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Yan Z, Yang T, Li X, Jiang Z, Jia W, Zhou J, Fang H. Apelin-13: a novel approach to suppressing renin production in RVHT. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1683-C1696. [PMID: 38646785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00092.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) is characterized by renal artery stenosis and overactivated renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Apelin, known for its negative modulation of RAS, has protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. The role and mechanisms of the primary active form of apelin, apelin-13, in RVHT are unclear. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model, and 2K1C with apelin-13 treatment groups. Renin expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques. Full-length (pro)renin receptor (fPRR) and soluble PRR (sPRR) levels were assessed via Western blotting, and cAMP levels were measured using ELISA. Plasma renin content, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (ANG II), and sPRR levels were determined by ELISA. Human Calu-6 and mouse As4.1 cells were used to investigate renin production mechanisms. The 2K1C model exhibited increased systolic blood pressure, plasma renin content, PRA, sPRR, and ANG II levels, while apelin-13 treatment reduced these elevations. Apelin-13 inhibited cAMP production, renin mRNA expression, protein synthesis, and PRR/sPRR protein expression in renal tissue. In Calu-6 cells, cAMP-induced fPRR and site-1 protease (S1P)-derived sPRR expression, which was blocked by cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) inhibition. Apelin-13 suppressed cAMP elevation, CREB phosphorylation, fPRR/sPRR protein expression, and renin production. Recombinant sPRR (sPRR-His) stimulated renin production, which was inhibited by the PRR decoy peptide PRO20 and S1P inhibitor PF429242. These findings suggest that apelin-13 inhibits plasma renin expression through the cAMP/PKA/sPRR pathway, providing a potential therapeutic approach for RVHT. Understanding the regulation of renin production is crucial for developing effective treatments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our research elucidated that apelin-13 inhibits renin production through the cAMP/PKA/soluble (pro)renin receptor pathway, presenting a promising therapeutic approach for renovascular hypertension (RVHT) by targeting renin expression mechanisms. These findings underscore the potential of apelin-13 as a novel strategy to address RVHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Yan
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Teng Yang
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xinxuan Li
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zipeng Jiang
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wankun Jia
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Fang
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Funke-Kaiser H, Unger T. The (pro)renin receptor as a pharmacological target in cardiorenal diseaes. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2527-2534. [PMID: 37667044 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is not only a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) but also exerts several RAS-independent functions due to its multiple signal transductions pathways. In this mini-review, we shortly discuss the molecular functions of this receptor and its pathophysiological significance with a focus on cardiorenal diseases. Finally, we provide a short summary regarding a drug discovery and drug development program on small molecule-based renin/ prorenin receptor blockers (RERBs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Imig JD. Bioactive lipids in hypertension. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 97:1-35. [PMID: 37236756 PMCID: PMC10918458 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major healthcare issue that afflicts one in every three adults worldwide and contributes to cardiovascular diseases, morbidity and mortality. Bioactive lipids contribute importantly to blood pressure regulation via actions on the vasculature, kidney, and inflammation. Vascular actions of bioactive lipids include blood pressure lowering vasodilation and blood pressure elevating vasoconstriction. Increased renin release by bioactive lipids in the kidney is pro-hypertensive whereas anti-hypertensive bioactive lipid actions result in increased sodium excretion. Bioactive lipids have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions that increase or decrease reactive oxygen species and impact vascular and kidney function in hypertension. Human studies provide evidence that fatty acid metabolism and bioactive lipids contribute to sodium and blood pressure regulation in hypertension. Genetic changes identified in humans that impact arachidonic acid metabolism have been associated with hypertension. Arachidonic acid cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 metabolites have pro-hypertensive and anti-hypertensive actions. Omega-3 fish oil fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are known to be anti-hypertensive and cardiovascular protective. Lastly, emerging fatty acid research areas include blood pressure regulation by isolevuglandins, nitrated fatty acids, and short chain fatty acids. Taken together, bioactive lipids are key contributors to blood pressure regulation and hypertension and their manipulation could decrease cardiovascular disease and associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
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Wang B, Jie H, Wang S, Dong B, Zou Y. The role of (pro)renin receptor and its soluble form in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1086603. [PMID: 36824459 PMCID: PMC9941963 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1086603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major classic therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the circulating RAS, local tissue RAS has been identified in various tissues and plays roles in tissue inflammation and tissue fibrosis. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) was identified as a new member of RAS in 2002. Studies have demonstrated the effects of PRR and its soluble form in local tissue RAS. Moreover, as an important part of vacuolar H+-ATPase, it also contributes to normal lysosome function and cell survival. Evidently, PRR participates in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and may be a potential therapeutic target of cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the effects of PRR and its soluble form on the physiological state, hypertension, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, heart failure, metabolic cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate the possibilities and challenges of PRR and its soluble form as a new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haipeng Jie
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Shuangxi Wang,
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Bo Dong,
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Yunzeng Zou,
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Yang T. Potential of soluble (pro)renin receptor in kidney disease: can it go beyond a biomarker? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F507-F514. [PMID: 36074917 PMCID: PMC9602801 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00202.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR), also termed ATPase H+-transporting accessory protein 2 (ATP6AP2), is a type I transmembrane receptor and is capable of binding and activating prorenin and renin. Apart from its association with the renin-angiotensin system, PRR has been implicated in diverse developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological processes. Within the kidney, PRR is predominantly expressed in the distal nephron, particularly the intercalated cells, and activation of renal PRR contributes to renal injury in various rodent models of chronic kidney disease. Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates that PRR is primarily cleaved by site-1 protease to produce 28-kDa soluble PRR (sPRR). sPRR seems to mediate most of the known pathophysiological functions of renal PRR through modulating the activity of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system and provoking proinflammatory and profibrotic responses. Not only does sPRR activate renin, but it also directly binds and activates the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles and mechanisms of sPRR in the context of renal pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Inhibitory Potential of Shen-Shuai-Ling Formulation on Renal Interstitial Fibrosis via Upregulation of PLZF. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5967804. [PMID: 35399631 PMCID: PMC8991406 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5967804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is an important cause of kidney disease, which seriously affects people's health. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Shen-Shuai-Ling Formulation (SSLF) has obvious kidney function. However, the therapeutic effect of SSLF on RIF and its molecular mechanism are still unclear. Methods First, the potential targets and pathways of SSLF for RIF were predicted by network pharmacology, and then, the binding of luteolin and target protein to SSLF was verified by molecular docking and Co-IP experiments. Finally, the effects of SSLF and luteolin on PLZF and (Pro) renin receptor (PRR) were verified by western blot and qPCR experiments. Angiotensin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were the indexes of renal interstitial fibrosis. Results Through the drug-active component-target network diagram, we found that luteolin has the most connections, and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is the target protein. GO analysis and KEGG pathway analysis of targets were performed using Cytoscape ClueGO. Molecular docking experiments and Co-IP are used to prove that luteolin and PLZF can be combined. Western blot and qPCR results showed that both SSLF and luteolin significantly upregulated the expression of PLZF and decreased the levels of PRR, Ang-1, Ang-2, and TGF-β. The overexpression of PLZF decreased the expression of PRR, the knockdown of PLZF increased the expression of PRR, and the overexpression of PRR decreased the expression of Ang-1, Ang-2, and TGF-β. Conclusions SSLF inhibits PRR and renal interstitial fibers by the upregulation of PLZF levels.
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Wang F, Chen Y, Zou CJ, Luo R, Yang T. Mutagenesis of the Cleavage Site of Pro Renin Receptor Abrogates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Mice. Hypertension 2021; 78:115-127. [PMID: 34024121 PMCID: PMC9212214 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.16770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Chang-jiang Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Renfei Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Feng Y, Peng K, Luo R, Wang F, Yang T. Site-1 Protease-Derived Soluble (Pro)Renin Receptor Contributes to Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Mice. Hypertension 2021; 77:405-416. [PMID: 33280408 PMCID: PMC7803453 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of PRR ([pro]renin receptor) contributes to enhancement of intrarenal RAS and renal medullary α-ENaC and thus elevated blood pressure during Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion. The goal of the present study was to test whether such action of PRR was mediated by sPRR (soluble PRR), generated by S1P (site-1 protease), a newly identified PRR cleavage protease. F1 B6129SF1/J mice were infused for 6 days with control or Ang II at 300 ng/kg per day alone or in combination with S1P inhibitor PF-429242 (PF), and blood pressure was monitored by radiotelemetry. S1P inhibition significantly attenuated Ang II-induced hypertension accompanied with suppressed urinary and renal medullary renin levels and expression of renal medullary but not renal cortical α-ENaC expression. The effects of S1P inhibition were all reversed by supplement with histidine-tagged sPRR termed as sPRR-His. Ussing chamber technique was performed to determine amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current, an index of ENaC activity in confluent mouse cortical collecting duct cell line cells exposed for 24 hours to Ang II, Ang II + PF, or Ang II + PF + sPRR-His. Ang II-induced ENaC activity was blocked by PF, which was reversed by sPRR-His. Together, these results support that S1P-derived sPRR mediates Ang II-induced hypertension through enhancement of intrarenal renin level and activation of ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Kexin Peng
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Renfei Luo
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Fei Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Tianxin Yang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City
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Wang F, Luo R, Peng K, Liu X, Xu C, Lu X, Soodvilai S, Yang T. Soluble (pro)renin receptor regulation of ENaC involved in aldosterone signaling in cultured collecting duct cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F817-F825. [PMID: 31841392 PMCID: PMC7099505 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00436.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that activation of (pro)renin receptor (PRR) induces epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) activity in cultured collecting duct cells. Here, we examined the role of soluble PRR (sPRR), the cleavage product of PRR in ENaC regulation, and further tested its relevance to aldosterone signaling. In cultured mpkCCD cells, administration of recombinant histidine-tagged sPRR (sPRR-His) at 10 nM within minutes induced a significant and transient increase in the amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current as assessed using the Ussing chamber technique. The acute ENaC activation was blocked by the NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibitor GKT137892 and siRNA against Nox4 but not the β-catenin inhibitor ICG-001. In primary rat inner medullary collecting duct cells, administration of sPRR-His at 10 nM for 24 h induced protein expression of the α-subunit but not β- or γ-subunits of ENaC, in parallel with upregulation of mRNA expression as well as promoter activity of the α-subunit. The transcriptional activation of α-ENaC was dependent on β-catenin signaling. Consistent results obtained by epithelial volt ohmmeter measurement of equivalent current and Ussing chamber determination of short-circuit current showed that aldosterone-induced transepithelial Na+ transport was inhibited by the PRR decoy inhibitor PRO20 and PF-429242, an inhibitor of sPRR-generating enzyme site-1 protease, and the response was restored by the addition of sPRR-His. Medium sPRR was elevated by aldosterone and inhibited by PF-429242. Taken together, these results demonstrate that sPRR induces two phases of ENaC activation via distinct mechanisms and functions as a mediator of the natriferic action of aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Renfei Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kexin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sunhapas Soodvilai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Liu B, Lan M, Wei H, Zhang D, Liu J, Teng J. Downregulated microRNA‑133a induces HUVECs injury: Potential role of the (pro) renin receptor in angiotensin II‑dependent hypertension. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2796-2804. [PMID: 31524252 PMCID: PMC6691251 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin‑angiotensin system (RAS) serves an essential role in hypertension. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been reported to be important regulators in angiotensin (Ang) II‑dependent hypertension. We aimed to explore the roles of Ang II and miR‑133a in the mechanism underlying hypertension. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were identified by immunofluorescence staining. Cell viability and miR‑133a expression under the inhibition of Ang II of various concentrations were determined by an MTT assay and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR), respectively. The effects of HUVECs transfected with miR‑133a mimic or inhibitor on Ang II‑induced apoptosis were measured using flow cytometry. The potential targeting of miR‑133a to the 3' untranslated region of (pro) renin receptor (PRR) was assessed using TargetScan and a dual‑luciferase assay. The effects of PRR interference using small interfering (si)RNA on PRR expression and the rate of apoptosis were determined by RT‑qPCR, western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively. Ang II at a concentration of 10‑5 M significantly inhibited the cell viability (P<0.05) and miR‑133a expression (P<0.01); Downregulation of miR‑133a suppressed cell viability. HUVECs transfected with miR‑133a mimic reduced the rate of Ang II‑induced apoptosis from 21.99 to 12.38%, but miR‑133a inhibitor promoted Ang II‑induced apoptosis (apoptosis rate, 28.9%). PRR was predicted to be a target gene of miR‑133a. Transfection with siPRR decreased the apoptotic rate in Ang II + negative control and Ang II + miR‑133a inhibitor group to 11.39 and 12.94%, respectively. Our findings also suggested that Ang II promoted PRR expression to enhance the apoptotic rate of HUVECs via the suppression of miR‑133a. Furthermore, siPRR efficiently decreased the Ang II‑induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology of China, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology of China, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Huali Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China Meitan General Hospital, Beijing 100028, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Disease, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100028, P.R. China
| | - Junmeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology of China, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jiwei Teng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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Cilhoroz BT, Schifano ED, Panza GA, Ash GI, Corso L, Chen M, Deshpande V, Zaleski A, Farinatti P, Santos LP, Taylor BA, O'Neill RJ, Thompson PD, Pescatello LS. FURIN variant associations with postexercise hypotension are intensity and race dependent. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13952. [PMID: 30706700 PMCID: PMC6356167 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FURIN is a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin enzyme important in pro-renin receptor processing, and FURIN (furin, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme) variants are involved in multiple aspects of blood pressure (BP) regulation. Therefore, we examined associations among FURIN variants and the immediate blood pressure (BP) response to bouts of aerobic exercise, termed postexercise hypotension (PEH). Obese (30.9 ± 3.6 kg m-2 ) Black- (n = 14) and White- (n = 9) adults 42.0 ± 9.8 year with hypertension (139.8 ± 10.4/84.6 ± 6.2 mmHg) performed three random experiments: bouts of vigorous (VIGOROUS) and moderate (MODERATE) intensity cycling and control. Subjects were then attached to an ambulatory BP monitor for 19 h. We performed deep-targeted exon sequencing with the Illumina TruSeq Custom Amplicon kit. FURIN genotypes were coded as the number of minor alleles (#MA) and selected for additional statistical analysis based upon Bonferonni or Benjamini-Yekutieli multiple testing corrected P-values under time-adjusted linear models for 19 hourly BP measurements. After VIGOROUS over 19 h, as FURIN #MA increased in rs12917264 (P = 2.4E-04) and rs75493298 (P = 6.4E-04), systolic BP (SBP) decreased 30.4-33.7 mmHg; and in rs12917264 (P = 1.6E-03) and rs75493298 (P = 9.7E-05), diastolic BP (DBP) decreased 17.6-20.3 mmHg among Blacks only. In addition, after MODERATE over 19 h in FURIN rs74037507 (P = 8.0E-04), as #MA increased, SBP increased 20.8 mmHg among Blacks only. Whereas, after MODERATE over the awake hours in FURIN rs1573644 (P = 6.2E-04), as #MA increased, DBP decreased 12.5 mmHg among Whites only. FURIN appears to exhibit intensity and race-dependent associations with PEH that merit further exploration among a larger, ethnically diverse sample of adults with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory A. Panza
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
- Department of Preventive CardiologyHartford HospitalHartfordConnecticut
| | | | - Lauren Corso
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - Ming‐Hui Chen
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - Ved Deshpande
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - Amanda Zaleski
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
- Department of Preventive CardiologyHartford HospitalHartfordConnecticut
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Department of Physical Activity SciencesRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Lucas P. Santos
- Department of Medical SciencesFederal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Beth A. Taylor
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
- Department of Preventive CardiologyHartford HospitalHartfordConnecticut
| | - Rachel J. O'Neill
- Institute for Systems GenomicsUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - Paul D. Thompson
- Department of Preventive CardiologyHartford HospitalHartfordConnecticut
| | - Linda S. Pescatello
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
- Institute for Systems GenomicsUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
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Jiang H, Zhang C, He W. The Effects of Dracocephalum Heterophyllum Benth Flavonoid on Hypertrophic Cardiomyocytes Induced by Angiotensin II in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6322-6330. [PMID: 30199522 PMCID: PMC6142873 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth flavonoid (DHBF) is a Tibetan and Uighur traditional medicine used to treat various disorders such as hypertension, lung heat, cough, and bronchitis; it has good antioxidant activity. Previous studies have shown that DHBF can reduce blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats, improve left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and improve myocardial contractility. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of DHBF on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in cultured cells. Material/Methods Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured, and hypertrophy was induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), with or without varying concentrations of the DHBF extract. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to assess cell viability, RT-qPCR was used to determine mRNA levels, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure cell surface area and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i), and colorimetric assays were used to assess nitric oxide (NO) levels and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Results Ang II treatment of cardiomyocytes reduced cell viability to ~75% that of controls. Ang II treatment also increased cell surface area; increased mRNA expression of c-jun, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC); increased [Ca2+]i; and reduced NOS activity and NO production. DHBF treatment could reverse these effects in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions These results showed that DHBF can ameliorate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by Ang II, as indicated by the downregulation of cardiac hypertrophy genes (ANP, BNP, and β-MHC) and reduction in cell surface area. The mechanism may be related to NO release and [Ca2+]I regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wen He
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Changsha First Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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Enzymatic sources and physio-pathological functions of soluble (pro)renin receptor. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 27:77-82. [PMID: 29346132 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) belongs to type I transmembrane receptor family and binds both prorenin and renin, representing a potential regulator of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. Soluble form of PRR (sPRR) is generated by intracellular protease-mediated cleavage of full-length PRR. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action and production of sPRR. RECENT FINDINGS It has recently been demonstrated that site-1-protease (S1P) plays a dominant role in the generation of sPRR. New evidence is also emerging to support a biological function of sPRR in the physiological regulation of fluid homeostasis as well as pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. SUMMARY sPRR is a 28 kDa product of PRR cleavage via S1P-mediated protease activity. Not only does sPRR regulate renal tubular water transport, but it also mediates pathogenic responses to renal cellular injury. sPRR is likely involved in a wide range of physio-pathological processes.
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14
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Yang KT, Yang T, Symons JD. Soluble (pro)renin receptor as a potential therapy for diabetes insipidus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1416-F1421. [PMID: 30019932 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00266.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (VP) is produced by the hypothalamus and is stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary. VP acts via VP type 2 receptors (V2Rs) on the basolateral membrane of principal cells of the collecting duct (CD) to regulate fluid permeability. The VP-evoked endocrine pathway is essential in determining urine concentrating capability. For example, a defect in any component of the VP signaling pathway can result in polyuria, polydipsia, and hypotonic urine, collectively termed diabetes insipidus (DI). A lack of VP production precipitates central diabetes insipidus (CDI), which can be managed effectively by VP supplementation. A majority of cases of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) result from V2R mutations that impair receptor sensitivity. No specific therapy is currently available for management of NDI. Evidence is evolving that (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly identified member of the renin-angiotensin system, is capable of regulating VP production and action. As such, PRR should be considered strongly as a therapeutic target for treating CDI and NDI. The current review will summarize recent advances in understanding the physiology of renal and central PRR as it relates to the two types of DI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,College of Health, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - J David Symons
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,College of Health, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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15
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Hennrikus M, Gonzalez AA, Prieto MC. The prorenin receptor in the cardiovascular system and beyond. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H139-H145. [PMID: 29101170 PMCID: PMC5867650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00373.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since the prorenin receptor (PRR) was first reported, its physiological role in many cellular processes has been under intense scrutiny. The PRR is currently recognized as a multifunctional receptor with major roles as an accessory protein of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and as an intermediary in the Wnt signaling pathway. As a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the PRR has demonstrated to be of relevance in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) because it can activate prorenin and enhance the enzymatic activity of renin, thus promoting angiotensin II formation. Indeed, there is an association between PRR gene polymorphisms and CVD. Independent of angiotensin II, the activation of the PRR further stimulates intracellular signals linked to fibrosis. Studies using tissues and cells from a variety of organs and systems have supported its roles in multiple functions, although some remain controversial. In the brain, the PRR appears to be involved in the central regulation of blood pressure via activation of RAS- and non-RAS-dependent mechanisms. In the heart, the PRR promotes atrial structural and electrical remodeling. Nonetheless, animals overexpressing the PRR do not exhibit cardiac injury. In the kidney, the PRR is involved in the development of ureteric bud branching, urine concentration, and regulation of blood pressure. There is great interest in the PRR contributions to T cell homeostasis and to the development of visceral and brown fat. In this mini-review, we discuss the evidence for the pathophysiological roles of the PRR with emphasis in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hennrikus
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Alexis A Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Valparaíso , Chile
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane University Renal and Hypertension Center of Excellence , New Orleans, Louisiana
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16
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Granado M, Amor S, Fernández N, Carreño-Tarragona G, Iglesias-Cruz MC, Martín-Carro B, Monge L, García-Villalón AL. Effects of early overnutrition on the renal response to Ang II and expression of RAAS components in rat renal tissue. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:930-937. [PMID: 28958692 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of early overnutrition (EON) on the expression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) components in renal cortex, renal arteries and renal perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), as well as the vascular response of renal arteries to Angiotensin II (Ang II). METHODS AND RESULTS On birth day litters were adjusted to twelve (L12-control) or three (L3-overfed) pups per mother. Half of the animals were sacrificed at weaning (21 days old) and the other half at 5 months of age. Ang II-induced vasoconstriction of renal artery segments increased in young overfed rats and decreased in adult overfed rats. EON decreased the gene expression of angiotensinogen (Agt), Ang II receptors AT1 and AT2 and eNOS in renal arteries of young rats, while it increased the mRNA levels of AT-2 and ET-1 in adult rats. In renal PVAT EON up-regulated the gene expression of COX-2 and TNF-α in young rats and the mRNA levels of renin receptor both in young and in adult rats. On the contrary, Ang II receptors mRNA levels were downregulated at both ages. Renal cortex of overfed rats showed increased gene expression of Agt in adult rats and of AT1 in young rats. However the mRNA levels of AT1 were decreased in the renal cortex of overfed adult rats. CONCLUSION EON is associated with alterations in the vascular response of renal arteries to Ang II and changes in the gene expression of RAAS components in renal tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/physiopathology
- Age Factors
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Animals
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Kidney/blood supply
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Nutritional Status
- Overnutrition/genetics
- Overnutrition/metabolism
- Overnutrition/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renal Artery/drug effects
- Renal Artery/metabolism
- Renal Artery/physiopathology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Amor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Carreño-Tarragona
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Iglesias-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Martín-Carro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Monge
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A L García-Villalón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Yang T, Xu C. Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System: An Update. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1040-1049. [PMID: 28255001 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a pivotal role in the maintenance of extracellular volume homeostasis and blood pressure through complex mechanisms. Apart from the well known systemic RAS, occurrence of a local RAS has been documented in multiple tissues, including the kidney. A large body of recent evidence from pharmacologic and genetic studies, particularly those using various transgenic approaches to manipulate intrarenal levels of RAS components, has established the important role of intrarenal RAS in hypertension. Recent studies have also begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms that govern intrarenal RAS activity. This local system is under the control of complex regulatory networks consisting of positive regulators of (pro)renin receptor, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and PGE2/PGE2 receptor EP4 subtype, and negative regulators of Klotho, vitamin D receptor, and liver X receptors. This review highlights recent advances in defining the regulation and function of intrarenal RAS as a unique entity separate from systemic angiotensin II generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Yang
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; and .,Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Yang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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19
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Yang T, Liu M. Regulation and function of renal medullary cyclooxygenase-2 during high salt loading. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:128-136. [PMID: 27814606 DOI: 10.2741/4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are important autocrine/paracrine regulators that contribute to sodium balance and blood pressure control. Along the nephron, the highest amount of PGE2 is found in the distal nephron, an important site for fine-tuning of urinary sodium and water excretion. Cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is abundantly expressed in the renal medulla and its expression along with urinary PGE2 excretion is highly induced by chronic salt loading. Factors involved in high salt-induced COX-2 expression in the renal medulla include the hypertonicity, fluid shear stress (FSS), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha). Site-specific inhibition of COX-2 in the renal medulla of Sprague-Dawley rats causes sodium retention and salt-sensitive hypertension. Together, these results support the concept that renal medullary COX-2 functions an important natriuretic mediator that is activated by salt loading and its products promote sodium excretion and contribute to maintenance of sodium balance and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah,
| | - Mi Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah and Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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20
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Peng K, Lu X, Wang F, Nau A, Chen R, Zhou SF, Yang T. Collecting duct (pro)renin receptor targets ENaC to mediate angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F245-F253. [PMID: 27122543 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00178.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is abundantly expressed in the collecting duct (CD) and the expression is further induced by angiotensin II (ANG II). The present study was conducted to investigate the role of CD PRR during ANG II-induced hypertension and to further explore the underlying mechanism. Radiotelemetry demonstrated that a 1-wk ANG II infusion gradually and significantly induced hypertensive response in floxed mice and this response was significantly attenuated in mice lacking PRR in the CD (termed CD PRR KO). ANG II infusion in floxed mice increased urinary renin activity and selectively induced renal medullary α-epithelial sodium channel (α-ENaC) mRNA and protein expression, all of which were blunted in the null mice. In cultured mpkCCD cells grown in Transwells, transepithelial Na+ transport as measured by using a volt-ohmmeter was transiently stimulated by acute ANG II treatment, which was abolished by a PRR antagonist, PRO20. In a chronic setting, ANG II treatment induced α-ENaC mRNA expression in mpkCCD cells, which was similarly blocked by PRO20. Chronic intramedullary infusion of an ENaC inhibitor amiloride in rats significantly attenuated ANG II-induced hypertension. Overall, the present study suggests that CD PRR contributes to ANG II-induced hypertension at least partially via activation of renal medullary ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Peng
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Adam Nau
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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21
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Xu Q, Jensen DD, Peng H, Feng Y. The critical role of the central nervous system (pro)renin receptor in regulating systemic blood pressure. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:126-34. [PMID: 27113409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has long been recognized as a critically important system in blood pressure (BP) regulation. However, extensive evidence has shown that a majority of RAS components are also present in many tissues and play indispensable roles in BP regulation. Here, we review evidence that RAS components, notably including the newly identified (pro)renin receptor (PRR), are present in the brain and are essential for the central regulation of BP. Binding of the PRR to its ligand, prorenin or renin, increases BP and promotes progression of cardiovascular diseases in an angiotensin II-dependent and -independent manner, establishing the PRR a promising antihypertensive drug target. We also review the existing PRR blockers, including handle region peptide and PRO20, and propose a rationale for blocking prorenin/PRR activation as a therapeutic approach that does not affect the actions of the PRR in vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and development. Finally, we summarize categories of currently available antihypertensive drugs and consider future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Hua Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
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