1
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Xiong Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Li K, Zhang Y. The Effect of Low HBV-DNA Viral Load on Recurrence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Who Underwent Primary Locoregional Treatment and the Development of a Nomogram Prediction Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:976. [PMID: 38792805 PMCID: PMC11124523 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: HBV-DNA is an essential clinical indicator of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. Our study aimed to investigate the prognostic implication of a low load of HBV-DNA in HCC patients who underwent local treatment. Additionally, we developed and validated a nomogram to predict the recurrence of patients with low (20-100 IU/mL) viral loads (L-VL). (2) Methods: A total of 475 HBV-HCC patients were enrolled, including 403 L-VL patients and 72 patients with very low (<20 IU/mL) viral loads (VL-VL). L-VL HCC patients were randomly divided into a training set (N = 282) and a validation set (N = 121) at a ratio of 7:3. Utilizing the Lasso-Cox regression analysis, we identified independent risk factors for constructing a nomogram. (3) Results: L-VL patients had significantly shorter RFS than VL-VL patients (38.2 m vs. 23.4 m, p = 0.024). The content of the nomogram included gender, BCLC stage, Glob, and MLR. The C-index (0.682 vs. 0.609); 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUCs (0.729, 0.784, and 0.783, vs. 0.631, 0.634, the 0.665); calibration curves; and decision curve analysis (DCA) curves of the training and validation cohorts proved the excellent predictive performance of the nomogram. There was a statistically significant difference in RFS between the low-, immediate-, and high-risk groups both in the training and validation cohorts (p < 0.001); (4) Conclusions: Patients with L-VL had a worse prognosis. The nomogram developed and validated in this study has the advantage of predicting patients with L-VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Xiong
- Interventional Therapy Center for Oncology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Ziling Wang
- Interventional Therapy Center for Oncology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Jiajun Liu
- Interventional Therapy Center for Oncology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Kang Li
- Research Center for Biomedical Resources, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Interventional Therapy Center for Oncology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.)
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2
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Wong XK, Ng CS, Yeong KY. Shaping the future of antiviral Treatment: Spotlight on Nucleobase-Containing drugs and their revolutionary impact. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107150. [PMID: 38309002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleobases serve as essential molecular frameworks present in both natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit notable antiviral activity. Through molecular modifications, novel nucleobase-containing drugs (NCDs) have been developed, exhibiting enhanced antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including the recently emerged SARS‑CoV‑2. This article provides a detailed examination of the significant advancements in NCDs from 2015 till current, encompassing various aspects concerning their mechanisms of action, pharmacology and antiviral properties. Additionally, the article discusses antiviral prodrugs relevant to the scope of this review. It fills in the knowledge gap by examining the structure-activity relationship and trend of NCDs as therapeutics against a diverse range of viral diseases, either as approved drugs, clinical candidates or as early-stage development prospects. Moreover, the article highlights on the status of this field of study and addresses the prevailing limitations encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Sanada T, Oda Y, Ohashi C, Isotani K, Goh Y, Kohara M. Hybrid large hepatitis B surface protein composed of two viral genotypes C and D induces strongly cross-neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine 2023; 41:6514-6521. [PMID: 37739886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is known to effectively decrease the risk of HBV infection. However, several issues need to be addressed in order to develop an improved HBV vaccine. Although the HBV vaccine has been shown to be effective, this vaccine needs to be more efficacious in defined groups, including non-responders (i.e., individuals who do not develop a protective response even after vaccination) and in health care workers and travelers who require rapid protection. Furthermore, it has been reported that universal HBV vaccination has accelerated the appearance of vaccine-escape mutants resulting from the accumulation of mutations altering the "a" determinant of the hepatitis B surface (HBs) protein. To address these problems, we have been focusing on the large HBs (LHBs) protein, which consists of three domains: pre-S1, pre-S2, and S (in N- to C-terminal order). To enhance the immunogenicity of LHBs, we developed a yeast-derived hybrid LHBs (hy-LHBs) antigen composed of the LHBs proteins from two distinct genotypes (Genotypes C and D). The levels of antibodies induced by hy-LHBs immunization were high not only against S, but also against the pre-S1 and pre-S2 domains. Additionally, hy-LHBs immunization induced significantly more strongly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies than did small HBs (SHBs) or LHBs of any genotype alone. These findings suggested that hy-LHBs might serve as a candidate antigen for use in an improved prophylactic HBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Kyoto Research Laboratory, Beacle, Inc., 14-1 Yoshida-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8305, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Ohashi
- Kyoto Research Laboratory, Beacle, Inc., 14-1 Yoshida-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8305, Japan
| | - Kentaro Isotani
- Kyoto Research Laboratory, Beacle, Inc., 14-1 Yoshida-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8305, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Goh
- Kyoto Research Laboratory, Beacle, Inc., 14-1 Yoshida-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8305, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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4
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Olenginski LT, Attionu SK, Henninger EN, LeBlanc RM, Longhini AP, Dayie TK. Hepatitis B Virus Epsilon (ε) RNA Element: Dynamic Regulator of Viral Replication and Attractive Therapeutic Target. Viruses 2023; 15:1913. [PMID: 37766319 PMCID: PMC10534774 DOI: 10.3390/v15091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects millions of people worldwide, which underscores the importance of discovering and designing novel anti-HBV therapeutics to complement current treatment strategies. An underexploited but attractive therapeutic target is ε, a cis-acting regulatory stem-loop RNA situated within the HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). The binding of ε to the viral polymerase protein (P) is pivotal, as it triggers the packaging of pgRNA and P, as well as the reverse transcription of the viral genome. Consequently, small molecules capable of disrupting this interaction hold the potential to inhibit the early stages of HBV replication. The rational design of such ligands necessitates high-resolution structural information for the ε-P complex or its individual components. While these data are currently unavailable for P, our recent structural elucidation of ε through solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy marks a significant advancement in this area. In this review, we provide a brief overview of HBV replication and some of the therapeutic strategies to combat chronic HBV infection. These descriptions are intended to contextualize our recent experimental efforts to characterize ε and identify ε-targeting ligands, with the ultimate goal of developing novel anti-HBV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz T. Olenginski
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (R.M.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Solomon K. Attionu
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (R.M.L.)
| | - Erica N. Henninger
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (R.M.L.)
| | - Regan M. LeBlanc
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (R.M.L.)
| | - Andrew P. Longhini
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (R.M.L.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Theodore K. Dayie
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (R.M.L.)
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5
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Ahmed K, Jha S. Oncoviruses: How do they hijack their host and current treatment regimes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188960. [PMID: 37507056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have the ability to modulate the cellular machinery of their host to ensure their survival. While humans encounter numerous viruses daily, only a select few can lead to disease progression. Some of these viruses can amplify cancer-related traits, particularly when coupled with factors like immunosuppression and co-carcinogens. The global burden of cancer development resulting from viral infections is approximately 12%, and it arises as an unfortunate consequence of persistent infections that cause chronic inflammation, genomic instability from viral genome integration, and dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and host oncogenes involved in normal cell growth. This review provides an in-depth discussion of oncoviruses and their strategies for hijacking the host's cellular machinery to induce cancer. It delves into how viral oncogenes drive tumorigenesis by targeting key cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the review discusses current therapeutic approaches that have been approved or are undergoing clinical trials to combat malignancies induced by oncoviruses. Understanding the intricate interactions between viruses and host cells can lead to the development of more effective treatments for virus-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Ahmed
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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6
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Manna S, Das K, Santra S, Nosova EV, Zyryanov GV, Halder S. Structural and Synthetic Aspects of Small Ring Oxa- and Aza-Heterocyclic Ring Systems as Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:1826. [PMID: 37766233 PMCID: PMC10536032 DOI: 10.3390/v15091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral properties of different oxa- and aza-heterocycles are identified and properly correlated with their structural features and discussed in this review article. The primary objective is to explore the activity of such ring systems as antiviral agents, as well as their synthetic routes and biological significance. Eventually, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the heterocyclic compounds, along with their salient characteristics are exhibited to build a suitable platform for medicinal chemists and biotechnologists. The synergistic conclusions are extremely important for the introduction of a newer tool for the future drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibasish Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Emily V. Nosova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sandipan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
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7
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Ogunnaike M, Das S, Raut SS, Sultana A, Nayan MU, Ganesan M, Edagwa BJ, Osna NA, Poluektova LY. Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: New Approaches towards Cure. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1208. [PMID: 37627273 PMCID: PMC10452112 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lifelong treatment with nucleotides/nucleoside antiviral agents is effective at suppressing HBV replication, however, adherence to daily therapy can be challenging. This review discusses recent advances in the development of long-acting formulations for HBV treatment and prevention, which could potentially improve adherence. Promising new compounds that target distinct steps of the virus life cycle are summarized. In addition to treatments that suppress viral replication, curative strategies are focused on the elimination of covalently closed circular DNA and the inactivation of the integrated viral DNA from infected hepatocytes. We highlight promising long-acting antivirals and genome editing strategies for the elimination or deactivation of persistent viral DNA products in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojisola Ogunnaike
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Srijanee Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Samiksha S. Raut
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Ashrafi Sultana
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Mohammad Ullah Nayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Benson J. Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (M.O.); (S.D.); (S.S.R.); (A.S.); (M.U.N.); (M.G.)
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8
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Jin Y, Wang S, Xu S, Zhao S, Xu X, Poongavanam V, Menéndez-Arias L, Zhan P, Liu X. Targeting hepatitis B virus cccDNA levels: recent progress in seeking small molecule drug candidates. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103617. [PMID: 37196762 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem that puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. The presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in infected cells is considered to be the main obstacle to curing chronic hepatitis B. At present, the cccDNA cannot be completely eliminated by standard treatments. There is an urgent need to develop drugs or therapies that can reduce HBV cccDNA levels in infected cells. We summarize the discovery and optimization of small molecules that target cccDNA synthesis and degradation. These compounds are cccDNA synthesis inhibitors, cccDNA reducers, core protein allosteric modulators, ribonuclease H inhibitors, cccDNA transcriptional modulators, HBx inhibitors and other small molecules that reduce cccDNA levels. Teaser: HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) can be stably maintained in infected cells for a prolonged period, and this is the fundamental reason why hepatitis B cannot be completely cured. Here, we review recent progress in the development of small molecules that can reduce cccDNA levels in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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9
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Olenginski LT, Kasprzak WK, Attionu SK, Shapiro BA, Dayie TK. Virtual Screening of Hepatitis B Virus Pre-Genomic RNA as a Novel Therapeutic Target. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041803. [PMID: 36838792 PMCID: PMC9963113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden imposed by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection necessitates the discovery and design of novel antiviral drugs to complement existing treatments. One attractive and underexploited therapeutic target is ε, an ~85-nucleotide (nt) cis-acting regulatory stem-loop RNA located at the 3'- and 5'-ends of the pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA). Binding of the 5'-end ε to the viral polymerase protein (P) triggers two early events in HBV replication: pgRNA and P packaging and reverse transcription. Our recent solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy structure of ε permits structure-informed drug discovery efforts that are currently lacking for P. Here, we employ a virtual screen against ε using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compound library, followed by in vitro binding assays. This approach revealed that the anti-hepatitis C virus drug Daclatasvir is a selective ε-targeting ligand. Additional molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that Daclatasvir targets ε at its flexible 6-nt priming loop (PL) bulge and modulates its dynamics. Given the functional importance of the PL, our work supports the notion that targeting ε dynamics may be an effective anti-HBV therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz T. Olenginski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: author emails: (L.T.O.); (T.K.D.)
| | - Wojciech K. Kasprzak
- Bioinformatics and Computational Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Solomon K. Attionu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Bruce A. Shapiro
- RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Theodore K. Dayie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: author emails: (L.T.O.); (T.K.D.)
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10
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Bai N, Adeshina Y, Bychkov I, Xia Y, Gowthaman R, Miller SA, Gupta AK, Johnson DK, Lan L, Golemis EA, Makhov PB, Xu L, Pillai MM, Boumber Y, Karanicolas J. Rationally designed inhibitors of the Musashi protein-RNA interaction by hotspot mimicry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523326. [PMID: 36711508 PMCID: PMC9882015 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and thus underlie many important biological processes. Here, we developed a strategy that entails extracting a "hotspot pharmacophore" from the structure of a protein-RNA complex, to create a template for designing small-molecule inhibitors and for exploring the selectivity of the resulting inhibitors. We demonstrate this approach by designing inhibitors of Musashi proteins MSI1 and MSI2, key regulators of mRNA stability and translation that are upregulated in many cancers. We report this novel series of MSI1/MSI2 inhibitors is specific and active in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays. This study extends the paradigm of "hotspots" from protein-protein complexes to protein-RNA complexes, supports the "druggability" of RNA-binding protein surfaces, and represents one of the first rationally-designed inhibitors of non-enzymatic RNA-binding proteins. Owing to its simplicity and generality, we anticipate that this approach may also be used to develop inhibitors of many other RNA-binding proteins; we also consider the prospects of identifying potential off-target interactions by searching for other RBPs that recognize their cognate RNAs using similar interaction geometries. Beyond inhibitors, we also expect that compounds designed using this approach can serve as warheads for new PROTACs that selectively degrade RNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Bai
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA 19111
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045
| | - Yusuf Adeshina
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA 19111
- Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045
| | - Igor Bychkov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045
| | - Ragul Gowthaman
- Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045
| | - Sven A. Miller
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA 19111
| | | | - David K. Johnson
- Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045
| | - Lan Lan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA 19111
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Petr B. Makhov
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA 19111
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City KS 66160
| | - Manoj M. Pillai
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven CT 06520
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06520
| | - Yanis Boumber
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - John Karanicolas
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA 19111
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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11
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Yardeni D, Chang KM, Ghany MG. Current Best Practice in Hepatitis B Management and Understanding Long-term Prospects for Cure. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:42-60.e6. [PMID: 36243037 PMCID: PMC9772068 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Despite an effective vaccine, the prevalence of chronic infection remains high. Current therapy is effective at achieving on-treatment, but not off-treatment, viral suppression. Loss of hepatitis B surface antigen, the best surrogate marker of off-treatment viral suppression, is associated with improved clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, this end point is rarely achieved with current therapy because of their lack of effect on covalently closed circular DNA, the template of viral transcription and genome replication. Major advancements in our understanding of HBV virology along with better understanding of immunopathogenesis have led to the development of a multitude of novel therapeutic approaches with the prospect of achieving functional cure (hepatitis B surface antigen loss) and perhaps complete cure (clearance of covalently closed circular DNA and integrated HBV DNA). This review will cover current best practice for managing chronic HBV infection and emerging novel therapies for HBV infection and their prospect for cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yardeni
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Medical Research, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc G Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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12
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Diakou I, Papakonstantinou E, Papageorgiou L, Pierouli K, Dragoumani K, Spandidos DA, Bacopoulou F, Chrousos GP, Eliopoulos E, Vlachakis D. Novel computational pipelines in antiviral structure‑based drug design (Review). Biomed Rep 2022; 17:97. [PMID: 36382260 PMCID: PMC9634337 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections constitute a fundamental and continuous challenge for the global scientific and medical community, as highlighted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In combination with prophylactic vaccines, the development of safe and effective antiviral drugs remains a pressing need for the effective management of rare and common pathogenic viruses. The design of potent antivirals can be informed by the study of the three-dimensional structure of viral protein targets. Structure-based design of antivirals in silico provides a solution to the arduous and costly process of conventional drug development pipelines. Furthermore, rapid advances in high-throughput computing, along with the growth of available biomolecular and biochemical data, enable the development of novel computational pipelines in the hunt of antivirals. The incorporation of modern methods, such as deep-learning and artificial intelligence, has the potential to revolutionize the structure-based design and repurposing of antiviral compounds, with minimal side effects and high efficacy. The present review aims to provide an outline of both traditional computational drug design and emerging, high-level computing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Io Diakou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Louis Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Pierouli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dragoumani
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Eliopoulos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of The Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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13
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Peng S, Wang H, Wang Z, Wang Q. Progression of Antiviral Agents Targeting Viral Polymerases. Molecules 2022; 27:7370. [PMID: 36364196 PMCID: PMC9654062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral DNA and RNA polymerases are two kinds of very important enzymes that synthesize the genetic materials of the virus itself, and they have become extremely favorable targets for the development of antiviral drugs because of their relatively conserved characteristics. There are many similarities in the structure and function of different viral polymerases, so inhibitors designed for a certain viral polymerase have acted as effective universal inhibitors on other types of viruses. The present review describes the development of classical antiviral drugs targeting polymerases, summarizes a variety of viral polymerase inhibitors from the perspective of chemically synthesized drugs and natural product drugs, describes novel approaches, and proposes promising development strategies for antiviral drugs.
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14
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Cole AG, Kultgen SG, Mani N, Ardzinski A, Fan KY, Thi EP, Dorsey BD, Stever K, Chiu T, Tang S, Daly O, Phelps JR, Harasym T, Olland A, Suto RK, Sofia MJ. The identification of highly efficacious functionalised tetrahydrocyclopenta[ c]pyrroles as inhibitors of HBV viral replication through modulation of HBV capsid assembly. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:343-349. [PMID: 35434625 PMCID: PMC8942244 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00318f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the HBV viral life cycle with small molecules that prevent the encapsidation of pregenomic RNA and viral polymerase through binding to HBV core protein is a clinically validated approach to inhibiting HBV viral replication. Herein we report the further optimisation of clinical candidate AB-506 through core modification with a focus on increasing oral exposure and oral half-life. Maintenance of high levels of anti-HBV cellular potency in conjunction with improvements in pharmacokinetic properties led to multi-log10 reductions in serum HBV DNA following low, once-daily oral dosing for key analogues in a preclinical animal model of HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Cole
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | | | - Nagraj Mani
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | | | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Emily P. Thi
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Bruce D. Dorsey
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Kim Stever
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Tim Chiu
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Sunny Tang
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Owen Daly
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Janet R. Phelps
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Troy Harasym
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc.701 Veterans CircleWarminsterPA 18974USA
| | - Andrea Olland
- Xtal BioStructures Inc.12 Michigan DriveNatickMA 01760USA
| | - Robert K. Suto
- Xtal BioStructures Inc.12 Michigan DriveNatickMA 01760USA
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15
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Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide chemistry has been the subject of intense research, mainly because of the promising antiviral and antitumoral activity associated with this compound class. Numerous analogs have been synthesized over the past decades, yielding a number of derivatives that have reached the status of marketed drugs. Herein, an overview of the nucleos(t)ide analogs that have received marketing approval is given. The review is divided into several sections, including antiviral and antitumoral nucleoside analogs as well as nucleoside analogs that have received marketing approval in other therapeutic areas. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven De Jonghe
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Mackman RL. Phosphoramidate Prodrugs Continue to Deliver, The Journey of Remdesivir (GS-5734) from RSV to SARS-CoV-2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:338-347. [PMID: 35291757 PMCID: PMC8887656 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a monophenol,
2-ethylbutylalanine phosphoramidate
prodrug of a 1′-cyano-4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-nucleoside
(GS-441524) that is FDA approved for the treatment of hospitalized
patients with COVID-19. The prodrug, initially invented for respiratory
syncytial virus, was later found to have activity toward emerging
RNA viruses, including Ebola and coronaviruses. Remdesivir is among
the first examples of a phosphoramidate prodrug aimed at delivering
a nucleoside monophosphate into lung cells to efficiently generate
the nucleoside triphosphate inhibitor of viral RNA polymerases. With
remdesivir as the central case study, the present work describes the
antiviral potency and in vitro metabolism evidence for lung cell activation
of phosphoramidates, together with their in vivo pharmacokinetics,
lung distribution, and antiviral efficacy toward respiratory viruses.
The lung delivery of nucleoside monophosphate analogs using prodrugs
warrants further investigation toward the development of novel respiratory
antivirals.
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17
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Ruiz FX, Hoang A, Dilmore CR, DeStefano JJ, Arnold E. Structural basis of HIV inhibition by L-nucleosides: opportunities for drug development and repurposing. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1832-1846. [PMID: 35218925 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV can cripple the immune system and lead to AIDS. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepadnavirus that causes human liver diseases. Both pathogens are major public health problems affecting millions of people worldwide. The polymerases from both viruses are the most common drug target for viral inhibition, sharing common architecture at their active sites. The L-nucleoside drugs emtricitabine and lamivudine are widely used HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and HBV polymerase (Pol) inhibitors. Nevertheless, structural details of their binding to RT(Pol)/nucleic acid remained unknown until recently. Here, we discuss the implications of these structures, alongside related complexes with L-dNTPs, for the development of novel L-nucleos(t)ide drugs, and prospects for repurposing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Anthony Hoang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher R Dilmore
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffrey J DeStefano
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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18
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Leowattana W, Leowattana T. Chronic hepatitis B: New potential therapeutic drugs target. World J Virol 2022; 11:57-72. [PMID: 35117971 PMCID: PMC8788212 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection remains the most causative agent of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. It impacts nearly 300 million people. The current treatment for chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is complex and lacks a durable treatment response, especially hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss, necessitating indefinite treatment in most CHB patients due to the persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). New drugs that target distinct steps of the HBV life cycle have been investigated, which comprise inhibiting the entry of HBV into hepatocytes, disrupting or silencing HBV cccDNA, modulating nucleocapsid assembly, interfering HBV transcription, and inhibiting HBsAg release. The achievement of a functional cure or sustained HBsAg loss in CHB patients represents the following approach towards HBV eradication. This review will explore the up-to-date advances in the development of new direct-acting anti-HBV drugs. Hopefully, with the combination of the current antiviral drugs and the newly developed direct-acting antiviral drugs targeting the different steps of the HBV life cycle, the ultimate eradication of CHB infection will soon be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Leowattana
- Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tawithep Leowattana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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19
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Nguyen TT, Nguyen BP, Nguyen DTD, Nguyen NH, Nguyen DH, Nguyen CK. Retrovirus Drugs-Loaded PEGylated PAMAM for Prolonging Drug Release and Enhancing Efficiency in HIV Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:114. [PMID: 35012136 PMCID: PMC8747428 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) with its unique characteristics emerges as a potential drug delivery system which can prolong releasing time, reduce the side effects but still retaining treatment efficiency. In this study, methoxy polyethylene glycol modified PAMAM generation 3.0 (G3.0@mPEG) is prepared and characterized via 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and TEM. Subsequently, two antiretroviral agents (ARV) including lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) are individually encapsulated into G3.0@mPEG. The drug-loading efficiency, drug release profile, cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activity are then evaluated. The results illustrate that G3.0@mPEG particles are spherical with a size of 34.5 ± 0.2 nm and a drug loading content of about 9%. Both G3.0@mPEG and ARV@G3.0@mPEG show no cytotoxicity on BJ cells, and G3.0@mPEG loading 3TC and AZT performs sustained drug release behavior which is best fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Finally, the anti-HIV activity of ARV via Enzymatic Assay of Pepsin is retained after being loaded into the G3.0@mPEG, in which about 36% of pepsin activity was inhibited by AZT at the concentration of 0.226 mM. Overall, PAMAM G3.0@mPEG is a promising nanocarrier system for loading ARV in HIV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Institute of Drug Quality Control, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.H.N.); (D.H.N.)
| | - Bao Phu Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Dinh Tien Dung Nguyen
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Natural Science, Duy Tan University, Danang City 550000, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Hoi Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.H.N.); (D.H.N.)
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Dai Hai Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.H.N.); (D.H.N.)
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Cuu Khoa Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.H.N.); (D.H.N.)
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
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20
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Abstract
The therapeutic targeting of the nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) with nucleotide analogs led to a deep understanding of this enzymes structure, function and substrate specificity. Unlike previously studied DNA polymerases including the reverse transcriptase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, development of biochemical assays for HCV RdRp proved challenging due to low solubility of the full-length protein and inefficient acceptance of exogenous primer/templates. Despite the poor apparent specific activity, HCV RdRp was found to support rapid and processive transcription once elongation is initiated in vitro consistent with its high level of viral replication in the livers of patients. Understanding of the substrate specificity of HCV RdRp led to the discovery of the active triphosphate of sofosbuvir as a nonobligate chain-terminator of viral RNA transcripts. The ternary crystal structure of HCV RdRp, primer/template, and incoming nucleotide showed the interaction between the nucleotide analog and the 2'-hydroxyl binding pocket and how an unfit mutation of serine 282 to threonine results in resistance by interacting with the uracil base and modified 2'-position of the analog. Host polymerases mediate off-target toxicity of nucleotide analogs and the active metabolite of sofosbuvir was found to not be efficiently incorporated by host polymerases including the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT). Knowledge from studying inhibitors of HCV RdRp serves to advance antiviral drug discovery for other emerging RNA viruses including the discovery of remdesivir as an inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the virus that causes COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States.
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21
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Cheng Z, Lin P, Cheng N. HBV/HIV Coinfection: Impact on the Development and Clinical Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:713981. [PMID: 34676223 PMCID: PMC8524435 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common contributor to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 10% of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also have chronic HBV co-infection, owing to shared transmission routes. HIV/HBV coinfection accelerates the progression of chronic HBV to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, or hepatocellular carcinoma compared to chronic HBV mono-infection. HBV/HIV coinfection alters the natural history of hepatitis B and renders the antiviral treatment more complex. In this report, we conducted a critical review on the epidemiology, natural history, and pathogenesis of liver diseases related to HBV/HIV coinfection. We summarized the novel therapeutic options for these coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Cheng
- Department of Bile Duct Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Panpan Lin
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nansheng Cheng
- Department of Bile Duct Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Clinical Features and Resistance to Entecavir Monotherapy of Patients with Hepatitis B. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 2021:3259833. [PMID: 34422709 PMCID: PMC8376438 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3259833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health concern worldwide. Entecavir (ETV), a first-line nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) for HBV, has a low risk of resistance. We evaluated the efficacy of ETV monotherapy, ratio of ETV-resistant, and the clinical features of patients with ETV resistance. METHODS A total of 130 patients (72 males, 58 females; mean age, 61 ± 15 years) were divided into a NA-naïve group (n = 108) and NA-experienced group (n = 22). We examined the clinical outcomes of ETV monotherapy and associated factors. We also assessed the clinical features of 15 patients with resistance to ETV (mean, 51.0 ± 27.4 weeks). RESULTS Among the 130 patients, 94.1% achieved ALT normalization and 63.6% achieved serum HBV DNA negativity after ETV monotherapy for 96 weeks. Of the patients in the NA-naïve group, 93.1% and 60.4% achieved ALT normalization and HBV DNA negativity, respectively. Of the patients in the NA-experienced group, 100% and 74.9% achieved ALT normalization and HBV DNA negativity, respectively. Compared to patients on ETV continuously, 15 ETV-resistant patients had a higher baseline HBV viral load. There was a significant difference in the time to HBV DNA negativity, but not ALT normalization after ETV monotherapy in these groups. Rescue treatment with other NAs led to ALT normalization in all of these patients, but not HBV DNA negativity. CONCLUSIONS ETV monotherapy has a long-term clinical efficacy. While some patients especially with HBV DNA high viral load developed ETV resistance, rescue treatment led to ALT normalization in these patients.
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23
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Hwang JG, Kim YK, Choi YS, Kwon SK, Han JH, Park MK. Influence of renal function on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of besifovir, a novel antiviral agent for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 62:46-54. [PMID: 34327707 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Per the well-known resistance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) to nucleos(t)ide analogs, alternative treatment options with higher resistance barriers have been approved for use in both treatment-naïve and lamivudine-resistant HBV infections. This phase I study was conducted in adults with normal and impaired renal function to evaluate the effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of besifovir, a prodrug of an acyclic nucleotide phosphonate, that is mainly cleared via renal excretion. An open-label, single-dose parallel-group clinical study was conducted in subjects with normal renal function and mild, moderate and severe renal impairment. Subjects received a single oral dose of besifovir dipivoxil 150 mg, and serial blood and urine samples were collected for up to 72 hours post-dose to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of besifovir. The extent of plasma exposure of besifovir, detected as its major and active metabolites, LB80331 and LB80317, respectively, increased with worsening renal function. Compared to the normal renal function subjects, the mean areas under the concentration-time curves of LB80331 increased by 1.5-, 2.5-, and 4.5-fold in subjects with mild, moderate and severe impairment, respectively. LB80317 showed a 1.8-, 3.2-, and 6.2-fold increase in mild, moderate and severe renal impairment subjects compared to those with normal function. The ratios of LB80331 renal clearance and the average estimated glomerular filtration rate of each renal impairment group with respect to the normal group were similar. The increase in plasma exposure and decrease in renal clearance suggest the need to adjust dosage regimens in patients with moderate-to-severe renal impairment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gi Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyong Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sim Choi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Kil Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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24
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Torre P, Aglitti A, Masarone M, Persico M. Viral hepatitis: Milestones, unresolved issues, and future goals. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4603-4638. [PMID: 34366625 PMCID: PMC8326259 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review the current overall knowledge on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E will be discussed. These diseases are all characterized by liver inflammation but have significant differences in distribution, transmission routes, and outcomes. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are transmitted by exposure to infected blood, and in addition to acute infection, they can cause chronic hepatitis, which in turn can evolve into cirrhosis. It is estimated that more than 300 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis B or C worldwide. Hepatitis D virus, which is also transmitted by blood, only affects hepatitis B virus infected people, and this dual infection results in worse liver-related outcomes. Hepatitis A and E spread via the fecal-oral route, which corresponds mainly to the ingestion of food or water contaminated with infected stools. However, in developed countries hepatitis E is predominantly a zoonosis. Although hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus are usually responsible for a self-limiting hepatitis, a serious, rarely fatal illness is also possible, and in immunosuppressed patients, such as organ transplant recipients, hepatitis E virus infection can become chronic. The description of goals achieved, unresolved issues, and the latest research on this topic may make it possible to speculate on future scenarios in the world of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Torre
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Salerno 84081, Italy
| | - Andrea Aglitti
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Salerno 84081, Italy
| | - Mario Masarone
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Salerno 84081, Italy
| | - Marcello Persico
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Salerno 84081, Italy
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25
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Nishii R, Mizuno T, Rehling D, Smith C, Clark BL, Zhao X, Brown SA, Smart B, Moriyama T, Yamada Y, Ichinohe T, Onizuka M, Atsuta Y, Yang L, Yang W, Thomas PG, Stenmark P, Kato M, Yang JJ. NUDT15 polymorphism influences the metabolism and therapeutic effects of acyclovir and ganciclovir. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4181. [PMID: 34234136 PMCID: PMC8263746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleobase and nucleoside analogs (NNA) are widely used as anti-viral and anti-cancer agents, and NNA phosphorylation is essential for the activity of this class of drugs. Recently, diphosphatase NUDT15 was linked to thiopurine metabolism with NUDT15 polymorphism associated with drug toxicity in patients. Profiling NNA drugs, we identify acyclovir (ACV) and ganciclovir (GCV) as two new NNAs metabolized by NUDT15. NUDT15 hydrolyzes ACV and GCV triphosphate metabolites, reducing their effects against cytomegalovirus (CMV) in vitro. Loss of NUDT15 potentiates cytotoxicity of ACV and GCV in host cells. In hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, the risk of CMV viremia following ACV prophylaxis is associated with NUDT15 genotype (P = 0.015). Donor NUDT15 deficiency is linked to graft failure in patients receiving CMV-seropositive stem cells (P = 0.047). In conclusion, NUDT15 is an important metabolizing enzyme for ACV and GCV, and NUDT15 variation contributes to inter-patient variability in their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Nishii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Takanori Mizuno
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rehling
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Colton Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandi L Clark
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xujie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandon Smart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Takaya Moriyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yuji Yamada
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Aichi, Japan
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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26
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Babadaei MMN, Hasan A, Vahdani Y, Bloukh SH, Sharifi M, Kachooei E, Haghighat S, Falahati M. Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:3771-3779. [PMID: 32397906 PMCID: PMC7256352 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1767210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative representative of a severe respiratory illness resulted in widespread human infections and deaths in nearly all of the countries since late 2019. There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. A broad-spectrum of antiviral agents are being currently evaluated in clinical trials, and in this review, we specifically focus on the application of Remdesivir (RVD) as a potential anti-viral compound against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) -CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. First, we overview the general information about SARS-CoV-2, followed by application of RDV as a nucleotide analogue which can potentially inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of COVs. Afterwards, we discussed the kinetics of SARS- or MERS-CoV proliferation in animal models which is significantly different compared to that in humans. Finally, some ongoing challenges and future perspective on the application of RDV either alone or in combination with other anti-viral agents against CoVs infection were surveyed to determine the efficiency of RDV in preclinical trials. As a result, this paper provides crucial evidence of the potency of RDV to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi Babadaei
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasaman Vahdani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samir Haj Bloukh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Kachooei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Campos-Valdez M, Monroy-Ramírez HC, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Sánchez-Orozco LV. Molecular Mechanisms during Hepatitis B Infection and the Effects of the Virus Variability. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061167. [PMID: 34207116 PMCID: PMC8235420 DOI: 10.3390/v13061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved during a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have made the approaches for research complex, especially concerning the patients’ responses in the course of the early acute stage. The study of molecular bases involved in the viral clearance or persistence of the infection is complicated due to the difficulty to detect patients at the most adequate points of the disease, especially in the time lapse between the onset of the infection and the viral emergence. Despite this, there is valuable data obtained from animal and in vitro models, which have helped to clarify some aspects of the early immune response against HBV infection. The diversity of the HBV (genotypes and variants) has been proven to be associated not only with the development and outcome of the disease but also with the response to treatments. That is why factors involved in the virus evolution need to be considered while studying hepatitis B infection. This review brings together some of the published data to try to explain the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in the different stages of the infection, clinical outcomes, viral persistence, and the impact of the variants of HBV in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Campos-Valdez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Hugo C. Monroy-Ramírez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Juan Armendáriz-Borunda
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, México
| | - Laura V. Sánchez-Orozco
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-3954-5677
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28
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Delfino CM, Giorgio M, García G, Puch SS, Outon E, Mathet VL. Drug-resistant and immune-escape hepatitis B virus mutants, occult hepatitis B infection and coinfections in public hospital patients from Argentina. Virus Genes 2021; 57:327-337. [PMID: 34091827 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Argentina exhibits low serological prevalence for Hepatitis B virus (HBV); however, occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) has been reported in blood donors, Amerindians and individuals coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of HBV and to evaluate serological marker associations and coinfections with HCV and HIV in patients attending and treated in a public hospital in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. A total of 189 HBV reactive samples (HBsAg and/or anti-HBc) were analyzed for HBV DNA characterization. All reactive samples were tested for anti-HCV and HIV-antigen/antibody using CMIA assays. Thirty-six samples exhibited detectable HBV DNA, 7 of which were OBI. HBV sequences were classified as subgenotypes A1, A2, B2, D3, F1b, F3 and F4. Mutations related to the ability to escape the host's immune response, resistance to antiviral therapy and progression to disease were found in patients, partly due to the variable sensitivity of HBsAg, the reverse transcriptase, the basal core promoter and the preCore. HCV and HIV prevalence was 10% and most of the genotypes found in the sequences were genotype 1 and B/F recombinant subtype, respectively. Of the total samples analyzed, 7 exhibited coinfections. This study shows the frequency of OBI, subgenotype distribution, HBV mutations and coinfections, which may have important clinical implications in public hospital patients. Planned prevention, detection and treatment adherence are needed to reduce transmission and morbidity in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia María Delfino
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Paraguay 2155 P11 (C1121ABG), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marianela Giorgio
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "Dr. Pedro Fiorito", Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela García
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "Dr. Pedro Fiorito", Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Sánchez Puch
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Paraguay 2155 P11 (C1121ABG), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela Outon
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "Dr. Pedro Fiorito", Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Lidia Mathet
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Paraguay 2155 P11 (C1121ABG), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Li G, Su B, Fu P, Bai Y, Ding G, Li D, Wang J, Yang G, Chu B. NPC1-regulated dynamic of clathrin-coated pits is essential for viral entry. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:341-361. [PMID: 34047913 PMCID: PMC8160554 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses utilize cellular lipids and manipulate host lipid metabolism to ensure their replication and spread. Therefore, the identification of lipids and metabolic pathways that are suitable targets for antiviral development is crucial. Using a library of compounds targeting host lipid metabolic factors and testing them for their ability to block pseudorabies virus (PRV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection, we found that U18666A, a specific inhibitor of Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), is highly potent in suppressing the entry of diverse viruses including pseudotyped severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). NPC1 deficiency markedly attenuates viral growth by decreasing cholesterol abundance in the plasma membrane, thereby inhibiting the dynamics of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs), which are indispensable for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Significantly, exogenous cholesterol can complement the dynamics of CCPs, leading to efficient viral entry and infectivity. Administration of U18666A improves the survival and pathology of PRV- and influenza A virus-infected mice. Thus, our studies demonstrate a unique mechanism by which NPC1 inhibition achieves broad antiviral activity, indicating a potential new therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2, as well as other emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bingqian Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Pengfei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yilin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Guangxu Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Dahua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Beibei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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30
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Mondal R, Agbaria M, Nairoukh Z. Fluorinated Rings: Conformation and Application. Chemistry 2021; 27:7193-7213. [PMID: 33512034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C-F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. In this Review, we will be discussing the conformational behavior of fluorinated aliphatic carbo- and heterocyclic systems. The conformational preference of each system is associated with various interactions introduced by fluorine substitution such as charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hyperconjugative interactions. The contribution of each interaction on the stabilization of the fluorinated alicyclic system, which manifests itself in low conformations, will be discussed in detail. The novelty of this feature will be demonstrated by presenting the most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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31
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Wang SQ, Shen Y, Li J, Liu Y, Cheng LS, Wu SD, She WM, Jiang W. Entecavir-induced interferon-λ1 suppresses type 2 innate lymphoid cells in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:795-808. [PMID: 33482039 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of entecavir (ETV) in anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapy have long been recognized. This study aimed to determine the effects of ETV on non-natural killer innate lymphoid cells (non-NK ILCs) in HBV-related liver disease progression. We enrolled treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) patients treated with ETV for 24 months. Before and after therapy, the frequency and cytokine profiles of ILC2s and non-NK ILCs subset homeostasis and their clinical significance were determined, and serial serum interferon (IFN)-λ levels were analysed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of untreated LC patients were cultured with serum from untreated and ETV-treated LC patients in addition to being subject to IFN-λ1 neutralization and stimulation, and the frequency and cytokine production of ILC2s as well as non-NK ILCs subset ratios were calculated. Furthermore, IFN-λ receptor expression on non-NK ILCs and dendritic cells (DCs) was measured. After 24 months of ETV treatment, the frequency and cytokine production of ILC2s (IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α) decreased with increased ILC1/ILC2 and decreased ILC2/ILC3 ratios, revealing a close association with disease status in LC patients. Long-term ETV administration-induced serum IFN-λ1 levels were negatively correlated with ILC2s. ETV-treated LC serum culture and IFN-λ1 stimulation yielded similar effects on suppression of ILC2s, and IFN-λ1 neutralization in serum culture partly inhibited this effect. The IFN-λ receptor was detected on DCs but not on non-NK ILCs. In conclusion, ETV suppresses the frequency and cytokine profiles of ILC2s by increasing IFN-λ1 in LC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Sha Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min She
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Green chemistry approach: method development and validation for identification and quantification of entecavir using FT-IR in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chemical hazard is one of the most prominent side effects that come out along with the benefits of pharmaceutical production. Chemicals usage and waste production are involved in each step of production and are found to be in high percentage at the stage of quality testing. Conventional quality testing (assay) involves the use of solvents and reagents that generates high flammable and non-flammable waste and also enhanced the per batch cost of the medicine, whereas green chemistry offers a benign environment for drug designing, manufacturing, and analysis.
Results
In the present study, a green FTIR method for assay of antiviral drugs entecavir is developed and validated as per ICH Q2_R1 guidelines. A calibration curve is plotted between absorbance and concentration, yielding excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient (r2) value of 0.9991 in the concentration range of 0.25–0.75 mg.
Conclusion
The developed method was validated and was very specific, accurate (99.9–100%) at three levels of 80, 100, and 120% of test concentration and precise with < 1% RSD. The LOD of the method is 0.0674 mg and is able to quantify the active at the limit of 0.2042 mg. Four different drug brands available in the local market are assayed by the validated method, and %recoveries are found to be in the range of 99–101%.
Graphical abstract
Green Chemistry Approach: Method Development and Validation for Identification and Quantification of Entecavir using FT-IR in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
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33
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Liu KX, Hong JG, Wu R, Dong ZR, Yang YF, Yan YC, Yang CC, Yan LJ, Yao SY, Li HC, Zhi XT, Li T. Clinical Benefit of Antiviral Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients With Low Preoperative HBV-DNA Loads Undergoing Curative Resection: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:605648. [PMID: 33680960 PMCID: PMC7933452 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.605648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The clinical benefit of adjuvant antiviral therapy after curative therapy for HCC in patients with high preoperative HBV-DNA loads has been studied widely but that in patients with low preoperative HBV-DNA loads remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of antiviral treatment prophylaxis on HBV reactivation, overall survival (OS), and postoperative liver function in patients with low preoperative HBV-DNA levels undergoing curative resection. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted by searching Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library until May 2020. We used REVMAN for data analysis and completed the study under the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Three randomized trials and seven cohort studies, comprising of 1,131 individuals, were included in the meta-analysis. Antiviral treatment significantly reduced the rate of HBV reactivation after curative treatment of HCC, with a pooled risk ratio of 0.12 (95% c.i. 0.07 to 0.21; P < 0.00001). The trials were consistently favorable for the antiviral group, with a pooled hazard ratio of 0.52 (95% c.i. 0.37 to 0.74; P = 0.0002) in respect of OS rate. However, by pooling the data from studies that reported ALT on the 30th day postoperatively, the result didn't reach statistical significance (mean difference -4.38, 95% c.i. -13.83 to 5.07; P = 0.36). The I² values of the heterogeneity test for the above three comparisons are zero. CONCLUSION Antiviral therapy during curative resection is effective in reducing HBV reactivation and improving OS rate in HCC patients with low viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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34
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Ma Y, Frutos-Beltrán E, Kang D, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Menéndez-Arias L, Liu X, Zhan P. Medicinal chemistry strategies for discovering antivirals effective against drug-resistant viruses. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4514-4540. [PMID: 33595031 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last forty years we have witnessed impressive advances in the field of antiviral drug discovery culminating with the introduction of therapies able to stop human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, or cure hepatitis C virus infections in people suffering from liver disease. However, there are important viral diseases without effective treatments, and the emergence of drug resistance threatens the efficacy of successful therapies used today. In this review, we discuss strategies to discover antiviral compounds specifically designed to combat drug resistance. Currently, efforts in this field are focused on targeted proteins (e.g. multi-target drug design strategies), but also on drug conformation (either improving drug positioning in the binding pocket or introducing conformational constraints), in the introduction or exploitation of new binding sites, or in strengthening interaction forces through the introduction of multiple hydrogen bonds, covalent binding, halogen bonds, additional van der Waals forces or multivalent binding. Among the new developments, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a valid approach taking advantage of intracellular mechanisms involving protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Finally, several molecules targeting host factors (e.g. human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and DEAD-box polypeptide 3) have been identified as broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. Implementation of herein described medicinal chemistry strategies are expected to contribute to the discovery of new drugs effective against current and future threats due to emerging and re-emerging viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
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Abstract
Over the past 60 years, more than 100 antiviral drugs or their combinations have been approved for clinical use. Antiviral drugs can be classified according to their chemical nature (e.g., small-molecules, peptides, biologics) or mechanisms of drug actions against specific viral proteins (e.g., polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, glycoprotein inhibitors). This article provides an overview of antiviral classifications in 10 important human viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), variola virus (human smallpox), varicella zoster virus (VZV), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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36
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Ren Y, Ma Y, Cherukupalli S, Tavis JE, Menéndez-Arias L, Liu X, Zhan P. Discovery and optimization of benzenesulfonamides-based hepatitis B virus capsid modulators via contemporary medicinal chemistry strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112714. [PMID: 32949990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable, but potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It represents an important health burden, with 257 million active cases globally. Current HBV treatments using nucleos(t)ide analogs and pegylated interferons cannot alleviate the situation completely since they are unable to cure the infection or reduce the amount of viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The HBV core protein is a small protein of 183 amino acids that participates in multiple essential functions in the HBV replicative cycle. Capsid assembly modulators that target the core protein are being developed. Sulfonamides are synthetic functional groups, found in several drugs. Herein, we provide a concise report focusing on the sulfamoylbenzamides as HBV capsid modulators, and medicinal chemistry strategies used in their design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - John E Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Wang Y, Anirudhan V, Du R, Cui Q, Rong L. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 as a therapeutic target. J Med Virol 2020; 93:300-310. [PMID: 32633831 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), named coronavirus disease 2019, has infected more than 8.9 million people worldwide. This calls for urgent effective therapeutic measures. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity in viral transcription and replication has been recognized as an attractive target to design novel antiviral strategies. Although SARS-CoV-2 shares less genetic similarity with SARS-CoV (~79%) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (~50%), the respective RdRps of the three coronaviruses are highly conserved, suggesting that RdRp is a good broad-spectrum antiviral target for coronaviruses. In this review, we discuss the antiviral potential of RdRp inhibitors (mainly nucleoside analogs) with an aim to provide a comprehensive account of drug discovery on SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Varada Anirudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ruikun Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Liao H, Liu Y, Li X, Wang J, Chen X, Zou J, Li Q, Liu L, Wang J, Huang B, Lu F, Xu D. Monitoring of serum HBV RNA, HBcrAg, HBsAg and anti-HBc levels in patients during long-term nucleoside/nucleotide analogue therapy. Antivir Ther 2020; 24:105-115. [PMID: 30511941 DOI: 10.3851/imp3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical significance of serum HBV RNA, hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) levels in chronic hepatitis B patients with undetectable HBV DNA during nucleoside/nucleotide analogue (NA) treatment. METHODS Fifty-seven patients who received long-term NA treatment of median 5.83 (25%, 75% percentiles 4.67, 7.75) years were enrolled, and 285 serum samples at five time points for each patient were quantitatively analysed for the three serum markers together with serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels. RESULTS The HBV RNA level significantly correlated with HBcrAg (r=0.629; P<0.001) but not HBsAg levels (P=0.1460). Nonetheless, the HBcrAg level significantly correlated with the HBsAg level (r=0.469; P<0.001). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive samples showed higher HBV RNA, HBcrAg and HBsAg levels than HBeAg-negative samples did (all P<0.05). Nine patients with HBeAg loss manifested a significantly greater decline in HBV RNA and HBcrAg levels (median 1.84 [25%, 75% percentiles 1.02, 2.12] log10 copies/ml, 1.14 [0.62, 2.21] log10 U/ml, respectively) compared with those in seven patients without HBeAg loss (0.74 [0.10, 1.08] log10 copies/ml and 0.41 [0.21, 0.69] log10 U/ml, respectively). Overall, serum HBV RNA, HBcrAg, HBsAg and anti-HBc levels gradually decreased with time during NA treatment. At the end of observation, HBV RNA and HBcrAg reached an undetectable level in 26 and 6 (46% and 11%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring of HBV RNA and HBcrAg levels is useful for NA-treated patients with undetectable HBV DNA. The attainment of HBV RNA undetectability usually occurs prior to HBcrAg undetectability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liao
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lujie Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Bixia Huang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dongping Xu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
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Hayashi S, Higashi-Kuwata N, Das D, Tomaya K, Yamada K, Murakami S, Venzon DJ, Hattori SI, Isogawa M, Sarafianos SG, Mitsuya H, Tanaka Y. 7-Deaza-7-fluoro modification confers on 4'-cyano-nucleosides potent activity against entecavir/adefovir-resistant HBV variants and favorable safety. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104744. [PMID: 32084506 PMCID: PMC7164687 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We designed, synthesized and identified a novel nucleoside derivative, 4'-C-cyano-7-deaza-7-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (CdFA), which exerts potent anti-HBV activity (IC50 ~26 nM) with favorable hepatocytotoxicity (CC50 ~56 μM). Southern blot analysis using wild-type HBV (HBVWT)-encoding-plasmid-transfected HepG2 cells revealed that CdFA efficiently suppresses the production of HBVWT (IC50 = 153.7 nM), entecavir (ETV)-resistant HBV carrying L180M/S202G/M204V substitutions (HBVETVR; IC50 = 373.2 nM), and adefovir dipivoxil (ADV)-resistant HBV carrying A181T/N236T substitutions (HBVADVR; IC50=192.6 nM), whereas ETV and ADV were less potent against HBVETVR and HBVADVR (IC50: >1,000 and 4,022.5 nM, respectively). Once-daily peroral administration of CdFA to human-liver-chimeric mice over 14 days (1 mg/kg/day) comparably blocked HBVWT and HBVETVR viremia by 0.7 and 1.2 logs, respectively, without significant changes in body-weight or serum human-albumin levels, although ETV only slightly suppressed HBVETVR viremia (CdFA vs ETV; p = 0.032). Molecular modeling suggested that ETV-TP has good nonpolar interactions with HBVWT reverse transcriptase (RTWT)'s Met204 and Asp205, while CdFA-TP fails to interact with Met204, in line with the relatively inferior activity against HBVWT of CdFA compared to ETV (IC50: 0.026 versus 0.003 nM). In contrast, the 4'-cyano of CdFA-TP forms good nonpolar contacts with RTWT's Leu180 and RTETVR's Met180, while ETV-TP loses interactions with RTETVR's Met180, explaining in part why ETV is less potent against HBVETVR than CdFA. The present results show that CdFA exerts potent activity against HBVWT, HBVETVR and HBVADVR with enhanced safety and that 7-deaza-7-fluoro modification confers potent activity against drug-resistant HBV variants and favorable safety, shedding light to further design more potent and safer anti-HBV nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Hayashi
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kota Tomaya
- Biochemicals Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Biochemicals Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuko Murakami
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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Imoto S, Onitsuka K, Yamaguchi K, Tokuda R, Higashi-Kuwata N, Kuwahara S, Kumamoto H, Maeda K, Haraguchi K, Mitsuya H. Design and Synthesis of 4'-Cyano Dideoxy Isonucleosides and Their Activity against HIV-1 and HBV. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pastuch-Gawołek G, Gillner D, Król E, Walczak K, Wandzik I. Selected nucleos(t)ide-based prescribed drugs and their multi-target activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172747. [PMID: 31634460 PMCID: PMC7173238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues play pivotal roles as antiviral, cytotoxic or immunosuppressive agents. Here, we review recent reports of nucleoside analogues that exhibit broad-spectrum activity towards multiple life-threatening RNA and DNA viruses. We also present a discussion about nucleoside antimetabolites-approved antineoplastic agents-that have recently been shown to have antiviral and/or antibacterial activity. The approved drugs and drug combinations, as well as recently identified candidates for investigation and/or experimentation, are discussed. Several examples of repurposed drugs that have already been approved for use are presented. This strategy can be crucial for the first-line treatment of acute infections or coinfections and for the management of drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pastuch-Gawołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Danuta Gillner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewelina Król
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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Ghozy S, Nam NH, Radwan I, Karimzadeh S, Tieu TM, Hashan MR, Abbas AS, Eid PS, Vuong NL, Khang NV, Elgabalawy E, Sayed AK, Hoa PTL, Huy NT. Therapeutic efficacy of hepatitis B virus vaccine in treatment of chronic HBV infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2089. [PMID: 31811678 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for improved treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We reviewed the literature to explore the efficacy of HB vaccines alone or in combination therapy (CT) with antiviral drugs in CHB patients and to meta-analyze data from randomized controlled trials. We conducted a systematic search in ten databases. All studies investigating the efficacy of HBV vaccine in HBV infected patients were included with no restrictions. Among 1359 studies initially identified, 23 studies (n = 1956 patients) were included for the final analysis. CT showed a significant reduction of HBV DNA compared with analogue monotherapy (AM) at the 12-month follow-up period (odds ratio (OR) = 2.835, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.275, 6.306], p = .011). Additionally, CT also remarkably induce HbsAg loss in comparison with AM (OR = 11.736, 95% CI [1.841, 74.794], p = .009). Our pooled data revealed no difference between treatment and control regarding alanine aminotransferase normalization, HBeAg seroconversion, and HBeAg disappearance. In addition, CT using vaccine and NAs resulted in a statistically significant higher incidence of adverse effects than AM. The therapeutic effects of combination therapy for patients with CHB were encouraging, but future studies need to investigate all possible treatment combinations and assess their cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Ghozy
- Neurosurgery Department, El Sheikh Zayed Specialized Hospital, Giza, Egypt.,Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ibrahim Radwan
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sedighe Karimzadeh
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Thuan Minh Tieu
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad Rashidul Hashan
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Respiratory and Enteric Infections Department, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alzhraa Salah Abbas
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Anesthesia, Al-Ahrar Teaching Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Peter Samuel Eid
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nguyen Lam Vuong
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Vinh Khang
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Eman Elgabalawy
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Pham Thi Le Hoa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Tao Y, Wu D, Zhou L, Chen E, Liu C, Tang X, Jiang W, Han N, Li H, Tang H. Present and Future Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis B. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:137-186. [PMID: 31741336 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality across the world. If left untreated, approximately one-third of these patients will progress to severe end-stage liver diseases including liver failure, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). High level of serum HBV DNA is strongly associated with the development of liver failure, cirrhosis, and HCC. Therefore, antiviral therapy is crucial for the clinical management of CHB. Current antiviral drugs including nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs) and interferon-α (IFN-α) can suppress HBV replication and reduce the progression of liver disease, thus improving the long-term outcomes of CHB patients. This chapter will discuss the standard and optimization antiviral therapies in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients, as well as in the special populations. The up-to-date advances in the development of new anti-HBV agents will be also discussed. With the combination of the current antiviral drugs and the newly developed antiviral agents targeting the different steps of the viral life cycle or the newly developed agents modulating the host immune responses, the ultimate eradication of HBV will be achieved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Tao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongbo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Enqiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Han
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Hossain MG, Ueda K. A meta-analysis on genetic variability of RT/HBsAg overlapping region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates of Bangladesh. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:33. [PMID: 31709005 PMCID: PMC6836373 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Hepatitis B caused by HBV is a serious public health hazard prevalent worldwide including Bangladesh. Few scattered molecular studies of HBV have been reported in Bangladesh. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variability of RT/HBsAg overlapping region of HBV isolates of Bangladesh and determination of correlation among the genotype/serotype and HBsAg escape and/or drug-resistant mutations. Methods A total of 97 complete HBsAg sequences of Bangladeshi HBV isolates from 2005 to 2017 from NCBI GenBank were extracted and analyzed using several HBV bioinformatics tools such as Geno2pheno-HBV, HBV Serotyper, HIV-Grade:HBV-Tool, and CLC sequence viewer. Results The prevalence of genotypes A, C, and D are 18, 46 and 35% which correspond to serotype adw, adr, and ayw, respectively. The prevalence of HBsAg escape mutations is 51% and most of which (62%) are found in the genotype D followed by 32% in genotype C and 6% in genotype A. Interestingly most (24/36) of the sequences of HBsAg escape mutations contained 128 V mutant which all belongs to only serotype ayw3 (Genotype D). Prevalence of drug-resistant mutations is ~ 11%, most of which are from genotype C (63.64%) and D (36.36%). Lamivudine resistant mutations were found in ~ 11% of sequences followed by Telbivudine 10% and Adefovir 3% where Tenofovir showed susceptibility to all 97 sequences. Moreover, 7 among of 97 sequences showed both HBsAg and drugs resistant mutations and none of them are found due to the same nucleotide substitutions. Conclusion There is a strong correlation among the genotype/serotype and HBsAg escape and/or drug-resistant mutations. This meta-analytical review will be helpful for genotype-serotype prediction by PCR-based diagnosis and development of vaccine and/or diagnostic kits, and the treatment against HBV infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golzar Hossain
- 1Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,2Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Keiji Ueda
- 1Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Mechanisms Mediating Nuclear Trafficking Involved in Viral Propagation by DNA Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111035. [PMID: 31703327 PMCID: PMC6893576 DOI: 10.3390/v11111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical viral propagation involves sequential viral entry, uncoating, replication, gene transcription and protein synthesis, and virion assembly and release. Some viral proteins must be transported into host nucleus to facilitate viral propagation, which is essential for the production of mature virions. During the transport process, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) play an important role in guiding target proteins into nucleus through the nuclear pore. To date, some classical nuclear localization signals (cNLSs) and non-classical NLSs (ncNLSs) have been identified in a number of viral proteins. These proteins are involved in viral replication, expression regulation of viral genes and virion assembly. Moreover, other proteins are transported into nucleus with unknown mechanisms. This review highlights our current knowledge about the nuclear trafficking of cellular proteins associated with viral propagation.
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Sanada T, Yamamoto N, Kayesh MEH, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Hasegawa H, Miyazaki T, Takano JI, Shiogama Y, Yasutomi Y, Goh Y, Yoshida O, Hiasa Y, Kohara M. Intranasal vaccination with HBs and HBc protein combined with carboxyl vinyl polymer induces strong neutralizing antibody, anti-HBs IgA, and IFNG response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:86-92. [PMID: 31582218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes acute and chronic hepatitis, which is a major public health concern worldwide. Immunization methods incorporating hepatitis B surface-small (HBs-S) antigen and hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) have been proposed as candidate therapeutic vaccines, but the elimination of existing HBV infection remains a challenge. To enhance the efficacy of HBs and HBc vaccination, we investigated HBs-large (HBs-L) as an immunogen, and carboxyl vinyl polymer (CVP) as an excipient. HBs-S or HBs-L, in combination with HBc antigen, was administered subcutaneously (without CVP) or intranasally (with or without CVP) for the evaluation of immune response in the tree shrew, which is considered to be a suitable small animal model of HBV infection. Immunization with HBs-L antigen by either route induced a rapid IgG response. Intranasal immunization with HBs-S or HBs-L and HBc formulated with CVP strongly induced neutralizing antibody activity, IgA response, and HBc-specific expression of the interferon gamma-encoding gene. These data indicated the potential of HBs-L and HBc intranasal immunization with CVP, not only as a therapeutic vaccine, but also as a prophylactic vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-city, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyazaki
- Toko Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., 20 Tsuji, Tateyama-machi, Toyama, 930-0211, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Takano
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yumiko Shiogama
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Goh
- Beacle, Inc., Yoshida-kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8305, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shizukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shizukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
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Tramontano E, Corona A, Menéndez-Arias L. Ribonuclease H, an unexploited target for antiviral intervention against HIV and hepatitis B virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104613. [PMID: 31550450 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleases H (RNases H) are endonucleolytic enzymes, evolutionarily related to retroviral integrases, DNA transposases, resolvases and numerous nucleases. RNases H cleave RNA in RNA/DNA hybrids and their activity plays an important role in the replication of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, as well as in the replication of reverse-transcribing viruses. During reverse transcription, the RNase H activity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) degrades the viral genomic RNA to facilitate the synthesis of viral double-stranded DNA. HIV and HBV reverse transcriptases contain DNA polymerase and RNase H domains that act in a coordinated manner to produce double-stranded viral DNA. Although RNase H inhibitors have not been developed into licensed drugs, recent progress has led to the identification of a number of small molecules with inhibitory activity at low micromolar or even nanomolar concentrations. These compounds can be classified into metal-chelating active site inhibitors and allosteric inhibitors. Among them, α-hydroxytropolones, N-hydroxyisoquinolinediones and N-hydroxypyridinediones represent chemotypes active against both HIV and HBV RNases H. In this review we summarize recent developments in the field including the identification of novel RNase H inhibitors, compounds with dual inhibitory activity, broad specificity and efforts to decrease their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
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Onitsuka K, Tokuda R, Kuwata-Higashi N, Kumamoto H, Aoki M, Amano M, Kohgo S, Das D, Haraguchi K, Mitsuya H, Imoto S. Synthesis and evaluation of the anti-hepatitis B virus activity of 4'-Azido-thymidine analogs and 4'-Azido-2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine analogs: structural insights for the development of a novel anti-HBV agent. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 39:518-529. [PMID: 31514570 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1664749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major worldwide health problem that requires the development of improved antiviral therapies. Here, a series of 4'-Azido-thymidine/4'-Azido-2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine derivatives (6, 10-15) were synthesized, and their anti-HBV activities evaluated. Compounds 10-15 were synthesized via an SNAr reaction of 18, in which the 4-position of the thymine moiety was activated as the 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonate. Compounds 11-15 showed no antiviral activity. However, 4'-Azido thymidine (6) and 4'-Azido-2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine (10) displayed significant anti-HBV activity (EC50 = 0.63 and 5.99 µM, respectively) with no detectable cytotoxicity against MT-2 cells up to 100 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Onitsuka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoh Tokuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Kuwata-Higashi
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kumamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Kohgo
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Imoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Liu J, Chen S, Zou Z, Tan D, Liu X, Wang X. Pathological Pattern of Intrahepatic HBV in HCC is Phenocopied by PDX-Derived Mice: a Novel Model for Antiviral Treatment. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1138-1146. [PMID: 31202090 PMCID: PMC6581976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most prominent risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and virus-mediated cases represents more than 80% of HCC in East Asia, where it is endemic. Currently, the HBV status of pathological HCC is not fully clarified, especially by comparison to nontumorous tissues. Lack of clinicopathological animal models of HCC impedes clinical application of antiviral treatment in the field. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort sample of 14 HCC and corresponding stroma tissues were analyzed for pathological patterns of HBV antigens using immunohistochemistry; 10 fresh primary tumor tissues were inoculated into NOD/SCID mice and risk factors for patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model were identified by the univariate F test. Consistency of HBV features and cellular biomarkers between patient tissues and tumor grafts were examined. RESULTS In HCC, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was mainly absent. Only 9.9% of samples showed HBsAg positivity in the tumor tissue that was limited to benign hepatocytes. In contrast, HBV core antigen (HBcAg) exhibited positive staining in all HCC tissues, located mainly in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Of 14 HCC cases, three were diagnosed as occult infection of HBV based on HBcAg expression. The successful rate for the PDX model was 20% (2/10). Tumor lesions on hepatic lobes of V and VI, severe liver dysfunction and higher CA125 showed p-values of 0.01, 0.035, and 0.01, respectively. HBsAg absence in original tumors of #6 and 8 patients were faithfully reproduced by engraftments. Mixed distribution of HBcAg in cellular compartments of original tumor cells was also observed in mice. ki67 was dramatically increased in tumor grafts. CONCLUSION We delineated pathological HBV profiles of HCC specimens and perilesional areas, which provided evidence for virus-based therapy in the future. PDX mice may phenocopy virological and cellular features of patient tissues, which is novel in the virus-related hepatocarcinogenesis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Department of Endoscope, the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110000, PR China.
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400007, PR China.
| | - Zhe Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400007, PR China.
| | - Dehong Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400007, PR China.
| | - Xiangde Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400007, PR China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400007, PR China.
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