1
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Qiu L, Ding F. Is the Carbon Nanotube-Catalyst Interface Clean during Growth? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204437. [PMID: 36220345 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Revealing a "true" picture of the carbon nanotube (CNT) growth front at the catalyst surface is critical to understanding the mechanism of CNT growth. If the CNT-catalyst interface is clean or messy, which will greatly affect the mechanism of controlled CNT growth, has never been properly solved either experimentally or theoretically. Here, this issue by ab initial calculation-based kinetic analysis and classical molecular dynamic (MD) simulations is revisited. It is found that the appearance of carbon chains at the CNT-catalyst interfaces or the "messy" interfaces in MD simulations is a consequence of the very short simulation time, and a "clean" CNT-catalyst interface will emerge if the simulation time is close to that in real experiments. This study reveals that, during real CNT experimental growth, a "clean" CNT-catalyst interface with zigzag, armchair, and/or kink sites dominates the growth kinetics, and therefore, the controllable CNT growth by tuning the CNT-catalyst interface is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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2
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Kumar Pathak N, Konno Y, Kuan Ko Y, Maeda Y, Kobayashi T, Yabushita A, Kanseri B. Intermolecular vibrational energy transfer between SWCNTs with different chiralities. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Kharlamova MV, Burdanova MG, Paukov MI, Kramberger C. Synthesis, Sorting, and Applications of Single-Chirality Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5898. [PMID: 36079282 PMCID: PMC9457432 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of high-quality chirality-pure single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is vital for their applications. It is of high importance to modernize the synthesis processes to decrease the synthesis temperature and improve the quality and yield of SWCNTs. This review is dedicated to the chirality-selective synthesis, sorting of SWCNTs, and applications of chirality-pure SWCNTs. The review begins with a description of growth mechanisms of carbon nanotubes. Then, we discuss the synthesis methods of semiconducting and metallic conductivity-type and single-chirality SWCNTs, such as the epitaxial growth method of SWCNT ("cloning") using nanocarbon seeds, the growth method using nanocarbon segments obtained by organic synthesis, and the catalyst-mediated chemical vapor deposition synthesis. Then, we discuss the separation methods of SWCNTs by conductivity type, such as electrophoresis (dielectrophoresis), density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGC), low-speed DGC, ultrahigh DGC, chromatography, two-phase separation, selective solubilization, and selective reaction methods and techniques for single-chirality separation of SWCNTs, including density gradient centrifugation, two-phase separation, and chromatography methods. Finally, the applications of separated SWCNTs, such as field-effect transistors (FETs), sensors, light emitters and photodetectors, transparent electrodes, photovoltaics (solar cells), batteries, bioimaging, and other applications, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Material Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubrávská cesta 5807/9, 854 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9-BC-2, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Maria G. Burdanova
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9, Institutsky Lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Maksim I. Paukov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9, Institutsky Lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Nishihara T, Takakura A, Matsui K, Itami K, Miyauchi Y. Statistical Verification of Anomaly in Chiral Angle Distribution of Air-Suspended Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5818-5824. [PMID: 35802861 PMCID: PMC9335874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have long attracted attention due to their distinct physical properties, depending on their chiral structures (chiralities). Clarifying their growth mechanism is important toward perfect chirality-controlled bulk synthesis. Although a correlation between the chirality distribution and the carbon atom configuration at an open tube edge has been predicted theoretically, lack of sufficient statistical data on metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs prohibited its verification. Here, we report statistical verification of the chirality distribution of 413 as-grown individual air-suspended SWCNTs with a length of over 20 μm using broadband Rayleigh spectroscopy. After excluding the impact of the difference in the number of possible SWCNT structures per chiral angle interval, the abundance profile with chiral angle exhibits an increasing trend with a distinct anomaly at a chiral angle of approximately 20°. These results are well explained considering the growth rate depending on armchair-shaped site configurations at the catalyst-nanotube interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Nishihara
- JST-ERATO,
Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya
University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Takakura
- JST-ERATO,
Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya
University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsui
- JST-ERATO,
Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya
University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- JST-ERATO,
Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya
University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- JST-ERATO,
Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya
University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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5
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Wei X, Li S, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhou W, Xie S, Liu H. Recent Advances in Structure Separation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application in Optics, Electronics, and Optoelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200054. [PMID: 35293698 PMCID: PMC9108629 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural control of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with uniform properties is critical not only for their property modulation and functional design but also for applications in electronics, optics, and optoelectronics. To achieve this goal, various separation techniques have been developed in the past 20 years through which separation of high-purity semiconducting/metallic SWCNTs, single-chirality species, and even their enantiomers have been achieved. This progress has promoted the property modulation of SWCNTs and the development of SWCNT-based optoelectronic devices. Here, the recent advances in the structure separation of SWCNTs are reviewed, from metallic/semiconducting SWCNTs, to single-chirality species, and to enantiomers by several typical separation techniques and the application of the corresponding sorted SWCNTs. Based on the separation procedure, efficiency, and scalability, as well as, the separable SWCNT species, purity, and quantity, the advantages and disadvantages of various separation techniques are compared. Combined with the requirements of SWCNT application, the challenges, prospects, and development direction of structure separation are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Shilong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
| | - Wenke Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Weiya Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Sishen Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Huaping Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
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6
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Ultrafast electronic dynamics and vibrational dynamics of SWCNT under alkylation and annealing. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Liu Y, Li Y, Koo S, Sun Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Pan Y, Zhang Z, Du M, Lu S, Qiao X, Gao J, Wang X, Deng Z, Meng X, Xiao Y, Kim JS, Hong X. Versatile Types of Inorganic/Organic NIR-IIa/IIb Fluorophores: From Strategic Design toward Molecular Imaging and Theranostics. Chem Rev 2021; 122:209-268. [PMID: 34664951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm), which enables us to look deeply into living subjects, is producing marvelous opportunities for biomedical research and clinical applications. Very recently, there has been an upsurge of interdisciplinary studies focusing on developing versatile types of inorganic/organic fluorophores that can be used for noninvasive NIR-IIa/IIb imaging (NIR-IIa, 1300-1400 nm; NIR-IIb, 1500-1700 nm) with near-zero tissue autofluorescence and deeper tissue penetration. This review provides an overview of the reports published to date on the design, properties, molecular imaging, and theranostics of inorganic/organic NIR-IIa/IIb fluorophores. First, we summarize the design concepts of the up-to-date functional NIR-IIa/IIb biomaterials, in the order of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), quantum dots (QDs), rare-earth-doped nanoparticles (RENPs), and organic fluorophores (OFs). Then, these novel imaging modalities and versatile biomedical applications brought by these superior fluorescent properties are reviewed. Finally, challenges and perspectives for future clinical translation, aiming at boosting the clinical application progress of NIR-IIa and NIR-IIb imaging technology are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Research Center for Ecology, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Research Center for Ecology, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Center of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Research Center for Ecology, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Research Center for Ecology, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanna Pan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mingxia Du
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Research Center for Ecology, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Research Center for Ecology, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Research Center for Ecology, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Xuechuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Research Center for Ecology, Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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8
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Irita M, Yamamoto T, Homma Y. Chirality Distributions for Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Determined by Photoluminescence Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092309. [PMID: 34578625 PMCID: PMC8465080 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To realize single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) chiral selective growth, elucidating the mechanism of SWCNT chirality (n,m) selectivity is important. For this purpose, an accurate evaluation method for evaluating the chirality distribution of grown SWCNTs without post-growth processing or liquid-dispersion of SWCNTs is indispensable. Here, we used photoluminescence spectroscopy to directly measure the chirality distributions of individual semiconducting SWCNTs suspended on a pillar-patterned substrate. The number of chirality-assigned SWCNTs was up to 332 and 17 chirality types with the chiral angles ranging from 0° to 28.05° were detected. The growth yield of SWCNTs was confirmed to primarily depends on the chiral angle in accordance with the screw dislocation model. Furthermore, when higher-yield chiralities are selected, the chiral angle distribution with a peak corresponding to near-armchair SWCNTs is well fitted with a model that incorporates the thermodynamic effect at the SWCNT-catalyst interface into the kink growth-based kinetic model. Our quantitative and statistical data provide new insights into SWCNT growth mechanism as well as experimental confirmation of theoretical predictions.
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9
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Carpena-Núñez J, Rao R, Kim D, Bets KV, Zakharov DN, Boscoboinik JA, Stach EA, Yakobson BI, Tsapatsis M, Stacchiola D, Maruyama B. Zeolite Nanosheets Stabilize Catalyst Particles to Promote the Growth of Thermodynamically Unfavorable, Small-Diameter Carbon Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002120. [PMID: 32812375 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A challenge in the synthesis of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is the lack of control over the formation and evolution of catalyst nanoparticles and the lack of control over their size or chirality. Here, zeolite MFI nanosheets (MFI-Ns) are used to keep cobalt (Co) nanoparticles stable during prolonged annealing conditions. Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) shows that the MFI-Ns can influence the size and shape of nanoparticles via particle/support registry, which leads to the preferential docking of nanoparticles to four or fewer pores and to the regulation of the SWCNT synthesis products. The resulting SWCNT population exhibits a narrow diameter distribution and SWCNTs of nearly all chiral angles, including sub-nm zigzag (ZZ) and near-ZZ tubes. Theoretical simulations reveal that the growth of these unfavorable tubes from unsupported catalysts leads to the rapid encapsulation of catalyst nanoparticles bearing them; their presence in the growth products suggests that the MFI-Ns prevent nanoparticle encapsulation and prologue ZZ and near-ZZ SWCNT growth. These results thus present a path forward for controlling nanoparticle formation and evolution, for achieving size- and shape-selectivity at high temperature, and for controlling SWCNT synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Carpena-Núñez
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, 45432, USA
| | - Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, 45432, USA
| | - Donghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ksenia V Bets
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Dmitri N Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Applied Physics Laboratory, John Hopkins University, Laurel, MB, 20723, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Dario Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
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10
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Yang F, Wang M, Zhang D, Yang J, Zheng M, Li Y. Chirality Pure Carbon Nanotubes: Growth, Sorting, and Characterization. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2693-2758. [PMID: 32039585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been attracting tremendous attention owing to their structure (chirality) dependent outstanding properties, which endow them with great potential in a wide range of applications. The preparation of chirality-pure SWCNTs is not only a great scientific challenge but also a crucial requirement for many high-end applications. As such, research activities in this area over the last two decades have been very extensive. In this review, we summarize recent achievements and accumulated knowledge thus far and discuss future developments and remaining challenges from three aspects: controlled growth, postsynthesis sorting, and characterization techniques. In the growth part, we focus on the mechanism of chirality-controlled growth and catalyst design. In the sorting part, we organize and analyze existing literature based on sorting targets rather than methods. Since chirality assignment and quantification is essential in the study of selective preparation, we also include in the last part a comprehensive description and discussion of characterization techniques for SWCNTs. It is our view that even though progress made in this area is impressive, more efforts are still needed to develop both methodologies for preparing ultrapure (e.g., >99.99%) SWCNTs in large quantity and nondestructive fast characterization techniques with high spatial resolution for various nanotube samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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11
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He M, Zhang S, Wu Q, Xue H, Xin B, Wang D, Zhang J. Designing Catalysts for Chirality-Selective Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Past Success and Future Opportunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1800805. [PMID: 30160811 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle for the applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in electronic devices is their structural diversity, ending in SWNTs with diverse electrical properties. Catalytic chemical vapor deposition has shown great promise in directly synthesizing high-quality SWNTs with a high selectivity to specific chirality (n, m). During the growth process, the tube-catalyst interface plays crucial roles in regulating the SWNT nucleation thermodynamics and growth kinetics, ultimately governing the SWNT chirality distribution. Starting with the introduction of SWNT growth modes, this review seeks to extend the knowledge about chirality-selective synthesis by clarifying the energetically favored SWNT cap nucleation and the threshold step for SWNT growth, which describes how the tube-catalyst interface affects both the nucleus energy and the new carbon atom incorporation. Such understandings are subsequently applied to interpret the (n, m) specific growth achieved on a variety of templates, such as SWNT segments or predefined molecular seeds, transition metal (Fe, Co and Ni)-containing catalysts at low reaction temperatures, W-based alloy catalysts, and metal carbides at relatively high reaction temperatures. The up to date achievements on chirality-controlled synthesis of SWNTs is summarized and the remaining major challenges existing in the SWNT synthesis field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuai He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qianru Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Han Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Benwu Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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12
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Forel S, Castan A, Amara H, Florea I, Fossard F, Catala L, Bichara C, Mallah T, Huc V, Loiseau A, Cojocaru CS. Tuning bimetallic catalysts for a selective growth of SWCNTs. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4091-4100. [PMID: 30785462 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in structural control during the synthesis of SWCNTs have in common the use of bimetallic nanoparticles as catalysts, despite the fact that their exact role is not fully understood. We therefore analyze the effect of the catalyst's chemical composition on the structure of the resulting SWCNTs by comparing three bimetallic catalysts (FeRu, CoRu and NiRu). A specific synthesis protocol is designed to impede the catalyst nanoparticle coalescence mechanisms and stabilize their diameter distributions throughout the growth. Owing to the ruthenium component which has a limited carbon solubility, tubes grow in tangential mode and their diameter is close to that of their seeding nanoparticles. By using the as-synthesized SWCNTs as a channel material infield effect transistors, we show how the chemical composition of the catalysts and temperature can be used as parameters to tune the diameter distribution and semiconducting-to-metallic ratio of SWCNT samples. Finally, a phenomenological model, based on the dependence of the carbon solubility as a function of catalyst nanoparticle size and nature of the alloying elements, is proposed to interpret the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Forel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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13
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Kimura R, Hijikata Y, Eveleens CA, Page AJ, Irle S. Chiral-selective etching effects on carbon nanotube growth at edge carbon atoms. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:375-380. [PMID: 30548651 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) utilizing metal cluster nanoparticle catalysts is commonly used to synthesize carbon nanotubes (CNT), with oxygen-containing species such as water or alcohol included in the feedstock for enhanced yield. However, the etching effect of these additives on the growth mechanism has rarely been investigated, despite evidence suggesting that etching potentially affects the chirality distribution of product CNTs. We used quantum chemical methods to study how water-based etchant radicals (OH and H) may enhance the chiral selectivity during CVD growth using CNT cap models. Chemical reactivities of the caps with the etchant radicals were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT). It was found that the reactivities on the cap edges correlate with the chirality of the caps. These results suggest that proper selection of etchant species can provide opportunities for selective chirality control of the product CNTs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuto Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- The institute names serve in place of Department information, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Clothilde A Eveleens
- The institute names serve in place of Department information, Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Alister J Page
- The institute names serve in place of Department information, Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Stephan Irle
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Computational Sciences and Engineering Division & Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6493
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14
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Douglas A, Carter R, Li M, Pint CL. Toward Small-Diameter Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized from Captured Carbon Dioxide: Critical Role of Catalyst Coarsening. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19010-19018. [PMID: 29715008 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Small-diameter carbon nanotubes (CNTs) often require increased sophistication and control in synthesis processes, but exhibit improved physical properties and greater economic value over their larger-diameter counterparts. Here, we study mechanisms controlling the electrochemical synthesis of CNTs from the capture and conversion of ambient CO2 in molten salts and leverage this understanding to achieve the smallest-diameter CNTs ever reported in the literature from sustainable electrochemical synthesis routes, including some few-walled CNTs. Here, Fe catalyst layers are deposited at different thicknesses onto stainless steel to produce cathodes, and atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 is performed on Ni to produce a corrosion-resistant anode. Our findings indicate a correlation between the CNT diameter and Fe metal layer thickness following electrochemical catalyst reduction at the cathode-molten salt interface. Further, catalyst coarsening during long duration synthesis experiments leads to a 2× increase in average diameters from 3 to 60 min durations, with CNTs produced after 3 min exhibiting a tight diameter distribution centered near ∼10 nm. Energy consumption analysis for the conversion of CO2 into CNTs demonstrates energy input costs much lower than the value of CNTs-a concept that strictly requires and motivates small-diameter CNTs-and is more favorable compared to other costly CO2 conversion techniques that produce lower-value materials and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Douglas
- SkyNano LLC , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37830 , United States
| | | | | | - Cary L Pint
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
- SkyNano LLC , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37830 , United States
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15
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He M, Magnin Y, Jiang H, Amara H, Kauppinen EI, Loiseau A, Bichara C. Growth modes and chiral selectivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6744-6750. [PMID: 29589849 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, using an Fe catalyst, and alternating methane and carbon monoxide as carbon feedstocks, leads to the reversible formation of junctions between tubes of different diameters. Combined with an atomistic modeling of the tube/catalyst interface, this shows that the ratio of diameters of the tube and its seeding particle, denoting the growth mode, depends on the carbon fraction inside the catalyst. With carbon monoxide, nanoparticles are strongly carbon enriched, and tend to dewet the tube, in a perpendicular growth mode. Cross-checking our results with the available reports from the literature of the last decade strongly suggests that these latter conditions should favor the near armchair chiral selectivity observed empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuai He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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16
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Hanson-Heine MW, George MW, Besley NA. Density functional theory calculations of the non-resonant and resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy of carbon fullerenes and nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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McLean B, Eveleens CA, Mitchell I, Webber GB, Page AJ. Catalytic CVD synthesis of boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials - synergies between experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26466-26494. [PMID: 28849841 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon and boron nitride nanomaterials - hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, boron nitride nanotubes and carbon nanotubes - remain at the forefront of advanced materials research. Catalytic chemical vapour deposition has become an invaluable technique for reliably and cost-effectively synthesising these materials. In this review, we will emphasise how a synergy between experimental and theoretical methods has enhanced the understanding and optimisation of this synthetic technique. This review examines recent advances in the application of CVD to synthesising boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials and highlights where, in many cases, molecular simulations and quantum chemistry have provided key insights complementary to experimental investigation. This synergy is particularly prominent in the field of carbon nanotube and graphene CVD synthesis, and we propose here it will be the key to future advances in optimisation of CVD synthesis of boron nitride nanomaterials, boron nitride - carbon composite materials, and other nanomaterials generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben McLean
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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18
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Pierce N, Chen G, P Rajukumar L, Chou NH, Koh AL, Sinclair R, Maruyama S, Terrones M, Harutyunyan AR. Intrinsic Chirality Origination in Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9941-9949. [PMID: 28953362 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the origin of carbon nanotube chirality is key for realizing their untapped potential. Currently, prevalent theories suggest that catalyst structure originates chirality via an epitaxial relationship. Here we studied chirality abundances of carbon nanotubes grown on floating liquid Ga droplets, which excludes the influence of catalyst features, and compared them with abundances grown on solid Ru nanoparticles. Results of growth on liquid droplets bolsters the intrinsic preference of carbon nuclei toward certain chiralities. Specifically, the abundance of the (11,1)/χ = 4.31° tube can reach up to 95% relative to (9,4)/χ = 17.48°, although they have exactly the same diameter, (9.156 Å). However, the comparative abundances for the pair, (19,3)/χ = 7.2° and (17,6)/χ = 14.5°, with bigger diameter, (16.405 Å), fluctuate depending on synthesis temperature. The abundances of the same pairs of tubes grown on floating solid polyhedral Ru nanoparticles show completely different trends. Analysis of abundances in relation to nucleation probability, represented by a product of the Zeldovich factor and the deviation interval of a growing nuclei from equilibrium critical size, explain the findings. We suggest that the chirality in the nanotube in general is a result of interplay between intrinsic preference of carbon cluster and induction by catalyst structure. This finding can help to build the comprehensive theory of nanotube growth and offers a prospect for chirality-preferential synthesis of carbon nanotubes by the exploitation of liquid catalyst droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Pierce
- Honda Research Institute USA Inc. , Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Gugang Chen
- Honda Research Institute USA Inc. , Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Lakshmy P Rajukumar
- Honda Research Institute USA Inc. , Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Nam Hawn Chou
- Honda Research Institute USA Inc. , Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Energy NanoEngineering Lab, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba 305-8561, Japan
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
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20
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C, Saito T, Sato Y, Suenaga K, Pichler T, Shiozawa H. Chirality-dependent growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes as revealed inside nano-test tubes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7998-8006. [PMID: 28574066 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01846k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth dynamics of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been studied with nickelocene as a precursor encapsulated in the interior of template SWCNTs. By means of multi-laser Raman spectroscopy, growth curves of nine different SWCNTs, (8,8), (12,3), (13,1), (9,6), (10,4), (11,2), (11,1), (9,3) and (9,2), have been determined upon in situ annealing at various temperatures. The data reveal that the nanotubes grow through fast and slow reaction pathways with high and low activation energies, respectively. While the activation energy of the slow growth is independent of the nanotube's chiral vector, that of the fast growth exhibits a monotonic increase as the tube diameter reduces from ∼1.1 down to 0.8 nm and no dependency on the chiral angle, which can be attributed to the size-dependent properties of catalyst clusters. The chirality dependent catalytic growth properties exploited in this study provide the basis for a large-scale synthesis of single-chiral vector SWCNTs.
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21
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Li M, Liu X, Zhao X, Yang F, Wang X, Li Y. Metallic Catalysts for Structure-Controlled Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:29. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Zhang R, Zhang Y, Wei F. Horizontally aligned carbon nanotube arrays: growth mechanism, controlled synthesis, characterization, properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:3661-3715. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00104e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the growth mechanism, controlled synthesis, characterization, properties and applications of horizontally aligned carbon nanotube arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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23
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Abstract
Surface engineering of nanoparticles has recently emerged as a promising technique for synthetic molecular recognition of biological analytes. In particular, the use of synthetic heteropolymers adsorbed onto the surface of a nanoparticle can yield selective detection of a molecular target. Synthetic molecular recognition has unique advantages in leveraging the photostability, versatility, and exceptional chemical stability of nanomaterials. In particular, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) exhibit a large Stokes shift and near infrared emission for maximum biological sample transparency. Optical biosensors with high signal transduction and molecular specificity can be synthesized with amphiphilic heteropolymers grafted to SWNT, and discovered by high-throughput screening. Herein, we describe the development and the characterization of surface-engineered nanoparticles, or "synthetic antibodies," for protein detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Darwin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Markita Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Landry Lab, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, #3220, 476 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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24
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Kharlamova MV. Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:826-856. [PMID: 28503394 PMCID: PMC5405693 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with defined properties is required for both fundamental investigations and practical applications. The revealing and thorough understanding of the growth mechanism of SWCNTs is the key to the synthesis of nanotubes with required properties. This paper reviews the current status of the research on the investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes. The review starts with the consideration of the peculiarities of the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes. The physical and chemical states of the catalyst during the nanotube growth are discussed. The chirality selective growth of nanotubes is described. The main part of the review is dedicated to the analysis and systematization of the reported results on the investigation of growth dynamics of nanotubes. The studies on the revealing of the dependence of the growth rate of nanotubes on the synthesis parameters are reviewed. The correlation between the lifetime of catalyst and growth rate of nanotubes is discussed. The reports on the calculation of the activation energy of the nanotube growth are summarized. Finally, the growth properties of inner tubes inside SWCNTs are considered.
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25
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Barnard JS, Paukner C, Koziol KK. The role of carbon precursor on carbon nanotube chirality in floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17262-17270. [PMID: 27714047 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03895f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the influence of different carbon precursors (methane, ethanol and toluene) on the type, diameter and chiral angle distributions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown with the floating catalyst technique in a horizontal gas-flow reactor. Using electron diffraction to study their atomic structures, we found that ethanol and toluene precursors gave high single-wall CNT yields (92% and 89% respectively), with narrow diameter distributions: 1.1 nm to 1.7 nm (ethanol); 1.3 nm to 2.1 nm (toluene), with a propensity for armchair-type chiral angles. In contrast, methane-grown CNTs gave high double-wall CNT yields (75%) with broader diameter populations: 1.2 to 4.6 nm (inner CNT) and 2.2 to 5.3 nm (outer CNT) with a more uniform spread of chiral angles, but weakly peaked around 15 to 20 degrees. These observations agree with known growth models. However, double-wall CNTs grown with toluene showed an unusually narrow interlayer spacing of 0.286 ± 0.003 nm with suggestions of large, 20° to 25°, differences between inner and outer CNT chiral angles. Methane gave a large interlayer spacing (0.385 ± 0.002 nm) with suggestions of small 5° to 10° inter-tube chirality correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Barnard
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - C Paukner
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - K K Koziol
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
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26
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Beyene AG, Demirer GS, Landry MP. Nanoparticle-Templated Molecular Recognition Platforms for Detection of Biological Analytes. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 8:197-223. [PMID: 27622569 PMCID: PMC10539024 DOI: 10.1002/cpch.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition of biological analytes with optical nanosensors provides both spatial and temporal biochemical information. A recently developed sensing platform exploits near-infrared fluorescent single-wall carbon nanotubes combined with electrostatically pinned heteropolymers to yield a synthetic molecular recognition technique that is maximally transparent through biological matter. This molecular recognition technique is known as corona phase molecular recognition (CoPhMoRe). In CoPhMoRe, the specificity of a folded polymer toward an analyte does not arise from a pre-existing polymer-analyte chemical affinity. Rather, specificity is conferred through conformational changes undergone by a polymer that is pinned to the surface of a nanoparticle in the presence of an analyte and the subsequent modifications in fluorescence readout of the nanoparticles. The protocols in this article describe a novel single-molecule microscopy tool (near-infrared fluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence [nIRF TIRF] hybrid microscope) to visualize the CoPhMoRe recognition process, enabling a better understanding of synthetic molecular recognition. We describe this requisite microscope for simultaneous single-molecule visualization of optical molecular recognition and signal transduction. We elaborate on the general procedures for synthesizing and identifying single-walled carbon nanotube-based sensors that employ CoPhMoRe via two biologically relevant examples of single-molecule recognition for the hormone estradiol and the neurotransmitter dopamine. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham G Beyene
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Gozde S Demirer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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27
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Ibrahim I, Gemming T, Weber WM, Mikolajick T, Liu Z, Rümmeli MH. Current Progress in the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Type-Selected Horizontally Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7248-7266. [PMID: 27427780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exciting electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes show promise as a future class of electronic materials, yet the manufacturing challenges remain significant. The key challenges are to determine fabrication approaches for complex and flexible arrangements of nanotube devices that are reliable, rapid, and reproducible. Realizing regular array structures is an important step toward this goal. Considerable efforts have and are being made in this vein, although the progress to date is somewhat modest. However, there are reasons to be optimistic. Positive steps of being able to control not only the spatial location and diameter of the tubes but also their electronic type (chiral control) are being made. Two primary approaches are being exploited to address the challenges. Tube deposition techniques, on the one hand, and direct growth of the desired tube at the target location are being explored. While this review covers both approaches, the emphasis is on recent developments in the direct fabrication of type-selected horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ibrahim
- NaMLab gGmbH , Nöthnitzer Strasse 64, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Gemming
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, 01171 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Walter M Weber
- NaMLab gGmbH , Nöthnitzer Strasse 64, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Dresden University of Technology , 01062 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Thomas Mikolajick
- NaMLab gGmbH , Nöthnitzer Strasse 64, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Dresden University of Technology , 01062 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
- Chair of Nanoelectronic Materials, TU Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- College of Physics Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Centre for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- College of Physics Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, 01171 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
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28
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Melkhanova S, Haluska M, Hübner R, Kunze T, Keller A, Abrasonis G, Gemming S, Krause M. Carbon : nickel nanocomposite templates - predefined stable catalysts for diameter-controlled growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14888-97. [PMID: 27460394 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon : nickel (C : Ni) nanocomposite templates (NCTs) were used as catalyst precursors for diameter-controlled growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Two NCT types of 2 nm thickness were prepared by ion beam co-sputtering without (type I) or with assisting Ar(+) ion irradiation (type II). NCT type I comprised Ni-rich nanoparticles (NPs) with defined diameter in an amorphous carbon matrix, while NCT type II was a homogenous C : Ni film. Based on the Raman spectra of more than 600 individual SWCNTs, the diameter distribution obtained from both types of NCT was determined. SWCNTs with a selective, monomodal diameter distribution are obtained from NCT type I. About 50% of the SWCNTs have a diameter of (1.36 ± 0.10) nm. In contrast to NCT type I, SWCNTs with a non-selective, relatively homogeneous diameter distribution from 0.80 to 1.40 nm covering 88% of all SWCNTs are obtained from NCT type II. From both catalyst templates predominantly separated as-grown SWCNTs are obtained. They are free of solvents or surfactants, exhibit a low degree of bundling and contain negligible amounts of MWCNTs. The study demonstrates the advantage of predefined catalysts for diameter-controlled SWCNT synthesis in comparison to in situ formed catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Melkhanova
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
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29
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An H, Kumamoto A, Takezaki H, Ohyama S, Qian Y, Inoue T, Ikuhara Y, Chiashi S, Xiang R, Maruyama S. Chirality specific and spatially uniform synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes from a sputtered Co-W bimetallic catalyst. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14523-14529. [PMID: 27412697 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02749k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with well-defined atomic arrangements has been widely recognized in the past few decades as the biggest challenge in the SWNT community, and has become a bottleneck for the application of SWNTs in nano-electronics. Here, we report a selective synthesis of (12, 6) SWNTs with an enrichment of 50%-70% by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using sputtered Co-W as a catalyst. This is achieved under much milder reduction and growth conditions than those in the previous report using transition-metal molecule clusters as catalyst precursors (Nature, 2014, 510, 522). Meanwhile, in-plane transmission electron microscopy unambiguously identified an intermediate structure of Co6W6C, which is strongly associated with selective growth. However, most of the W atoms disappear after a 5 min CVD growth, which implies that anchoring W may be important in this puzzling Co-W system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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On the Stability and Abundance of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16850. [PMID: 26581125 PMCID: PMC4652236 DOI: 10.1038/srep16850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many nanotechnological applications, using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), are only possible with a uniform product. Thus, direct control over the product during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of SWNT is desirable, and much effort has been made towards the ultimate goal of chirality-controlled growth of SWNTs. We have used density functional theory (DFT) to compute the stability of SWNT fragments of all chiralities in the series representing the targeted products for such applications, which we compare to the chiralities of the actual CVD products from all properly analyzed experiments. From this comparison we find that in 84% of the cases the experimental product represents chiralities among the most stable SWNT fragments (within 0.2 eV) from the computations. Our analysis shows that the diameter of the SWNT product is governed by the well-known relation to size of the catalytic nanoparticles, and the specific chirality is normally determined by the product’s relative stability, suggesting thermodynamic control at the early stage of product formation. Based on our findings, we discuss the effect of other experimental parameters on the chirality of the product. Furthermore, we highlight the possibility to produce any tube chirality in the context of recent published work on seeded-controlled growth.
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31
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Cai W, Bao L, Zhao S, Xie Y, Akasaka T, Lu X. Anomalous Compression of D5(450)-C100 by Encapsulating La2C2 Cluster instead of La2. J Am Chem Soc 2015. [PMID: 26216392 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a finite-length (10,0) carbon nanotube (CNT) with two fullerene caps, namely D5(450)-C100, is an ideal prototype to study the mechanical responses of small CNTs upon endohedral metal doping. Encapsulation of a large La2C2 cluster inside D5(450)-C100 induces a 5% axial compression of the cage, as compared with the structure of La2@D5(450)-C100. Detailed crystallographic analyses reveal quantitively the flexibility of the [10]cyclacene-sidewall segment and the rigidity of the pentagon-dominating caps for the first time. The internal C2-unit acts as a molecular spring that attracts the surrounding cage carbon atoms through strong interactions with the two moving lanthanum ions. This is the first crystallographic observation of the axial compression of CNTs caused by the internal stress, which enhances our knowledge about the structural deformation of novel carbon allotropes at the atomic level.
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32
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Page AJ, Saha S, Li HB, Irle S, Morokuma K. Quantum Chemical Simulation of Carbon Nanotube Nucleation on Al2O3 Catalysts via CH4 Chemical Vapor Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9281-8. [PMID: 26148208 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We present quantum chemical simulations demonstrating how single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) form, or "nucleate", on the surface of Al2O3 nanoparticles during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using CH4. SWCNT nucleation proceeds via the formation of extended polyyne chains that only interact with the catalyst surface at one or both ends. Consequently, SWCNT nucleation is not a surface-mediated process. We demonstrate that this unusual nucleation sequence is due to two factors. First, the π interaction between graphitic carbon and Al2O3 is extremely weak, such that graphitic carbon is expected to desorb at typical CVD temperatures. Second, hydrogen present at the catalyst surface actively passivates dangling carbon bonds, preventing a surface-mediated nucleation mechanism. The simulations reveal hydrogen's reactive chemical pathways during SWCNT nucleation and that the manner in which SWCNTs form on Al2O3 is fundamentally different from that observed using "traditional" transition metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alister J Page
- †Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Supriya Saha
- †Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- §School of Ocean, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Stephan Irle
- ∥Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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33
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Yang F, Wang X, Zhang D, Qi K, Yang J, Xu Z, Li M, Zhao X, Bai X, Li Y. Growing Zigzag (16,0) Carbon Nanotubes with Structure-Defined Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8688-91. [PMID: 26125333 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The growth of zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is most challenging among all types of SWNTs, with the highest reported selectivity of ∼7%. Here we realized the dominant growth of (16,0) tubes at the abundance near ∼80% by using intermetallic W6Co7 catalysts containing plenty of (1 1 6) planes together with optimizing the growth conditions. These (1 1 6) planes may act as the structure templates for (16,0) SWNTs due to the geometrical match between the open end of the (16,0) tube and the atomic arrangements of the (1 1 6) planes in W6Co7. Using catalysts with designed structure as solid state template at suitable kinetic conditions offers a strategy for selective growth of zigzag SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Zhang
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kuo Qi
- ‡Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Juan Yang
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- ‡Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Meihui Li
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuedong Bai
- ‡Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan Li
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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34
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Xu Z, Yan T, Ding F. Atomistic simulation of the growth of defect-free carbon nanotubes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4704-4711. [PMID: 28717482 PMCID: PMC5500845 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00938c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomistic simulation of defect-free single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth is essential for the insightful understanding of the SWCNT's growth mechanism. Despite the extensive effort paid in the past two decades, the goal has not been completely achieved, due to the huge timescale discrepancy between atomistic simulation and the experimental synthesis of SWCNTs, as well as the lack of an accurate classical potential energy surface for large scale simulation. Here, we report atomistic simulations of defect-free SWCNT growth by using a new generation of carbon-metal potential and a hybrid method, in which a basin-hopping strategy is applied to facilitate the defect healing during the simulation. The simulations reveal a narrow diameter distribution and an even chiral angle distribution of the growth of SWCNTs from liquid catalyst, which is in agreement with most known experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Xu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing , Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , The People's Republic of China .
| | - Tianying Yan
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , The People's Republic of China .
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing , Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , The People's Republic of China .
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35
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Page AJ, Ding F, Irle S, Morokuma K. Insights into carbon nanotube and graphene formation mechanisms from molecular simulations: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:036501. [PMID: 25746411 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene over the last two decades has heralded a new era in physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. During this time, intense efforts have been made towards understanding the atomic-scale mechanisms by which these remarkable nanostructures grow. Molecular simulations have made significant contributions in this regard; indeed, they are responsible for many of the key discoveries and advancements towards this goal. Here we review molecular simulations of CNT and graphene growth, and in doing so we highlight the many invaluable insights gained from molecular simulations into these complex nanoscale self-assembly processes. This review highlights an often-overlooked aspect of CNT and graphene formation-that the two processes, although seldom discussed in the same terms, are in fact remarkably similar. Both can be viewed as a 0D → 1D → 2D transformation, which converts carbon atoms (0D) to polyyne chains (1D) to a complete sp(2)-carbon network (2D). The difference in the final structure (CNT or graphene) is determined only by the curvature of the catalyst and the strength of the carbon-metal interaction. We conclude our review by summarizing the present shortcomings of CNT/graphene growth simulations, and future challenges to this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Page
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
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36
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Landry MP, Kruss S, Nelson JT, Bisker G, Iverson NM, Reuel NF, Strano MS. Experimental tools to study molecular recognition within the nanoparticle corona. SENSORS 2014; 14:16196-211. [PMID: 25184487 PMCID: PMC4208170 DOI: 10.3390/s140916196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in optical nanosensor development have enabled the design of sensors using syntheticmolecular recognition elements through a recently developed method called Corona Phase MolecularRecognition (CoPhMoRe). The synthetic sensors resulting from these design principles are highly selective for specific analytes, and demonstrate remarkable stability for use under a variety of conditions. An essential element of nanosensor development hinges on the ability to understand the interface between nanoparticles and the associated corona phase surrounding the nanosensor, an environment outside of the range of traditional characterization tools, such as NMR. This review discusses the need for new strategies and instrumentation to study the nanoparticle corona, operating in both in vitro and in vivo environments. Approaches to instrumentation must have the capacity to concurrently monitor nanosensor operation and the molecular changes in the corona phase. A detailed overview of new tools for the understanding of CoPhMoRe mechanisms is provided for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Justin T Nelson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Nicole M Iverson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Nigel F Reuel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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37
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Si R, Wei L, Wang H, Su D, Mushrif SH, Chen Y. Extraction of (9,8) single-walled carbon nanotubes by fluorene-based polymers. Chem Asian J 2013; 9:868-77. [PMID: 24376166 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Selective polymer wrapping is a promising approach to obtain high-chiral-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) needed in technical applications and scientific studies. We showed that among three fluorene-based polymers with different side-chain lengths and backbones, poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(9,10-anthracene)] (PFH-A) can selectively extract SWCNTs synthesized from the CoSO4 /SiO2 catalyst, which results in enrichment of 78.3 % (9,8) and 12.2 % (9,7) nanotubes among all semiconducting species. These high-chiral-purity SWCNTs may find potential applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the extraction selectivity of PFH-A relates to the bending and alignment of its alkyl chains and the twisting of its two aromatic backbone units (biphenyl and anthracene) relative to SWCNTs. The strong π-π interaction between polymers and SWCNTs would increase the extraction yield, but it is not beneficial for chiral selectivity. Our findings suggest that the matching between the curvature of SWCNTs and the flexibility of the polymer side chains and the aromatic backbone units is essential in designing novel polymers for selective extraction of (n,m) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Si
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 (Singapore), Fax: (+65) 67947553
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38
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Jie Q, Guo-Zhu J. Dielectric constant of polyhydric alcohol-DMSO mixture solution at the microwave frequency. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12983-9. [PMID: 24245484 DOI: 10.1021/jp4082245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric spectrum of polyhydric alcohol (1,2,3)-DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) mixtures, at full concentration, have been determined by the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) method at frequencies from 20 MHz to 20 GHz at room temperature. The mixture behavior is described according to four Davidson-Cole terms whose evolution with composition is analyzed. The binding energies and hydrogen bond (HB) numbers between solute-solute and solvent-solute pairs are obtained from the permittivity using the Luzar model. The average HBs number associated with DMSO decreases with increasing mole fraction of DMSO. The binding energy of solute-solute (E11) and solvent-solute (E12) interaction decreases with the increased numbers of carbon atoms in the alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jie
- College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Sichuan Normal University , Chengdu 610066, China
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39
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Liu B, Wang C, Liu J, Che Y, Zhou C. Aligned carbon nanotubes: from controlled synthesis to electronic applications. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:9483-9502. [PMID: 23969970 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) possess superior geometrical, electronic, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties and are very attractive for applications in electronic devices and circuits. To make this a reality, the nanotube orientation, density, diameter, electronic property, and even chirality should be well controlled. This Feature article focuses on recent achievements researchers have made on the controlled growth of horizontally aligned SWNTs and SWNT arrays on substrates and their electronic applications. Principles and strategies to control the morphology, structure, and properties of SWNTs are reviewed in detail. Furthermore, electrical properties of field-effect transistors fabricated on both individual SWNTs and aligned SWNT arrays are discussed. State-of-the-art electronic devices and circuits based on aligned SWNTs and SWNT arrays are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilu Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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40
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Orbaek AW, Owens AC, Crouse CC, Pint CL, Hauge RH, Barron AR. Single walled carbon nanotube growth and chirality dependence on catalyst composition. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:9848-9859. [PMID: 23974219 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03142j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vertical arrays of single walled carbon nanotubes (VA-SWNTs) were grown using bi-metallic nanoparticle pro-catalysts. Iron oxide particles were doped with varying quantities of first row transition metals (Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu) for a comparative study of the growth of nanotubes. VA-CNT samples were verified using scanning electron microscopy, and characterized using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The length of the VA-CNTs is used as a measure of catalyst activity: the presence of dopants results in a change in the CNT length and length distribution. Cross correlation of the Raman spectra reveal variations in the distribution of radial breathing mode peaks according to the pro-catalyst composition. The formation of various chirality nanotubes is constant between repetitive runs with a particular catalyst, but may be controlled by the identity and concentration of the metal dopants within the iron catalyst. These results demonstrate that the composition of the catalyst is a major driving force toward type selective growth of nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin W Orbaek
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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41
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Vialla F, Roquelet C, Langlois B, Delport G, Santos SM, Deleporte E, Roussignol P, Delalande C, Voisin C, Lauret JS. Chirality dependence of the absorption cross section of carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:137402. [PMID: 24116816 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.137402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The variation of the optical absorption of carbon nanotubes with their geometry has been a long-standing question at the heart of both metrological and applicative issues, in particular because optical spectroscopy is one of the primary tools for the assessment of the chiral species abundance of samples. Here, we tackle the chirality dependence of the optical absorption with an original method involving ultraefficient energy transfer in porphyrin-nanotube compounds that allows uniform photoexcitation of all chiral species. We measure the absolute absorption cross section of a wide range of semiconducting nanotubes at their S22 transition and show that it varies by up to a factor of 2.2 with the chiral angle, with type I nanotubes showing a larger absorption. In contrast, the luminescence quantum yield remains almost constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Vialla
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, UPMC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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42
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Liu B, Liu J, Tu X, Zhang J, Zheng M, Zhou C. Chirality-dependent vapor-phase epitaxial growth and termination of single-wall carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4416-21. [PMID: 23937554 DOI: 10.1021/nl402259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Structurally uniform and chirality-pure single-wall carbon nanotubes are highly desired for both fundamental study and many of their technological applications, such as electronics, optoelectronics, and biomedical imaging. Considerable efforts have been invested in the synthesis of nanotubes with defined chiralities by tuning the growth recipes but the approach has only limited success. Recently, we have shown that chirality-pure short nanotubes can be used as seeds for vapor-phase epitaxial cloning growth, opening up a new route toward chirality-controlled carbon nanotube synthesis. Nevertheless, the yield of vapor-phase epitaxial growth is rather limited at the present stage, due in large part to the lack of mechanistic understanding of the process. Here we report chirality-dependent growth kinetics and termination mechanism for the vapor-phase epitaxial growth of seven single-chirality nanotubes of (9, 1), (6, 5), (8, 3), (7, 6), (10, 2), (6, 6), and (7, 7), covering near zigzag, medium chiral angle, and near armchair semiconductors, as well as armchair metallic nanotubes. Our results reveal that the growth rates of nanotubes increase with their chiral angles while the active lifetimes of the growth hold opposite trend. Consequently, the chirality distribution of a nanotube ensemble is jointly determined by both growth rates and lifetimes. These results correlate nanotube structures and properties with their growth behaviors and deepen our understanding of chirality-controlled growth of nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilu Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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43
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Verdenhalven E, Malić E. Excitonic absorption intensity of semiconducting and metallic carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:245302. [PMID: 23709476 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/24/245302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the intrinsic absorption intensity of each carbon nanotube is of crucial importance for the optical assignment of nanotube species and the estimation of their abundance in a sample. Based on a microscopic approach, we calculate excitonic absorption spectra for a variety of semiconducting and metallic nanotubes, revealing a clear diameter, chirality, and family dependence of the absorption intensity. In particular, we also study the appearance of excited excitonic transitions, which are shown to be well pronounced for semiconducting nanotubes, reaching intensities of up to 10% of the main transition. We find that nanotubes with large diameters show the most pronounced absorption intensities, confirming well the experimentally observed trend. Depending on the CNT family and transition, the absorption is enhanced or reduced with the chiral angle. This behavior reflects well the qualitative chirality dependence of the analytically derived optical matrix element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Verdenhalven
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Wang H, Ren F, Liu C, Si R, Yu D, Pfefferle LD, Haller GL, Chen Y. CoSO4/SiO2 catalyst for selective synthesis of (9,8) single-walled carbon nanotubes: Effect of catalyst calcination. J Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Thurakitseree T, Kramberger C, Kumamoto A, Chiashi S, Einarsson E, Maruyama S. Reversible diameter modulation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by acetonitrile-containing feedstock. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2205-2211. [PMID: 23469892 DOI: 10.1021/nn3051852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Changing the carbon feedstock from pure ethanol to a 5 vol % mixture of acetonitrile in ethanol during the growth of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) reduces the mean diameter of the emerging SWNTs from approximately 2 to 1 nm. We show this feedstock-dependent change is reversible and repeatable, as demonstrated by multilayered vertically aligned SWNT structures. The reversibility of this process and lack of necessity for catalyst modification provides insight into the role of nitrogen in reducing the SWNT diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerapol Thurakitseree
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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46
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Wang H, Wei L, Ren F, Wang Q, Pfefferle LD, Haller GL, Chen Y. Chiral-selective CoSO4/SiO2 catalyst for (9,8) single-walled carbon nanotube growth. ACS NANO 2013; 7:614-26. [PMID: 23215361 DOI: 10.1021/nn3047633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic and optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) correlate with their chiral structures. Many applications need chirally pure SWCNTs that current synthesis methods cannot produce. Here, we show a sulfate-promoted CoSO(4)/SiO(2) catalyst, which selectively grows large-diameter (9,8) nanotubes at 1.17 nm with 51.7% abundance among semiconducting tubes and 33.5% over all tube species. After reduction in H(2) at 540 °C, the catalyst containing 1 wt % Co has a carbon yield of 3.8 wt %, in which more than 90% is SWCNT. As compared to other Co catalysts used for SWCNT growth, the CoSO(4)/SiO(2) catalyst is unique with a narrow Co reduction window under H(2) centered at 470 °C, which can be attributed to the reduction of highly dispersed CoSO(4). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results suggested the formation of Co particles with an average size of 1.23 nm, which matches the diameter of (9,8) tubes. Density functional theory study indicated that the diameter of structurally stable pure Co particles is scattered, matching the most abundant chiral tubes, such as (6,5) and (9,8). Moreover, the formation of such large Co particles on the CoSO(4)/SiO(2) catalyst depends on sulfur in the catalyst. XAS results showed that sulfur content in the catalyst changes after catalyst reduction at different conditions, which correlates with the change in (n,m) selectivity observed. We proposed that the potential roles of sulfur could be limiting the aggregation of Co atoms and/or forming Co-S compounds, which enables the chiral selectivity toward (9,8) tubes. This work demonstrates that catalysts promoted with sulfur compounds have potentials to be further developed for chiral-selective growth of SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
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47
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Wang H, Goh K, Xue R, Yu D, Jiang W, Lau R, Chen Y. Sulfur doped Co/SiO2catalysts for chirally selective synthesis of single walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2031-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38973a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Wang Q, Wang H, Wei L, Yang SW, Chen Y. Reactive Sites for Chiral Selective Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A DFT Study of Ni55–Cn Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:11709-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of
Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis,
Singapore 138632, Singapore
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of
Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Li Wei
- School of
Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Wang Yang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis,
Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of
Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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Nanot S, Hároz EH, Kim JH, Hauge RH, Kono J. Optoelectronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4977-94. [PMID: 22911973 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), with their uniquely simple crystal structures and chirality-dependent electronic and vibrational states, provide an ideal laboratory for the exploration of novel 1D physics, as well as quantum engineered architectures for applications in optoelectronics. This article provides an overview of recent progress in optical studies of SWCNTs. In particular, recent progress in post-growth separation methods allows different species of SWCNTs to be sorted out in bulk quantities according to their diameters, chiralities, and electronic types, enabling studies of (n,m)-dependent properties using standard macroscopic characterization measurements. Here, a review is presented of recent optical studies of samples enriched in 'armchair' (n = m) species, which are truly metallic nanotubes but show excitonic interband absorption. Furthermore, it is shown that intense ultrashort optical pulses can induce ultrafast bandgap oscillations in SWCNTs, via the generation of coherent phonons, which in turn modulate the transmission of a delayed probe pulse. Combined with pulse-shaping techniques, coherent phonon spectroscopy provides a powerful method for studying exciton-phonon coupling in SWCNTs in a chirality-selective manner. Finally, some of the basic properties of highly aligned SWCNT films are highlighted, which are particularly well-suited for optoelectronic applications including terahertz polarizers with nearly perfect extinction ratios and broadband photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Nanot
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Li HB, Page AJ, Irle S, Morokuma K. Single-walled carbon nanotube growth from chiral carbon nanorings: prediction of chirality and diameter influence on growth rates. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15887-96. [PMID: 22928987 DOI: 10.1021/ja305769v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-free, chirality-controlled growth of chiral and zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from organic precursors is demonstrated using quantum chemical simulations. Growth of (4,3), (6,5), (6,1), (10,1) and (8,0) SWCNTs was induced by ethynyl radical (C(2)H) addition to organic precursors. These simulations show a strong dependence of the SWCNT growth rate on the chiral angle, θ. The SWCNT diameter however does not influence the SWCNT growth rate under these conditions. This agreement with a previously proposed screw-dislocation-like model of transition metal-catalyzed SWCNT growth rates [Ding, F.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106, 2506] indicates that the SWCNT growth rate is an intrinsic property of the SWCNT edge itself. Conversely, we predict that the rate of SWCNT growth via Diels-Alder cycloaddition of C(2)H(2) is strongly influenced by the diameter of the SWCNT. We therefore predict the existence of a maximum growth rate for an optimum diameter/chirality combination at a given C(2)H/C(2)H(2) ratio. We also find that the ability of a SWCNT to avoid defect formation during growth is an intrinsic quality of the SWCNT edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bei Li
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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