rendered nearly all types of tissues transparent and preserved endogenous fluorescence. Bones and teeth could be turned nearly invisible after clearing. The PEGASOS method turned the whole adult mouse body transparent and we were able to image an adult mouse head composed of bones, teeth, brain, muscles, and other tissues with no blind areas. Hard tissue transparency enabled us to reconstruct intact mandible, teeth, femur, or knee joint in 3-D. In addition, we managed to image intact mouse brain at sub-cellular resolution and to trace individual neurons and axons over a long distance. We also visualized dorsal root ganglions directly through vertebrae. Finally, we revealed the distribution pattern of neural network in 3-D within the marrow space of long bone. These results suggest that the PEGASOS method is a useful tool for general biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Jing
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yi Men
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Yating Yi
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Abhijit Bugde
- Live Cell Imaging Core Facility, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bo O Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Intelligent Imaging Innovations (3i) Inc., 3509 Ringsby Court, Denver, CO, 80216, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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23
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Chemical Processing of Brain Tissues for Large-Volume, High-Resolution Optical Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-9020-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Witte R, Andriasyan V, Georgi F, Yakimovich A, Greber UF. Concepts in Light Microscopy of Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E202. [PMID: 29670029 PMCID: PMC5923496 DOI: 10.3390/v10040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses threaten humans, livestock, and plants, and are difficult to combat. Imaging of viruses by light microscopy is key to uncover the nature of known and emerging viruses in the quest for finding new ways to treat viral disease and deepening the understanding of virus–host interactions. Here, we provide an overview of recent technology for imaging cells and viruses by light microscopy, in particular fluorescence microscopy in static and live-cell modes. The review lays out guidelines for how novel fluorescent chemical probes and proteins can be used in light microscopy to illuminate cells, and how they can be used to study virus infections. We discuss advantages and opportunities of confocal and multi-photon microscopy, selective plane illumination microscopy, and super-resolution microscopy. We emphasize the prevalent concepts in image processing and data analyses, and provide an outlook into label-free digital holographic microscopy for virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Lin R, Feng Q, Li P, Zhou P, Wang R, Liu Z, Wang Z, Qi X, Tang N, Shao F, Luo M. A hybridization-chain-reaction-based method for amplifying immunosignals. Nat Methods 2018; 15:275-278. [PMID: 29481551 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunosignal hybridization chain reaction (isHCR) combines antibody-antigen interactions with hybridization chain reaction (HCR) technology, which results in amplification of immunofluorescence signals by up to two to three orders of magnitude with low background. isHCR's highly modular and easily adaptable design enables the technique to be applied broadly, and we further optimized its use in multiplexed imaging and in state-of-the-art tissue expansion and clearing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.,Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, NIBS, Beijing, China
| | - Qiru Feng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyu Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbing Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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26
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Robinson JE, Gradinaru V. Dopaminergic dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders: recent advances and synergistic technologies to aid basic research. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:17-29. [PMID: 28850815 PMCID: PMC5825239 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) represent a diverse group of syndromes characterized by abnormal development of the central nervous system and whose symptomatology includes cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor impairments. The identification of causative genetic defects has allowed for creation of transgenic NDD mouse models that have revealed pathophysiological mechanisms of disease phenotypes in a neural circuit- and cell type-specific manner. Mouse models of several syndromes, including Rett syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, etc., exhibit abnormalities in the structure and function of dopaminergic circuitry, which regulates motivation, motor behavior, sociability, attention, and executive function. Recent advances in technologies for functional circuit mapping, including tissue clearing, viral vector-based tracing methods, and optical readouts of neural activity, have refined our knowledge of dopaminergic circuits in unperturbed states, yet these tools have not been widely applied to NDD research. Here, we will review recent findings exploring dopaminergic function in NDD models and discuss the promise of new tools to probe NDD pathophysiology in these circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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27
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Butterworth E, Dickerson W, Vijay V, Weitzel K, Cooper J, Atkinson EW, Coleman JE, Otto KJ, Campbell-Thompson M. High Resolution 3D Imaging of the Human Pancreas Neuro-insular Network. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29443037 PMCID: PMC5912252 DOI: 10.3791/56859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using traditional histological methods, researchers are hampered in their ability to image whole tissues or organs in large-scale 3D. Histological sections are generally limited to <20 µm as formalin fixed paraffin section on glass slides or <500 µm for free-floating fixed sections. Therefore, extensive efforts are required for serial sectioning and large-scale image reconstruction methods to recreate 3D for samples >500 µm using traditional methods. In addition, light scatters from macromolecules within tissues, particularly lipids, prevents imaging to a depth >150 µm with most confocal microscopes. To reduce light scatter and to allow for deep tissue imaging using simple confocal microscopy, various optical clearing methods have been developed that are relevant for rodent and human tissue samples fixed by immersion. Several methods are related and use protein crosslinking with acrylamide and tissue clearing with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Other optical clearing techniques used various solvents though each modification had various advantages and disadvantages. Here, an optimized passive optical clearing method is described for studies of the human pancreas innervation and specifically for interrogation of the innervation of human islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Butterworth
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Wesley Dickerson
- Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University
| | - Vindhya Vijay
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Kristina Weitzel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Julia Cooper
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Eric W Atkinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida
| | - Jason E Coleman
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Kevin J Otto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida
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28
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Greenbaum A, Jang MJ, Challis C, Gradinaru V. Q&A: How can advances in tissue clearing and optogenetics contribute to our understanding of normal and diseased biology? BMC Biol 2017; 15:87. [PMID: 28946882 PMCID: PMC5613628 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian organs comprise a variety of cells that interact with each other and have distinct biological roles. Access to evaluate and perturb intact biological systems at the cellular and molecular levels is essential to fully understand their functioning in normal and diseased conditions, yet technical limitations have constrained most research to small pieces of tissue. Tissue clearing and optogenetics can help overcome this hurdle: tissue clearing affords optical interrogation of whole organs at the molecular level, and optogenetics enables the scalable control and measurement of cellular activity with light. In this Q&A, we delineate recent advances and practical challenges associated with these two techniques when applied body-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Min J Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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29
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Chai H, Diaz-Castro B, Shigetomi E, Monte E, Octeau JC, Yu X, Cohn W, Rajendran PS, Vondriska TM, Whitelegge JP, Coppola G, Khakh BS. Neural Circuit-Specialized Astrocytes: Transcriptomic, Proteomic, Morphological, and Functional Evidence. Neuron 2017; 95:531-549.e9. [PMID: 28712653 PMCID: PMC5811312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are ubiquitous in the brain and are widely held to be largely identical. However, this view has not been fully tested, and the possibility that astrocytes are neural circuit specialized remains largely unexplored. Here, we used multiple integrated approaches, including RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), mass spectrometry, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, serial block-face-scanning electron microscopy, morphological reconstructions, pharmacogenetics, and diffusible dye, calcium, and glutamate imaging, to directly compare adult striatal and hippocampal astrocytes under identical conditions. We found significant differences in electrophysiological properties, Ca2+ signaling, morphology, and astrocyte-synapse proximity between striatal and hippocampal astrocytes. Unbiased evaluation of actively translated RNA and proteomic data confirmed significant astrocyte diversity between hippocampal and striatal circuits. We thus report core astrocyte properties, reveal evidence for specialized astrocytes within neural circuits, and provide new, integrated database resources and approaches to explore astrocyte diversity and function throughout the adult brain. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chai
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Blanca Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Emma Monte
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - J Christopher Octeau
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Pradeep S Rajendran
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Neurocardiology Research Center for Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Thomas M Vondriska
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA.
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30
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Hsueh B, Burns VM, Pauerstein P, Holzem K, Ye L, Engberg K, Wang AC, Gu X, Chakravarthy H, Arda HE, Charville G, Vogel H, Efimov IR, Kim S, Deisseroth K. Pathways to clinical CLARITY: volumetric analysis of irregular, soft, and heterogeneous tissues in development and disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5899. [PMID: 28724969 PMCID: PMC5517617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional tissue-structural relationships are not well captured by typical thin-section histology, posing challenges for the study of tissue physiology and pathology. Moreover, while recent progress has been made with intact methods for clearing, labeling, and imaging whole organs such as the mature brain, these approaches are generally unsuitable for soft, irregular, and heterogeneous tissues that account for the vast majority of clinical samples and biopsies. Here we develop a biphasic hydrogel methodology, which along with automated analysis, provides for high-throughput quantitative volumetric interrogation of spatially-irregular and friable tissue structures. We validate and apply this approach in the examination of a variety of developing and diseased tissues, with specific focus on the dynamics of normal and pathological pancreatic innervation and development, including in clinical samples. Quantitative advantages of the intact-tissue approach were demonstrated compared to conventional thin-section histology, pointing to broad applications in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vanessa M Burns
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Philip Pauerstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Katherine Holzem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kristin Engberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ai-Chi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Harini Chakravarthy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - H Efsun Arda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gregory Charville
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Seung Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Newly developed tissue clearing techniques can be used to render intact tissues transparent. When combined with fluorescent labeling technologies and optical sectioning microscopy, this allows visualization of fine structure in three dimensions. Gene-transfection techniques have proved very useful in visualizing cellular structures in animal models, but they are not applicable to human brain tissue. Here, we discuss the characteristics of an ideal chemical fluorescent probe for use in brain and other cleared tissues, and offer a comprehensive overview of currently available chemical probes. We describe their working principles and compare their performance with the goal of simplifying probe selection for neuropathologists and stimulating probe development by chemists. We propose several approaches for the development of innovative chemical labeling methods which, when combined with tissue clearing, have the potential to revolutionize how we study the structure and function of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Ming Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Neuropathology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Neuropathology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Wutian Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Center of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Laboratory of Jinan University and The University of Hong Kong, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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32
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Kieffer C, Ladinsky MS, Ninh A, Galimidi RP, Bjorkman PJ. Longitudinal imaging of HIV-1 spread in humanized mice with parallel 3D immunofluorescence and electron tomography. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28198699 PMCID: PMC5338924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of HIV-1 throughout lymphoid tissues leads to systemic virus spread following infection. We combined tissue clearing, 3D-immunofluorescence, and electron tomography (ET) to longitudinally assess early HIV-1 spread in lymphoid tissues in humanized mice. Immunofluorescence revealed peak infection density in gut at 10–12 days post-infection when blood viral loads were low. Human CD4+ T-cells and HIV-1–infected cells localized predominantly to crypts and the lower third of intestinal villi. Free virions and infected cells were not readily detectable by ET at 5-days post-infection, whereas HIV-1–infected cells surrounded by pools of free virions were present in ~10% of intestinal crypts by 10–12 days. ET of spleen revealed thousands of virions released by individual cells and discreet cytoplasmic densities near sites of prolific virus production. These studies highlight the importance of multiscale imaging of HIV-1–infected tissues and are adaptable to other animal models and human patient samples. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23282.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Kieffer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Allen Ninh
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Rachel P Galimidi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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33
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Ariel P. A beginner's guide to tissue clearing. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 84:35-39. [PMID: 28082099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a proliferation of tissue clearing methods that render large biological samples transparent and allow unprecedented three-dimensional views of enormous volumes of tissue. For a scientist wondering whether these methods will be useful to address their research problems, it can be bewildering to sort through the ever-increasing number of papers introducing new clearing methods. Here, I provide a concise summary for the novice describing what tissue clearing is, which research problems it can be applied to, how to decide on a clearing method, and where the field is headed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ariel
- Microscopy Services Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
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34
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Lai HM, Ng HM, Wu W. Three-dimensional histology: new visual approaches to morphological changes during neural regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:53-55. [PMID: 28250740 PMCID: PMC5319234 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.198974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) histology utilizes tissue clearing techniques to turn intact tissues transparent, allowing rapid interrogation of tissue architecture in three dimensions. In this article, we summarized the available tissue clearing methods and classified them according to their physicochemical principles of operation, which provided a framework for one to choose the best techniques for various research settings. Recent attempts in addressing various questions regarding the degenerating and regenerating nervous system have been promising with the use of 3D histological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Ming Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ho Man Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wutian Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Research Center of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Cazemier JL, Clascá F, Tiesinga PHE. Connectomic Analysis of Brain Networks: Novel Techniques and Future Directions. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:110. [PMID: 27881953 PMCID: PMC5101213 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain networks, localized or brain-wide, exist only at the cellular level, i.e., between specific pre- and post-synaptic neurons, which are connected through functionally diverse synapses located at specific points of their cell membranes. "Connectomics" is the emerging subfield of neuroanatomy explicitly aimed at elucidating the wiring of brain networks with cellular resolution and a quantified accuracy. Such data are indispensable for realistic modeling of brain circuitry and function. A connectomic analysis, therefore, needs to identify and measure the soma, dendrites, axonal path, and branching patterns together with the synapses and gap junctions of the neurons involved in any given brain circuit or network. However, because of the submicron caliber, 3D complexity, and high packing density of most such structures, as well as the fact that axons frequently extend over long distances to make synapses in remote brain regions, creating connectomic maps is technically challenging and requires multi-scale approaches, Such approaches involve the combination of the most sensitive cell labeling and analysis methods available, as well as the development of new ones able to resolve individual cells and synapses with increasing high-throughput. In this review, we provide an overview of recently introduced high-resolution methods, which researchers wanting to enter the field of connectomics may consider. It includes several molecular labeling tools, some of which specifically label synapses, and covers a number of novel imaging tools such as brain clearing protocols and microscopy approaches. Apart from describing the tools, we also provide an assessment of their qualities. The criteria we use assess the qualities that tools need in order to contribute to deciphering the key levels of circuit organization. We conclude with a brief future outlook for neuroanatomic research, computational methods, and network modeling, where we also point out several outstanding issues like structure-function relations and the complexity of neural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leonie Cazemier
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Cortical Structure and Function, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francisco Clascá
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma University Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul H E Tiesinga
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Shrinkage-mediated imaging of entire organs and organisms using uDISCO. Nat Methods 2016; 13:859-67. [PMID: 27548807 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent tissue-clearing approaches have become important alternatives to standard histology approaches. However, light scattering in thick tissues and the size restrictions on samples that can be imaged with standard light-sheet microscopy pose limitations for analyzing large samples such as an entire rodent body. We developed 'ultimate DISCO' (uDISCO) clearing to overcome these limitations in volumetric imaging. uDISCO preserves fluorescent proteins over months and renders intact organs and rodent bodies transparent while reducing their size up to 65%. We used uDISCO to image neuronal connections and vasculature from head to toe over 7 cm and to perform unbiased screening of transplanted stem cells within the entire body of adult mice. uDISCO is compatible with diverse labeling methods and archival human tissue, and it can readily be used in various biomedical applications to study organization of large organ systems throughout entire organisms.
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