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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Kross E, Ramirez JJ, Tristao T, Peterson KP, Teachman BA, Wiers RW, Neighbors C. Investigating cognitive and motivational proximal outcomes in a randomized clinical trial of writing about the future self to reduce drinking. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1142-1154. [PMID: 38658188 PMCID: PMC11178456 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking identity (the extent to which one links the self with drinking alcohol) is a unique risk factor for college students' hazardous drinking that is not directly targeted by existing interventions. We conducted a study that aimed to decrease drinking identity among college students with hazardous drinking. We adapted a writing task about the future self and tested whether three writing sessions could decrease drinking identity and change drinking. We also investigated whether two additional factors (writing perspective and inclusion of participants' social networks) would enhance task impact. The present study evaluated whether posited proximal cognitive and motivational outcomes (drinking identity, self-efficacy, readiness to change, and drinking intentions) changed immediately after each writing session. METHOD The study is a randomized clinical trial in which hypotheses and analyses were pre-registered. Participants were 328 college students who met hazardous drinking criteria. The study had a 2 (narrative writing topic: low-risk drinker vs. reduced smartphone use) × 2 (writing perspective: first-person vs. non-first-person) × 2 (social network instruction: instructed to include vs. not) factorial design. Proximal outcomes were drinking identity, self-efficacy, readiness to change, and drinking intentions. The clinical outcome was alcohol consumption. Participants completed three laboratory sessions at weekly intervals that included the writing task and pre- and post-task assessments. RESULTS Results were largely null, except that readiness to reduce drinking was higher in the low-risk drinker condition and increased over the lab sessions. Time effects indicated that reductions in drinking identity, drinking intentions, and alcohol consumption, and increases in self-efficacy were observed but did not change above and beyond control conditions. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate the need to strengthen the writing task and select a more appropriate control task to target proposed proximal outcomes. Future studies might try personalizing the task, evaluating its efficacy with individuals motivated to change their drinking, and using a control task that does not involve imagining a future self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Lindgren
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott A. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Ethan Kross
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason J. Ramirez
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ty Tristao
- Trauma Recovery & Resilience Innovations, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten P. Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Bethany A. Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia USA
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Maurage P, Boudehent C, Ferrié L, Cabé N, Pitel AL. Are we just talking in circles? Impact of psychoeducation on disease knowledge and relapse in severe alcohol use disorder. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024. [PMID: 38811340 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychoeducation constitutes a routine therapeutic practice in most treatment settings for severe alcohol use disorder (sAUD). This technique is considered an efficient way to help patients to learn more about their disease and achieve therapeutic objectives. However, this approach capitalizes on three untested assumptions: namely, that (1) patients with sAUD possess insufficient knowledge about sAUD at treatment entry; (2) patients with sAUD have the cognitive resources to learn new information and benefit from psychoeducation; and (3) psychoeducation positively impacts clinical outcomes. METHODS We tested these assumptions in two experimental studies. In the first experiment in 66 recently detoxified patients with sAUD and 102 matched healthy controls, we measured baseline knowledge on sAUD through self-reported questionnaires, determined whether an up-to-date psychoeducation program can improve this knowledge, explored the role of cognitive abilities in such learning, and established the impact of psychoeducation on relapse rates. In a second experiment in 23 patients and 17 healthy controls, we examined whether the increased knowledge following psychoeducation is alcohol specific, and whether the motivation to change influences the relation between psychoeducation and clinical outcomes. RESULTS At treatment entry, patients with sAUD presented with more sAUD-related knowledge than healthy controls, and were able to increase this knowledge following psychoeducation, independently of their cognitive status. However, psychoeducation did not impact either the motivation to change or relapse rates. CONCLUSIONS Psychoeducation can increase patients' knowledge about sAUD, but it does not increase the likelihood of abstinence or controlled low consumption after discharge. Thus, clinicians should question whether psychoeducation should occupy a central position in the therapeutic programs and reconsider what can be expected from psychoeducation in terms of achieving therapeutic objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Céline Boudehent
- Service d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND « Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders », Neuropresage Team, Cyceron, Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | - Louise Ferrié
- Service d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Cabé
- Service d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND « Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders », Neuropresage Team, Cyceron, Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | - Anne-Lise Pitel
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND « Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders », Neuropresage Team, Cyceron, Normandie Univ, Caen, France
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Peerenboom N, Guzman NV, Kvamme T, Ritou V, Casero V, Voon V. Developing digital interventions for a post-Covid world: A smartphone-based approach-avoidance training to reduce alcohol craving. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:264-274. [PMID: 37853915 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Harmful alcohol use is a major public health issue. In-person treatment has been hindered by the restrictions necessary during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study examined the effects of an at-home smartphone-based cognitive bias modification training in heavy drinkers. Experiment 1 tested the effect of a short 20-30-min smartphone-based approach-avoidance training (AAT) on image-induced craving at a 1-day follow-up. Sixty-two participants consuming 14+ units of alcohol/week were allocated to either the training or waitlist group. Experiment 2 used an updated version of the same short AAT intervention with a sample of n = 107 participants who consumed 20+ units of alcohol/week. Training effects at 1-week follow-up were compared to an active control group. Experiment 1 showed a significant reduction in image-induced craving for the training group at 1-day follow-up. Experiment 2 found that AUDIT weekly scores were significantly reduced at 1-week follow-up for the training group, all the while craving for soft drinks remained unchanged. Experiment 1 served as a first proof of concept for the efficacy of the new smartphone-based AAT training, and experiment 2 suggested that training effects on problem alcohol use hold at 1-week follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Peerenboom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalie V Guzman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timo Kvamme
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Valentin Ritou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Violeta Casero
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Brevers D, Baeken C, Bechara A, He Q, Maurage P, Sescousse G, Vögele C, Billieux J. Increased ventral anterior insular connectivity to sports betting availability indexes problem gambling. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13389. [PMID: 38516877 PMCID: PMC11061852 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of digital technologies, online sports betting is spurring a fast-growing expansion. In this study, we examined how sports betting availability modulates the brain connectivity of frequent sports bettors with [problem bettors (PB)] or without [non-problem bettors (NPB)] problematic sports betting. We conducted functional connectivity analyses centred on the ventral anterior insular cortex (vAI), a brain region playing a key role in the dynamic interplay between reward-based processes. We re-analysed a dataset on sports betting availability undertaken in PB (n = 30) and NPB (n = 35). Across all participants, we observed that sports betting availability elicited positive vAI coupling with extended clusters of brain activation (encompassing the putamen, cerebellum, occipital, temporal, precentral and central operculum regions) and negative vAI coupling with the orbitofrontal cortex. Between-group analyses showed increased positive vAI coupling in the PB group, as compared with the NPB group, in the left lateral occipital cortex, extending to the left inferior frontal gyrus, the anterior cingulate gyrus and the right frontal pole. Taken together, these results are in line with the central assumptions of triadic models of addictions, which posit that the insular cortex plays a pivotal role in promoting the drive and motivation to get a reward by 'hijacking' goal-oriented processes toward addiction-related cues. Taken together, these findings showed that vAI functional connectivity is sensitive not only to gambling availability but also to the status of problematic sport betting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brevers
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research InstituteUCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and BehaviourUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of PsychiatryUZ BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) LabGhent University Hospital, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department of Electrical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of PsychologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research InstituteUCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center—INSERM U1028—CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 TeamUniversity of LyonLyonFrance
| | - Claus Vögele
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and BehaviourUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of PsychologyUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Centre for Excessive Gambling, Addiction MedicineLausanne University Hospitals (CHUV)LausanneSwitzerland
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Qiu R, Guo Z, Wang X, Wang X, Cheng S, Zhu X. The Relationships between Effortful Control, Mind Wandering, and Mobile Phone Addiction Based on Network Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:140. [PMID: 38255028 PMCID: PMC10815513 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevailing mobile phone use brought the problem of addiction, which might cause negative consequences. Effortful control and mind wandering were associated with addictive behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the dimension-level relationships between effortful control, mind wandering, and mobile phone addiction. METHODS A total of 1684 participants participated this study. The mobile phone addiction, effortful control, and mind wandering were measured through self-report scales, respectively. Dimension-level network of these psychological variables was estimated and bridge expected influence (BEI) values for each node was calculated. RESULTS Dimensions of mobile phone addiction, effortful control, and mind wandering exhibited distinct and complex links to each other. The node "activation control" exhibited the highest negative BEI value (BEI = -0.32), whereas "spontaneous thinking" showed the highest positive BEI value (BEI = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS Different dimensions of effortful control and mind wandering had varied yet significant connections with distinct dimensions of mobile phone addiction, facilitating understanding of the specific pathways underlying the three constructs. The identified dominant bridge nodes can provide potential targets for the intervention of mobile phone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xia Zhu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (R.Q.); (Z.G.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
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Kruschwitz JD, Goschke T, Ahmed Mohamed Ali E, Kraehe AC, Korb FM, Walter H. The role of anticipated emotions in self-control: linking self-control and the anticipatory ability to engage emotions associated with upcoming events. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1152155. [PMID: 38259533 PMCID: PMC10802682 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-control is typically attributed to "cold" cognitive control mechanisms that top-down influence "hot" affective impulses or emotions. In this study we tested an alternative view, assuming that self-control also rests on the ability to anticipate emotions directed toward future consequences. Using a behavioral within-subject design including an emotion regulation task measuring the ability to voluntarily engage anticipated emotions towards an upcoming event and a self-control task in which subjects were confronted with a variety of everyday conflict situations, we examined the relationship between self-control and anticipated emotions. We found that those individuals (n = 33 healthy individuals from the general population) who were better able to engage anticipated emotions to an upcoming event showed stronger levels of self-control in situations where it was necessary to resist short-term temptations or to endure short-term aversions to achieve long-term goals. This finding suggests that anticipated emotions may play a functional role in self-control-relevant deliberations with respect to possible future consequences and are not only inhibited top-down as implied by "dual system" views on self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann D. Kruschwitz
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 940) "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 940) "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elkhansa Ahmed Mohamed Ali
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Carolin Kraehe
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 940) "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Maria Korb
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 940) "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 940) "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Deng M, Wang G, Gao X, Wang Y, Ni Y, Chen Y, Xu J, Jiang W. The nonlinear association between HbA1c and cognitive impairment in patients with alcohol use disorder. J Addict Dis 2024; 42:5-13. [PMID: 36094304 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2120791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Extensive research has indicated that higher levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are associated with poor cognitive performance regardless of the presence of diabetes. To our knowledge, the association between HbA1c levels and cognitive decline in patients with alcohol use disorder is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate whether HbA1c was associated with cognitive impairment in patients with alcohol use disorder. Methods: Patients admitted to the Psychiatry Department of the Third Hospital of Quzhou with a confirmed diagnosis of alcohol-related cognitive impairment were recruited between January 2019 and February 2022. Their HbA1c levels were measured, and they completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) after at least one week of monitored abstinence from alcohol. Univariate linear regression, multivariate linear regression and generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to investigate the association of HbA1c with MMSE and MoCA scores. Results: In total, 227 patients were included. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses suggested that HbA1c was negatively associated with MMSE and MoCA scores after adjustment for potential confounders (P < 0.05). The GAM analysis revealed that the relationships between the HbA1c level and the MMSE and MoCA scores were bell-shaped. The inflection points were 5.3% and 5.2% for the MMSE and MoCA respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that HbA1c levels are significantly related to cognitive impairment in patients with alcohol use disorder. Future studies are required to determine the effects of optimal glucose control in people with alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Deng
- Graduate School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Guomin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Ni
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Yunyu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Jiating Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Hildebrandt MK, Schwarz K, Dieterich R, Endrass T. Dissociating the Link of Neural Correlates of Inhibition to the Degree of Substance Use and Substance-Related Problems: A Preregistered, Multimodal, Combined Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Study. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:898-905. [PMID: 37356556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontal hypoactivation during inhibition is a promising phenotype for substance use disorders (SUDs), but studies comparing individuals with SUDs with unaffected individuals have reported inconsistent results. This may result from distinctive associations of neural correlates of inhibition with the degree of substance use and the severity of substance-related problems-two correlated but distinct facets of SUDs-reflecting a potentially disregarded confounding effect. This preregistered study tested whether frontal hypoactivation during inhibition is specifically linked to substance-related problems in SUDs beyond the degree of substance use. METHODS A stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging, trait self-control, substance use, and substance-related problems in the past 12 months were assessed in 121 (poly)substance users. One hundred seven participants completed a 1-year follow-up. We examined the association between multimodal indicators of inhibition (neural activation in regions of interest, inhibitory performance, trait self-control) and substance-related problems while controlling for the degree of substance use. RESULTS Right inferior frontal gyrus hypoactivation explained variance in substance-related problems beyond the degree of substance use, while hyperactivation in the same region explained variance in the degree of substance use beyond the effects of substance-related problems, both cross-sectionally (problems: Bonferroni-Holm-corrected p = .048; use: p < .01) and prospectively (problems at trend level: p = .096; use: p = .01). Trait and behavioral inhibition were unrelated to problems beyond the effects of substance use (ps > .05). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that frontal hypoactivation during inhibition specifically relates to substance-related problems. Interestingly, increased activity may even represent a resilience factor in substance use without SUDs. Future studies should distinguish between processes linked to the degree of substance use and substance-related problems to advance understanding of why some substance users develop SUDs and others do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin K Hildebrandt
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Kristina Schwarz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Raoul Dieterich
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tanja Endrass
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Goschke T, Job V. The Willpower Paradox: Possible and Impossible Conceptions of Self-Control. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1339-1367. [PMID: 36791675 PMCID: PMC10623621 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221146158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-control denotes the ability to override current desires to render behavior consistent with long-term goals. A key assumption is that self-control is required when short-term desires are transiently stronger (more preferred) than long-term goals and people would yield to temptation without exerting self-control. We argue that this widely shared conception of self-control raises a fundamental yet rarely discussed conceptual paradox: How is it possible that a person most strongly desires to perform a behavior (e.g., eat chocolate) and at the same time desires to recruit self-control to prevent themselves from doing it? A detailed analysis reveals that three common assumptions about self-control cannot be true simultaneously. To avoid the paradox, any coherent theory of self-control must abandon either the assumption (a) that recruitment of self-control is an intentional process, or (b) that humans are unitary agents, or (c) that self-control consists in overriding the currently strongest desire. We propose a taxonomy of different kinds of self-control processes that helps organize current theories according to which of these assumptions they abandon. We conclude by outlining unresolved questions and future research perspectives raised by different conceptions of self-control and discuss implications for the question of whether self-control can be considered rational.
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Chodkiewicz J. The conceptual basis of addiction memory, allostasis and dual processes, and the classical therapy of addiction. POSTEPY PSYCHIATRII NEUROLOGII 2023; 32:156-161. [PMID: 38034509 PMCID: PMC10683052 DOI: 10.5114/ppn.2023.129065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, research has yielded new information regarding the impact of intense, long-term alcohol consumption on the development of permanent changes in the central nervous system. The present study examines the mechanisms related to the existence of addiction memory, sensitization and allostasis. A dual-process model was also created, which analyses the role of conscious and automatic mechanisms in the functioning of addicts. The aim of the article is to present these mechanisms and to consider the implications of their existence for the course of therapy. Views The mechanisms analysed shed new light on some of the negative phenomena occurring during and after therapy, such as frequent abstinence after treatment, switching addictions, and returning to drinking after a long period of abstinence. The existence of these mechanisms should also change the character of addiction therapy, which has so far focused mainly on conscious aspects and ignored the existence of automatic ones. Attempts are already being made to implement the dual-process model in addiction therapy. Conclusions A better understanding of the mechanisms resulting from the dual-process model can significantly influence perspectives regarding functioning in addiction and the course of therapy. These processes merit further research, as do possible therapeutic interventions based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Chodkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Poland
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11
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Conditioned place preferences for virtual alcohol cues. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114176. [PMID: 36283566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether a conditioned place preference (CPP) could be established for a virtual reality (VR) room that previously contained virtual alcohol stimuli. 298 undergraduates with varying levels of alcohol use completed six, three-minute conditioning sessions in which they were confined to one of two visually-distinct VR rooms: one of the VR rooms contained virtual alcohol cues (CS+) while the other VR room was neutral (CS-). Following conditioning, participants completed a three-minute test session during which they had unrestricted access to both VR rooms and neither room contained any alcohol-related cues. Although no virtual alcohol cues were present, participants with alcohol use (n = 248) spent significantly longer in CS+ relative to CS- compared to participants with alcohol non-use (n = 50) during the test session. This is the first study to show that a CPP can be established using virtual alcohol cues, in the absence of any actual alcohol administration. However, participants with alcohol use did not subjectively report enjoying CS+ more than CS- and explicitly chose CS- as their preferred room. Interestingly, these findings suggest that implicit and explicit measures of CPP may tap into distinct, separable processes and should be investigated further.
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12
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Karl D, Wieland A, Shevchenko Y, Grundinger N, Machunze N, Gerhardt S, Flor H, Vollstädt-Klein S. Using computer-based habit versus chess-based cognitive remediation training as add-on therapy to modify the imbalance between habitual behavior and cognitive control in tobacco use disorder: protocol of a randomized controlled, fMRI study. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:24. [PMID: 36698210 PMCID: PMC9875438 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the vast majority of smokers are aware of the enormous preventable health hazards caused by smoking, only a small percentage of smokers manage to remain abstinent in the long term. One possible explanation for this discrepancy lies in the inflexibility of addictive behavior and associated disadvantageous decision-making. According to a dual-process theory of decision-making, two distinct decision systems can be identified. One slow deliberate system based on desirable expectations of outcome value described as goal-directed behavior and a fast reflexive system based on habitual instrumental behavior and driven by reinforcement experienced in the past. In the course of addiction development, an imbalance occurs between habitual behavior and goal-directed. The present study aims to investigate the modifiability of the balance between habitual and goal-directed behavior at the neurobiological and behavioral level in smokers using two different novel add-on therapies. We hypothesize that both interventions change the balance between goal-directed and habitual behavior, but by different mechanisms. Whereas a cognitive remediation treatment should directly improve cognitive control, in contrast an implicit priming task should affect the early processing and the emotional valence of smoking and smoking cues. METHODS We will conduct a randomized controlled study in treatment-seeking individuals with tobacco use disorder applying either chess-based cognitive remediation training (N = 30) or implicit computer-based habit-modifying training (N = 30) as add on therapy compared to the standard smoking cessation group therapy (N = 30) only. We will address neurobiological and neuropsychological correlates associated with craving, reward devaluation, cue reactivity and attentional bias. In addition, various effects of treatment and prediction of treatment outcome will be examined using behavioral and neural measures. DISCUSSION The present study will apply different examination methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, neuropsychological tests, and self-report before and after the interventions. This allows the identification of intervention-specific mechanisms and therefore potential neurobiology-based specific treatment targets for individuals with Tobacco Use Disorder. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03764969 (05 December 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Karl
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 21 20, PO Box 12, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alfred Wieland
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yury Shevchenko
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 21 20, PO Box 12, 68072 Mannheim, Germany ,grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Research Methods, Assessment, and iScience, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Nadja Grundinger
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 21 20, PO Box 12, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Noah Machunze
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 21 20, PO Box 12, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Gerhardt
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 21 20, PO Box 12, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 21 20, PO Box 12, 68072 Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Peterson KP, Ramirez JJ, Teachman BA, Kross E, Wiers RW, Neighbors C. Maturing Out: Between- and Within-Persons Changes in Social-Network Drinking, Drinking Identity, and Hazardous Drinking Following College Graduation. Clin Psychol Sci 2023; 11:23-39. [PMID: 36865994 PMCID: PMC9976704 DOI: 10.1177/21677026221082957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many college students reduce hazardous drinking (HD) following graduation without treatment. Identifying cognitive mechanisms facilitating this "natural" reduction in HD during this transition is crucial. We evaluated drinking identity as a potential mechanism and tested whether within-person changes in one's social network's drinking were linked to within-person changes in drinking identity and subsequent within-person changes in HD. A sample of 422 undergraduates reporting HD was followed from six months before until two years after graduation. Their drinking, drinking identity, and social networks were assessed online. Within-person changes in drinking identity did not mediate the relationship between within-person changes in social network drinking and personal HD, though significant positive between-person associations among all constructs were found. Instead, there was some evidence that within-person changes in drinking identity followed changes in HD, suggesting that drinking identity may function as a marker versus mechanism of "natural" HD reduction during transition out of college.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason J. Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | - Ethan Kross
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan,Management & Organizations Area, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Department of Psychology & Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam
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14
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Relationship between Depression and Cognitive Inhibition in Men with Heroin or Methamphetamine Use Disorder in First-Time Mandatory Detoxification. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 11:healthcare11010070. [PMID: 36611530 PMCID: PMC9819117 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that males with substance use disorder (SUD) in their first mandatory detoxification experience high rates of depression. It is unknown whether this high depression incidence contributes to impaired inhibition. In this work, two studies were undertaken to examine the role of depression in cognitive inhibition in heroin and methamphetamine withdrawal. We used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the self-control scale (SCS) to explore the relationship between depression and impulse inhibition in patients participating in mandatory drug treatment for the first time (Study 1). The results showed that depression negatively predicted impulse inhibition. The Stroop color-word interference task was used to explore the role of patients' depression in their inhibitory abilities (Study 2). The results showed that the high-depression group had weaker inhibition performances in the Stroop color-word interference task compared to the low-depression group. This study shows that cognitive inhibition is weaker in people with high-depression addiction than in those with low depression. This result suggests that attention should be paid to the role of depressive comorbidity when conducting working memory training treatment for substance addiction.
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15
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Understanding parental vaccine refusal: Implicit and explicit associations about vaccines as potential building blocks of vaccine beliefs and behavior. Soc Sci Med 2022; 310:115275. [PMID: 36037608 PMCID: PMC9374490 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective A movement of parents refusing vaccines for their children has contributed to increasingly large outbreaks of diseases that are preventable by vaccines. Research has identified multiple factors that relate to parents' vaccination behaviors (i.e., whether not they vaccinate their children), including their beliefs about vaccines' safety and utility and their trust in those who recommend vaccines. Here we examine the role of more fundamental psychological processes that may contribute to multiple vaccine-related beliefs and behaviors: cognitive associations. Methods Using a large sample of U.S. parents (pre-COVID-19), we investigated parents' associations between vaccines and helpfulness/harmfulness, as well as between the self and vaccines (vaccine identity), and their relation to parents' beliefs about vaccine safety and utility, trust in authorities' vaccine recommendations, and prior vaccination refusal for their children. To capture a more complete understanding of people's associations, we examined both explicit associations (measured via self-report) and implicit associations (measured by the Implicit Association Test). Results Both implicit and explicit associations correlated with beliefs, trust, and vaccination refusal. Results from structural equation models indicated that explicit vaccine-identity and vaccine-helpfulness associations and implicit vaccine helpfulness associations were indirectly related to vaccination refusal via their relation with vaccine beliefs. Conclusions Collectively, study findings suggest that vaccine associations—especially those related to helpfulness/harmfulness—may serve as psychological building blocks for parental vaccine beliefs and behaviors.
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16
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Cognitions mediate the influence of personality on adolescent cannabis use initiation. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15:100425. [PMID: 35464124 PMCID: PMC9020124 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality traits predict whether youth start using cannabis. Personality traits affect youths’ cognitions (thoughts) about cannabis. Age influences cannabis use through changes in youths’ cannabis cognitions.
Aims Much research indicates that an individual’s personality impacts the initiation and escalation of substance use and problems in youth. The acquired-preparedness model suggests that personality influences substance use by modifying learning about substances, which then affects substance use. The current study used longitudinal data to test whether automatic cannabis-related cognitions (memory associations and outcome expectancy liking) mediate the relationship between four personality traits with later cannabis use. Methods The study focused on initiation of use in a sample of adolescents who had not previously used (n = 670). Results A structural equation model supported a full mediation effect and the hypothesis that personality affects cannabis use in youth by influencing automatic memory associations and outcome expectancy liking. Further findings from the same model also indicated a mediation effect of these cognitions in the relationship between age and cannabis use. Conclusion The findings of the study support the acquired-preparedness model where personality influences automatic associations in the context of dual-processing theories of substance use.
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17
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Schwippel T, Schroeder PA, Hasan A, Plewnia C. Implicit measures of alcohol approach and drinking identity in alcohol use disorder: A preregistered double‐blind randomized trial with cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13180. [DOI: 10.1111/adb.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwippel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brain Stimulation Center, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH) University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Philipp A. Schroeder
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Arafat Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brain Stimulation Center, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH) University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brain Stimulation Center, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH) University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
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18
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A dual-process perspective to explore decision making in internet gaming disorder: An ERP study of comparison with recreational game users. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Noël X, Saeremans M, Kornreich C, Chatard A, Jaafari N, D'Argembeau A. Reduced calibration between subjective and objective measures of episodic future thinking in alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:300-311. [PMID: 35181906 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reduced capacity to mentally simulate future scenarios could be of clinical importance in alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying episodic future thinking (EFT) impairment in AUD. METHODS We tested patients with severe AUD using two measures of EFT: the individual's own subjective experience of their imaginings (phenomenology) and the objective number of details included in imagined events, as assessed by an independent observer (examination). The comparison between the two measures allowed us to investigate the extent to which the subjective and objective characteristics of EFT are calibrated in healthy and AUD participants matched for age, education, and gender. The possible impact of cognitive functioning and disturbed mood on EFT measures was also investigated. RESULTS In terms of objective details of EFT, patients with AUD (n = 40) generated fewer episodic components and more non-episodic components than control participants (n = 40), even when controlling for cognitive functioning. However, self-ratings of phenomenological characteristics indicated that participants with AUD perceived imagined future events at a similar level of detail as control participants. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between objective and subjective measures in healthy individuals but not in the AUD group. A higher depression score in the AUD group was not associated with the EFT measures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a distorted self-assessment of the richness of imagined future events in individuals with AUD. We discuss these apparent limitations in metacognitive abilities and verbal descriptions of imagined events among individuals with AUD and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Saeremans
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie (ULB), Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie (ULB), Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Armand Chatard
- UMR-7295 CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nemet Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, INSERM CIC-P 1402, Poitiers, France.,INSERM U 1084 Laboratoire Expérimental et Clinique en Neurosciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud D'Argembeau
- Unité de Recherche en Psychologie et Neuroscience Cognitives, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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20
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Guo X, Yan T, Chen M, Ma X, Li R, Li B, Yang A, Chen Y, Fang T, Yu H, Tian H, Chen G, Zhuo C. Differential effects of alcohol-drinking patterns on the structure and function of the brain and cognitive performance in young adult drinkers: A pilot study. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2427. [PMID: 34808037 PMCID: PMC8785638 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was aimed to determine how different patterns of alcohol consumption drive changes to brain structure and function and their correlation with cognitive impairments in young adult alcohol drinkers. METHODS In this study, we enrolled five groups participants and defined as: long-term abstinence from alcohol (LA), binge drinking (BD), long-term low dosage alcohol consumption but exceeding the safety drinking dosage (LD), long-term alcohol consumption of damaging dosage (LDD), and long-term heavy drinking (HD). All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) to acquire data on brain structure and function, including gray matter volume (GMV), fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), functional connectivity (FC), and brain network properties. The cognitive ability was evaluated with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), intelligence quotient (IQ), and short delay free recall (SDFR). RESULTS Compared to LA, GMV significantly decreased in the brain regions in VN, SMN, and VAN in the alcohol-drinking groups (BD, LD, LDD, and HD). ReHo was significantly enhanced in the brain regions in VN, SMN, and VAN, while fALFF significantly increased in the brain regions in VN and SMN. The number of intra- and inter-modular connections within networks (VN, SMN, sensory control network [SCN], and VAN) and their connections to other modules were abnormally changed. These changes adversely affected cognition (e.g., IQ, CVLT, SDFR). CONCLUSION Despite the small sample size, this study provides new evidence supporting the need for young people to abstain from alcohol to protect their brains. These findings present strong reasoning for updating anti-alcohol slogans and guidelines for young people in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Guo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongjun Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, 904th Hospital of PLA, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Alcohol Dependence Management, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Clinical Hospital of Mental Health, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity (PNGC_Lab) of Tianjin Medical University Clinical Hospital of Mental Health, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Department of Alcohol Dependence Management, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Clinical Hospital of Mental Health, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity (PNGC_Lab) of Tianjin Medical University Clinical Hospital of Mental Health, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Kangtai Mental Health Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Anqu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Kangtai Mental Health Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Kangtai Mental Health Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuits Tracing of Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNB_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiping Yu
- Department of Alcohol Dependence Management, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuits Tracing of Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNB_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangdong Chen
- Department of Alcohol Dependence Management, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuits Tracing of Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNB_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Alcohol Dependence Management, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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21
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Palfai TP, Luehring-Jones P. How Alcohol Influences Mechanisms of Sexual Risk Behavior Change: Contributions of Alcohol Challenge Research to the Development of HIV Prevention Interventions. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:314-332. [PMID: 34148189 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the contributions of laboratory-based alcohol challenge research (ACR) to the development of HIV prevention interventions. Following a brief overview of HIV prevention interventions and related health behavior change models, we discuss how alcohol may influence mechanisms of behavior change. The paper highlights the value of ACR for: (1) elucidating mechanisms of action through which alcohol affects sexual risk behavior, (2) testing how alcohol may influence mechanisms thought to underlie HIV prevention interventions, (3) clarifying moderators of the causal influences of alcohol, (4) identifying novel intervention targets, and (5) developing strategies to reduce sexual risk among those who consume alcohol. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of using experimental research to identify mechanisms of behavior change that are specific to populations at high risk for HIV and outline some key implications for developing HIV prevention interventions that integrate the role of alcohol.
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22
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Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with alcohol cue inhibitory control training reduces the risk of early alcohol relapse: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1531-1543. [PMID: 34687964 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately half of all people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) relapse into alcohol reuse in the next few weeks after a withdrawal treatment. Brain stimulation and cognitive training represent recent forms of complementary interventions in the context of AUD. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of five sessions of 2 mA bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for 20 min over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (left cathodal/right anodal) combined with alcohol cue inhibitory control training (ICT) as part of rehabilitation. The secondary outcomes were executive functioning (e.g. response inhibition) and craving intensity, two mechanisms strongly related to abstinence. METHODS A randomized clinical trial with patients (n = 125) with severe AUD at a withdrawal treatment unit. Each patient was randomly assigned to one of four conditions, in a 2 [verum vs. sham tDCS] x 2 [alcohol cue vs. neutral ICT] factorial design. The main outcome of treatment was the abstinence rate after two weeks or more (up to one year). RESULTS Verum tDCS improved the abstinence rate at the 2-week follow-up compared to the sham condition, independently of the training condition (79.7% [95% CI = 69.8-89.6] vs. 60.7% [95% CI = 48.3-73.1]; p = .02). A priori contrasts analyses revealed higher abstinence rates for the verum tDCS associated with alcohol cue ICT (86.1% [31/36; 95% CI = 74.6-97.6]) than for the other three conditions (64% [57/89; 95% CI = 54-74]). These positive clinical effects on abstinence did not persist beyond two weeks after the intervention. Neither the reduction of craving nor the improvement in executive control resulted specifically from prefrontal-tDCS and ICT. CONCLUSIONS AUD patients who received tDCS applied to DLPFC showed a significantly higher abstinence rate during the weeks following rehabilitation. When combined with alcohol specific ICT, brain stimulation may provide better clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03447054 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03447054.
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Kearns NT, Blumenthal H, Contractor AA, Aston ER, Metrik J. Effect of trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption on perceived likelihood of negative consequences and willingness to drive. Addict Behav 2021; 117:106836. [PMID: 33529850 PMCID: PMC7956021 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes are a major preventable cause of death in the United States. One potential factor that may modulate the influence of alcohol on driving-related cognitions and decision-making is trauma-related stress. Indeed, in addition to compelling research indicating that both acute trauma-related stress and acute alcohol consumption may independently affect driving-related risky decision-making, there is reason to believe that the combination of these antecedents may have an exacerbating effect. METHODS The current study evaluated the influence of induction of acute trauma-related stress (via script-driven imagery) after alcohol consumption (0.06% Breath Alcohol Concentration [BrAC]) on driving-related cognitions - perceived likelihood of negative consequences and willingness to drive - among 25 trauma-exposed (currently symptomatic) adult drinkers from the community (M = 24.08; 36.0% female). RESULTS Participants who were acutely exposed to trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption evidenced lower perceived likelihood of being pulled over by a police officer (ηp2 = 0.38, large effect size) and lower perceived likelihood of getting in an accident (ηp2 = 0.17, medium-to-large effect size) relative to participants exposed to a neutral cue; conversely, participants exposed to trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption evidenced greater willingness to drive (d = 1.16, large effect size) than participants exposed to a neutral cue. CONCLUSIONS Generally, findings suggest that individuals with a trauma history that are acutely exposed to trauma-related stressors (e.g., reminders of their traumatic experience) may be particularly vulnerable to poorer driving-related decision-making after alcohol consumption. Results provide a meaningful target for the development of intoxicated driving prevention and intervention efforts geared specifically for individuals with trauma history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Kearns
- Brown University, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, 121 S. Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Heidemarie Blumenthal
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
| | - Ateka A Contractor
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, 121 S. Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Jane Metrik
- Brown University, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, 121 S. Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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24
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Yuan S, Xu M, Yao X, Zhang L, Du X, Yang D. Impact of trust violations on Attentional Bias and working memory updating. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Peterson KP, Wiers RW, Teachman BA. Change in implicit alcohol associations over time: Moderation by drinking history and gender. Addict Behav 2020; 107:106413. [PMID: 32283446 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Implicit measures of alcohol-related associations or implicit alcohol associations are associated with drinking outcomes over time and can be understood as vulnerability markers for problem drinking. Longitudinal research remains rare, leaving open questions about how implicit alcohol associations themselves change over time and what factors moderate that change. We examined these questions with data from a larger study of first and second year U.S. college students. We investigated how these implicit alcohol associations change over time and potential moderators of those changes (gender, lifetime drinking history, family history of problem drinking, and class standing). A sample of 506 students (57% women) completed baseline demographic measures and implicit measures (variants of the Implicit Association Test [IAT]) assessing associations with drinking and the self [drinking identity], alcohol and excite [alcohol-excite], and alcohol and approach [alcohol-approach]). IATs were completed at 3-month intervals for a total of 8 assessments. Results indicated small, but significant, change in alcohol-excite and alcohol-approach IAT scores over time, and mixed findings for hypothesized moderators. Drinking history moderated change in drinking identity IAT scores, with increases over time among individuals with no history of drinking or no history of intoxication and decreases among individuals with a history of intoxication. Gender moderated change in alcohol-excite IAT scores with greater change among women (vs. men). No significant moderators of change in alcohol approach IAT scores were found. Results point to the importance of evaluating implicit associations' trajectories and identifying additional factors that predict those trajectories and concomitant vulnerability to problem drinking.
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Lindgren KP, Burnette JL, Hoyt CL, Peterson KP, Neighbors C. Growth Mindsets of Alcoholism Buffer Against Deleterious Effects of Drinking Identity on Problem Drinking Over Time. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:233-243. [PMID: 31709565 PMCID: PMC6980889 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explicit (self-report) and implicit (indirect) measures of identification with drinking alcohol-drinking identity-are associated with drinking outcomes cross-sectionally and longitudinally. A key next step is to identify moderators. The current study evaluated a promising moderator: mindsets of alcoholism. Believing people can change (growth mindset) is associated with adaptive outcomes in domains such as mental health, but research is scant regarding mindsets related to problematic drinking. We evaluated whether individuals' alcoholism mindsets moderated the drinking identity to drinking relation as part of a larger, longitudinal web-based study of heavy drinkers. METHODS A total of 422 US college graduates (59% women) who were heavy drinkers completed measures assessing drinking identity, mindsets, and drinking outcomes (consumption, problems, and risk of alcohol use disorder). Drinking outcomes were assessed at 2 subsequent assessments occurring 4 and 8 months after the initial assessment. RESULTS Drinking identity was positively associated with drinking outcomes, and drinking outcomes reduced following college graduation. Alcoholism mindsets were significantly and negatively correlated with all drinking outcomes. Mindsets were only conditionally associated with drinking behaviors over time in models that evaluated mindsets, drinking identity measures, and their interaction. Mindsets moderated the relationship between drinking identity and changes in drinking behaviors, but the relation was specific to explicit drinking identity and consumption. Among participants with stronger drinking identity, those who had stronger (vs. weaker) growth mindsets reported reduction in consumption over time. CONCLUSIONS Growth mindsets of alcoholism appear adaptive for college graduate heavy drinkers with a stronger drinking identity. Mindsets are amenable to interventions; targeting them may be useful in heavy-drinking college graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Lindgren
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeni L. Burnette
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Crystal L. Hoyt
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kirsten P. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Groefsema MM, Mies GW, Cousijn J, Engels RCME, Sescousse G, Luijten M. Brain responses and approach bias to social alcohol cues and their association with drinking in a social setting in young adult males. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1491-1503. [PMID: 31498505 PMCID: PMC7155040 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is mainly consumed in social settings, in which people often adapt their drinking behaviour to that of others, also called imitation of drinking. Yet, it remains unclear what drives this drinking in a social setting. In this study, we expected to see stronger brain and behavioural responses to social compared to non-social alcohol cues, and these responses to be associated with drinking in a social setting. The sample consisted of 153 beer-drinking males, aged 18-25 years. Brain responses to social alcohol cues were measured during an alcohol cue-exposure task performed in an fMRI scanner. Behavioural responses to social alcohol cues were measured using a stimulus-response compatibility task, providing an index of approach bias towards these cues. Drinking in a social setting was measured in a laboratory mimicking a bar environment. Specific brain responses to social alcohol cues were observed in the bilateral superior temporal sulcus and the left inferior parietal lobe. There was no approach bias towards social alcohol cues specifically; however, we did find an approach bias towards alcohol (versus soda) cues in general. Brain responses and approach bias towards social alcohol cues were unrelated and not associated with actual drinking. Thus, we found no support for a relation between drinking in a social setting on the one hand, and brain cue-reactivity or behavioural approach biases to social alcohol cues on the other hand. This suggests that, in contrast to our hypothesis, drinking in a social setting may not be driven by brain or behavioural responses to social alcohol cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine M Groefsema
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabry W Mies
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, France.,CH Le Vinatier, Service Universitaire d'Addictologie, Bron, France
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Assessment of Automatically Activated Approach–Avoidance Biases Across Appetitive Substances. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Teachman BA, Clerkin EM, Cunningham WA, Dreyer-Oren S, Werntz A. Implicit Cognition and Psychopathology: Looking Back and Looking Forward. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2019; 15:123-148. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Implicit cognitive processing is theorized to have a central role in many forms of psychopathology. In the current review, we focus on implicit associations, by which we mean evaluative representations in memory that are difficult to control and do not require conscious reflection to influence affect, cognition, or behavior. We consider definitional and measurement challenges before examining recent empirical evidence for these associations in anxiety, obsessive–compulsive, posttraumatic stress, depressive, and alcohol use disorders. This examination is framed by a brief review of the ways that prominent models of psychopathology represent biased implicit processing of disorder-relevant information. We consider to what extent models reflect more traditional automatic/implicit versus strategic/explicit dual-process perspectives or reflect more recent dynamical systems perspectives in which mental representations are iteratively reprocessed, evolving continuously. Finally, we consider the future research needed to better understand the interactive and temporal dynamics of implicit cognition in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Elise M. Clerkin
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra Werntz
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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Teachman BA, Daniel KE, Eberle JW. Using Advances from Cognitive Science to Understand the Etiology and Maintenance of Psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 69:1-3. [PMID: 30975467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Cramer RJ, Rasmussen S, Webber WB, Sime VL, Haile C, McFadden C, McManus MC. Preferences in Information Processing and suicide: Results from a young adult health survey in the United Kingdom. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2019; 65:46-55. [PMID: 30488744 DOI: 10.1177/0020764018815206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide prevention literature currently suffers from inconsistent measurement and incomplete theoretical development. AIMS Using a recommended suicide measurement approach for epidemiological studies (i.e. the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R)), the present investigation assessed United Kingdom young adult suicide prevalence rates. This study also investigated the utility of a Preferences in Information Processing (PIP) model of suicide in identifying those at increased odds for elevated suicide risk, as well as lifetime ideation and attempt. METHOD A cross-sectional mental health and well-being survey study ( n = 414) was conducted. RESULTS The prevalence rates of elevated risk (49.8%), lifetime ideation only (55.3%) and lifetime attempt (13.5%) were high. Bivariate associations demonstrated that elevated depression, anxiety and Need for Affect (NFA) Avoidance were associated with worsened suicide outcomes, whereas elevated Need for Cognition (NFC) was associated with decreased suicide risk. Logistic regression results identified depression and NFA Avoidance as the strongest predictors of elevated suicide risk. Multinomial logistic regression results established several PIP-based moderation effects for depression and anxiety in which NFA Approach and NFC differentially influenced odds of suicide attempt group membership. CONCLUSION The SBQ-R is an appropriate tool for UK young adult suicide research. NFA and NFC demonstrated potential for inclusion in young adult suicide prevention programming. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the PIP model of suicide and effectiveness of proposed theory-based approaches to suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Cramer
- 1 School of Community and Environmental Health, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Susan Rasmussen
- 2 School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wesley B Webber
- 3 Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Victoria L Sime
- 2 School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caitlin Haile
- 2 School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire McFadden
- 2 School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Moira C McManus
- 4 College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Lindgren KP, Baldwin SA, Ramirez JJ, Olin CC, Peterson KP, Wiers RW, Teachman BA, Norris J, Kaysen D, Neighbors C. Self-control, implicit alcohol associations, and the (lack of) prediction of consumption in an alcohol taste test with college student heavy episodic drinkers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209940. [PMID: 30625204 PMCID: PMC6326486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high levels of problematic drinking in college students make clear the need for improvement in the prediction of problematic drinking. We conducted a laboratory-based experiment that investigated whether implicit measures of alcohol-related associations, self-control, and their interaction predicted drinking. Although a few studies have evaluated self-control as a moderator of the relationship between implicit measures of alcohol-related associations and drinking, this study extended that work by using a previously-validated manipulation that included a more (vs. less) cognitively demanding task and incentive to restrain drinking and by evaluating multiple validated measures of alcohol-related associations. Experimental condition was expected to moderate the relationship between implicit measures of alcohol-related associations and drinking, with a more positive relationship between alcohol-related associations and drinking among participants who completed the more (vs. less) cognitive demanding task. Secondary aims were to evaluate how individual differences in control factors (implicit theories about willpower and working memory capacity) might further moderate those relationships. One hundred and five U.S. undergraduate heavy episodic drinkers completed baseline measures of: drinking patterns, three Implicit Association Tests (evaluating drinking identity, alcohol excite, alcohol approach associations) and their explicit measure counterparts, implicit theories about willpower, and working memory capacity. Participants were randomized to complete a task that was more (vs. less) cognitively demanding and were given an incentive to restrain their drinking. They then completed an alcohol taste test. Results were not consistent with expectations. Despite using a previously validated manipulation, there was no evidence that one condition was more demanding than the other, and none of the predicted interactions reached statistical significance. The findings raise questions about the relation between self-control, implicit measures of alcohol-related associations, and drinking, as well as the conditions under which implicit measures of alcohol-related associations predict alcohol consumption in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Lindgren
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott A. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jason J. Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cecilia C. Olin
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kirsten P. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bethany A. Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Norris
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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