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Tortu E, Ouergui I, Ulupinar S, Özbay S, Gençoğlu C, Ardigò LP. The contribution of energy systems during 30-second lower body Wingate anaerobic test in combat sports athletes: Intermittent versus single forms and gender comparison. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303888. [PMID: 38787849 PMCID: PMC11125558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Combat sports, encompassing a range of activities from striking and grappling to mixed and weapon-based disciplines, have witnessed a surge in popularity worldwide. These sports are demanding, requiring athletes to harness energy from different metabolic pathways to perform short, high-intensity activities interspersed with periods of lower intensity. While it is established that the anaerobic alactic (ATP-PC) and anaerobic lactic systems are pivotal for high-intensity training sessions typical in combat sports, the precise contribution of these systems, particularly in varied training modalities such as single (SMT) and intermittent (IST) forms of the 30-second Wingate test, remains inadequately explored. This study aims at comparing performance outputs, physiological responses and gender differences during the SMT and IST forms of the 30-second Wingate test. Thirty-three highly trained combat sports athletes (17 women, 16 men; 10 boxing, 8 wrestling, 8 taekwondo and 7 karate) randomly performed SMT and IST. The IST consisted of three 10-second all-out attempts separated by 30 seconds of passive recovery, whereas the SMT was a single 30-second maximal effort. Resting, exercise and post-exercise oxygen uptake and peak blood lactate value were used to determine the metabolic energy demands via the PCr-LA-O2 method. The findings showed that total metabolic energy expenditure (TEE), ATP-PCr system contribution and the output of mechanical variables were higher in the IST than in the SMT form (all p<0.001). In contrast, the contribution of glycolytic and oxidative systems was higher in the SMT form (all p<0.001). However, exercise form and gender interaction were not significant (p>0.05). In combat sports, performance is not only determined by physiological and technical skills but also by metabolic energy input and efficiency. Therefore, our results can provide a comparison regarding the effects of exercise type and gender on metabolic energy metabolism to design the training of combat sports athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Tortu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Süleyman Ulupinar
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serhat Özbay
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cebrail Gençoğlu
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Hinton AO, N'jai AU, Vue Z, Wanjalla C. Connection Between HIV and Mitochondria in Cardiovascular Disease and Implications for Treatments. Circ Res 2024; 134:1581-1606. [PMID: 38781302 PMCID: PMC11122810 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.324296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy alter mitochondrial function, which can progressively lead to mitochondrial damage and accelerated aging. The interaction between persistent HIV reservoirs and mitochondria may provide insight into the relatively high rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality in persons living with HIV. In this review, we explore the intricate relationship between HIV and mitochondrial function, highlighting the potential for novel therapeutic strategies in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We reflect on mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial DNA, and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein in the context of HIV. Furthermore, we summarize how toxicities related to early antiretroviral therapy and current highly active antiretroviral therapy can contribute to mitochondrial dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and poor clinical outcomes. There is a need to understand the mechanisms and develop new targeted therapies. We further consider current and potential future therapies for HIV and their interplay with mitochondria. We reflect on the next-generation antiretroviral therapies and HIV cure due to the direct and indirect effects of HIV persistence, associated comorbidities, coinfections, and the advancement of interdisciplinary research fields. This includes exploring novel and creative approaches to target mitochondria for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.O.H., Z.V.)
| | - Alhaji U N'jai
- Biological Sciences, Fourah Bay College and College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences (COMAHS), University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone and Koinadugu College, Kabala (A.U.N.)
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.O.H., Z.V.)
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (C.W.)
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3
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Tortu E, Hazir T, Kin-Isler A. Energy System Contributions in Repeated Sprint Tests: Protocol and Sex Comparison. J Hum Kinet 2024; 92:87-98. [PMID: 38736607 PMCID: PMC11079935 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/175862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the energy system contributions to different repeated sprint protocols and also to determine sex-related differences in these contributions. Sixteen men and fourteen women team sport athletes randomly performed two cycling repeated sprint protocols with the same total duration (10 x 6 s and 6 x 10 s). Relative peak power (RPP), relative mean power (RMP), performance decrement (PD), oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate (LA), heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were measured. The contributions of energy systems were calculated from oxygen consumption and lactate values during rest, exercise and recovery phases based on mathematical methods. Findings indicate that men had higher RPP and RMP. RPP did not differ according to protocols, while RMP was higher in the 10 x 6 s protocol. The sex effect in PD was similar; however, it was higher in the 6 x 10 s protocol. The effects of protocols on the maximum HR and LA were similar; however, the 6 x 10 s protocol resulted in higher RPEs. In both protocols women had higher ATP-PCr and men had higher glycolytic system contribution with similar oxidative system contribution. In addition, the 10 x 6 s protocol had higher ATP-PCr system contribution and the 6 x 10 s protocol had higher glycolytic system and oxidative system contributions. In conclusion, the contribution of energy systems, physiological and performance variables showed variations according to sex and different protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Tortu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Coaching Education, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Tahir Hazir
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Ayse Kin-Isler
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkiye
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4
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Abo SMC, Casella E, Layton AT. Sexual Dimorphism in Substrate Metabolism During Exercise. Bull Math Biol 2024; 86:17. [PMID: 38228814 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
During aerobic exercise, women oxidize significantly more lipids and less carbohydrates than men. This sexual dimorphism in substrate metabolism has been attributed, in part, to the observed differences in epinephrine and glucagon levels between men and women during exercise. To identify the underpinning candidate physiological mechanisms for these sex differences, we developed a sex-specific multi-scale mathematical model that relates cellular metabolism in the organs to whole-body responses during exercise. We conducted simulations to test the hypothesis that sex differences in the exercise-induced changes to epinephrine and glucagon would result in the sexual dimorphism of hepatic metabolic flux rates via the glucagon-to-insulin ratio (GIR). Indeed, model simulations indicate that the shift towards lipid metabolism in the female model is primarily driven by the liver. The female model liver exhibits resistance to GIR-mediated glycogenolysis, which helps maintain hepatic glycogen levels. This decreases arterial glucose levels and promotes the oxidation of free fatty acids. Furthermore, in the female model, skeletal muscle relies on plasma free fatty acids as the primary fuel source, rather than intramyocellular lipids, whereas the opposite holds true for the male model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M C Abo
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Elisa Casella
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anita T Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Cheriton School of Computer Science, Department of Biology, and School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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5
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Olenick AA, Pearson RC, Jenkins NT. Impact of aerobic fitness status, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptive use on exercise substrate oxidation and metabolic flexibility in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:93-104. [PMID: 37657080 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of menstrual cycle phase and fitness status on metabolism during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) was assessed. Twenty-five females (24.4 (3.6) years) were categorized by normal menstrual cycle (n = 14) vs. oral contraceptive (OC) use (n = 11) and by aerobic fitness, high-fitness females (HFF; n = 13) vs. low-fitness females (LFF; n = 12). HIIE was four sets of four repetitions with a 3 min rest between intervals on a cycle ergometer at a power output halfway between the ventilatory threshold and V̇O2peak and performed during follicular (FOL: days 2-7 or inactive pills) and luteal phases (LUT: day ∼21 or 3rd week of active pills). Substrate oxidation was assessed via indirect calorimetry, blood lactate via finger stick, and recovery of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism (mV̇O2) via continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy. HFF oxidized more fat (g·kg-1) during the full session (FOL: p = 0.050, LUT: p = 0.001), high intervals (FOL: p = 0.048, LUT: p = 0.001), low intervals (FOL: p = 0.032, LUT: p = 0.024), and LUT recovery (p = 0.033). Carbohydrate oxidation area under the curve was greater in HFF during FOL (FOL: p = 0.049, LUT: p = 0.124). Blood lactate was lower in LFF in FOL (p ≤ 0.05) but not in LUT. Metabolic flexibility (Δ fat oxidation g·kg-1·min-1) was greater in HFF than LFF during intervals 2-3 in FOL and 1-4 in LUT (p ≤ 0.05). Fitness status more positively influences exercise metabolic flexibility during HIIE than cycle phase or OC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Olenick
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical School, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Regis C Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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7
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Understanding the female athlete: molecular mechanisms underpinning menstrual phase differences in exercise metabolism. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:423-450. [PMID: 36402915 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Research should equitably reflect responses in men and women. Including women in research, however, necessitates an understanding of the ovarian hormones and menstrual phase variations in both cellular and systems physiology. This review outlines recent advances in the multiplicity of ovarian hormone molecular signaling that elucidates the mechanisms for menstrual phase variability in exercise metabolism. The prominent endogenous estrogen, 17-β-estradiol (E2), molecular structure is bioactive in stabilizing plasma membranes and quenching free radicals and both E2 and progesterone (P4) promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes attenuating exercise-induced muscle damage in the late follicular (LF) and mid-luteal (ML) phases. E2 and P4 bind nuclear hormone receptors and membrane-bound receptors to regulate gene expression directly or indirectly, which importantly includes cross-regulated expression of their own receptors. Activation of membrane-bound receptors also regulates kinases causing rapid cellular responses. Careful analysis of these signaling pathways explains menstrual phase-specific differences. Namely, E2-promoted plasma glucose uptake during exercise, via GLUT4 expression and kinases, is nullified by E2-dominant suppression of gluconeogenic gene expression in LF and ML phases, ameliorated by carbohydrate ingestion. E2 signaling maximizes fat oxidation capacity in LF and ML phases, pending low-moderate exercise intensities, restricted nutrient availability, and high E2:P4 ratios. P4 increases protein catabolism during the luteal phase by indeterminate mechanisms. Satellite cell function supported by E2-targeted gene expression is countered by P4, explaining greater muscle strengthening from follicular phase-based training. In totality, this integrative review provides causative effects, supported by meta-analyses for quantitative actuality, highlighting research opportunities and evidence-based relevance for female athletes.
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8
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Takahashi K, Kitaoka YU, Matsunaga Y, Hatta H. Effects of Endurance Training on Metabolic Enzyme Activity and Transporter Proteins in Skeletal Muscle of Ovariectomized Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:186-198. [PMID: 36170569 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogen deficiency or insufficiency can occur under several conditions, leading to negative health outcomes. To establish an effective countermeasure against estrogen loss, we investigated the effects of endurance training on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced metabolic disturbances. METHODS Female Institute of Cancer Research mice underwent OVX or sham operations. On day 7 of recovery, the mice were randomized to remain either sedentary or undergo 5 wk of treadmill running (15-20 m·min -1 , 60 min, 5 d·wk -1 ). During week 5 of the training, all animals performed a treadmill running test (15 m·min -1 , 60 min). RESULTS After the experimental period, OVX resulted in greater gains in body mass, fat mass, and triglyceride content in the gastrocnemius muscle. OVX enhanced phosphofructokinase activity in the plantaris muscle and decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity in the plantaris and soleus muscles. OVX decreased the protein content of NDUFB8, a mitochondrial respiratory chain subunit, but did not decrease other mitochondrial proteins or enzyme activities. Endurance training significantly enhanced mitochondrial enzyme activity and protein content in the skeletal muscles. Although OVX increased the respiratory exchange ratio during the treadmill running test, and postexercise blood lactate levels, endurance training normalized these parameters. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that endurance training is a viable strategy to counteract the negative metabolic consequences in hypoestrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Y U Kitaoka
- Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa, JAPAN
| | - Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN
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9
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Effect of Green Tea Extract Ingestion on Fat Oxidation during Exercise in the Menstrual Cycle: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193896. [PMID: 36235549 PMCID: PMC9573010 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In women, fat oxidation during exercise changes with the menstrual cycle. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea extract (GTE) ingestion on fat oxidation during exercise depending on the menstrual cycle phase. Ten women with regular menstrual cycles participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover study. GTE or placebo was administered during the menstrual cycle’s follicular phase (FP) and luteal phase (LP). Participants cycled for 30 min at 50% maximal workload, and a respiratory gas analysis was performed. Serum estradiol, progesterone, free fatty acid, plasma noradrenaline, blood glucose, and lactate concentrations were assessed before, during, and after the exercise. Fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were calculated using respiratory gas. Fat oxidation during the exercise was significantly higher in the FP than in the LP with the placebo (p < 0.05) but did not differ between the phases with GTE. Carbohydrate oxidation, serum-free fatty acid, plasma noradrenaline, blood glucose, and lactate concentrations were not significantly different between the phases in either trial. Our results suggest that GTE ingestion improves the decrease in fat oxidation in the LP.
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10
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O'Bryan SM, Connor KR, Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Bamman MM. Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903992. [PMID: 35721874 PMCID: PMC9204149 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. O'Bryan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kathleen R. Connor
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin J. Drummer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kaleen M. Lavin
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcas M. Bamman
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11
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Effects of Moderate-Intensity Physical Training on Skeletal Muscle Substrate Transporters and Metabolic Parameters of Ovariectomized Rats. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050402. [PMID: 35629906 PMCID: PMC9145860 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficit of estrogen is associated with energy substrate imbalance, raising the risk of metabolic diseases. Physical training (PT) is a potent metabolic regulator through oxidation and storage of substrates transported by GLUT4 and FAT CD36 in skeletal muscle. However, little is known about the effects of PT on these carriers in an estrogen-deficit scenario. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of 12 weeks of PT on metabolic variables and GLUT4 and FAT CD36 expression in the skeletal muscle of animals energetically impaired by ovariectomy (OVX). The trained animals swam 30 min/day, 5 days/week, at 80% of the critical load intensity. Spontaneous physical activity was measured biweekly. After training, FAT CD36 and GLUT4 expressions were quantified by immunofluorescence in the soleus, as well as muscular glycogen and triglyceride of the soleus, gluteus maximus and gastrocnemius. OVX significantly reduced FAT CD36, GLUT4 and spontaneous physical activity (p < 0.01), while PT significantly increased FAT CD36, GLUT4 and spontaneous physical activity (p < 0.01). PT increased soleus glycogen, and OVX decreased muscular triglyceride of gluteus maximus. Therefore, OVX can cause energy disarray through reduction in GLUT4 and FAT CD36 and their muscle substrates and PT prevented these metabolic consequences, masking ovarian estrogen’s absence.
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12
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Kissow J, Jacobsen KJ, Gunnarsson TP, Jessen S, Hostrup M. Effects of Follicular and Luteal Phase-Based Menstrual Cycle Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Mass. Sports Med 2022; 52:2813-2819. [PMID: 35471634 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in female athletic performance-especially concerning the impact of the female menstrual cycle on training response. Indeed, fluctuations in female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, during the menstrual cycle regulate protein metabolism and recovery processes in skeletal muscle and may thus impact exercise training-related outcomes. Studies demonstrate that anaerobic capacity and muscle strength are greatest during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, when estrogen levels peak. In addition, studies indicate that resistance training conducted in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase-based resistance training) may be superior to luteal phase-based training in terms of enhancing muscle strength and mass. This raises the possibility that the physiological capabilities of skeletal muscle to adapt to exercise training are dependent on the menstrual cycle and can be important for female athletes in optimizing their training. In this paper, we critically review the current state of the art concerning the impact of menstrual cycle phase-based resistance training and highlight why follicular phase-based resistance training possibly is superior to luteal phase-based training in enhancing resistance training outcomes. Finally, we identify directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kissow
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamine J Jacobsen
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P Gunnarsson
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Hackney AC, Koltun KJ, Williett HN. Menstrual cycle hormonal changes: estradiol-β-17 and progesterone interactions on exercise fat oxidation. Endocrine 2022; 76:240-242. [PMID: 35113336 PMCID: PMC9927241 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-02998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Hackney
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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14
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Takahashi K, Kitaoka Y, Hatta H. Sex-specific differences in the metabolic enzyme activity and transporter levels in mouse skeletal muscle during postnatal development. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 48:361-378. [PMID: 36735925 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although sex-associated differences in energy metabolism in adults are well-characterized, developmental sex-specific changes in skeletal muscle metabolism are largely unknown. This study investigated sex differences in high-energy phosphate, glycolytic, and mitochondrial enzyme activities and metabolite transporter protein levels in mouse skeletal muscles during the early postnatal period (day 10), post-weaning (day 28), sexual maturity (day 56), and adult life (day 140). No significant sex-specific differences were observed on days 10 and 28, except for glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 level. The hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities of skeletal muscle were higher and the citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase, and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities were lower in female mice than those in male mice on days 56 and 140. The GLUT4 and FAT/CD36 protein levels were higher and the monocarboxylate transporter 4 level was lower in the skeletal muscles of female mice than those of male mice, particularly on days 56 and 140. At 140 days of age, the respiratory exchange ratio during treadmill running (15 m/min, 60 min) was lower in females than that in males, despite no sex differences at rest. In summary, sex differences were not evident in the early postnatal and post-weaning periods but became apparent after the mice reached sexual maturity. These findings indicate that sexually mature animals are a better model for investigating sex differences, particularly in the context of studying energy metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-8686, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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15
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Forsyth JJ, Burt D. Sex Differences in Recovery From Sprint Interval Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:e41-e48. [PMID: 31895284 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacky J Forsyth
- School of Education and Life Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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16
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Hackney AC. Menstrual Cycle Hormonal Changes and Energy Substrate Metabolism in Exercising Women: A Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910024. [PMID: 34639326 PMCID: PMC8508274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the research supporting that the hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle phases affect a woman's physiology during exercise, specifically addressing aspects of energy substrate metabolism and macro-nutrient utilization and oxidation. The overarching aim is to provide a perspective on what are the limitations of earlier research studies that have concluded such hormonal changes do not affect energy metabolism. Furthermore, suggestions are made concerning research approaches in future studies to increase the likelihood of providing evidence-based data in support of the perspective that menstrual cycle hormonal changes do affect energy metabolism in exercising women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; ; Tel.: +1-919-962-0334
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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17
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Holtzman B, Ackerman KE. Recommendations and Nutritional Considerations for Female Athletes: Health and Performance. Sports Med 2021; 51:43-57. [PMID: 34515972 PMCID: PMC8566643 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optimal nutrition is an important aspect of an athlete’s preparation to achieve optimal health and performance. While general concepts about micro- and macronutrients and timing of food and fluids are addressed in sports science, rarely are the specific effects of women’s physiology on energy and fluid needs highly considered in research or clinical practice. Women differ from men not only in size, but in body composition and hormonal milieu, and also differ from one another. Their monthly hormonal cycles, with fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone, have varying effects on metabolism and fluid retention. Such cycles can change from month to month, can be suppressed with exogenous hormones, and may even be manipulated to capitalize on ideal timing for performance. But before such physiology can be manipulated, its relationship with nutrition and performance must be understood. This review will address general concepts regarding substrate metabolism in women versus men, common menstrual patterns of female athletes, nutrient and hydration needs during different phases of the menstrual cycle, and health and performance issues related to menstrual cycle disruption. We will discuss up-to-date recommendations for fueling female athletes, describe areas that require further exploration, and address methodological considerations to inform future work in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Holtzman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Jaimes-Hoy L, Pérez-Maldonado A, Narváez Bahena E, de la Cruz Guarneros N, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Charli JL, Soberón X, Joseph-Bravo P. Sex Dimorphic Changes in Trh Gene Methylation and Thyroid-Axis Response to Energy Demands in Maternally Separated Rats. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab110. [PMID: 34043769 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulates energy balance through the pleiotropic action of thyroid hormones. HPT basal activity and stimulation by cold or voluntary exercise are repressed by previous chronic stress in adults. Maternal separation (MS) modifies HPT basal activity; we thus studied the response of the axis to energy demands and analyzed possible epigenetic changes on Trh promoter. Nonhandled (NH) or MS male Wistar rats were cold exposed 1 h at adulthood; Trh expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration were increased only in NH rats. Two weeks of voluntary exercise decreased fat mass and increased Trh expression, and thyroid hormones concentration changed proportionally to running distance in NH male rats and MS male rats. Although NH females ran more than MS and much more than males, exercise decreased body weight and fat mass only in NH rats with no change on any parameter of the HPT axis but increased Pomc expression in arcuate-nucleus of NH and Npy in MS females. Overall, the methylation pattern of PVN Trh gene promoter was similar in NH males and females; MS modified methylation of specific CpG sites, a thyroid hormone receptor (THR)-binding site present after the initiation site was hypomethylated in MS males; in MS females, the THR binding site of the proximal promoter (site 4) and 2 sites in the first intron were hypermethylated. Our studies showed that, in a sex-dimorphic manner, MS blunted the responses of HPT axis to energy demands in adult animals and caused methylation changes on Trh promoter that could alter T3 feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, México
| | - Adrián Pérez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, México
| | - Elian Narváez Bahena
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, México
| | - Natalia de la Cruz Guarneros
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, México
| | - Adair Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, México
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, México
| | - Xavier Soberón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, México
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, México
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19
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Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Edinburgh RM, Smith E, Thomas MP, Walhin JP, Koumanov F, Williams S, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Resting skeletal muscle PNPLA2 (ATGL) and CPT1B are associated with peak fat oxidation rates in men and women but do not explain observed sex differences. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1208-1223. [PMID: 33675111 DOI: 10.1113/ep089431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the relationship between proteins in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue determined at rest and at peak rates of fat oxidation in men and women? What is the main finding and its importance? The resting contents of proteins in skeletal muscle involved in triglyceride hydrolysis and mitochondrial lipid transport were more strongly associated with peak fat oxidation rates than proteins related to lipid transport or hydrolysis in adipose tissue. Although females displayed higher relative rates of fat oxidation than males, this was not explained by the proteins measured in this study, suggesting that other factors determine sex differences in fat metabolism. ABSTRACT We explored key proteins involved in fat metabolism that might be associated with peak fat oxidation (PFO) and account for sexual dimorphism in fuel metabolism during exercise. Thirty-six healthy adults [15 women; 40 ± 11 years of age; peak oxygen consumption 42.5 ± 9.5 ml (kg body mass)-1 min-1 ; mean ± SD] completed two exercise tests to determine PFO via indirect calorimetry. Resting adipose tissue and/or skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained to determine the adipose tissue protein content of PLIN1, ABHD5 (CGI-58), LIPE (HSL), PNPLA2 (ATGL), ACSL1, CPT1B and oestrogen receptor α (ERα) and the skeletal muscle protein content of FABP 3 (FABPpm), PNPLA2 (ATGL), ACSL1, CTP1B and ESR1 (ERα). Moderate strength correlations were found between PFO [in milligrams per kilogram of fat-free mass (FFM) per minute] and the protein content of PNPLA2 (ATGL) [rs = 0.41 (0.03-0.68), P < 0.05] and CPT1B [rs = 0.45 (0.09-0.71), P < 0.05] in skeletal muscle. No other statistically significant bivariate correlations were found consistently. Females had a greater relative PFO than males [7.1 ± 1.9 vs. 4.5 ± 1.3 and 7.3 ± 1.7 vs. 4.8 ± 1.2 mg (kg FFM)-1 min-1 in the adipose tissue (n = 14) and skeletal muscle (n = 12) subgroups, respectively (P < 0.05)]. No statistically significant sex differences were found in the content of these proteins. The regulation of PFO might involve processes relating to intramyocellular triglyceride hydrolysis and mitochondrial fatty acid transport, and adipose tissue is likely to play a more minor role than muscle. Sex differences in fat metabolism are likely to be attributable to factors other than the resting content of proteins in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue relating to triglyceride hydrolysis and fatty acid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Francoise Koumanov
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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20
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Montes-de-Oca-García A, Perez-Bey A, Corral-Pérez J, Velázquez-Díaz D, Opazo-Díaz E, Fernandez-Santos JR, Rebollo-Ramos M, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Cuenca-García M, Ponce-González JG. Maximal fat oxidation capacity is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy young adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:907-917. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1788650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Montes-de-Oca-García
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
| | - Alejandro Perez-Bey
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Corral-Pérez
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
| | - Daniel Velázquez-Díaz
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
| | - Edgardo Opazo-Díaz
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge R. Fernandez-Santos
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María Rebollo-Ramos
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Magdalena Cuenca-García
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jesús-Gustavo Ponce-González
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Spain
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21
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Sherk VD, Jackman MR, Higgins JA, Giles ED, Foright RM, Presby DM, Carpenter RD, Johnson GC, Oljira R, Houck JA, Maclean PS. Impact of Exercise and Activity on Weight Regain and Musculoskeletal Health Post-Ovariectomy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2465-2473. [PMID: 31274683 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether obesity and/or exercise training alters weight regain and musculoskeletal health after ovariectomy (OVX). Female rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) to reveal obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) phenotypes. The OP and OR exercising (EX) and sedentary (SED) rats were calorically restricted to lose 15% of body weight using medium-fat diet. Rats were then maintained in energy balance for 8 wk before OVX. After OVX and a brief calorically limited phase, rats were allowed to eat ad libitum until body weight plateaued. Starting at weight loss, EX ran 1 h·d, 6 d·wk, 15 m·min. Energy intake, spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and total energy expenditure were evaluated at the end of weight maintenance pre-OVX, and at three time points post-OVX: before weight regain, during early regain, and after regain. Data are presented as mean ± SE. Exercise attenuated weight regain after OVX in OP only (OP-EX, 123 ± 10 g; OP-SED, 165 ± 12 g; OR-EX, 121 ± 6 g; OR-SED, 116 ± 6 g), which was primarily an attenuation of fat gain. The early post-OVX increase in energy intake explained much of the weight regain, and was similar across groups. Exercising improved bone strength, as did maintaining SPA. Group differences in muscle mitochondrial respiration were not significant. The large decrease in SPA due to OVX was persistent, but early weight regain was dependent on decreased SPA. In conclusion, leanness and exercise do not necessarily protect from OVX-induced weight gain. Exercise prevented weight gain in obese rats, but loss of SPA was the greatest contributor to post-OVX weight gain. Thus, understanding the mechanisms resulting in reduction in SPA after ovarian hormone loss is critical in the prevention of menopause-associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Sherk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Erin D Giles
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Rebecca M Foright
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - David M Presby
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - R Dana Carpenter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Robera Oljira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Julie A Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Paul S Maclean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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22
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Liu M, Pan J, Dong Z, Cheng Y, Gong J, Wu X. Comparative transcriptome reveals the potential modulation mechanisms of estradiol affecting ovarian development of female Portunus trituberculatus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226698. [PMID: 31856263 PMCID: PMC6922394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol is an important sex steroid hormone that is involved in the regulation of crustacean ovarian development. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of estradiol on ovarian development are largely unknown. This study performed transcriptome sequencing of ovary, hepatopancreas, brain ganglion, eyestalk, and mandibular organ of crabs after estradiol treatment (0.1μg g-1 crab weight). A total of 23, 806 genes were annotated, and 316, 1300, 669, 142, 383 genes were expressed differently in ovary, hepatopancreas, brain ganglion, eyestalk, and mandibular organ respectively. Differentially expressed gene enrichment analysis revealed several crucial pathways including protein digestion and absorption, pancreatic secretion, insect hormone biosynthesis, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 and signal transduction pathway. Through this study, some key genes in correlation with the ovarian development and nutrition metabolism were significantly affected by estradiol, such as vitelline membrane outer layer 1-like protein, heat shock protein 70, Wnt5, JHE-like carboxylesterase 1, cytochrome P302a1, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, neuropeptide F2, trypsin, carboxypeptidase B, pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase-like, and lipid storage droplet protein. Moreover, RT-qPCR validation demonstrated that expression of transcripts related to ovarian development (vitelline membrane outer layer 1-like protein and cytochrome P302a1) and nutrition metabolism (trypsin, glucose dehydrogenase and lipid storage droplet protein) were significantly affected by estradiol treatment. This study not only has identified relevant genes and several pathways that are involved in estradiol regulation on ovarian development of P. trituberculatus, but also provided new insight into the understanding of the molecular function mechanisms of estradiol in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (X.Wu); (J. Gong)
| | - Xugan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (X.Wu); (J. Gong)
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23
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Liu M, Wang L, Cheng Y, Gong J, Zeng C, Wu X. Effect of estradiol on hepatopancreatic lipid metabolism in the swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 280:115-122. [PMID: 31002828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol is an important sex steroid hormone that involved in regulation of animal lipid metabolism. However, the effect of estradiol on lipid metabolism in swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is unclear. The present study investigated the effect of four concentrations of exogenous estradiol (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg g-1 crab weight) on the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes, lipid composition and histology of hepatopancreas in the P. trituberculatus. The results showed that the mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and II (CPT-I and CPT-II) increased significantly at the low concentrations (0.01 μg g-1 and 0.1 μg g-1), while decreased significantly in the highest concentration (1 μg g-1). The mRNA levels of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX), fatty acid transport protein (FATP), fatty acid-binding protein (FABP), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were significantly down-regulated. The transcripts of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and fatty acyl desaturase (FAD) decreased significantly only in 1 μg g-1 treatment. All estradiol treatments (0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg g-1) had significantly higher percentages of 20:4n6, 20:5n3 and 22:6n3, but lower percentages of total monounsaturated fatty acids and polar lipids than the control treatment (0 μg g-1). Histological observations indicated the size of B cell became larger under estradiol treatment. The results indicated that estradiol promoted lipid catabolism in the hepatopancreas of P. trituberculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Chaoshu Zeng
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Xugan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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24
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Liu M, Feng Q, Francis DS, Turchini GM, Zeng C, Wu X. Tamoxifen affects the histology and hepatopancreatic lipid metabolism of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 213:105220. [PMID: 31202166 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is an antiestrogenic agent and can enter the aquatic environment in wastewater. It has been reported that TAM can induce hepatic steatosis in vertebrates, however, the effects of TAM exposure on lipid metabolism of hepatopancreas in crustaceans remains unclear. In this study, four TAM concentrations (0, 6.7, 13.4 and 20 μg g-1 crab body weight) were injected into the swimming-leg of swimming crabs Portunus trituberculatus, as a means of evaluating the effects of TAM on the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes, lipid composition, and hepatopancreas histology. The results showed that the mRNA levels of three lipogenic related genes (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acyl desaturase (FAD)) decreased significantly in the 6.7 μg g-1 and 20 μg g-1 TAM treatments compare to the control. The mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner as TAM concentration increased. The mRNA levels of two lipid catabolism-related genes (acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) and fatty acid transport protein (FATP)) were down-regulated among the three TAM treatments, while the enzyme activity and mRNA level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) was up-regulated by TAM treatments. Compared to the control, the lowest levels of total lipids and phospholipids were detected in the 6.7 μg g-1 TAM treatment, while the 20 μg g-1 TAM treatment had the lowest free fatty acids concentration. The 6.7 μg g-1 TAM treatment had the lowest percentages of 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:1n-7 and total monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA), whilst simultaneously recording the highest percentages of 18:2n-6 and 20:2n-6 in this treatment. Moreover, histological observations indicated that TAM caused the walls of the hepatopancreatic tubules to become brittle, with a concurrent increase in the number of blister-like cells. These results suggest that TAM damages the hepatopancreas and leads to a reduction in hepatopancreatic lipid deposition in P. trituberculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Qiangmei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - David S Francis
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Giovanni M Turchini
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Chaoshu Zeng
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
| | - Xugan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Nettleton JA, Salem N. International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids 2018 Symposium: Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Infant Development. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2019; 74:83-91. [PMID: 30616237 DOI: 10.1159/000495906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, Inc, Columbia, Maryland, USA
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Cao S, Wang L, Zhang Z, Chen F, Wu Q, Li L. Sulforaphane-induced metabolomic responses with epigenetic changes in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:2022-2034. [PMID: 30524952 PMCID: PMC6275259 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a risk factor for breast cancer. The isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN), found in cruciferous vegetables, has been identified as an effective chemopreventive agent, and may prevent or treat breast cancer by reversing estrogen‐induced metabolic changes. Here, we investigated metabolic changes in estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer (MCF‐7) cells treated with estradiol (E2) and/or SFN to identify key metabolite panels that might provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of the antitumor effects of SFN. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and ultra performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Orbitrap‐MS) were used to obtain the metabolic profiles of MCF‐7 cells. The data were analyzed using Student's t‐test and multivariate statistics, including principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Hydroxymethylation was detected by UPLC‐Orbitrap‐MS and verified by immunofluorescence assay. We report that significant changes in metabolites induced by E2 and SFN were associated with differences in glycolysis and energy metabolism, and also amino acid, purine, and folic acid metabolism. E2 may alter methylation and hydroxymethylation status via the folic acid pathway. We also identified biomarkers that may be of use in interpretation of the metabolic pathways evoked by the effects of E2 and SFN on breast cancer cells. The identified biomarkers associated with metabolic pathways provide new insight into the chemopreventive mechanisms of SFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Cao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University China
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Sims ST, Heather AK. Myths and Methodologies: Reducing scientific design ambiguity in studies comparing sexes and/or menstrual cycle phases. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1309-1317. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy T. Sims
- Adams Centre for High Performance; Faculty of Health; Sport and Human Performance; University of Waikato; Mount Maunganui New Zealand
| | - Alison K. Heather
- Department of Physiology; School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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28
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Lauretta R, Sansone M, Sansone A, Romanelli F, Appetecchia M. Gender in Endocrine Diseases: Role of Sex Gonadal Hormones. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4847376. [PMID: 30420884 PMCID: PMC6215564 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4847376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender- and sex- related differences represent a new frontier towards patient-tailored medicine, taking into account that theoretically every medical specialty can be influenced by both of them. Sex hormones define the differences between males and females, and the different endocrine environment promoted by estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, and their precursors might influence both human physiology and pathophysiology. With the term Gender we refer, instead, to behaviors, roles, expectations, and activities carried out by the individual in society. In other words, "gender" refers to a sociocultural sphere of the individual, whereas "sex" only defines the biological sex. In the last decade, increasing attention has been paid to understand the influence that gender can have on both the human physiology and pathogenesis of diseases. Even the clinical response to therapy may be influenced by sex hormones and gender, but further research is needed to investigate and clarify how they can affect the human pathophysiology. The path to a tailored medicine in which every patient is able to receive early diagnosis, risk assessments, and optimal treatments cannot exclude the importance of gender. In this review, we have focused our attention on the involvement of sex hormones and gender on different endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lauretta
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Endocrinology Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Appetecchia
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Endocrinology Unit, Rome, Italy
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Leeners B, Geary N, Tobler PN, Asarian L. Ovarian hormones and obesity. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:300-321. [PMID: 28333235 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake, i.e. eating and energy expenditure (EE). Severe obesity is more prevalent in women than men worldwide, and obesity pathophysiology and the resultant obesity-related disease risks differ in women and men. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Pre-clinical and clinical research indicate that ovarian hormones may play a major role. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We systematically reviewed the clinical and pre-clinical literature on the effects of ovarian hormones on the physiology of adipose tissue (AT) and the regulation of AT mass by energy intake and EE. SEARCH METHODS Articles in English indexed in PubMed through January 2016 were searched using keywords related to: (i) reproductive hormones, (ii) weight regulation and (iii) central nervous system. We sought to identify emerging research foci with clinical translational potential rather than to provide a comprehensive review. OUTCOMES We find that estrogens play a leading role in the causes and consequences of female obesity. With respect to adiposity, estrogens synergize with AT genes to increase gluteofemoral subcutaneous AT mass and decrease central AT mass in reproductive-age women, which leads to protective cardiometabolic effects. Loss of estrogens after menopause, independent of aging, increases total AT mass and decreases lean body mass, so that there is little net effect on body weight. Menopause also partially reverses women's protective AT distribution. These effects can be counteracted by estrogen treatment. With respect to eating, increasing estrogen levels progressively decrease eating during the follicular and peri-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Progestin levels are associated with eating during the luteal phase, but there does not appear to be a causal relationship. Progestins may increase binge eating and eating stimulated by negative emotional states during the luteal phase. Pre-clinical research indicates that one mechanism for the pre-ovulatory decrease in eating is a central action of estrogens to increase the satiating potency of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin. Another mechanism involves a decrease in the preference for sweet foods during the follicular phase. Genetic defects in brain α-melanocycte-stimulating hormone-melanocortin receptor (melanocortin 4 receptor, MC4R) signaling lead to a syndrome of overeating and obesity that is particularly pronounced in women and in female animals. The syndrome appears around puberty in mice with genetic deletions of MC4R, suggesting a role of ovarian hormones. Emerging functional brain-imaging data indicates that fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect eating by influencing striatal dopaminergic processing of flavor hedonics and lateral prefrontal cortex processing of cognitive inhibitory controls of eating. There is a dearth of research on the neuroendocrine control of eating after menopause. There is also comparatively little research on the effects of ovarian hormones on EE, although changes in ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle do affect resting EE. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The markedly greater obesity burden in women makes understanding the diverse effects of ovarian hormones on eating, EE and body adiposity urgent research challenges. A variety of research modalities can be used to investigate these effects in women, and most of the mechanisms reviewed are accessible in animal models. Therefore, human and translational research on the roles of ovarian hormones in women's obesity and its causes should be intensified to gain further mechanistic insights that may ultimately be translated into novel anti-obesity therapies and thereby improve women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lori Asarian
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhao X, Ren W, Siegel PB, Li J, Wang Y, Yin H, Zhang Y, Lai S, Shu G, Zhu Q. Meat quality characteristics of chickens as influenced by housing system, sex, and genetic line interactions. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1363639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenshi Ren
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Paul B. Siegel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Juan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Research Institute of Raising Livestock, Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shuang Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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31
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Kupr B, Schnyder S, Handschin C. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Exercise-Induced Muscle Adaptations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a029835. [PMID: 28242783 PMCID: PMC5453380 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is not only one of the largest, but also one of the most dynamic organs. For example, plasticity elicited by endurance or resistance exercise entails complex transcriptional programs that are still poorly understood. Various signaling pathways are engaged in the contracting muscle fiber and collectively culminate in the modulation of the activity of numerous transcription factors (TFs) and coregulators. Because exercise confers many benefits for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of pathologies, pharmacological activation of signaling pathways and TFs is an attractive avenue to elicit therapeutic effects. Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily are of particular interest owing to the presence of well-defined DNA- and ligand-binding domains. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the involvement of NRs in muscle biology and exercise adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kupr
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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32
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Javadian M, Yazdani S, Hajian-Tilaki K, Gharouei R. Calcium-vitamin D supplementation; does it affect lipid profile of menopaused women with normal renal function? J Nephropharmacol 2017. [DOI: 10.15171/npj.2017.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Noites A, Moreira A, Melo C, Faria M, Vilarinho R, Freitas C, Monteiro PR, Carvalho P, Adubeiro N, Amorim M, Nogueira L, Santos R. Acute effects of physical exercise with microcurrent in the adipose tissue of the abdominal region: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Integr Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Hasegawa N, Fujie S, Kurihara T, Homma T, Sanada K, Sato K, Hamaoka T, Iemitsu M. Effects of habitual aerobic exercise on the relationship between intramyocellular or extramyocellular lipid content and arterial stiffness. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 30:606-12. [PMID: 27169824 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) is associated with arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults. Habitual aerobic exercise induces the improvement of arterial stiffness with reduction in fat accumulation. However, the relationship between aerobic exercise-induced changes in muscular lipids and arterial stiffness remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether habitual aerobic exercise-induced changes in IMCL and EMCL content would lead to an improvement of arterial stiffness. First, in a cross-sectional study, we investigated whether cardiorespiratory fitness level affects the association between IMCL or EMCL content and arterial stiffness in 60 middle-aged and older subjects (61.0±1.3 years). Second, in an intervention study, we examined whether aerobic exercise training-induced changes in IMCL and EMCL content are associated with a reduction in arterial stiffness in 18 middle-aged and older subjects (67.0±1.7 years). In the cross-sectional study, IMCL content was negatively correlated with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) (r=-0.47, P<0.05), whereas EMCL content was positively correlated with baPWV (r=0.48, P<0.05) in the low-fitness group, but was not correlated in the high-fitness group. Furthermore, 8-week aerobic exercise training in older adults increased IMCL content and reduced EMCL content. The training-induced change in baPWV was negatively correlated with training-induced changes in IMCL but was positively correlated with training-induced changes in EMCL. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise training-induced changes in IMCL and EMCL content may be related to a reduction in arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hasegawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - S Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - T Kurihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - T Homma
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - K Sanada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - K Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Hyogo University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - T Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Hasegawa N, Kurihara T, Sato K, Homma T, Fujie S, Fujita S, Sanada K, Hamaoka T, Iemitsu M. Intramyocellular and Extramyocellular Lipids Are Associated With Arterial Stiffness. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1473-9. [PMID: 25911640 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese and overweight patients are at increased risk of arterial stiffness, and visceral, epicardial and hepatic fat accumulation is associated with cardiovascular disease risk. In general, muscular lipids are stored either in interstitial adipose tissue (extramyocellular lipid (EMCL)) or in lipid droplets within muscle cells (intramyocellular lipid (IMCL)). However, the association between IMCL or EMCL content and arterial stiffness remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to clarify this association. METHODS A total of 237 subjects (18-81 years) were enrolled in this study. The IMCL and EMCL contents of the right vastus lateralis muscle were evaluated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arterial stiffness was estimated using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). RESULTS There were significant correlations between baPWV and the contents of both IMCL (R = -0.23, P < 0.001) and EMCL (R = 0.53, P < 0.001) in all subjects. The baPWV negatively correlated with IMCL content (R = -0.45, P < 0.001) in females only. In contrast, significant positive correlations were observed between baPWV and EMCL content in both males (R = 0.59, P < 0.001) and females (R = 0.55, P < 0.001). IMCL and EMCL contents contributed independently to baPWV variation after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat, upper and lower limb fat, blood pressure, heart rate, and lipid profiles. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IMCL and EMCL contents may be a risk factor for arterial stiffness, and this association differed with gender and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Hasegawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Koji Sato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Homma
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shumpei Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sanada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
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MacDonald TL, Ritchie KL, Davies S, Hamilton MJ, Cervone DT, Dyck DJ. Exercise training is an effective alternative to estrogen supplementation for improving glucose homeostasis in ovariectomized rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12617. [PMID: 26603453 PMCID: PMC4673645 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The irreversible loss of estrogen (specifically 17-β-estradiol; E2) compromises whole-body glucose tolerance in women. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is frequently prescribed to treat estrogen deficiency, but has several deleterious side effects. Exercise has been proposed as an HRT substitute, however, their relative abilities to treat glucose intolerance are unknown. Thirty ovariectomized (OVX) and 20 SHAM (control) rats underwent glucose tolerance tests (GTT) 10 weeks post surgery. Area under the curve (AUC) for OVX rats was 60% greater than SHAM controls (P = 0.0005). Rats were then randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: SHAM sedentary (sed) or exercise (ex; 60 min, 5×/weeks), OVX sed, ex, or E2 (28 μg/kg bw/day) for 4 weeks. OVX ex rats experienced a ∼45% improvement in AUC relative to OVX sed rats, whereas OVX E2 underwent a partial reduction (17%; P = 0.08). Maximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in soleus and EDL was not impaired in OVX rats, or augmented with exercise or E2. Akt phosphorylation did not differ in soleus, EDL, or liver of any group. However, OVX ex and OVX E2 experienced greater increases in p-Akt Ser473 in VAT and SQ tissues compared with SHAM and OVX sed groups. Mitochondrial markers CS, COXIV, and core1 were increased in soleus posttraining in OVX ex rats. The content of COXIV was reduced by 52% and 61% in SQ of OVX sed and E2 rats, compared to SHAM controls, but fully restored in OVX ex rats. In summary, exercise restores glucose tolerance in OVX rats more effectively than E2. This is not reflected by alterations in muscle maximal insulin response, but increased insulin signaling in adipose depots may underlie whole-body improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L MacDonald
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kerry L Ritchie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Davies
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa J Hamilton
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel T Cervone
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Nesan D, Tavallaee G, Koh D, Bashiri A, Abdin R, Ng DS. Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Deficiency Promotes Differentiation of Satellite Cells to Brown Adipocytes in a Cholesterol-dependent Manner. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30514-29. [PMID: 26494623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.676056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory previously reported that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and LDL receptor double knock-out mice (Ldlr(-/-)xLcat(-/-) or DKO) spontaneously develop functioning ectopic brown adipose tissue (BAT) in skeletal muscle, putatively contributing to protection from the diet-induced obesity phenotype. Here we further investigated their developmental origin and the mechanistic role of LCAT deficiency. Gene profiling of skeletal muscle in DKO newborns and adults revealed a classical lineage. Primary quiescent satellite cells (SC) from chow-fed DKO mice, not in Ldlr(-/-)xLcat(+/+) single-knock-out (SKO) or C57BL/6 wild type, were found to (i) express exclusively classical BAT-selective genes, (ii) be primed to express key functional BAT genes, and (iii) exhibit markedly increased ex vivo adipogenic differentiation into brown adipocytes. This gene priming effect was abrogated upon feeding the mice a 2% high cholesterol diet in association with accumulation of excess intracellular cholesterol. Ex vivo cholesterol loading of chow-fed DKO SC recapitulated the effect, indicating that cellular cholesterol is a key regulator of SC-to-BAT differentiation. Comparing adipogenicity of Ldlr(+/+)xLcat(-/-) (LCAT-KO) SC with DKO SC identified a role for LCAT deficiency in priming SC to express BAT genes. Additionally, we found that reduced cellular cholesterol is important for adipogenic differentiation, evidenced by increased induction of adipogenesis in cholesterol-depleted SC from both LCAT-KO and SKO mice. Taken together, we conclude that ectopic BAT in DKO mice is classical in origin, and its development begins in utero. We further showed complementary roles of LCAT deficiency and cellular cholesterol reduction in the SC-to-BAT adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushan Nesan
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada and the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Ghazaleh Tavallaee
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada and
| | - Deborah Koh
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada and
| | - Amir Bashiri
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada and the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Rawand Abdin
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada and
| | - Dominic S Ng
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada and the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Significance of exercise in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in men: a community-based large cross-sectional study. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:230-7. [PMID: 24748332 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease that could progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. We aimed to assess the relationship between NAFLD and lifestyle habits. METHODS Using a community-based, cross-sectional design, the records of 11,094 Japanese subjects who had undergone at least 1 annual health checkup were reviewed. RESULTS Of the 6,370 subjects who qualified for enrolment, 1,346 met the diagnostic criteria for NAFLD. The prevalence rate (PR) of NAFLD increased significantly to 36.6, 41.5, and 41.1 % with no snacking, snacking less than once/day, and snacking ≥2 times/day, respectively, in men (P = 0.0495) and to 10.8, 11.7, and 15.3 %, respectively, in women (P = 0.002). In men, the NAFLD PR decreased significantly to 48.8, 36.9, and 29.9 % with no exercise, exercise consciousness, and periodical exercise, respectively (P < 0.001). In women, the NAFLD PR decreased significantly to 19.3, 13.5, 11, and 8 % with sleep durations of ≤4, 5-6, 7-8, and ≥9 h, respectively (P = 0.003). Periodical exercise was identified as an independent factor associated with NAFLD in men (odds ratio 0.707, 95 % confidence interval 0.546-0.914; P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Performing regular exercise was associated with a reduced risk for NAFLD in men. Men with a high risk for NAFLD can be identified using questionnaires on exercise in an outpatient setting. Disease progression and further complications may be prevented by educating high-risk NAFLD patients about the importance of exercise.
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Maximal fat oxidation, but not aerobic capacity, is affected by oral contraceptive use in young healthy women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:937-45. [PMID: 25519952 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Synthetic ovarian hormones contained in oral contraceptives (OC) may alter the aerobic capacity and lipid metabolism in oral contraceptive users (OC+) compared with non-users (OC-). The aim of this study was thus to investigate the differences between OC- and OC+ (1) in cardiorespiratory parameters at the anaerobic threshold (AT) and at the maximal aerobic capacity and (2) in the exercise intensity (Lipoxmax) at which lipid oxidation rate is maximal (MLOR). METHODS Twenty-one healthy untrained women (22.0 ± 0.6 years old) who took OC (OC+; low-dose monophasic OC, n = 11) or not (OC-; n = 10) performed two experimental exercise sessions. In the first one, cardiorespiratory parameters at the AT and at the maximal aerobic capacity were assessed during a maximal incremental exercise session. In the second one, Lipoxmax and MLOR were measured during a submaximal incremental exercise session. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in cardiorespiratory parameters at the AT and at the maximal aerobic capacity between OC+ and OC- women. OC+ women showed higher MLOR (7.6 ± 1.9 vs 4.6 ± 1.0 mg min(-1) kg FFM(-1); p < 0.01) that was elicited by higher Lipoxmax (45.2 ± 5.2 vs 36.2 ± 4.1 % of VO2max; p < 0.001) compared to OC- women. CONCLUSIONS OC+ and OC- women did not differ in cardiorespiratory parameters at the AT and at the maximal aerobic capacity. However, OC+ women show higher MLOR and Lipoxmax compared with OC- women. The hormonal status appears to be an important MLOR and Lipoxmax determinant in untrained women.
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Turdi S, Huff AF, Pang J, He EY, Chen X, Wang S, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ren J. 17-β estradiol attenuates ovariectomy-induced changes in cardiomyocyte contractile function via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:253-62. [PMID: 25448287 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Menopause increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in women. This circumstance is usually attributed to a deficiency in circulating estrogen levels although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Given the pivotal role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the regulation of energy metabolism and cardiac function, this study was designed to examine the role of AMPK in estrogen deficiency and replacement-exerted cardiomyocyte responses. Adult female WT and AMPK kinase dead (KD) mice were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) or sham operation. A cohort of ovariectomized mice received 17β-estradiol (E2) (40μg/kg/day, i.p.) for 6 weeks. Mechanical and intracellular Ca(2+) properties were evaluated including peak shortening (PS), time-to-PS (TPS), time-to-90%-relengthening (TR90), and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (±dL/dt). Levels of AMPK, Akt JNK, ACC, SERCA, membrane Glut4, AS160 and PGC-1α were assessed using Western blot. OVX significantly decreased PS, ±dL/dt and intracellular Ca(2+) rise in responsible to electric stimulus, prolonged TR90 and intracellular Ca(2+) decay without affecting TPS and resting intracellular Ca(2+), the effects of which were reconciled by E2 replacement. Western blot analysis depicted that OVX suppressed phosphorylation of Akt AMPK and ACC although it promoted JNK phosphorylation, the effects of which were mitigated or significantly attenuated by E2 treatment in WT but not KD mice. Moreover, OVX procedure downregulated SERCA2a and membrane Glut4 while inhibiting AS160 phosphorylation without affecting PGC-1α levels. In vitro study revealed that E2 corrected cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction elicited by OVX in cardiomyocytes from WT but not the AMPK kinase dead mice. Taken together, these data suggest that E2 treatment ameliorates estrogen deficiency-induced changes in cardiac contractile function possibly through an AMPK-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subat Turdi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Anna F Huff
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jiaojiao Pang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Emily Y He
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Xiyao Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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Kurtz M, Capobianco E, Martinez N, Roberti SL, Arany E, Jawerbaum A. PPAR ligands improve impaired metabolic pathways in fetal hearts of diabetic rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:237-46. [PMID: 25122159 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In maternal diabetes, the fetal heart can be structurally and functionally affected. Maternal diets enriched in certain unsaturated fatty acids can activate the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and regulate metabolic and anti-inflammatory pathways during development. Our aim was to investigate whether PPARα expression, lipid metabolism, lipoperoxidation, and nitric oxide (NO) production are altered in the fetal hearts of diabetic rats, and to analyze the putative effects of in vivo PPAR activation on these parameters. We found decreased PPARα expression in the hearts of male but not female fetuses of diabetic rats when compared with controls. Fetal treatments with the PPARα ligand leukotriene B4 upregulated the expression of PPARα and target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in the fetal hearts. Increased concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids were found in the hearts of fetuses of diabetic rats. Maternal treatments with diets supplemented with 6% olive oil or 6% safflower oil, enriched in unsaturated fatty acids that can activate PPARs, led to few changes in lipid concentrations, but up-regulated PPARα expression in fetal hearts. NO production, which was increased in the hearts of male and female fetuses in the diabetic group, and lipoperoxidation, which was increased in the hearts of male fetuses in the diabetic group, was reduced by the maternal treatments supplemented with safflower oil. In conclusion, impaired PPARα expression, altered lipid metabolism, and increased oxidative and nitridergic pathways were evidenced in hearts of fetuses of diabetic rats and were regulated in a gender-dependent manner by treatments enriched with PPAR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Kurtz
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 17th Floor, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pathology Schullich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelina Capobianco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 17th Floor, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pathology Schullich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nora Martinez
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 17th Floor, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pathology Schullich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina Lorena Roberti
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 17th Floor, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pathology Schullich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edith Arany
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 17th Floor, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pathology Schullich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 17th Floor, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pathology Schullich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lizcano F, Guzmán G. Estrogen Deficiency and the Origin of Obesity during Menopause. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:757461. [PMID: 24734243 PMCID: PMC3964739 DOI: 10.1155/2014/757461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones strongly influence body fat distribution and adipocyte differentiation. Estrogens and testosterone differentially affect adipocyte physiology, but the importance of estrogens in the development of metabolic diseases during menopause is disputed. Estrogens and estrogen receptors regulate various aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism. Disturbances of this metabolic signal lead to the development of metabolic syndrome and a higher cardiovascular risk in women. The absence of estrogens is a clue factor in the onset of cardiovascular disease during the menopausal period, which is characterized by lipid profile variations and predominant abdominal fat accumulation. However, influence of the absence of these hormones and its relationship to higher obesity in women during menopause are not clear. This systematic review discusses of the role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in adipocyte differentiation, and its control by the central nervous systemn and the possible role of estrogen-like compounds and endocrine disruptors chemicals are discussed. Finally, the interaction between the decrease in estrogen secretion and the prevalence of obesity in menopausal women is examined. We will consider if the absence of estrogens have a significant effect of obesity in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lizcano
- Biomedical Research Center, Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogota, Chia, Colombia ; Fundacion Cardio-Infantil Instituto de Cardiologia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Guillermo Guzmán
- Biomedical Research Center, Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogota, Chia, Colombia
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Kurtz M, Capobianco E, Careaga V, Martinez N, Mazzucco MB, Maier M, Jawerbaum A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands regulate lipid content, metabolism, and composition in fetal lungs of diabetic rats. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:345-59. [PMID: 24389592 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes impairs fetal lung development. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors relevant in lipid homeostasis and lung development. This study aims to evaluate the effect of in vivo activation of PPARs on lipid homeostasis in fetal lungs of diabetic rats. To this end, we studied lipid concentrations, expression of lipid metabolizing enzymes and fatty acid composition in fetal lungs of control and diabetic rats i) after injections of the fetuses with Leukotriene B4 (LTB4, PPARα ligand) or 15deoxyΔ(12,14)prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2, PPARγ ligand) and ii) fed during pregnancy with 6% olive oil- or 6% safflower oil-supplemented diets, enriched with PPAR ligands were studied. Maternal diabetes increased triglyceride concentrations and decreased expression of lipid-oxidizing enzymes in fetal lungs of diabetic rats, an expression further decreased by LTB4 and partially restored by 15dPGJ2 in lungs of male fetuses in the diabetic group. In lungs of female fetuses in the diabetic group, maternal diets enriched with olive oil increased triglyceride concentrations and fatty acid synthase expression, while those enriched with safflower oil increased triglyceride concentrations and fatty acid transporter expression. Both olive oil- and safflower oil-supplemented diets decreased cholesterol and cholesteryl ester concentrations and increased the expression of the reverse cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette A1 in fetal lungs of female fetuses of diabetic rats. In fetal lungs of control and diabetic rats, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased with the maternal diets enriched with olive and safflower oils. Our results revealed important changes in lipid metabolism in fetal lungs of diabetic rats, and in the ability of PPAR ligands to modulate the composition of lipid species relevant in the lung during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kurtz
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine and UMYMFOR (CONICET-UBA), Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kogiso T, Hashimoto E, Tokushige K, Chishima S, Kodama K, Tobari M, Matsushita N, Taniai M, Torii N, Shiratori K. Characteristics of gender differences and age in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with regard to the complications of lifestyle-related disease, fat distribution, adipocytokines and SNPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2957/kanzo.55.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li S, Na L, Li Y, Gong L, Yuan F, Niu Y, Zhao Y, Sun C. Long-term calcium supplementation may have adverse effects on serum cholesterol and carotid intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1353-9. [PMID: 24047919 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.062844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have focused on the effects of calcium intake on serum lipid concentrations in postmenopausal women. However, many premenopausal women are taking calcium supplements in China. To our knowledge, no studies have assessed whether the effects of calcium supplementation on blood lipids are similar between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of calcium supplementation on blood lipid concentrations in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia. DESIGN A total of 190 premenopausal women (30-40 y old) and 182 postmenopausal women (50-60 y old) with dyslipidemia were given 800 mg Ca/d or a placebo for 2 y in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood pressure, fasting glucose and serum lipid concentrations, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), dietary nutrient intakes, and physical activity levels were determined at baseline and after 2 y. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between calcium supplementation and menopausal status on serum cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001) and CIMT (P = 0.017). Serum cholesterol concentrations and CIMT were significantly increased in postmenopausal women (P < 0.01) after 2 y. Serum triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were not affected after 2 y. CONCLUSIONS Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia increases serum total cholesterol concentrations and CIMT. In postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia, calcium supplements should be prescribed with caution. This trial was registered at http://www.chictr.org/cn/ as ChiCTR-TRC-12002806.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Kalthoff S, Winkler A, Freiberg N, Manns MP, Strassburg CP. Gender matters: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and 2 control the gender-specific transcriptional regulation of human uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases genes (UGT1A). J Hepatol 2013; 59:797-804. [PMID: 23714156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gender influences incidence, progression, and therapy of hepatogastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of gender-specific UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A) regulation, representing important hepatogastrointestinal detoxification enzymes for xenobiotics, drugs, and endobiotics. METHODS UGT1A-gene activation was studied by reporter gene experiments and estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1/ERα) co-transfection using KYSE70- and HepG2 cells (male origin), and SW403 cells (female origin). Cell lines, and humanized transgenic UGT1A (htgUGT1A) mice (female/male) were treated with the ERα inhibitor tamoxifen. UGT1A mRNA expression was analyzed by TaqMan PCR, the recruitment of ERα, histone deacetylases (HDAC), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and ERα expression in gastrointestinal mouse tissues by Western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS In KYSE70 cells (male), UGT1A gene expression was induced 5-10 fold, and inhibited in the presence of ERα by 55-77%. In SW403 (female) cells, absent inducibility was restored after tamoxifen treatment. In the jejunum and colon of tgUGT1A mice, UGT1A induction that was exclusively detected in male mice could be restored in female mice after tamoxifen pre-treatment. ChIP assays demonstrated the recruitment of ERα and HDACs to the xenobiotic response elements of UGT1A promoters during gene repression. Western blot showed higher ERα expression in the female jejunum and colon. CONCLUSIONS We show gender-specific transcriptional control of UGT1A genes in jejunum and colon, which is repressed by ERα and the recruitment of HDCAs to the UGT1A promoter sequence in females. A molecular mechanism controlling gender-specific drug metabolism and its therapeutic reversal is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kalthoff
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Thomas MP, Potter BVL. The structural biology of oestrogen metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:27-49. [PMID: 23291110 PMCID: PMC3866684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes catalyse reactions that have an oestrogen as a substrate and/or a product. The reactions catalysed include aromatisation, oxidation, reduction, sulfonation, desulfonation, hydroxylation and methoxylation. The enzymes that catalyse these reactions must all recognise and bind oestrogen but, despite this, they have diverse structures. This review looks at each of these enzymes in turn, describing the structure and discussing the mechanism of the catalysed reaction. Since oestrogen has a role in many disease states inhibition of the enzymes of oestrogen metabolism may have an impact on the state or progression of the disease and inhibitors of these enzymes are briefly discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'.
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Key Words
- 17β-HSD
- 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 3,5-dinitrocatechol
- 3-(((8R,9S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-3,17-dihydroxy-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-16-yl)methyl)benzamide
- 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphate
- 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate
- Aromatase
- COMT
- DHEA(S)
- DHETNA
- DNC
- E1(S)
- E2(S)
- E2B
- E3
- E4
- ER
- FAD/FMN
- FG
- HFG(S)
- NADP(+)
- NADPH
- O5′-[9-(3,17β-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-16β-yl)-nonanoyl]adenosine
- Oestrogen
- PAP
- PAPS
- Protein structure
- Reaction mechanism
- S-adenosyl methionine
- SAM
- SDR
- Sulfatase
- Sulfotransferase
- catechol-O-methyl transferase
- dehydroepiandrosterone (sulfate)
- estetrol
- estradiol (sulfate)
- estriol
- estrogen receptor
- estrone (sulfate)
- flavin adenine dinucleotide/flavin mononucleotide
- formylglycine
- hydroxyformylglycine (sulfate)
- mb-COMT
- membrane-bound COMT
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidised)
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)
- s-COMT
- short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase
- soluble COMT
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Huke S, Venkataraman R, Faggioni M, Bennuri S, Hwang HS, Baudenbacher F, Knollmann BC. Focal energy deprivation underlies arrhythmia susceptibility in mice with calcium-sensitized myofilaments. Circ Res 2013; 112:1334-44. [PMID: 23532597 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Ca(2+) sensitivity of the myofilaments is increased in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other heart diseases and may contribute to a higher risk for sudden cardiac death. Ca(2+) sensitization increases susceptibility to reentrant ventricular tachycardia in animal models, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate how myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization creates reentrant arrhythmia susceptibility. METHODS AND RESULTS Using hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mouse models (troponinT-I79N) and a Ca(2+) sensitizing drug (EMD57033), here we identify focal energy deprivation as a direct consequence of myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization. To detect ATP depletion and thus energy deprivation, we measured accumulation of dephosphorylated Connexin 43 (Cx43) isoform P0 and AMP kinase activation by Western blotting and immunostaining. No differences were detected between groups at baseline, but regional accumulation of Connexin 43 isoform P0 occurred within minutes in all Ca(2+)-sensitized hearts, in vivo after isoproterenol challenge and in isolated hearts after rapid pacing. Lucifer yellow dye spread demonstrated reduced gap junctional coupling in areas with Connexin 43 isoform P0 accumulation. Optical mapping revealed that selectively the transverse conduction velocity was slowed and anisotropy increased. Myofilament Ca(2+) desensitization with blebbistatin prevented focal energy deprivation, transverse conduction velocity slowing, and the reentrant ventricular arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS Myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization rapidly leads to focal energy deprivation and reduced intercellular coupling during conditions that raise arrhythmia susceptibility. This is a novel proarrhythmic mechanism that can increase arrhythmia susceptibility in structurally normal hearts within minutes and may, therefore, contribute to sudden cardiac death in diseases with increased myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Huke
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Hohenegger M. Get the signal to reduce the noise of pharmacological ‘toys’. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:323-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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