1
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Pang HL, Zhang LT, Zhang YT, Ren Q. Separation and purification of bovine nasal cartilage-derived chondroitin sulfate and evaluation of its binding to bovine serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134501. [PMID: 39111483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This study employs an optimized and environmentally friendly method to extract and purify chondroitin sulfate (CS) from bovine nasal cartilage using enzymatic hydrolysis, ethanol precipitation, and DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column chromatography. The extracted CS, representing 44.67 % ± 0.0016 of the cartilage, has a molecular weight of 7.62 kDa. Characterization through UV, FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy, and 2-aminoacridone derivatization HPLC revealed a high content of sulfated disaccharides, particularly ΔDi4S (73.59 %) and ΔDi6S (20.61 %). Interaction studies with bovine serum albumin (BSA) using fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking confirmed a high-affinity, static quenching interaction with a single binding site, primarily mediated by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. The interaction did not significantly alter the polarity or hydrophobicity of BSA aromatic amino acids. These findings provide a strong foundation for exploring the application of CS in tissue engineering and drug delivery systems, leveraging its unique interaction with BSA for targeted delivery and enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
| | - Qiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
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2
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Yao ZY, Gong JS, Jiang JY, Su C, Zhao WH, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Unraveling the intricacies of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: Decoding the molecular symphony in understanding complex polysaccharide assembly. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 75:108416. [PMID: 39033835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are extensively utilized in clinical, cosmetic, and healthcare field, as well as in the treatment of thrombosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatism, and cancer. The biological production of GAGs is a strategy that has garnered significant attention due to its numerous advantages over traditional preparation methods. In this review, we embark on a journey to decode the intricate molecular symphony that orchestrates the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. By unraveling the complex interplay of related enzymes and thorough excavation of the intricate metabolic cascades involved, GAGs chain aggregation and transportation, which efficiently and controllably modulate GAGs sulfation patterns involved in biosynthetic pathway, we endeavor to offer a thorough comprehension of how these remarkable GAGs are intricately assembled and pushes the boundaries of our understanding in GAGs biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, PR China.
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, PR China
| | - Wen-Han Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, PR China; College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, PR China.
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3
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Nehru G, Balakrishnan R, Swaminathan N, Tadi SRR, Sivaprakasam S. Heparosan biosynthesis in recombinant Bacillus megaterium: Influence of N-acetylglucosamine supplementation and kinetic modeling. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 38973679 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Heparosan, an unsulfated polysaccharide, plays a pivotal role as a primary precursor in the biosynthesis of heparin-an influential anticoagulant with diverse therapeutic applications. To enhance heparosan production, the utilization of metabolic engineering in nonpathogenic microbial strains is emerging as a secure and promising strategy. In the investigation of heparosan production by recombinant Bacillus megaterium, a kinetic modeling approach was employed to explore the impact of initial substrate concentration and the supplementation of precursor sugars. The adapted logistic model was utilized to thoroughly analyze three vital parameters: the B. megaterium growth dynamics, sucrose utilization, and heparosan formation. It was noted that at an initial sucrose concentration of 30 g L-1 (S1), it caused an inhibitory effect on both cell growth and substrate utilization. Intriguingly, the inclusion of N-acetylglucosamine (S2) resulted in a significant 1.6-fold enhancement in heparosan concentration. In addressing the complexities of the dual substrate system involving S1 and S2, a multi-substrate kinetic models, specifically the double Andrew's model was employed. This approach not only delved into the intricacies of dual substrate kinetics but also effectively described the relationships among the primary state variables. Consequently, these models not only provide a nuanced understanding of the system's behavior but also serve as a roadmap for optimizing the design and management of the heparosan production method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Nehru
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Bioprocess Analytical Technology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rengesh Balakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nivedhitha Swaminathan
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Subbi Rami Reddy Tadi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Bioprocess Analytical Technology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Senthilkumar Sivaprakasam
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Bioprocess Analytical Technology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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4
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Sheng LL, Cai YM, Li Y, Huang SL, Sheng JZ. Advancements in heparosan production through metabolic engineering and improved fermentation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 331:121881. [PMID: 38388039 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Heparin is one of the most widely used natural drugs, and has been the preferred anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent in the clinical setting for nearly a century. Heparin also shows increasing therapeutic potential for treating inflammation, cancer, and microbial and viral diseases, including COVID-19. With advancements in synthetic biology, heparin production through microbial engineering of heparosan offers a cost-effective and scalable alternative to traditional extraction from animal tissues. Heparosan serves as the starting carbon backbone for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of bioengineered heparin, possessing a chain length that is critically important for the production of heparin-based therapeutics with specific molecular weight (MW) distributions. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering of microbial cell factories have resulted in high-yield heparosan production. This review systematically analyzes the key modules involved in microbial heparosan biosynthesis and the latest metabolic engineering strategies for enhancing production, regulating MW, and optimizing the fermentation scale-up of heparosan. It also discusses future studies, remaining challenges, and prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yi-Min Cai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Si-Ling Huang
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan 250010, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China.
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5
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Esposito F, Sinquin C, Colliec-Jouault S, Cuenot S, Pugnière M, Ngo G, Traboni S, Zykwinska A, Bedini E. Multi-step semi-synthesis, structural characterization and growth factor interaction study of regiochemically sulfated diabolican polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129483. [PMID: 38242385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Diabolican is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Vibrio diabolicus HE800, a mesophilic bacterium firstly isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal field. Its glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-like structure, consisting of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit composed of two aminosugars (N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetyl-galactosamine) and two glucuronic acid units, suggested to subject it to regioselective sulfation processes, in order to obtain some sulfated derivatives potentially acting as GAG mimics. To this aim, a multi-step semi-synthetic approach, relying upon tailored sequence of regioselective protection, sulfation and deprotection steps, was employed in this work. The chemical structure of the obtained sulfated diabolican derivatives was characterized by a multi-technique analytic approach, in order to define both degree of sulfation (DS) and sulfation pattern within the polysaccharide repeating unit, above all. Finally, binding affinity for some growth factors relevant for biomedical applications was measured for both starting diabolican and sulfated derivatives thereof. Collected data suggested that sulfation pattern could be a key structural element for the selective interaction with signaling proteins not only in the case of native GAGs, as already known, but also for GAG-like structures obtained by regioselective sulfation of naturally unsulfated polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Esposito
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Corinne Sinquin
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Stéphane Cuenot
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, France
| | | | - Giang Ngo
- IRCM, Univ Montpellier, ICM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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6
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Ma Y, Morozova SM, Kumacheva E. From Nature-Sourced Polysaccharide Particles to Advanced Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312707. [PMID: 38391153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides constitute over 90% of the carbohydrate mass in nature, which makes them a promising feedstock for manufacturing sustainable materials. Polysaccharide particles (PSPs) are used as effective scavengers, carriers of chemical and biological cargos, and building blocks for the fabrication of macroscopic materials. The biocompatibility and degradability of PSPs are advantageous for their uses as biomaterials with more environmental friendliness. This review highlights the progresses in PSP applications as advanced functional materials, by describing PSP extraction, preparation, and surface functionalization with a variety of functional groups, polymers, nanoparticles, and biologically active species. This review also outlines the fabrication of PSP-derived macroscopic materials, as well as their applications in soft robotics, sensing, scavenging, water harvesting, drug delivery, and bioengineering. The paper is concluded with an outlook providing perspectives in the development and applications of PSP-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sofia M Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5/1 2-nd Baumanskaya street, Moscow, 105005, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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7
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Fillaudeau A, Cuenot S, Makshakova O, Traboni S, Sinquin C, Hennetier M, Bedini E, Perez S, Colliec-Jouault S, Zykwinska A. Glycosaminoglycan-mimetic infernan grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): Toward a thermosensitive polysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121638. [PMID: 38142103 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential constituents of the cell surface and extracellular matrix, where they are involved in several cellular processes through their interactions with various proteins. For successful tissue regeneration, developing an appropriate matrix supporting biological activities of cells in a similar manner than GAGs remains still challenging. In this context, this study aims to design a thermosensitive polysaccharide that could further be used as hydrogel for tissue engineering applications. For this purpose, infernan, a marine bacterial exopolysaccharide (EPS) endowed with GAG-mimetic properties was grafted with a thermosensitive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM). Eight grafted polysaccharides were obtained by varying EPS/pNIPAM molar ratio and the molecular weight of pNIPAM. Their physicochemical characteristics and their thermosensitive properties were determined using a multi-technique, experimental approach. In parallel, molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations were applied at two different scales to elucidate, respectively, the molecular conformation of grafted infernan chain and their ability to form an infinite network undergoing a sol-gel transition near the percolation, a necessary condition in hydrogel formation. It comes out from this study that thermosensitive infernan was successfully developed and its potential use in tissue regeneration as a hydrogel scaffold will further be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fillaudeau
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Cuenot
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, France.
| | - Olga Makshakova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Corinne Sinquin
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Marie Hennetier
- Plateforme Toulouse Field-Flow Fractionation Center, TFFFC, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serge Perez
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, Université de Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Agata Zykwinska
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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8
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Wang D, Hu L, Xu R, Zhang W, Xiong H, Wang Y, Du G, Kang Z. Production of different molecular weight glycosaminoglycans with microbial cell factories. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 171:110324. [PMID: 37742407 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are naturally occurring acidic polysaccharides with wide applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and health foods. The diverse biological activities and physiological functions of GAGs are closely associated with their molecular weights and sulfation patterns. Except for the non-sulfated hyaluronan which can be synthesized naturally by group A Streptococcus, all the other GAGs such as heparin and chondroitin sulfate are mainly acquired from animal tissues. Microbial cell factories provide a more effective platform for the production of structurally homogeneous GAGs. Enhancing the production efficiency of polysaccharides, accurately regulating the GAGs molecular weight, and effectively controlling the sulfation degree of GAGs represent the major challenges of developing GAGs microbial cell factories. Several enzymatic, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology strategies have been developed to tackle these obstacles and push forward the industrialization of biotechnologically produced GAGs. This review summarizes the recent advances in the construction of GAGs synthesis cell factories, regulation of GAG molecular weight, and modification of GAGs chains. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for future research in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Litao Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruirui Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weijiao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haibo Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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9
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Liu K, Guo L, Chen X, Liu L, Gao C. Microbial synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and their oligosaccharides. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:369-383. [PMID: 36517300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Compared with chemical synthesis and tissue extraction methods, microbial synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is attractive because of the advantages of eco-friendly processes, production safety, and sustainable development. However, boosting the efficiency of microbial cell factories, precisely regulating GAG molecular weights, and rationally controlling the sulfation degree of GAGs remain challenging. To address these issues, various strategies, including genetic, enzymatic, metabolic, and fermentation engineering, have been developed. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the construction of efficient GAG-producing microbial cell factories, regulation of the molecular weight of GAGs, and modification of GAG chains. Moreover, future studies, remaining challenges, and potential solutions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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10
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Schilling C, Klau LJ, Aachmann FL, Rühmann B, Schmid J, Sieber V. CRISPR-Cas9 driven structural elucidation of the heteroexopolysaccharides from Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM 365. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120763. [PMID: 37059525 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Paenibacillus polymyxa is a Gram-positive soil bacterium known for producing a wide range of exopolysaccharides. However, due to the biopolymer's complexity, structural elucidation has so far been inconclusive. Combinatorial knock-outs of glycosyltransferases were generated in order to separate distinct polysaccharides produced by P. polymyxa. Using a complementary analytical approach consisting of carbohydrate fingerprints, sequence analysis, methylation analysis as well as NMR spectroscopy, the structure of the repeating units of two additional heteroexopolysaccharides termed paenan I and paenan III were elucidated. Results for paenan I identified a trisaccharide backbone consisting of 1➔4-β-d-Glc, 1➔4-β-d-Man and a 1,3,4-branching β-d-Gal residue with a sidechain comprising of a terminal β-d-Gal3,4-Pyr and 1➔3-β-d-Glc. For paenan III, results indicated a backbone consisting of 1➔3-β-d-Glc, 1,3,4-linked α-d-Man and 1,3,4-linked α-d-GlcA. NMR analysis indicated monomeric β-d-Glc and α-d-Man sidechains for the branching Man and GlcA residues respectively.
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11
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Wang YJ, Li L, Yu J, Hu HY, Liu ZX, Jiang WJ, Xu W, Guo XP, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Imaging of Escherichia coli K5 and glycosaminoglycan precursors via targeted metabolic labeling of capsular polysaccharides in bacteria. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade4770. [PMID: 36800421 PMCID: PMC9937569 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of unnatural chemical moieties into glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has enormous potential to facilitate studies of the mechanism and application of these critical, widespread molecules. Unnatural N-acetylhexosamine analogs were metabolically incorporated into the capsule polysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis via bacterial metabolism. Targeted metabolic labeled hyaluronan and the precursors of heparin and chondroitin sulfate were obtained. The azido-labeled polysaccharides (purified or in capsules) were reacted with dyes, via bioorthogonal chemistry, to enable detection and imaging. Site-specific introduction of fluorophores directly onto cell surfaces affords another choice for observing and quantifying bacteria in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, azido-polysaccharides retain similar biological properties to their natural analogs, and reliable and predictable introduction of functionalities, such as fluorophores, onto azido-N-hexosamines in the disaccharide repeat units provides chemical tools for imaging and metabolic analysis of GAGs in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hong-Yu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zi-Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xue-Ping Guo
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan 250010, China
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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12
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Colliec-Jouault S, Esposito F, Ledru H, Sinquin C, Marchand L, Fillaudeau A, Routier S, Buron F, Lopin-Bon C, Cuenot S, Bedini E, Zykwinska A. Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics Obtained by Microwave-Assisted Sulfation of Marine Bacterium Sourced Infernan Exopolysaccharide. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:462-470. [PMID: 36563405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are fundamental constituents of both the cell surface and extracellular matrix. By playing a key role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, GAGs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. To design GAG mimetics with similar therapeutic potential as the natural ones, the specific structural features, among them sulfate content, sulfation pattern, and chain length, should be considered. In the present study, we describe a sulfation method based on microwave radiation to obtain highly sulfated derivatives as GAG mimetics. The starting low-molecular-weight (LMW) derivative was prepared from the infernan exopolysaccharide, a highly branched naturally slightly sulfated heteropolysaccharide synthesized by the deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacterium Alteromonas infernus. LMW highly sulfated infernan derivatives obtained by conventional heating sulfation have already been shown to display GAG-mimetic properties. Here, the potential of microwave-assisted sulfation versus that of the conventional method to obtain GAG mimetics was explored. Structural analysis by NMR revealed that highly sulfated derivatives from the two methods shared similar structural features, emphasizing that microwave-assisted sulfation with a 12-fold shorter reaction time is as efficient as the classical one.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Esposito
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126Napoli, Italy
| | - Hélène Ledru
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique─UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Corinne Sinquin
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Marchand
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Fillaudeau
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Routier
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique─UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Frédéric Buron
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique─UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Chrystel Lopin-Bon
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique─UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéphane Cuenot
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel─IMN, Nantes Université and CNRS, Nantes44322, France
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126Napoli, Italy
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000Nantes, France
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13
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Polymers Inspired by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate for Viral Targeting. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7957-7973. [PMID: 36186574 PMCID: PMC9520969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Teixeira MC, Lameirinhas NS, Carvalho JPF, Silvestre AJD, Vilela C, Freire CSR. A Guide to Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126564. [PMID: 35743006 PMCID: PMC9223682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an innovative technology in the biomedical field, allowing the fabrication of living constructs through an approach of layer-by-layer deposition of cell-laden inks, the so-called bioinks. An ideal bioink should possess proper mechanical, rheological, chemical, and biological characteristics to ensure high cell viability and the production of tissue constructs with dimensional stability and shape fidelity. Among the several types of bioinks, hydrogels are extremely appealing as they have many similarities with the extracellular matrix, providing a highly hydrated environment for cell proliferation and tunability in terms of mechanical and rheological properties. Hydrogels derived from natural polymers, and polysaccharides, in particular, are an excellent platform to mimic the extracellular matrix, given their low cytotoxicity, high hydrophilicity, and diversity of structures. In fact, polysaccharide-based hydrogels are trendy materials for 3D bioprinting since they are abundant and combine adequate physicochemical and biomimetic features for the development of novel bioinks. Thus, this review portrays the most relevant advances in polysaccharide-based hydrogel bioinks for 3D bioprinting, focusing on the last five years, with emphasis on their properties, advantages, and limitations, considering polysaccharide families classified according to their source, namely from seaweed, higher plants, microbial, and animal (particularly crustaceans) origin.
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15
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Glycosaminoglycan-like sulfated polysaccharides from Vibrio diabolicus bacterium: Semi-synthesis and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 283:119054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Gélébart P, Cuenot S, Sinquin C, Halgand B, Sourice S, Le Visage C, Guicheux J, Colliec-Jouault S, Zykwinska A. Microgels based on Infernan, a glycosaminoglycan-mimetic bacterial exopolysaccharide, as BMP-2 delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Balbinot-Alfaro E, Novello CR, Düsman E, Alfaro AT, Barddal HP, Almeida IV, Vicentini VE, Martins VG. Bioactive properties of glycosaminoglycans extracted from Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) by-products. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Hintze V, Schnabelrauch M, Rother S. Chemical Modification of Hyaluronan and Their Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:830671. [PMID: 35223772 PMCID: PMC8873528 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.830671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan, the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, is an important structural component of many tissues playing a critical role in a variety of biological contexts. This makes hyaluronan, which can be biotechnologically produced in large scale, an attractive starting polymer for chemical modifications. This review provides a broad overview of different synthesis strategies used for modulating the biological as well as material properties of this polysaccharide. We discuss current advances and challenges of derivatization reactions targeting the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups or carboxylic acid groups and the N-acetyl groups after deamidation. In addition, we give examples for approaches using hyaluronan as biomedical polymer matrix and consequences of chemical modifications on the interaction of hyaluronan with cells via receptor-mediated signaling. Collectively, hyaluronan derivatives play a significant role in biomedical research and applications indicating the great promise for future innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hintze
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vera Hintze, ; Matthias Schnabelrauch, ; Sandra Rother,
| | - Matthias Schnabelrauch
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e. V., Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vera Hintze, ; Matthias Schnabelrauch, ; Sandra Rother,
| | - Sandra Rother
- School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vera Hintze, ; Matthias Schnabelrauch, ; Sandra Rother,
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19
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Microbiological-Chemical Sourced Chondroitin Sulfates Protect Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells against Oxidative Stress and Are Suitable for Hydrogel-Based Controlled Release. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111816. [PMID: 34829687 PMCID: PMC8615127 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are a class of sulfated glycosaminoglycans involved in many biological processes. Several studies reported their protective effect against neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. CS are commonly derived from animal sources, but ethical concerns, the risk of contamination with animal proteins, and the difficulty in controlling the sulfation pattern have prompted research towards non-animal sources. Here we exploited two microbiological-chemical sourced CS (i.e., CS-A,C and CS-A,C,K,L) and Carbopol 974P NF/agarose semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (i.e., P.NaOH.0 and P.Ethanol.0) to set up a release system, and tested the neuroprotective role of released CS against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. After assessing that our CS (1–100 µM) require a 3 h pre-treatment for neuroprotection with SH-SY5Y cells, we evaluated whether the autoclave type (i.e., N- or B-type) affects hydrogel viscoelastic properties. We selected B-type autoclaves and repeated the study after loading CS (1 or 0.1 mg CS/0.5 mL gel). After loading 1 mg CS/0.5 mL gel, we evaluated CS release up to 7 days by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay and verified the neuroprotective role of CS-A,C (1 µM) in the supernatants. We observed that CS-A,C exhibits a broader neuroprotective effect than CS-A,C,K,L. Moreover, sulfation pattern affects not only neuroprotection, but also drug release.
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20
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Cloning, Expression and Characterization of UDP-Glucose Dehydrogenases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111201. [PMID: 34833077 PMCID: PMC8617651 DOI: 10.3390/life11111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-glucose dehydrogenase (UGD) is an enzyme that produces uridine diphosphate-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), which is an intermediate in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) production pathways. GAGs are generally extracted from animal tissues. Efforts to produce GAGs in a safer way have been conducted by constructing artificial biosynthetic pathways in heterologous microbial hosts. This work characterizes novel enzymes with potential for UDP-GlcA biotechnological production. The UGD enzymes from Zymomonas mobilis (ZmUGD) and from Lactobacillus johnsonii (LbjUGD) were expressed in Escherichia coli. These two enzymes and an additional eukaryotic one from Capra hircus (ChUGD) were also expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. The three enzymes herein studied represent different UGD phylogenetic groups. The UGD activity was evaluated through UDP-GlcA quantification in vivo and after in vitro reactions. Engineered E. coli strains expressing ZmUGD and LbjUGD were able to produce in vivo 28.4 µM and 14.9 µM UDP-GlcA, respectively. Using S. cerevisiae as the expression host, the highest in vivo UDP-GlcA production was obtained for the strain CEN.PK2-1C expressing ZmUGD (17.9 µM) or ChUGD (14.6 µM). Regarding the in vitro assays, under the optimal conditions, E. coli cell extract containing LbjUGD was able to produce about 1800 µM, while ZmUGD produced 407 µM UDP-GlcA, after 1 h of reaction. Using engineered yeasts, the in vitro production of UDP-GlcA reached a maximum of 533 µM using S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C_pSP-GM_LbjUGD cell extract. The UGD enzymes were active in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, therefore the genes and expression chassis herein used can be valuable alternatives for further industrial applications.
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21
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Datta P, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Platelet factor 4 polyanion immune complexes: heparin induced thrombocytopenia and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Thromb J 2021; 19:66. [PMID: 34526009 PMCID: PMC8443112 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-021-00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a review article on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, an adverse effect of heparin therapy, and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, occurring in some patients administered certain coronavirus vaccines. MAIN BODY/TEXT Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia occurs when specific antibodies bind to platelet factor 4 /heparin complexes. Platelet factor 4 is a naturally occurring chemokine, and under certain conditions, may complex with negatively charged molecules and polyanions, including heparin. The antibody-platelet factor 4/heparin complex may lead to platelet activation, accompanied by other cascading reactions, resulting in cerebral sinus thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, lower limb arterial thrombosis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, skin necrosis, and thrombotic stroke. If untreated, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia can be life threatening. In parallel, rare incidents of spontaneous vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia can also occur in some patients administered certain coronavirus vaccines. The role of platelet factor 4 in vaccine-induced thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome further reinforces the importance the platelet factor 4/polyanion immune complexes and the complications that this might pose to susceptible individuals. These findings demonstrate, how auxiliary factors can complicate heparin therapy and drug development. An increasing interest in biomanufacturing heparins from non-animal sources has driven a growing interest in understanding the biology of immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and therefore, the development of safe and effective biosynthetic heparins. SHORT CONCLUSION In conclusion, these findings further reinforce the importance of the binding of platelet factor 4 with known and unknown polyanions, and the complications that these might pose to susceptible patients. In parallel, these findings also demonstrate how auxiliary factors can complicate the heparin drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Datta
- Heparin Applied Research Center, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Heparin Applied Research Center, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Heparin Applied Research Center, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Heparin Applied Research Center, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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22
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Karam MB, El Khoury J, Chakar C, Changotade S, Lutomski D, Naaman N, Godeau G, Elm’selmi A, Younes R, Senni K. Heparan-mimetics: Potential agents of tissue regeneration for bone and periodontal therapies. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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23
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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24
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Jin W, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Bioengineered production of glycosaminoglycans and their analogues. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2021; 1:123-130. [PMID: 38524245 PMCID: PMC10960223 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-020-00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of linear polysaccharides, consisting of alternating disaccharide sequences of uronic acid and hexosamines (or galactose) with and without sulfation. They can interact with various proteins, such as growth factors, receptors and cell adhesion molecules, endowing these with various biological and pharmacological activities. Such activities make GAGs useful in health care products and medicines. Currently, all GAGs, with the exception of hyaluronan, are produced by extraction from animal tissues. However, limited availability, poor control of animal tissues, impurities, viruses, prions, endotoxins, contamination and other problems have increased the interest in new approaches for GAG production. These new approaches include GAGs production by chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic synthesis and metabolic engineering. One chemically synthesized heparin pentasaccharide, fondaparinux sodium, is in clinical use. Mostly, hyaluronan today is prepared by microbial fermentation, largely replacing hyaluronan from rooster comb. The recent gram scale chemoenzymatic synthesis of a heparin dodecasaccharide suggests its potential to replace currently used animal-sourced low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Despite these considerable successes, such high-tech approaches still cannot meet worldwide demands for GAGs. This review gives a brief introduction on the manufacturing of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins, the chemical synthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis of GAGs and focuses on the progress in the bioengineered preparation of GAGs, particularly heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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25
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de Moura HC, Novello CR, Balbinot-Alfaro E, Düsman E, Barddal HPO, Almeida IV, Vicentini VEP, Prentice-Hernández C, Alfaro AT. Obtaining glycosaminoglycans from tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) scales and evaluation of its anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities: Glycosaminoglycans from tilapia scales: anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110012. [PMID: 33648244 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of by-products are generated during fish processing. The study aimed to assess whether tilapia scales are a potential source for obtaining glycosaminoglycans, as well as to determine their anticoagulant and cytotoxic/antiproliferative activities, against different tumor lines. The glycosaminoglycans were extracted, purified, and fractionated. The fractions that indicated the presence of uronic acid and sulfated GAGs were characterized by electrophoresis, NMR, and degree of sulfation (DS). The extraction process using the papain enzyme had a yield of 0.86%. Fraction V (FV) revealed the presence of chondroitin sulfate chains CS-A and CS-C, with DS of 0.146. FV demonstrated anticoagulant potential, as it was able to increase aPTT time. FV showed a cytotoxic effect for HTC metabolizing cells at 24, 48, and 72 h. However, it did not show activity for neuroblastoma cells in any of the evaluated times. The results indicate that the tilapia scales are a possible source for obtaining chondroitin sulfate, with potential use as anticoagulant and cytotoxic/antitumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa C de Moura
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudio R Novello
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Elisângela Düsman
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Helyn P O Barddal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Igor V Almeida
- Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Capitão Poço, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre T Alfaro
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil.
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26
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Badri A, Williams A, Awofiranye A, Datta P, Xia K, He W, Fraser K, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Complete biosynthesis of a sulfated chondroitin in Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1389. [PMID: 33654100 PMCID: PMC7925653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of important biologics that are currently manufactured by extraction from animal tissues. Although such methods are unsustainable and prone to contamination, animal-free production methods have not emerged as competitive alternatives due to complexities in scale-up, requirement for multiple stages and cost of co-factors and purification. Here, we demonstrate the development of single microbial cell factories capable of complete, one-step biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate (CS), a type of GAG. We engineer E. coli to produce all three required components for CS production–chondroitin, sulfate donor and sulfotransferase. In this way, we achieve intracellular CS production of ~27 μg/g dry-cell-weight with about 96% of the disaccharides sulfated. We further explore four different factors that can affect the sulfation levels of this microbial product. Overall, this is a demonstration of simple, one-step microbial production of a sulfated GAG and marks an important step in the animal-free production of these molecules. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a type of sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is manufactured by extraction from animal tissues for the treatment of osteoarthritis and in drug delivery applications. Here, the authors report the development of single microbial cell factories capable of compete, one-step biosynthesis of animal-free CS production in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Badri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Asher Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Adeola Awofiranye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Payel Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Wenqin He
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Keith Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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Connor AJ, Zha RH, Koffas M. Bioproduction of biomacromolecules for antiviral applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:263-272. [PMID: 33667798 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The societal damage brought on by viral epidemics indicates that next-generation antiviral treatments must be developed and deployed. Biomacromolecules are a diverse class of compounds that can potentially exhibit potent antiviral activity. Their efficacy and mechanisms of action are dependent upon multiple structural factors, including molecular weight, degree and position of sulfation, and backbone stereochemistry. Extracting biomacromolecules from animals and plants for healthcare applications is undesirable, as these methods are unable to yield products with well-defined chemical structures. Modern advances utilizing recombinant microbes and metabolic pathway engineering can be a key step towards large-scale bioproduction of tailored biomacromolecules for targeted antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Runye H Zha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Metabolic engineering for production of functional polysaccharides. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gottschalk J, Elling L. Current state on the enzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 61:71-80. [PMID: 33271474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear anionic polysaccharides, and most of them show a specific sulfation pattern. GAGs have been studied for decades, and still, new biological functions are discovered. Hyaluronic acid and heparin are sold for medical or cosmetic applications. With increased market and applications, the production of GAGs stays in the focus of research groups and the industry. Common industrial GAG production relies on the extraction of animal tissue. Contamination, high dispersity, and uncontrolled sulfation pattern are still obstacles to this process. Tailored production strategies for the chemoenzymatic synthesis have been developed to address these obstacles. In recent years, enzyme cascades, including uridine-5'-diphosphate sugar syntheses, were established to obtain defined polymer size and dispersity, as well as defined sulfation patterns. Nevertheless, the complex synthesis of GAGs is still a challenging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gottschalk
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:231-280. [PMID: 33052414 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates have great potential to improve human health in a multitude of different ways and fields. Prominent examples are human milk oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The typical choice for the production of homogeneous glycoconjugates is enzymatic synthesis. Through the availability of expression and purification protocols, recombinant Leloir glycosyltransferases are widely applied as catalysts for the synthesis of a wide range of glycoconjugates. Extensive utilization of these enzymes also depends on the availability of activated sugars as building blocks. Multi-enzyme cascades have proven a versatile technique to synthesize and in situ regenerate nucleotide sugar.In this chapter, the functions and mechanisms of Leloir glycosyltransferases are revisited, and the advantage of prokaryotic sources and production systems is discussed. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro pathways for the synthesis of nucleotide sugar are reviewed. In the second part, recent and prominent examples of the application of Leloir glycosyltransferase are given, i.e., the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoconjugate vaccines, and human milk oligosaccharides as well as the re-glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals, and the status of automated glycan assembly is revisited.
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Datta P, Fu L, He W, Koffas MAG, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Expression of enzymes for 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) biosynthesis and their preparation for PAPS synthesis and regeneration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7067-7078. [PMID: 32601738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of sulfated polysaccharides involves the sulfation of simpler polysaccharide substrates, through the action sulfotransferases using the cofactor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Three enzymes are essential for the in vitro synthesis of PAPS, namely, pyrophosphatase (PPA), adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase (APSK), and ATP sulfurylase (ATPS). The optimized enzyme expression ratio and effect on PAPS synthesis were evaluated using ePathBrick, a novel synthetic biology tool that assemble multiple genes in a single vector. The introduction of multiple promoters and stop codons at different location enable the bacterial system to fine tune expression level of the genes inserted. Recombinant vectors expressing PPA (U39393.1), ATPS (CP021243.1), and PPA (CP047127.1) were used for fermentations and resulted in volumetric yields of 400-1380 mg/L with accumulation of 34-66% in the soluble fraction. The enzymes from soluble fraction, without any further purification, were used for PAPS synthesis. The PAPS was used for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a heparan sulfate polysaccharide and coupled with a PAPS-ASTIV regeneration system. ASTIV catalyzes the regeneration of PAPS. A recombinant vector expressing the enzyme ASTIV (from Rattus norvegicus) was used for fermentations and resulted in volumetric yield of 1153 mg/L enzyme with accumulation of 48% in the soluble fraction. In conclusion, we have successfully utilized a metabolic engineering approach to optimize the overall PAPS synthesis productivity. In addition, we have demonstrated that the ePathBrick system could be applied towards study and improvement of enzymatic synthesis conditions. In parallel, we have successfully demonstrated an autoinduction microbial fermentation towards the production of mammalian enzyme (ASTIV). KEY POINTS : • ePathBrick used to optimize expression levels of enzymes. • Protocols have been used for the production of recombinant enzymes. • High cell density fed-batch fermentations with high yields of soluble enzymes. • Robust fermentation protocol successfully transferred to contract manufacturing and research facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Wenqin He
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - M A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - J S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - R J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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Wu X, Zha J, Koffas MAG. Microbial production of bioactive chemicals for human health. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Corolleur F, Level A, Matt M, Perez S. Innovation potentials triggered by glycoscience research. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of structurally complex heteropolysaccharides composed of alternating hexosamine and uronic acid or galatose residue that include hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. GAGs display a range of critical biological functions, including regulating cell-cell interactions and cell proliferation, inhibiting enzymes, and activating growth factor receptors during various metabolic processes. Indeed, heparin is a widely used GAG-based anticoagulant drug. Unfortunately, naturally derived GAGs are highly heterogeneous, limiting studies of their structure-activity relationships and even resulting in safety concerns. For example, the heparin contamination crisis in 2007 reportedly killed more than a hundred people in the United States. Unfortunately, the chemical synthesis of GAGs, or their oligosaccharides, based on repetitive steps of protection, activation, coupling, and deprotection, is incredibly challenging. Recent advances in chemoenzymatic synthesis integrate the flexibility of chemical derivatization with enzyme-catalyzed reactions, mimicking the biosynthetic pathway of GAGs, and represent a promising strategy to solve many of these synthetic challenges. In this critical Account, we examine the recent progress made, in our laboratory and by others, in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of GAGs, focusing on heparan sulfate and heparin, a class of GAGs with profound physiological and pharmacological importance. A major challenge for the penetration of the heparin market by homogeneous heparin products is their cost-effective large-scale synthesis. In the past decade, we and our collaborators have systematically explored the key factors that impact this process, including better enzyme expression, improved biocatalysts using protein engineering and immobilization, low cost production of enzyme cofactors, optimization of the order of enzymatic transformations, as well as development of efficient technologies, such as using ultraviolet absorbing or fluorous tags, to detect and purify synthetic intermediates. These improvements have successfully resulted in multigram-scale synthesis of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), with some showing excellent anticoagulant activity and even resulting in more effective protamine reversal than commercial, animal-sourced LMWH drugs. Sophisticated structural analysis is another challenge for marketing heparins, since impurities and contaminants can be present that are difficult to distinguish from heparin drug products. The availability of the diverse library of structurally defined heparin oligosaccharides has facilitated the systematic analytical studies undertaken by our group, resulting in important information for characterizing diverse heparin products, safeguarding their quality. Recently, a series of chemically modified nucleotide sugars have been investigated in our laboratory and have been accepted by synthases to obtain novel GAGs and GAG oligosaccharides. These include fluoride and azido regioselectively functionalized sugars and stable isotope-enriched GAGs and GAG oligosaccharides, critical for better understanding the biological roles of these important biopolymers. We speculate that the repertoire of unnatural acceptors and nucleotide sugar donors will soon be expanded to afford many new GAG analogues with new biological and pharmacological properties including improved specificity and metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Lin
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Tang E, Shen X, Wang J, Sun X, Yuan Q. Synergetic utilization of glucose and glycerol for efficient myo-inositol biosynthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1247-1252. [PMID: 31903546 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
myo-Inositol (MI) as a dietary supplement can provide various health benefits. One major challenge to its efficient biosynthesis is to achieve proper distribution of carbon flux between growth and production. Herein, this challenge was overcome by synergetic utilization of glucose and glycerol. Specifically, glycerol was catabolized to support cell growth while glucose was conserved as the building block for MI production. Growth and production were coupled via the phosphotransferase system, and both modules were optimized to achieve efficient production. First, the optimal enzyme combination was established for the production module. It was observed that enhancing the production module resulted in both increased MI production and better cell growth. In addition, glucose was shown to inhibit glycerol utilization via carbon catabolite repression and the inhibition was released by over-expressing glycerol kinase. Furthermore, the inducible promoter was replaced by strong constitutive promoters to avoid inducer use. With these efforts, the final strain produced MI with both high titer and yield. In fed-batch cultivation, 76 g/L of MI was produced, showing scale-up potential. This study provides a promising strategy to achieve rational distribution of carbon flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erju Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Zang LX, Du RR, Zang HC, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Production of Arabidopsis thaliana UDP-Sugar Pyrophosphorylase by Pichia pastoris and Its Application in Efficient UDP-Glucose and UDP-Glucuronic Acid Synthesis. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Niu Y, Zhang Y, He W, Xing P, Dong L, Li Q, Wang C. Engineering a microcarrier based on a polysaccharide-growth factor complex for enhancing the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 155:911-918. [PMID: 31712154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery has been broadly investigated as a cell-based therapy strategy towards various diseases and tissue injury. In these applications, the cell-delivery vehicle plays a crucial role in determining the therapeutic performance of MSCs and their fate post-implantation. We report here the development of a microcarrier system combining platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and a PDGF-BB-binding polysaccharide - Eucommia ulmoides (EUP3) - for MSC cultivation. First, we investigated the optimal conditions to prepare the EUP3-PDGF-BB complex, by comparing its i) diameter, ii) morphology, and iii) bioactivity to promote MSC proliferation and fibroblast migration in vitro, under different PDGF-BB/EUP3 ratios. Then, we fabricated microspheres using gelatin and EUP3 as the matrix while stabilizing PDGF-BB at the optimal ratio for MSC adhesion and growth. Live staining and SEM observation indicated that the prepared microspheric carrier supported MSC growth and maintained cell stemness. We suggest that the EUP3/PDGF-gelatin microcarriers can potentially serve as a cell-delivery vehicle for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Panfei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China.
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Williams A, Gedeon KS, Vaidyanathan D, Yu Y, Collins CH, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Metabolic engineering of Bacillus megaterium for heparosan biosynthesis using Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase, PmHS2. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:132. [PMID: 31405374 PMCID: PMC6691538 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparosan is the unsulfated precursor of heparin and heparan sulfate and its synthesis is typically the first step in the production of bioengineered heparin. In addition to its utility as the starting material for this important anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory drug, heparosan is a versatile compound that possesses suitable chemical and physical properties for making a variety of high-quality tissue engineering biomaterials, gels and scaffolds, as well as serving as a drug delivery vehicle. The selected production host was the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium, which represents an increasingly used choice for high-yield production of intra- and extracellular biomolecules for scientific and industrial applications. RESULTS We have engineered the metabolism of B. megaterium to produce heparosan, using a T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) expression system. This system, which allows tightly regulated and efficient induction of genes of interest, has been co-opted for control of Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase (PmHS2). Specifically, we show that B. megaterium MS941 cells co-transformed with pT7-RNAP and pPT7_PmHS2 plasmids are capable of producing heparosan upon induction with xylose, providing an alternate, safe source of heparosan. Productivities of ~ 250 mg/L of heparosan in shake flasks and ~ 2.74 g/L in fed-batch cultivation were reached. The polydisperse Pasteurella heparosan synthase products from B. megaterium primarily consisted of a relatively high molecular weight (MW) heparosan (~ 200-300 kD) that may be appropriate for producing certain biomaterials; while the less abundant lower MW heparosan fractions (~ 10-40 kD) can be a suitable starting material for heparin synthesis. CONCLUSION We have successfully engineered an asporogenic and non-pathogenic B. megaterium host strain to produce heparosan for various applications, through a combination of genetic manipulation and growth optimization strategies. The heparosan products from B. megaterium display a different range of MW products than traditional E. coli K5 products, diversifying its potential applications and facilitating increased product utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Kamil S Gedeon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Deepika Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia H Collins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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Meng DH, Du RR, Chen LZ, Li MT, Liu F, Hou J, Shi YK, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Cascade synthesis of uridine-5'-diphosphate glucuronic acid by coupling multiple whole cells expressing hyperthermophilic enzymes. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:118. [PMID: 31262296 PMCID: PMC6604206 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatic glycan synthesis has leapt forward in recent years and a number of glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) have been identified and prepared, which provides a guide to an efficient approach to prepare glycans containing glucuronic acid (GlcA) residues. The uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) activated form, UDP-GlcA, is the monosaccharide donor for these glucuronidation reactions. RESULTS To produce UDP-GlcA in a cost-effective way, an efficient three-step cascade route was developed using whole cells expressing hyperthermophilic enzymes to afford UDP-GlcA from starch. By coupling a coenzyme regeneration system with an appropriate expression level with UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase in a single strain, the cells were able to meet NAD+ requirements. Without addition of exogenous NAD+, the reaction produced 1.3 g L-1 UDP-GlcA, representing 100% and 46% conversion of UDP-Glc and UTP respectively. Finally, an anion exchange chromatography purification method was developed. UDP-GlcA was successfully obtained from the cascade system. The yield of UDP-GlcA during purification was about 92.0%. CONCLUSIONS This work built a de novo hyperthermophilic biosynthetic cascade into E. coli host cells, with the cells able to meet NAD+ cofactor requirements and act as microbial factories for UDP-GlcA synthesis, which opens a door to large-scale production of cheaper UDP-GlcA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Hua Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ran-Ran Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lu-Zhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Meng-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Jin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbiology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yi-Kang Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Badri A, Williams A, Xia K, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Increased 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate Levels in Engineered Escherichia coli Cell Lysate Facilitate the In Vitro Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate A. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800436. [PMID: 31180182 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates (CSs) are linear glycosaminoglycans that have important applications in the medical and food industries. Engineering bacteria for the microbial production of CS will facilitate a one-step, scalable production with good control over sulfation levels and positions in contrast to extraction from animal sources. To achieve this goal, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is engineered in this study using traditional metabolic engineering approaches to accumulate 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the universal sulfate donor. PAPS is one of the least-explored components required for the biosynthesis of CS. The resulting engineered E. coli strain shows an ≈1000-fold increase in intracellular PAPS concentrations. This study also reports, for the first time, in vitro biotransformation of CS using PAPS, chondroitin, and chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase (C4ST), all synthesized from different engineered E. coli strains. A 10.4-fold increase is observed in the amount of CS produced by biotransformation by employing PAPS from the engineered PAPS-accumulating strain. The data from the biotransformation experiments also help evaluate the reaction components that need improved production to achieve a one-step microbial synthesis of CS. This will provide a new platform to produce CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Badri
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Asher Williams
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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41
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Concise chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate analogues as potent BACE-1 inhibitors. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 217:232-239. [PMID: 31079681 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, representative members of the glycosaminoglycans, possess distinct biological functions in terms of their specific interactions with hundreds of binding proteins. However, the structural properties of HS and heparin are complex due to their variable repeating motifs, different chain lengths and sulfation patterns. A concise chemoenzymatic approach has been developed to obtain well-defined low molecular weight (LMW) HS analogues. Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase-2 (PmHS2) was utilized to fabricate the HS backbones with controllable chain lengths ranging from 14mer to 26mer. Moreover, regioselective and overall sulfation were conducted by chemical approach. The persulfated HS analogues exhibited more potent beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) inhibitory activity than heparin and enoxaparin, and enhanced BACE-1 inhibitions were also found with the increasing molecular size of the HS analogues. This approach supplies the promising LMW HS analogues for the potential development of novel anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
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42
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Abstract
The translation of biological glycosylation in humans to the clinical applications involves systematic studies using homogeneous samples of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which could be accessed by chemical, enzymatic or other biological methods. However, the structural complexity and wide-range variations of glycans and their conjugates represent a major challenge in the synthesis of this class of biomolecules. To help navigate within many methods of oligosaccharide synthesis, this Perspective offers a critical assessment of the most promising synthetic strategies with an eye on the therapeutically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Krasnova
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
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43
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Sarnaik A, Abernathy MH, Han X, Ouyang Y, Xia K, Chen Y, Cress B, Zhang F, Lali A, Pandit R, Linhardt RJ, Tang YJ, Koffas MA. Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria for photoautotrophic production of heparosan, a pharmaceutical precursor of heparin. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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44
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Chen J, Yu Y, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt D, Jeske W, Kouta A, Jin C, Jin Y, Yao Y, Xia K, Zhang F, Chen S, Ye X, Linhardt RJ. Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins Prepared From Ovine Heparins With Enoxaparin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2019; 25:1076029619840701. [PMID: 30987427 PMCID: PMC6714994 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619840701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin and its low-molecular-weight heparin derivatives are widely used clinical anticoagulants. These drugs are critical for the practice of medicine in applications, including kidney dialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and in the management of venous thromboembolism. Currently, these drugs are derived from livestock, primarily porcine intestine and less frequently bovine intestine and bovine lung. The worldwide dependence on the pig as a single dominant animal species has made the supply chain for this critical drug quite fragile, leading to the search for other sources of these drugs, including the expanded use of bovine tissues. A number of laboratories are now also examining the similarities between heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins prepared from porcine and ovine tissues. This study was designed to compare low-molecular-weight heparin prepared from ovine heparin through chemical β-elimination, a process currently used to prepare the low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin. Using top-down, bottom-up, and compositional analyses as well as bioassays, low-molecular-weight heparin derived from ovine intestine was shown to closely resemble enoxaparin. Moreover, the compositions of daughter low-molecular-weight heparins prepared from three unfractionated ovine parent heparins were compared. Ovine enoxaparins had similar molecular weight and in vitro anticoagulant activities as Lovenox. Some disaccharide compositional, oligosaccharide composition at the reducing and nonreducing ends and intact chain compositional differences could be observed between porcine enoxaparin and ovine low-molecular-weight heparin. The similarity of these ovine and porcine heparin products suggests that their preclinical evaluation and ultimately clinical assessment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL,
USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL,
USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL,
USA
| | - Ahmed Kouta
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL,
USA
| | - Caijuan Jin
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Jin
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and
Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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45
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Escherichia coli as a host for metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2018; 50:16-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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Microbial production and metabolic engineering of chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:349-361. [PMID: 33525790 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several commercial uses and potential novel applications have recently been described for chondroitin sulfate (CS). However, the currently applied animal extractive procedure has a high environmental impact, which may become more profound especially in relation to the forecasted expansion of the CS market for applications as a food supplement, pharmaceutical ingredient, and biopolymer in materials for regenerative medicine. This issue, together with religious and consumer concerns, has prompted the good manufacturing practice (GMP) of chondroitin and CS. This is achievable by combining the design of metabolically engineered microorganisms and tailor-made fermentation processes with semi-synthetic or enzyme-based approaches. The final target is to obtain molecules with specific sulfation patterns that resemble those occurring in natural products and improve the sulfation motif or introduce specific substitutions, such as fucosylation, to tune the biological function. The frontier that is currently triggering attention is related to evaluating the bioactivity of unsulfated chondroitin. Due to recent advancements in the field, a brief survey of the most recent patent and research literature is discussed here.
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47
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Metabolic engineering of capsular polysaccharides. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:337-348. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With rising concerns about sustainable practices, environmental complications, and declining resources, metabolic engineers are transforming microorganisms into cellular factories for producing capsular polysaccharides (CPSs). This review provides an overview of strategies employed for the metabolic engineering of heparosan, chondroitin, hyaluronan, and polysialic acid — four CPSs that are of interest for manufacturing a variety of biomedical applications. Methods described include the exploitation of wild-type and engineered native CPS producers, as well as genetically engineered heterologous hosts developed through the improvement of naturally existing pathways or newly (de novo) designed ones. The implementation of methodologies like gene knockout, promoter engineering, and gene expression level control has resulted in multiple-fold improvements in CPS fermentation titers compared with wild-type strains, and substantial increases in productivity, reaching as high as 100% in some cases. Optimization of these biotechnological processes can permit the adoption of industrially competitive engineered microorganisms to replace traditional sources that are generally toxic, unreliable, and inconsistent in product quality.
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48
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Enhancing fructosylated chondroitin production in Escherichia coli K4 by balancing the UDP-precursors. Metab Eng 2018; 47:314-322. [PMID: 29654832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial production of chondroitin and chondroitin-like polysaccharides from renewable feedstock is a promising and sustainable alternative to extraction from animal tissues. In this study, we attempted to improve production of fructosylated chondroitin in Escherichia coli K4 by balancing intracellular levels of the precursors UDP-GalNAc and UDP-GlcA. To this end, we deleted pfkA to favor the production of Fru-6-P. Then, we identified rate-limiting enzymes in the synthesis of UDP-precursors. Third, UDP-GalNAc synthesis, UDP-GlcA synthesis, and chondroitin polymerization were combinatorially optimized by altering the expression of relevant enzymes. The ratio of intracellular UDP-GalNAc to UDP-GlcA increased from 0.17 in the wild-type strain to 1.05 in a 30-L fed-batch culture of the engineered strain. Titer and productivity of fructosylated chondroitin also increased to 8.43 g/L and 227.84 mg/L/h; the latter represented the highest productivity level achieved to date.
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