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Fleming CE, Giff ST, Forkus SR, Flanagan JC. Psychosocial Sequalae of Sexual Assault in a Sample of Partnered Adults Experiencing Alcohol Use Disorder and Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241243335. [PMID: 38591145 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241243335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Research has shown that experiencing a sexual assault results in significant and lasting effects in many psychosocial domains. However, most studies on the impact of sexual assault examine university samples or the immediate aftermath of the assault, not taking into account the longer-term complexities and contexts of life for many victims. The current study seeks to evaluate the role of lifetime sexual assault history on several psychosocial outcomes in adults who are in intimate relationships that have included both intimate partner violence (IPV) and alcohol use disorder. The study included 100 adult romantic couples who were part of a larger project addressing violence and alcohol use. A majority of participants were Caucasian (74.3%) and female (53%). Participants reported on lifetime sexual assault history, depression, perceived stress, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation, and perceived intimate relationship functioning. Multilevel analyses controlled for couple interdependence as well as current levels of alcohol use and IPV. Results indicated that the presence/absence of sexual assault was only related to perceived life stress (p = .016), while the total number of lifetime assault experiences was related to depression symptoms (p < .001), perceived life stress (p = .052), maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation (p = .048), and dyadic adjustment (p = .003). These findings underscore the importance of investigating sexual assault outcomes in complex populations, as well as the need for more thorough and regular assessment of sexual assault history. Focusing on empowerment and recovery for sexual assault victims of any age is an important tool to prevent the detrimental outcomes that particularly accompany multiple victimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah T Giff
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Shannon R Forkus
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
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Berdychevsky L. (Un)forgotten Sex Lives During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Coping Strategies That Work and the Role of Experience. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:3343-3363. [PMID: 37407891 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Available literature points to a worsening trend in sexual functioning, desire, and satisfaction during the pandemic. Nevertheless, virtually no empirical research was conducted on the mechanisms of coping with the pandemic's impacts on sex life. Thus, the purpose of this exploratory study was to examine a variety of coping mechanisms and their perceived usefulness by people who have and have not tried these coping strategies to maintain and enhance their sex lives during the first year of the pandemic. The cross-sectional data were collected using an online survey methodology (N = 420; 66.9% women) and analyzed utilizing exploratory factor analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple regression. The results revealed nine factors/coping mechanisms (based on 59 items/strategies), including goal-setting strategies, risk and experimentation strategies, relational strategies, caution and logistical strategies, creativity and innovation strategies, substances and context-related strategies, online and technology strategies, diversion strategies, and educational strategies. Consistently, across all the specific coping strategies and overall coping mechanisms, people who tried them found them significantly more useful than those who had not tried these coping strategies. Moreover, a higher diversity of tried strategies per coping mechanism consistently and significantly predicted the perceived usefulness of that coping mechanism. These results emphasize the crucial role of experience with coping mechanisms and show that amidst COVID-related adversity and challenges, many people found ways to adapt their sex lives and enjoy silver-lining opportunities. This exploratory study offers promising evidence for potential sexual coping strategies during times of stress that could be informative for clinical practice and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Berdychevsky
- Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 219 Huff Hall, 1206 South Fourth St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
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3
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Smith RL, Dick DM, Amstadter A, Thomas N, Salvatore JE. A longitudinal study examining the associations between interpersonal trauma and romantic relationships among college students. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1346-1357. [PMID: 34903311 PMCID: PMC9192832 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations between the developmental timing of interpersonal trauma exposure (IPT) and three indicators of involvement in and quality of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood: relationship status, relationship satisfaction, and partner alcohol use. We further examined whether these associations varied in a sex-specific manner. In a sample of emerging adult college students (N = 12,358; 61.5% female) assessed longitudinally across the college years, we found precollege IPT increased the likelihood of being in a relationship, while college-onset IPT decreased the likelihood. Precollege and college-onset IPT predicted lower relationship satisfaction, and college-onset IPT predicted higher partner alcohol use. There was no evidence that associations between IPT and relationship characteristics varied in a sex-specific manner. Findings indicate that IPT exposure, and the developmental timing of IPT, may affect college students' relationship status. Findings also suggest that IPT affects their ability to form satisfying relationships with prosocial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980033, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Ananda Amstadter
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Nathaniel Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
| | | | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298
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4
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Reimer A, Mause L, Hoffmann J, Hagemeier A, Dresbach T, Scholten N. How does stress affect maternal and paternal perceptions of relationship strain after a preterm birth? Results of a retrospective survey study. Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:762-769. [PMID: 36627542 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Strain on couple relationships is associated with a lower well-being. As premature birth is known to pose stress to parents, this study explores whether interparental relationship strain comes to pass within mothers and fathers during their infant's stay in a neonatal intensive care unit. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted with parents who experienced a preterm birth (September to December 2020). Linear regression was used to analyse associations between stress and relationship strain. RESULTS The study included 437 mothers and 301 fathers. Fathers experienced lower relationship strain (M = 2.49, SD = 1.00) than mothers (M = 3.37, SD = 1.04). Overall, a significant association between relationship strain and stress due to the infant's behaviour and appearance was found for mothers (β = 0.16, p = 0.02) and fathers, with a significantly higher association for fathers (β = 0.27, p ≤ 0.002). With regard to parental role alterations, only mothers showed a significant association (β = 0.21, p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION Although mothers showed higher levels of stress and relationship strain, stress may also have an impact on fathers. Therefore, research should focus on stress prevention measures to meet both maternal and paternal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinda Reimer
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research, and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Mause
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research, and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research, and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Hagemeier
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Till Dresbach
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Scholten
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research, and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Monson CM, Shnaider P, Wagner AC, Liebman RE, Pukay-Martin ND, Landy MSH, Wanklyn SG, Suvak M, Hart TL, Koerner N. Longitudinal associations between interpersonal relationship functioning and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in recently traumatized individuals: differential findings by assessment method. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2205-2215. [PMID: 34620265 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of interpersonal relationship functioning in trauma recovery is well-established. However, much of this research has been done with cross-sectional samples, often years after trauma exposure, using self-report methodology only, and is focused on intimate relationship adjustment. METHODS The current study investigated the longitudinal associations between interpersonal (intimate and non-intimate) relationship functioning and clinician- and self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 151 recently (within the past 6 months) traumatized individuals. Participants were assessed at four time points over 1 year. RESULTS Approximately 53% of the sample was diagnosed with PTSD at initial assessment, with declining rates of diagnostic status over time to 16%. Latent difference score (LDS) modeling revealed nonlinear declines in both clinician-assessed and self-reported PTSD symptom severity, with faster declines in earlier periods. Likewise, LDS models revealed nonlinear declines in negative (conflict) aspects of interpersonal relationship functioning, but linear declines in positive (support, depth) aspects. The relationship between PTSD and relationship functioning differed for clinician- and self-reported PTSD. Bivariate LDS modeling revealed significant cross-lagged effects from relationship conflict to clinician-assessed PTSD, and significant cross-lagged effects from self-reported PTSD to relationship conflict over time. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight that the variability in prior results may be related to the method of assessing PTSD symptomatology and different relational constructs. Implications for theory and early intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Shnaider
- Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anne C Wagner
- Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Remedy, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel E Liebman
- Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Bonfanti RC, Garro M, Lavanco G, Ruggieri S. The role of sexting in couple wellbeing for Italian women during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1105556. [PMID: 36968735 PMCID: PMC10030598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the sexuality and quality of life of people around the world. A particularly negative effect was detected on women’s sexual health. As a consequence, many women began to use social media not only to stay in touch with their social networks, but as a way of maintaining sexual contact. The main aim of this research is to observe the positive effects of sexting in women’s wellbeing as a strategy to manage the negative effects of a condition of forced isolation. We collected all our data between November 2020 and March 2021 during a period of strict restrictions in Italy due to the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Study 1, the relationship between loneliness, sexting behaviors, and sexual satisfaction was tested on 312 adult women. The results showed the mediator role of motivation for sexting in the relationship between loneliness and sexual satisfaction. In Study 2, 342 adult women were organized into two groups (women who had sexting at least once during the second wave of the pandemic = 203, and women who did not have sexting during the pandemic = 139) and were assessed on a couple’s wellbeing (intimacy, passion, commitment, and couple satisfaction) and electronic surveillance. The results show that women who had sexting during isolation had higher scores on intimacy, passion, couple satisfaction, and electronic surveillance. These findings suggest the important role of sexting as an adaptive coping strategy during particular conditions of social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubinia Celeste Bonfanti
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Garro
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Garro,
| | - Gioacchino Lavanco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruggieri
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
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7
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Gottlieb L, Schmitt DP. When Staying Home Is Not Safe: An Investigation of the Role of Attachment Style on Stress and Intimate Partner Violence in the Time of COVID-19. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:639-654. [PMID: 36344792 PMCID: PMC9640909 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern, with increasing rates of IPV being seen around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research has linked the perpetration of IPV and other forms of sexual violence to aspects of romantic attachment psychology, with insecure anxious/preoccupied attachment most often linked to higher rates of IPV. Stressful events typically activate the attachment system and may either aggravate or disrupt its regulatory functioning. In the present study, we investigated whether COVID-related PTSD and depressive symptoms were associated with increased IPV perpetration and whether this relationship was moderated by levels of attachment security. Our findings indicated that higher COVID-related PTSD was significantly associated with increased IPV perpetration in securely attached individuals, whereas depressive symptoms was significantly associated with decreased IPV perpetration in securely attached individuals. IPV perpetration by insecure individuals was consistently high regardless of COVID-related PTSD or depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that COVID-related PTSD may erode adaptive attachment functioning, particularly among the previously secure, which can have important consequences for secure individuals and their intimate partners. The present findings may explain some of the recent increase in IPV cases worldwide and serve to raise awareness and motivate clinical interventions to more efficiently help both victims and perpetrators of IPV stay safe while staying home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Gottlieb
- Psychology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Culture and Evolution, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - David P Schmitt
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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8
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Mitchell KR, Shimonovich M, Bosó Pérez R, Dema E, Clifton S, Riddell J, Copas AJ, Tanton C, Macdowall W, Bonell C, Sonnenberg P, Mercer CH, Field N. Initial Impacts of COVID-19 on Sex Life and Relationship Quality in Steady Relationships in Britain: Findings from a Large, Quasi-representative Survey (Natsal-COVID). JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023; 60:1-12. [PMID: 35286182 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2035663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimate relationships are ubiquitous and exert a strong influence on health. Widespread disruption to them may impact wellbeing at a population level. We investigated the extent to which the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 2020) affected steady relationships in Britain. In total, 6,654 participants aged 18-59 years completed a web-panel survey (July-August 2020). Quasi-representativeness was achieved via quota sampling and weighting. We explored changes in sex life and relationship quality among participants in steady relationships (n = 4,271) by age, gender, and cohabitation status, and examined factors associated with deterioration to a lower-quality relationship. A total of 64.2% of participants were in a steady relationship (of whom 88.9% were cohabiting). A total of 22.1% perceived no change in their sex-life quality, and 59.5% no change in their relationship quality. Among those perceiving change, sex-life quality was more commonly reported to decrease and relationship quality to improve. There was significant variation by age; less often by gender or cohabitation. Overall, 10.6% reported sexual difficulties that started/worsened during lockdown. In total, 6.9% reported deterioration to a "lower quality" relationship, more commonly those: aged 18-24 and aged 35-44; not living with partner (women only); and reporting depression/anxiety and decrease in sex-life quality. In conclusion, intimate relationship quality is yet another way in which COVID-19 has led to divergence in experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raquel Bosó Pérez
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow
| | - Emily Dema
- Institute for Global Health, University College London
| | - Soazig Clifton
- Institute for Global Health, University College London
- NatCen Social Research
| | - Julie Riddell
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow
| | | | - Clare Tanton
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Wendy Macdowall
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Chris Bonell
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | | | | | - Nigel Field
- Institute for Global Health, University College London
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9
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Figueroa JM, DeLuca Bishop HK, Baker EA. Using a Socio-Ecological Framework to Understand Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Among Emerging Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2022; 10:1561-1573. [PMID: 38603198 PMCID: PMC9434192 DOI: 10.1177/21676968221124266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of satisfying romantic relationships, a developmental milestone for many emerging adults, has been challenged by the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the impact of COVID-19 stress on relationship satisfaction has not been explored within the context of individual and relationship factors. Guided by a socio-ecological framework, this study used a longitudinal design to investigate the impact of individual-level (i.e., growth beliefs, destiny beliefs), couple-level (i.e., daily criticism), and societal-level (i.e., COVID-19 stress) factors on relationship satisfaction during Fall 2021. We also explored the moderating effects of destiny beliefs and growth beliefs. Results revealed relationship satisfaction was negatively associated with daily criticism, but not directly associated with destiny beliefs, growth beliefs, or COVID-19 stress. However, growth beliefs buffered against the negative impact of criticism on relationship satisfaction. These findings are consistent with the notion that growth beliefs may play a protective role in relationship processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Figueroa
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
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10
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Pauly T, Lüscher J, Berli C, Scholz U. Dynamic associations between stress and relationship functioning in the wake of COVID-19: Longitudinal data from the German family panel (pairfam). JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2022; 39:3183-3203. [PMID: 38603129 PMCID: PMC9047667 DOI: 10.1177/02654075221092360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Individuals all across the world experienced significant disruptions in their personal and family life with the outbreak of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The current study investigated dynamic associations between stress and relationship functioning over time in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Perceived stress, relationship satisfaction, and relationship quality (appreciation, intimacy, conflict) were reported by 1483 young to middle-aged participants who were in a romantic relationship and lived with their partner in 2018/2019 and in May-July 2020 (a few months after the onset of COVID-19). Data were analyzed using bivariate latent change score models. Relationship functioning (satisfaction, appreciation, intimacy) showed small decreases from before to during the pandemic. Contrary to expectations, levels of perceived stress also decreased on average from before to during the pandemic. Changes in relationship functioning were correlated with changes in stress over time, so that participants with greater decreases in relationship satisfaction, appreciation, and intimacy and greater increases in conflict from before to during the pandemic showed lesser decreases/greater increases in stress. Higher pre-pandemic relationship satisfaction was associated with greater decreases/lesser increases in stress from before to during the pandemic. Pre-pandemic levels of other measures of relationship functioning or stress were not associated with changes in outcomes over time. Results add to the literature demonstrating that stress is closely intertwined with the functioning of intimate relationships. Furthermore, they suggest that greater relationship satisfaction may serve as a protective factor for stressful life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pauly
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority
Program “Dynamic of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janina Lüscher
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corina Berli
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urte Scholz
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority
Program “Dynamic of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Intimate Relationships during COVID-19 across the Genders: An Examination of the Interactions of Digital Dating, Sexual Behavior, and Mental Health. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11070297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in economic hardship, psychological stress, anxiety, and depression in a significant proportion of the global population. However, the bidirectional effects of social isolation and pre-existing or developed psychological stress could inform sexual behaviors and affect digital dating outcomes. Additionally, it is unknown whether intimate behaviors and relationships have been equally affected across the genders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to contrast the course of intimate relationships pre-and post-COVID-19, with a focus on diverse genders, digital dating, mental health, and behavior. A review of the dating landscape during COVID-19 is developed in this study, encompassing themes including diverse genders, sexual orientation, demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, the state of psychological wellbeing, and interactions with digital dating apps. The authors reviewed the trends and challenges of digital romance. Dating before and during the pandemic is explored, discussing how COVID-19 experiences may inform future romantic partnerships. Mobile dating applications saw a surge in downloads and usage across popular platforms, including Tinder (3 billion swipes in March 2020) and Ok Cupid (700% increase in dates), with the top 20 dating apps gaining 1.5 million daily users. Cross-sectionally, being younger, single, and having higher levels of stress was a predictor of higher dating-app usage during the COVID-19 lockdowns. Risky sexual behavior and having multiple sexual partners were reduced during social distancing as there was an increased worry of contracting the virus. Heightened incidents of domestic/intimate partner abuse have caught the headlines in several countries. COVID-19 during lockdown has also posed barriers to accessing support and help from sexual and mental health services.
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12
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Refaeli T, Zeira A, Benbenishty R. Ten years later: Satisfaction with intimate relationships and parenthood of young people aging out of residential care. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105635. [PMID: 35490570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Care leavers, young people who have aged out of residential or foster care, experience many challenges during their transition to adulthood. However, there is relatively little research on care leavers' intimate relationships. Their parenthood has been explored to a greater extent, but mostly qualitatively. OBJECTIVE This study focused on Israeli care leavers a decade after leaving care and explored various factors associated with satisfaction with both intimate relationships and parenthood. METHODS One-hundred-and-fifty-two young people participated in the study ten years after leaving care. Toward the end of their 20s, 74.3% were either married or had stable intimate relationships, and 40.1% were parents. To assess satisfaction with intimate relationships and parenthood, two hierarchical regressions were conducted that examined the cumulative contribution of background factors (care variables and traumatic life events), personal characteristics (self-esteem, mental distress, and alcohol use) and social support. RESULTS Satisfaction with intimate relationships was associated with higher income, fewer traumatic life events, and higher self-esteem. Gender moderated the association of traumatic life events with satisfaction with intimate relationships. Satisfaction with parenthood was associated with fewer traumatic events throughout care leavers' lives; it was also associated with lower levels of mental distress and alcohol use and with higher levels of satisfaction with intimate relationships. Gender moderated the association of mental distress with satisfaction with parenthood. CONCLUSIONS Ten years after leaving care, care leavers' backgrounds (i.e., their traumatic life events) were strongly associated with their situation as adults. Other risk factors such as alcohol use and mental distress were especially relevant to care leavers' satisfaction as parents, demanding longitudinal interventions. Further exploration of the role of gender in satisfaction with intimate relationships and parenthood is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehila Refaeli
- The Charlotte Jack Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Anat Zeira
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Rami Benbenishty
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel; Department of Education, Andrés Bello National University, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Zerach G, Horesh D, Solomon Z. Secondary posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories and perceived health among spouses of war veterans: a 12-year longitudinal study. Psychol Health 2022; 37:675-691. [PMID: 33626993 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1879807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE War-related trauma may indirectly affect veterans' spouses both in terms of secondary posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and negative perceived health. The present study aimed to examine trajectories of secondary PTSS over a twelve-year period and its association with various measures of subjectively perceived health, among spouses of war veterans. METHODS Spouses of war veterans (n = 155) were assessed prospectively 30 (T1, 2003), 37 (T2, 2010), and 42 (T3, 2015) years after the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Participants completed self-report questionnaires of PTSS (PTSD inventory) in all three measurement waves, while perceived health measures (Short-Form Health Survey-SF-36) were assessed only at T3. RESULTS Most spouses were classified to the 'resilient' trajectory with low and stable secondary PTSS over time, followed by recovered, chronic, and delayed onset PTSS trajectories. Importantly, spouses in the 'chronic' and 'delayed' secondary PTSS trajectories reported a higher severity of general negative subjective health perceptions and health-related social malfunctioning. CONCLUSION Veterans' spouses who were grouped in the 'chronic' and 'delayed' PTSS trajectories are to be considered as at-risk populations for both PTSS and negative perceived health perceptions. Mental health professionals as well as family physicians should be aware of the ongoing nature of secondary PTSS which might negatively affect veterans' spouses medical conditions and ability to cope with the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Zerach
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Danny Horesh
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Zahava Solomon
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Rubinsky V, Cooke-Jackson A, McMahon T, Roldán M, Aragón A. "It Strengthened My Core Relationships, and Filtered Out the Rest:" Intimacy Communication During COVID-19. SEXUALITY & CULTURE 2022; 26:268-288. [PMID: 34226813 PMCID: PMC8243614 DOI: 10.1007/s12119-021-09890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Informed by scripting theories and Relational Dialectics Theory, this qualitative study used interviews, focus groups, and friendship pods conducted during the summer of 2020 in the COVID-19 pandemic to explore how 29 cisgender women and gender minorities made sense of, communicated about, and maintained their intimate relationships during COVID-19. Findings reveal a discourse of scripted intimacy reflecting normative relational patterns such as the heterosexual life script and the discourse of co-created intimacy, both of which legitimized and challenged the existing relational scripts by generating new ideas of what intimacy could look like in a relationship. Sub-themes included tensions of stability v. growth, comfort v. discomfort, and physical risk v. relational risk. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Cooke-Jackson
- California State University, Los Angeles 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA, 90032 USA
| | - Taylor McMahon
- Emerson College, Boston ME 104 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02116 USA
| | - Monica Roldán
- California State University, Los Angeles 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA, 90032 USA
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15
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Litam SDA, Stephen Lenz A. Moderation of attachment on association between relationship status and depression. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Diane Arañez Litam
- Counseling, Administration, Supervision, and Adult Learning Department Cleveland State University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - A. Stephen Lenz
- Department of Counseling, Health, and Kinesiology Texas A&M University San Antonio USA
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16
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Smith RL, Dick DM, Amstadter A, Thomas N, Salvatore JE. A longitudinal study of the moderating effects of romantic relationships on the associations between alcohol use and trauma in college students. Addiction 2021; 116:3008-3018. [PMID: 33886135 PMCID: PMC8492481 DOI: 10.1111/add.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS College students report high levels of alcohol use, which can be exacerbated by interpersonal trauma exposure (IPT). Romantic relationships may represent salient contexts for moderating associations between IPT and alcohol use. We examined whether relationship status, partner alcohol use and relationship satisfaction moderated associations between IPT and alcohol use, and whether these associations varied in a sex-specific manner. DESIGN University-wide longitudinal survey of college students. SETTING Large, urban public university in mid-Atlantic United States. PARTICIPANTS We used two subsets of participants (n = 5673 and 3195) from the Spit for Science project, a longitudinal study of college students. Participants completed baseline assessments during the autumn of their freshman year and were invited to complete follow-up assessments every spring thereafter. Participants were included in the present study if they completed surveys at baseline and at least one follow-up assessment (meanfollow-ups = 1.70, range = 1-4). MEASUREMENTS Predictors included precollege and college-onset IPT, relationship status, partner alcohol use, relationship satisfaction and sex. Alcohol consumption was the primary outcome of interest. Pre-college IPT was measured at baseline and all other measures were assessed at each follow-up. FINDINGS Individuals with pre-college IPT consumed more alcohol than those without IPT, but this was mitigated for those in relationships (β = -0.15, P = 0.046, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.29, 0.00). Individuals with college-onset IPT consumed more alcohol than those without IPT, and this was more pronounced for those with higher partner alcohol use (β = -0.18, P = 0.001, 95% CI = -0.29, -0.07). Relationship satisfaction was not a significant moderator of the associations between IPT and alcohol use (Ps > 0.05 and 95% CIs include 0). CONCLUSIONS Involvement in relationships, but not relationship satisfaction, appears to reduce the effects of interpersonal trauma exposure (IPT) on alcohol use among US college students, while high partner alcohol use appears to exacerbate it. The moderating effects of relationship characteristics depend on the developmental timing of IPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box, 980033, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Ananda Amstadter
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth, University, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Nathaniel Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
| | | | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth, University, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298
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17
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Rothman K, Georgia Salivar E, Roddy MK, Hatch SG, Doss BD. Sexual Assault Among Women in College: Immediate and Long-Term Associations With Mental Health, Psychosocial Functioning, and Romantic Relationships. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:9600-9622. [PMID: 31423886 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519870158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study sought to examine immediate and long-term consequences of college sexual assault (C-SA) among women with no prior sexual assault history. While much is known regarding the short-term negative impact of C-SA, the current study examines whether C-SA is associated with immediate academic and psychosocial consequences as well as long-term poorer mental health (depression, posttraumatic stress [PTS], anxiety) and interpersonal functioning (relationship quality, sexual and emotional intimacy). In addition, the current study explores potential moderators of these associations, including race, the nature of the assault, resulting injury, relation to perpetrator, and whether the assault was reported. A stratified design was used comparing women who experienced C-SA (n = 201) to women with no C-SA history (n = 203) controlling for age, education, race, and ethnicity. Results from a series of repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) demonstrated that across race and ethnicity, women with a history of C-SA reported lower grade-point averages, more missed classes, and fewer serious romantic relationships in college following the assault. Furthermore, results from a series of linear and logistic regression revealed that approximately 9 years later, women who experienced C-SA reported greater symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTS as well as lower emotional and sexual intimacy. These associations differed by a number of assault variables (assault type, relation to perpetrator, amount of fear reported, physical injuries sustained, whether the assault was reported, whether medical treatment was sought). The current study further confirms the significant and pervasive impact of C-SA associated with women's health and functioning, warranting further intervention to both reduce the incidence of C-SA and expand the reach of existing mental health interventions to survivors.
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18
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Johnson MS, Skjerdingstad N, Ebrahimi OV, Hoffart A, Urnes Johnson S. Mechanisms of parental distress during and after the first COVID-19 lockdown phase: A two-wave longitudinal study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253087. [PMID: 34166429 PMCID: PMC8224894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In these unpredictable times of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, parents worldwide are affected by the stress and strain caused by the physical distancing protocols that have been put in place. OBJECTIVE In a two-wave longitudinal survey, we investigated the levels of parental stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a sample of parents at two time points; during the implementation of the strictest physical distancing protocols following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (T1, N = 2,868) and three months after the discontinuation of the protocols (T2, N = 1,489). Further, we investigated the relationships between parental stress and anxiety and depression relative to relationship quality and anger toward their children at the two aforementioned time points, including subgroups based on age, parental role, cultural background, relationship status, education level, number of children, employment status and pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS Parents were asked to fill out a set of validated questionnaires on the two measurement points. Parental stress significantly decreased from T1 to T2, indicating that the cumulative stress that parents experienced during the implementation of the distancing protocols declined when the protocols were phased out. The decrease of perceived parental stress was accompanied by a significant decrease in the symptoms of both depression and anxiety among the participating parents. Symptoms meeting the clinical cut-offs for depression (23.0%) and generalized anxiety disorder (23.3%) were reported among participating parents at T1, compared to 16.8% and 13.8% at T2, respectively. The reduction in depression and anger toward their child(ren) from T1 to T2 was associated with a reduction of parental stress. Relationship quality and anger toward their child(ren) at T1 further predicted a change in the level of parental stress from T1 to T2. CONCLUSIONS The study underlines the negative psychological impacts of the implementation of the distancing protocols on parents' health and well-being. Uncovering the nature of how these constructs are associated with parents and families facing a social crisis such as the ongoing pandemic may contribute to the design of relevant interventions to reduce parental distress and strengthen parental coping and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omid V. Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Modum Bad Psychiatric Hospital, Vikersund, Norway
| | - Asle Hoffart
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Modum Bad Psychiatric Hospital, Vikersund, Norway
| | - Sverre Urnes Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Modum Bad Psychiatric Hospital, Vikersund, Norway
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19
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Liu X, Chen S, Zhang Q, Wen X, Xu W. Dynamic association between perceived conflict and communication behavior in intimate relationships: The moderating effect of traumatic experience. Psych J 2021; 10:614-624. [PMID: 34028195 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals may face traumatic events throughout their lives. For intimate relationship partners, early traumatic experiences can have a specific effect on their interpersonal communication. This study examined the moderating effect of traumatic experiences at early ages between perceived conflict and communication behavior among individuals in an intimate relationship. A total of 186 college students in intimate relationships reported their perceived conflict and communication behaviors with their partners three times a day for 14 days using ambulatory assessment. Findings from the multilevel model showed that a higher level of perceived conflict significantly positively associated with negative communication and negatively correlated with positive communication at the within-person level. Traumatic experiences at the between-person level moderated the within-person level associations between the dynamic perceived conflict and negative and positive communication behavior. However, the moderating effect of traumatic experiences on the association between perceived conflict and positive communication was contrary to the hypothesis. Daily perceived conflict was associated with daily communication behavior. For those with early traumatic experiences, the relationship between negative communication and conflict was stronger than for those who had not experienced such trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sicheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Xue Wen
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Ogrodniczuk JS, Rice SM, Kealy D, Seidler ZE, Delara M, Oliffe JL. Psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of online help-seeking Canadian men. Postgrad Med 2021; 133:750-759. [PMID: 33402003 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1873027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the lives of men. The present study investigated psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on a help-seeking sample of Canadian men, focusing on diverse aspects of their psychosocial well-being.Methods: A cross-sectional, open survey study design was used. Canadian adult men who were visiting an eHealth depression resource (HeadsUpGuys.org) were recruited to complete an online survey. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequency and percentages for categorical variables, were used to summarize survey responses. Regression analysis was utilized to identify factors associated with various mental health indicators (anxiety, depression, fear of COVID-19, suicidality). The Patient Health Questionnaire-4, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and item 9 (suicidality item) from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were used to assess the mental health indicators.Results: A total of 434 men completed the study. Most respondents (79.3%; N = 344) indicated that their mental health was negatively affected by COVID-19, and two-thirds (65.5%; N = 284) conveyed that government-imposed physical distancing measures had negatively affected their mental health. Half the sample (51.2%; N = 222) reported at least moderate financial stress due to COVID-19. Nearly a third of respondents (31.1%; N = 135) reported that their current living situation has had a considerable or severe negative impact on their mental health since COVID-19. About two-fifths (37.7%; N = 94) of men felt that COVID-19 has had a negative impact on their relationship with their intimate partner. Nearly a third of respondents who were in a relationship (30.9%; N = 77) reported that they engaged in some type of abuse (primarily verbal abuse, 22.9%; N = 57) toward their intimate partner during COVID-19, and more than a quarter (27.3%; N = 68) reported being abused by their intimate partner (also primarily verbal abuse, 22.5%; N = 56). Just under half (42.2%; N = 183) of the respondents indicated experiencing suicidal ideation.Conclusion: These findings can help inform providers of health services to Canadian men, as well as policies that will be implemented during subsequent waves of COVID-19 or during future infectious outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Ogrodniczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Simon M Rice
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Kealy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zac E Seidler
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mahin Delara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John L Oliffe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Nursing, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, relationship quality, and risky alcohol use among trauma-exposed students. Addict Behav 2020; 102:106216. [PMID: 31838368 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at increased risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD), in part due to the use of alcohol as a coping strategy. High quality romantic relationships can buffer individuals against risk for psychopathology; however, no studies have evaluated romantic relationship quality in risk for PTSD-AUD in non-clinical samples. The current study examined the main and interactive effects of PTSD symptoms and romantic relationship quality on alcohol consumption (i.e., past 30-day alcohol use quantity, frequency, and binge frequency) and alcohol-related consequences in a sample of 101 college students (78.2% women) with a history of interpersonal trauma (i.e., physical/sexual assault, excluding intimate partner violence) who reported being in a romantic relationship. Relationship quality significantly moderated the association between PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use quantity (B = -0.972, p = .016) and alcohol-related consequences (B = -0.973, p = .009), such that greater PTSD symptoms were associated with greater alcohol use quantity and consequences among those low, but not high, in relationship quality. The interaction between PTSD symptom severity and relationship quality in relation to binge drinking was marginally significant (B = -0.762, p = .063), and relationship quality did not significantly moderate the association between PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use frequency. The main effect of PTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with alcohol-related consequences, but no other alcohol outcomes; the main effect of relationship quality was not associated with alcohol use outcomes or consequences. High quality romantic relationships may serve as a buffer for young adults at risk for alcohol problems.
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22
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Luetke M, Hensel D, Herbenick D, Rosenberg M. Romantic Relationship Conflict Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Changes in Intimate and Sexual Behaviors in a Nationally Representative Sample of American Adults. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2020; 46:747-762. [PMID: 32878584 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2020.1810185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In early 2020, the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) spread across the United States and mitigation measures drastically affected the daily lives of Americans. In this study, we assessed the association between COVID-related relationship conflict and changes in intimate and sexual behaviors and experiences. Using data from an online nationally representative probability survey of 1,010 American adults in April 2020, we estimated the impact of coronavirus-related relationship conflict on changes in intimate and sexual behaviors among those in any type of romantic or sexual relationship (Nweighted=742). Further, we assessed the association between conflict and experience of orgasm and feeling emotionally close to partner. Among individuals in relationships, 34% reported some degree of conflict with their romantic partners due to the spread of COVID-19 and its related restrictions. Those experiencing frequent coronavirus-related conflict with their partner were significantly more likely to report decreased frequency of several solo and partnered intimate and sexual behaviors compared to those not experiencing any such conflict, exhibiting a dose-response trend among partnered sexual behaviors. Since the spread of coronavirus and associated social distancing measures in the United States, Americans have experienced escalations in conflict in their romantic partnerships, which was associated with changes to their intimate and sexual lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Luetke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Devon Hensel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Debby Herbenick
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Molly Rosenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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23
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Garthus-Niegel S, Horsch A, Handtke E, von Soest T, Ayers S, Weidner K, Eberhard-Gran M. The Impact of Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms on Couples' Relationship Satisfaction: A Population-Based Prospective Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1728. [PMID: 30283380 PMCID: PMC6157399 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The couple relationship is of particular importance in the transition to parenthood and in the early childhood years because it is related to the well-being and mental health of partners, children, and the family. One factor that may substantially influence relationship quality and couple satisfaction after childbirth is the woman’s experience of birth. Approximately 2–4% of women develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth, with potentially wide-ranging negative consequences for the women themselves and their families. To date, some qualitative studies have explored the influence of postpartum PTSD on couple relationship satisfaction. However, quantitative studies are sparse, with mixed results and methodological limitations. We hypothesized that postpartum PTSD will be prospectively associated with low couple relationship satisfaction, even when taking into account a variety of potential confounding variables, and that the effect of postpartum PTSD symptoms on couple relationship satisfaction will be mediated by postpartum depression symptoms. This study is based on data from the Akershus Birth Cohort study, a prospective cohort study. Information from hospital records and questionnaires completed at 17 weeks gestational age, as well as at 8 weeks and 2 years postpartum were used (n = 1480). PTSD symptoms were measured by the Impact of Event Scale and couple relationship satisfaction was assessed using a modified version of the Mehrabians Marital Satisfaction Scale. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using bivariate correlations, multivariate regression analyses, and mediation analyses. Postpartum PTSD symptoms were prospectively related to low couple relationship satisfaction at 2 years postpartum, even when controlling for a considerable number of background factors. When including postpartum depression symptoms as predictor in the analyses, the effect of postpartum PTSD was no longer significant. Moreover, more detailed analyses showed that postpartum depression symptoms acted as a significant mediator, fully explaining the association of postpartum PTSD with couples’ relationship satisfaction. Early detection of couples’ relationship problems and the provision of professional help, particularly in high-risk couples may not only improve the quality of the couple relationship but also improve parenting and promote positive child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Norway
| | - Antje Horsch
- Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare (IUFRS), Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Handtke
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Susan Ayers
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Malin Eberhard-Gran
- Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Norway.,Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Posttraumatic stress disorder and relationship functioning: A comprehensive review and organizational framework. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:152-162. [PMID: 30205286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impairments in relationship functioning. Beyond the abundance of research that has demonstrated this basic link, more recent research has begun to explore possible mediators and moderators of this association. The present paper reviews and synthesizes existing literature in the context of an overarching organizational framework of potential ways in which PTSD impacts relationship functioning. The framework organizes findings in terms of specific elements of PTSD and comorbid conditions, mediators (factors that are posited to explain or account for the association), and moderators (factors that are posited to alter the strength of the association). Specific symptoms of PTSD, comorbid symptoms, and many of the potential mediators explored have extensive overlap, raising questions of possible tautology and redundancy in findings. Some findings suggest that non-specific symptoms, such as depression or anger, account for more variance in relationship impairments than trauma-specific symptoms, such as re-experiencing. Moderators, which are characterized as individual, relational, or environmental in nature, have been the subject of far less research in comparison to other factors. Recommendations for future research and clinical implications of the findings reviewed are also presented.
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