1
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Jiang L. Cell-Mediated Branch Fusion in the Drosophila Trachea. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:91-100. [PMID: 37996674 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila trachea is an interconnected network of epithelial tubes, which delivers gases throughout the entire organism. It is the premier model to study the development of tubular organs, such as the human lung, kidney, and blood vessels. The Drosophila embryonic trachea derives from a series of segmentally repeated clusters. The tracheal precursor cells in each cluster migrate out in a stereotyped pattern to form primary branches. Thereafter, the neighboring branches need to fuse to form an interconnected tubular network. The connection between neighboring branches is orchestrated by specialized cells, called fusion cells. These cells fuse with their counterparts to form a tube with a contiguous lumen. Branch fusion is a multi-step process that includes cell migration, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton track formation, vesicle trafficking, membrane fusion, and lumen formation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on fusion process in the Drosophila trachea. These mechanisms will greatly contribute to our understanding of branch fusion in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
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2
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Araújo SJ, Llimargas M. Time-Lapse Imaging and Morphometric Analysis of Tracheal Development in Drosophila. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2608:163-182. [PMID: 36653708 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Detailed and quantitative analyses of the cellular events underlying the formation of specific organs or tissues is essential to understand the general mechanisms of morphogenesis and pattern formation. Observation of live tissues or whole-mount fixed specimens has emerged as the method of choice for identifying and quantifying specific cellular and tissular structures within the organism. In both cases, cell and subcellular structure identification and good quality image acquisition for these analyses are essential. Many markers for live imaging and fixed tissue are now available for detecting cell membranes, subcellular structures, and extracellular structures like the extracellular matrix (ECM). Combination of live imaging and analysis of fixed tissue is ideal to obtain a general and detailed picture of the events underlying embryonic development. By applying morphometric methods to both approaches, we can, in addition, obtain a quantitative evaluation of the specific parameters under investigation in morphogenetic and cell biological studies. In this chapter, we focus on the development of the tracheal system of Drosophila melanogaster, which provides an ideal paradigm to understand the formation of branched tubular organs. We describe the most used methods of imaging and morphometric analysis in tubulogenesis using mainly (but not exclusively) examples from embryonic development. We cover embryo preparation for fixed and live analysis of tubulogenesis, together with methods to visualize larval tracheal terminal cell branching and lumen formation. Finally, we describe morphometric analysis and quantification methods using fluorescent images of tracheal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia J Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Lepeta K, Roubinet C, Bauer M, Vigano MA, Aguilar G, Kanca O, Ochoa-Espinosa A, Bieli D, Cabernard C, Caussinus E, Affolter M. Engineered kinases as a tool for phosphorylation of selected targets in vivo. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213463. [PMID: 36102907 PMCID: PMC9477969 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation by kinases controls a plethora of processes essential for the proper development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. One main obstacle in studying the role of a defined kinase–substrate interaction is that kinases form complex signaling networks and most often phosphorylate multiple substrates involved in various cellular processes. In recent years, several new approaches have been developed to control the activity of a given kinase. However, most of them fail to regulate a single protein target, likely hiding the effect of a unique kinase–substrate interaction by pleiotropic effects. To overcome this limitation, we have created protein binder-based engineered kinases that permit a direct, robust, and tissue-specific phosphorylation of fluorescent fusion proteins in vivo. We show the detailed characterization of two engineered kinases based on Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and Src. Expression of synthetic kinases in the developing fly embryo resulted in phosphorylation of their respective GFP-fusion targets, providing for the first time a means to direct the phosphorylation to a chosen and tagged target in vivo. We presume that after careful optimization, the novel approach we describe here can be adapted to other kinases and targets in various eukaryotic genetic systems to regulate specific downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Roubinet
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK 2
| | - Milena Bauer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 1
| | | | | | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 3
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4
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Francis D, Burguete AS, Ghabrial AS. Regulation of Archease by the mTOR-vATPase axis. Development 2022; 149:dev200908. [PMID: 36111596 PMCID: PMC9641670 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Larval terminal cells of the Drosophila tracheal system generate extensive branched tubes, requiring a huge increase in apical membrane. We discovered that terminal cells compromised for apical membrane expansion - mTOR-vATPase axis and apical polarity mutants - were invaded by the neighboring stalk cell. The invading cell grows and branches, replacing the original single intercellular junction between stalk and terminal cell with multiple intercellular junctions. Here, we characterize disjointed, a mutation in the same phenotypic class. We find that disjointed encodes Drosophila Archease, which is required for the RNA ligase (RtcB) function that is essential for tRNA maturation and for endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated nonconventional splicing of Xbp1 mRNA. We show that the steady-state subcellular localization of Archease is principally nuclear and dependent upon TOR-vATPase activity. In tracheal cells mutant for Rheb or vATPase loci, Archease localization shifted dramatically from nucleus to cytoplasm. Further, we found that blocking tRNA maturation by knockdown of tRNAseZ also induced compensatory branching. Taken together, these data suggest that the TOR-vATPase axis promotes apical membrane growth in part through nuclear localization of Archease, where Archease is required for tRNA maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne Francis
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Alondra S. Burguete
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular and Cell Biology, The Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Medical Center, VP&S 5th floor, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amin S. Ghabrial
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 168th Street, Vagellos Physicians and Surgeons 14-401L, New York, NY 10032, USA
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5
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Lam G, Beebe K, Thummel CS. A direct-drive GFP reporter for studies of tracheal development in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:105-110. [PMID: 35094652 PMCID: PMC8803062 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geanette Lam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katherine Beebe
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carl S. Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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6
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Casani S, Casanova J, Llimargas M. Unravelling the distinct contribution of cell shape changes and cell intercalation to tissue morphogenesis: the case of the Drosophila trachea. Open Biol 2020; 10:200329. [PMID: 33234070 PMCID: PMC7729023 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercalation allows cells to exchange positions in a spatially oriented manner in an array of diverse processes, spanning convergent extension in embryonic gastrulation to the formation of tubular organs. However, given the co-occurrence of cell intercalation and changes in cell shape, it is sometimes difficult to ascertain their respective contribution to morphogenesis. A well-established model to analyse intercalation, particularly in tubular organs, is the Drosophila tracheal system. There, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling at the tip of the dorsal branches generates a ‘pulling’ force believed to promote cell elongation and cell intercalation, which account for the final branch extension. Here, we used a variety of experimental conditions to study the contribution of cell elongation and cell intercalation to morphogenesis and analysed their mutual requirements. We provide evidence that cell intercalation does not require cell elongation and vice versa. We also show that the two cell behaviours are controlled by independent but simultaneous mechanisms, and that cell elongation is sufficient to account for full extension of the dorsal branch, while cell intercalation has a specific role in setting the diameter of this structure. Thus, rather than viewing changes in cell shape and cell intercalation as just redundant events that add robustness to a given morphogenetic process, we find that they can also act by contributing to different features of tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Casani
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Casanova
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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7
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Ricolo D, Araujo SJ. Coordinated crosstalk between microtubules and actin by a spectraplakin regulates lumen formation and branching. eLife 2020; 9:61111. [PMID: 33112231 PMCID: PMC7661041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular lumen formation by single-cells involves complex cytoskeletal remodelling. We have previously shown that centrosomes are key players in the initiation of subcellular lumen formation in Drosophila melanogaster, but not much is known on the what leads to the growth of these subcellular luminal branches or makes them progress through a particular trajectory within the cytoplasm. Here, we have identified that the spectraplakin Short-stop (Shot) promotes the crosstalk between MTs and actin, which leads to the extension and guidance of the subcellular lumen within the tracheal terminal cell (TC) cytoplasm. Shot is enriched in cells undergoing the initial steps of subcellular branching as a direct response to FGF signalling. An excess of Shot induces ectopic acentrosomal luminal branching points in the embryonic and larval tracheal TC leading to cells with extra-subcellular lumina. These data provide the first evidence for a role for spectraplakins in single-cell lumen formation and branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Ricolo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia J Araujo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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de Miguel C, Cruz J, Martín D, Franch-Marro X. Dual role of FGF in proliferation and endoreplication of Drosophila tracheal adult progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:32-41. [PMID: 31237953 PMCID: PMC7050688 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult progenitor cells activation is a key event in the formation of adult organs. In Drosophila, formation of abdominal adult trachea depends on the specific activation of tracheal adult progenitors (tracheoblasts) at the Tr4 and Tr5 spiracular branches. Proliferation of these tracheoblasts generates a pool of tracheal cells that migrate toward the posterior part of the trachea by the activation of the branchless/fibroblast growth factor (Bnl/FGF) signaling to form the abdominal adult trachea. Here, we show that, in addition to migration, Bnl/FGF signaling, mediated by the transcription factor Pointed, is also required for tracheoblast proliferation. This tracheoblast activation relies on the expression of the FGF ligand bnl in their nearby branches. Finally, we show that, in the absence of the transcription factor Cut (Ct), Bnl/FGF signaling induces endoreplication of tracheoblasts partially by promoting fizzy-related expression. Altogether, our results suggest a dual role of Bnl/FGF signaling in tracheoblasts, inducing both proliferation and endoreplication, depending on the presence or absence of the transcription factor Ct, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de Miguel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Cruz
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Martín
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Franch-Marro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Letizia A, He D, Astigarraga S, Colombelli J, Hatini V, Llimargas M, Treisman JE. Sidekick Is a Key Component of Tricellular Adherens Junctions that Acts to Resolve Cell Rearrangements. Dev Cell 2019; 50:313-326.e5. [PMID: 31353315 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tricellular adherens junctions are points of high tension that are central to the rearrangement of epithelial cells. However, the molecular composition of these junctions is unknown, making it difficult to assess their role in morphogenesis. Here, we show that Sidekick, an immunoglobulin family cell adhesion protein, is highly enriched at tricellular adherens junctions in Drosophila. This localization is modulated by tension, and Sidekick is itself necessary to maintain normal levels of cell bond tension. Loss of Sidekick causes defects in cell and junctional rearrangements in actively remodeling epithelial tissues like the retina and tracheal system. The adaptor proteins Polychaetoid and Canoe are enriched at tricellular adherens junctions in a Sidekick-dependent manner; Sidekick functionally interacts with both proteins and directly binds to Polychaetoid. We suggest that Polychaetoid and Canoe link Sidekick to the actin cytoskeleton to enable tricellular adherens junctions to maintain or transmit cell bond tension during epithelial cell rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - DanQing He
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sergio Astigarraga
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julien Colombelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Victor Hatini
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology and Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Jaharis 322, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Jessica E Treisman
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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10
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Scholl A, O'Brien MJ, Chandran RR, Jiang L. The novel gene
apnoia
regulates
Drosophila
tracheal tube size. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:477-487. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Scholl
- Department of Biological SciencesOakland University Rochester Michigan
| | | | | | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological SciencesOakland University Rochester Michigan
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11
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Kotini MP, Mäe MA, Belting HG, Betsholtz C, Affolter M. Sprouting and anastomosis in the Drosophila trachea and the vertebrate vasculature: Similarities and differences in cell behaviour. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 112:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Ichimura K, Miyaki T, Kawasaki Y, Kinoshita M, Kakuta S, Sakai T. Morphological Processes of Foot Process Effacement in Puromycin Aminonucleoside Nephrosis Revealed by FIB/SEM Tomography. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 30:96-108. [PMID: 30514724 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot process effacement is one of the pathologic indicators of podocyte injury. However, the morphologic changes associated with it remain unclear. METHODS To clarify the developmental process, we analyzed puromycin nephrotic podocytes reconstructed from serial focused-ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) images. RESULTS Intact podocytes consisted of four subcellular compartments: cell body, primary process, ridge-like prominence (RLP), and foot process. The RLP, a longitudinal protrusion from the basal surface of the cell body and primary process, served as an adhesive apparatus for the cell body and primary process to attach to the glomerular basement membrane. Foot processes protruded from both sides of the RLP. In puromycin nephrotic podocytes, foot process effacement occurred in two ways: by type-1 retraction, where the foot processes retracted while maintaining their rounded tips; or type-2 retraction, where they narrowed across their entire lengths, tapering toward the tips. Puromycin nephrotic podocytes also exhibited several alterations associated with foot process effacement, such as deformation of the cell body, retraction of RLPs, and cytoplasmic fragmentation. Finally, podocytes were reorganized into a broad, flattened shape. CONCLUSIONS The three-dimensional reconstruction of podocytes by serial FIB/SEM images revealed the morphologic changes involved in foot process effacement in greater detail than previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure and .,Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Development and Function of the Drosophila Tracheal System. Genetics 2018; 209:367-380. [PMID: 29844090 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tracheal system of insects is a network of epithelial tubules that functions as a respiratory organ to supply oxygen to various target organs. Target-derived signaling inputs regulate stereotyped modes of cell specification, branching morphogenesis, and collective cell migration in the embryonic stage. In the postembryonic stages, the same set of signaling pathways controls highly plastic regulation of size increase and pattern elaboration during larval stages, and cell proliferation and reprograming during metamorphosis. Tracheal tube morphogenesis is also regulated by physicochemical interaction of the cell and apical extracellular matrix to regulate optimal geometry suitable for air flow. The trachea system senses both the external oxygen level and the metabolic activity of internal organs, and helps organismal adaptation to changes in environmental oxygen level. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the high plasticity of tracheal development and physiology uncovered through research on Drosophila are discussed.
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14
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Tetley RJ, Mao Y. The same but different: cell intercalation as a driver of tissue deformation and fluidity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0328. [PMID: 30249777 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to exchange neighbours, termed intercalation, is a key feature of epithelial tissues. Intercalation is predominantly associated with tissue deformations that drive morphogenesis. More recently, however, intercalation that is not associated with large-scale tissue deformations has been described both during animal development and in mature epithelial tissues. This latter form of intercalation appears to contribute to an emerging phenomenon that we refer to as tissue fluidity-the ability of cells to exchange neighbours without changing the overall dimensions of the tissue. Here, we discuss the contribution of junctional dynamics to intercalation governing both morphogenesis and tissue fluidity. In particular, we focus on the relative roles of junctional contractility and cell-cell adhesion as the driving forces behind intercalation. These two contributors to junctional mechanics can be used to simulate cellular intercalation in mechanical computational models, to test how junctional cell behaviours might regulate tissue fluidity and contribute to the maintenance of tissue integrity and the onset of disease.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of development'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Tetley
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.,College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, People's Republic of China
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15
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Scholl A, Yang Y, McBride P, Irwin K, Jiang L. Tracheal expression of Osiris gene family in Drosophila. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 28:87-94. [PMID: 29548969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila trachea is a premier genetic system to investigate the fundamental mechanisms of tubular organ formation. Development of the trachea consists of the well understood early branch specification and migration processes, and the less clear later branch maturation process including the apical membrane expansion, cytoskeleton rearrangement, luminal matrix clearance, and air-filling. We identified seven members of the Osiris (Osi) gene family with obvious tracheal expression in Drosophila. In addition, HA-tagged Osi proteins are highly concentrated in vesicle-like structures at and near the apical membrane. Osi proteins are predicted to contain endocytic signals and transmembrane domains. The localization of Osi proteins is consistent with these predictions. Interestingly, the Drosophila tracheal tube maturation process also occurs at the apical membrane. Taken together, the localization of Osi proteins suggest that these proteins are likely involved in tube maturation through vesicular trafficking or interacting with other apical membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Scholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, USA
| | - Yuyang Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, USA
| | | | - Kelly Irwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, USA
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, USA.
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16
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Ochoa-Espinosa A, Harmansa S, Caussinus E, Affolter M. Myosin II is not required for Drosophila tracheal branch elongation and cell intercalation. Development 2017; 144:2961-2968. [PMID: 28811312 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila tracheal system consists of an interconnected network of monolayered epithelial tubes that ensures oxygen transport in the larval and adult body. During tracheal dorsal branch (DB) development, individual DBs elongate as a cluster of cells, led by tip cells at the front and trailing cells in the rear. Branch elongation is accompanied by extensive cell intercalation and cell lengthening of the trailing stalk cells. Although cell intercalation is governed by Myosin II (MyoII)-dependent forces during tissue elongation in the Drosophila embryo that lead to germ-band extension, it remained unclear whether MyoII plays a similar active role during tracheal branch elongation and intercalation. Here, we have used a nanobody-based approach to selectively knock down MyoII in tracheal cells. Our data show that, despite the depletion of MyoII function, tip cell migration and stalk cell intercalation (SCI) proceed at a normal rate. This confirms a model in which DB elongation and SCI in the trachea occur as a consequence of tip cell migration, which produces the necessary forces for the branching process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Harmansa
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Caussinus
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Morishita K, Anh Suong DN, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi M. The Drosophila DOCK family protein Sponge is required for development of the air sac primordium. Exp Cell Res 2017; 354:95-102. [PMID: 28341448 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family genes are known as DOCK1-DOCK11 in mammals. DOCK family proteins mainly regulate actin filament polymerization and/or depolymerization and are GEF proteins, which contribute to cellular signaling events by activating small G proteins. Sponge (Spg) is a Drosophila counterpart to mammalian DOCK3/DOCK4, and plays a role in embryonic central nervous system development, R7 photoreceptor cell differentiation, and adult thorax development. In order to conduct further functional analyses on Spg in vivo, we examined its localization in third instar larval wing imaginal discs. Immunostaining with purified anti-Spg IgG revealed that Spg mainly localized in the air sac primordium (ASP) in wing imaginal discs. Spg is therefore predicted to play an important role in the ASP. The specific knockdown of Spg by the breathless-GAL4 driver in tracheal cells induced lethality accompanied with a defect in ASP development and the induction of apoptosis. The monitoring of ERK signaling activity in wing imaginal discs by immunostaining with anti-diphospho-ERK IgG revealed reductions in the ERK signal cascade in Spg knockdown clones. Furthermore, the overexpression of D-raf suppressed defects in survival and the proliferation of cells in the ASP induced by the knockdown of Spg. Collectively, these results indicate that Spg plays a critical role in ASP development and tracheal cell viability that is mediated by the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushge Morishita
- Department of Applied Biology, The Center for Advanced Insect Research, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Dang Ngoc Anh Suong
- Department of Applied Biology, The Center for Advanced Insect Research, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, The Center for Advanced Insect Research, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, The Center for Advanced Insect Research, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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The Caenorhabditis elegans Excretory System: A Model for Tubulogenesis, Cell Fate Specification, and Plasticity. Genetics 2017; 203:35-63. [PMID: 27183565 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.189357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The excretory system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a superb model of tubular organogenesis involving a minimum of cells. The system consists of just three unicellular tubes (canal, duct, and pore), a secretory gland, and two associated neurons. Just as in more complex organs, cells of the excretory system must first adopt specific identities and then coordinate diverse processes to form tubes of appropriate topology, shape, connectivity, and physiological function. The unicellular topology of excretory tubes, their varied and sometimes complex shapes, and the dynamic reprogramming of cell identity and remodeling of tube connectivity that occur during larval development are particularly fascinating features of this organ. The physiological roles of the excretory system in osmoregulation and other aspects of the animal's life cycle are only beginning to be explored. The cellular mechanisms and molecular pathways used to build and shape excretory tubes appear similar to those used in both unicellular and multicellular tubes in more complex organs, such as the vertebrate vascular system and kidney, making this simple organ system a useful model for understanding disease processes.
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19
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Hayashi S, Dong B. Shape and geometry control of the Drosophila tracheal tubule. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:4-11. [PMID: 28093725 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For efficient respiration, tubular airways must be constructed with an optimal diameter and length for the dimensions of the body. In Drosophila, the growth of embryonic tracheal tubules proceeds in two dimensions, by axial elongation and diameter expansion. The growth forces in each dimension are controlled by distinct genetic programs and cellular mechanisms. Recent studies reveal that the apical cortex and the apical extracellular matrix filling the luminal space are essential for the generation, balancing, and equilibrium of these growth forces. We here discuss the mechanical properties and architecture of the apical cortex and extracellular matrix, and their crucial roles in the tissue-level coordination of tubule shape and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Bo Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Shandong, China
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20
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de Miguel C, Linsler F, Casanova J, Franch-Marro X. Genetic basis for the evolution of organ morphogenesis: the case of spalt and cut in the development of insect trachea. Development 2016; 143:3615-3622. [PMID: 27578790 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is not clear how simple genetic changes can account for the coordinated variations that give rise to modified functional organs. Here, we addressed this issue by analysing the expression and function of regulatory genes in the developing tracheal systems of two insect species. The larval tracheal system of Drosophila can be distinguished from the less derived tracheal system of the beetle Tribolium by two main features. First, Tribolium has lateral spiracles connecting the trachea to the exterior in each segment, while Drosophila has only one pair of posterior spiracles. Second, Drosophila, but not Tribolium, has two prominent longitudinal branches that distribute air from the posterior spiracles. Both innovations, while considered different structures, are functionally dependent on each other and linked to habitat occupancy. We show that changes in the domains of spalt and cut expression in the embryo are associated with the acquisition of each structure. Moreover, we show that these two genetic modifications are connected both functionally and genetically, thus providing an evolutionary scenario by which a genetic event contributes to the joint evolution of functionally inter-related structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de Miguel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Functional Genomics and Evolution, Department Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain Institut de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Friedemann Linsler
- Institut de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Jordi Casanova
- Institut de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Franch-Marro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Functional Genomics and Evolution, Department Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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21
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Betz C, Lenard A, Belting HG, Affolter M. Cell behaviors and dynamics during angiogenesis. Development 2016; 143:2249-60. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular networks are formed and maintained through a multitude of angiogenic processes, such as sprouting, anastomosis and pruning. Only recently has it become possible to study the behavior of the endothelial cells that contribute to these networks at a single-cell level in vivo. This Review summarizes what is known about endothelial cell behavior during developmental angiogenesis, focusing on the morphogenetic changes that these cells undergo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Betz
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lenard
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
The field of "Developmental Biology" has dramatically changed over the past three decades. While genetic analysis had been center stage in the 1980s and continues to be a corner stone for investigations, the introduction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the 1990s has allowed us to look into living, developing embryos, and see how cells form tissues and how organ morphogenesis proceeds in real time. The introduction of protein binders into developmental studies some years ago has raised the precision yet another step, since it will allow the manipulation and study of how proteins function in real time. This chapter is a personal account on how GFP has, and how protein binders may, change the design of studies in the field of developmental biology.
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Cheng YL, Andrew DJ. Extracellular Mipp1 Activity Confers Migratory Advantage to Epithelial Cells during Collective Migration. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2174-88. [PMID: 26628373 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (Mipp), a highly conserved but poorly understood histidine phosphatase, dephosphorylates higher-order IPs (IP4-IP6) to IP3. To gain insight into the biological roles of these enzymes, we have characterized Drosophila mipp1. mipp1 is dynamically expressed in the embryonic trachea, specifically in the leading cells of migrating branches at late stages, where Mipp1 localizes to the plasma membrane and filopodia. FGF signaling activates mipp1 expression in these cells, where extensive filopodia form to drive migration and elongation by cell intercalation. We show that Mipp1 facilitates formation and/or stabilization of filopodia in leading cells through its extracellular activity. mipp1 loss decreases filopodia number, whereas mipp1 overexpression increases filopodia number in a phosphatase-activity-dependent manner. Importantly, expression of Mipp1 gives cells a migratory advantage for the lead position in elongating tracheal branches. Altogether, these findings suggest that extracellular pools of inositol polyphosphates affect cell behavior during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yim Ling Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Lebreton G, Casanova J. Ligand-binding and constitutive FGF receptors in single Drosophila tracheal cells: Implications for the role of FGF in collective migration. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:372-8. [PMID: 26342211 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The migration of individual cells relies on their capacity to evaluate differences across their bodies and to move either toward or against a chemoattractant or a chemorepellent signal respectively. However, the direction of collective migration is believed to depend on the internal organization of the cell cluster while the role of the external signal is limited to single out some cells in the cluster, conferring them with motility properties. RESULTS Here we analyzed the role of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling in collective migration in the Drosophila trachea. While ligand-binding FGF receptor (FGFR) activity in a single cell can drive migration of a tracheal cluster, we show that activity from a constitutively activated FGFR cannot-an observation that contrasts with previously analyzed cases. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that individual cells in the tracheal cluster can "read" differences in the distribution of FGFR activity and lead migration of the cluster accordingly. Thus, FGF can act as a chemoattractant rather than as a motogen in collective cell migration. This finding has many implications in both development and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Lebreton
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Casanova
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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25
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Denes AS, Kanca O, Affolter M. A cellular process that includes asymmetric cytokinesis remodels the dorsal tracheal branches in Drosophila larvae. Development 2015; 142:1794-805. [PMID: 25968315 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tubular networks are central to the structure and function of many organs, such as the vertebrate lungs or the Drosophila tracheal system. Their component epithelial cells are able to proliferate and to undergo complex morphogenetic movements, while maintaining their barrier function. Little is known about the details of the mitotic process in tubular epithelia. Our study presents a comprehensive model of cellular remodeling and proliferation in the dorsal branches of third-instar Drosophila larvae. Through a combination of immunostaining and novel live imaging techniques, we identify the key steps in the transition from a unicellular to a multicellular tube. Junctional remodeling precedes mitosis and, as the cells divide, new junctions are formed through several variations of what we refer to as 'asymmetric cytokinesis'. Depending on the spacing of cells along the dorsal branch, mitosis can occur either before or after the transition to a multicellular tube. In both instances, cell separation is accomplished through asymmetric cytokinesis, a process that is initiated by the ingression of the cytokinetic ring. Unequal cell compartments are a possible but rare outcome of completing mitosis through this mechanism. We also found that the Dpp signaling pathway is required but not sufficient for cell division in the dorsal branches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH 4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH 4056, Switzerland
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26
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Antonello ZA, Reiff T, Ballesta-Illan E, Dominguez M. Robust intestinal homeostasis relies on cellular plasticity in enteroblasts mediated by miR-8-Escargot switch. EMBO J 2015; 34:2025-41. [PMID: 26077448 PMCID: PMC4551350 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is remarkably robust despite perturbations and demand uncertainty. Here, we investigate the basis of such robustness using novel tracing methods that allow simultaneously capturing the dynamics of stem and committed progenitor cells (called enteroblasts) and intestinal cell turnover with spatiotemporal resolution. We found that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) divide "ahead" of demand during Drosophila midgut homeostasis. Their newborn enteroblasts, on the other hand, take on a highly polarized shape, acquire invasive properties and motility. They extend long membrane protrusions that make cell-cell contact with mature cells, while exercising a capacity to delay their final differentiation until a local demand materializes. This cellular plasticity is mechanistically linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programme mediated by escargot, a snail family gene. Activation of the conserved microRNA miR-8/miR-200 in "pausing" enteroblasts in response to a local cell loss promotes timely terminal differentiation via a reverse MET by antagonizing escargot. Our findings unveil that robust intestinal renewal relies on hitherto unrecognized plasticity in enteroblasts and reveal their active role in sensing and/or responding to local demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeus A Antonello
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Tobias Reiff
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Esther Ballesta-Illan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Dominguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
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27
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Yevick HG, Duclos G, Bonnet I, Silberzan P. Architecture and migration of an epithelium on a cylindrical wire. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5944-9. [PMID: 25922533 PMCID: PMC4434757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418857112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In a wide range of epithelial tissues such as kidney tubules or breast acini, cells organize into bidimensional monolayers experiencing an out-of-plane curvature. Cancer cells can also migrate collectively from epithelial tumors by wrapping around vessels or muscle fibers. However, in vitro experiments dealing with epithelia are mostly performed on flat substrates, neglecting this out-of-plane component. In this paper, we study the development and migration of epithelial tissues on glass wires of well-defined radii varying from less than 1 µm up to 85 µm. To uncouple the effect of out-of-plane curvature from the lateral confinement experienced by the cells in these geometries, we compare our results to experiments performed on narrow adhesive tracks. Because of lateral confinement, the velocity of collective migration increases for radii smaller than typically 20 µm. The monolayer dynamics is then controlled by front-edge protrusions. Conversely, high curvature is identified as the inducer of frequent cell detachments at the front edge, a phenotype reminiscent of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. High curvature also induces a circumferential alignment of the actin cytoskeleton, stabilized by multiple focal adhesions. This organization of the cytoskeleton is reminiscent of in vivo situations such as the development of the trachea of the Drosophila embryo. Finally, submicron radii halt the monolayer, which then reconfigures into hollow cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Yevick
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche - Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Duclos
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche - Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche - Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Silberzan
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche - Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris, France
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28
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Lenard A, Daetwyler S, Betz C, Ellertsdottir E, Belting HG, Huisken J, Affolter M. Endothelial cell self-fusion during vascular pruning. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002126. [PMID: 25884426 PMCID: PMC4401649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, vascular networks remodel to meet the increasing demand of growing tissues for oxygen and nutrients. This is achieved by the pruning of redundant blood vessel segments, which then allows more efficient blood flow patterns. Because of the lack of an in vivo system suitable for high-resolution live imaging, the dynamics of the pruning process have not been described in detail. Here, we present the subintestinal vein (SIV) plexus of the zebrafish embryo as a novel model to study pruning at the cellular level. We show that blood vessel regression is a coordinated process of cell rearrangements involving lumen collapse and cell-cell contact resolution. Interestingly, the cellular rearrangements during pruning resemble endothelial cell behavior during vessel fusion in a reversed order. In pruning segments, endothelial cells first migrate toward opposing sides where they join the parental vascular branches, thus remodeling the multicellular segment into a unicellular connection. Often, the lumen is maintained throughout this process, and transient unicellular tubes form through cell self-fusion. In a second step, the unicellular connection is resolved unilaterally, and the pruning cell rejoins the opposing branch. Thus, we show for the first time that various cellular activities are coordinated to achieve blood vessel pruning and define two different morphogenetic pathways, which are selected by the flow environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lenard
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Daetwyler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Charles Betz
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jan Huisken
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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29
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Le Droguen PM, Claret S, Guichet A, Brodu V. Microtubule-dependent apical restriction of recycling endosomes sustains adherens junctions during morphogenesis of the Drosophila tracheal system. Development 2015; 142:363-74. [PMID: 25564624 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial remodelling is an essential mechanism for organogenesis, during which cells change shape and position while maintaining contact with each other. Adherens junctions (AJs) mediate stable intercellular cohesion but must be actively reorganised to allow morphogenesis. Vesicle trafficking and the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton contribute to regulating AJs but their interrelationship remains elusive. We carried out a detailed analysis of the role of MTs in cell remodelling during formation of the tracheal system in the Drosophila embryo. Induction of MT depolymerisation specifically in tracheal cells shows that MTs are essential during a specific time frame of tracheal cell elongation while the branch extends. In the absence of MTs, one tracheal cell per branch overelongates, ultimately leading to branch break. Three-dimensional quantifications revealed that MTs are crucial to sustain E-Cadherin (Shotgun) and Par-3 (Bazooka) levels at AJs. Maintaining E-Cadherin/Par-3 levels at the apical domain requires de novo synthesis rather than internalisation and recycling from and to the apical plasma membrane. However, apical targeting of E-Cadherin and Par-3 requires functional recycling endosomes, suggesting an intermediate role for this compartment in targeting de novo synthesized E-Cadherin to the plasma membrane. We demonstrate that apical enrichment of recycling endosomes is dependent on the MT motor Dynein and essential for the function of this vesicular compartment. In addition, we establish that E-Cadherin dynamics and MT requirement differ in remodelling tracheal cells versus planar epithelial cells. Altogether, our results uncover an MT-Dynein-dependent apical restriction of recycling endosomes that controls adhesion by sustaining Par-3 and E-Cadherin levels at AJs during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Le Droguen
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS and University Paris Diderot, 15 Rue H. Brion, Paris 75205, Cedex 13, France
| | - Sandra Claret
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS and University Paris Diderot, 15 Rue H. Brion, Paris 75205, Cedex 13, France
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS and University Paris Diderot, 15 Rue H. Brion, Paris 75205, Cedex 13, France
| | - Véronique Brodu
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS and University Paris Diderot, 15 Rue H. Brion, Paris 75205, Cedex 13, France
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30
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Deciphering the genetic programme triggering timely and spatially-regulated chitin deposition. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004939. [PMID: 25617778 PMCID: PMC4305360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ and tissue formation requires a finely tuned temporal and spatial regulation of differentiation programmes. This is necessary to balance sufficient plasticity to undergo morphogenesis with the acquisition of the mature traits needed for physiological activity. Here we addressed this issue by analysing the deposition of the chitinous extracellular matrix of Drosophila, an essential element of the cuticle (skin) and respiratory system (tracheae) in this insect. Chitin deposition requires the activity of the chitin synthase Krotzkopf verkehrt (Kkv). Our data demonstrate that this process equally requires the activity of two other genes, namely expansion (exp) and rebuf (reb). We found that Exp and Reb have interchangeable functions, and in their absence no chitin is produced, in spite of the presence of Kkv. Conversely, when Kkv and Exp/Reb are co-expressed in the ectoderm, they promote chitin deposition, even in tissues normally devoid of this polysaccharide. Therefore, our results indicate that both functions are not only required but also sufficient to trigger chitin accumulation. We show that this mechanism is highly regulated in time and space, ensuring chitin accumulation in the correct tissues and developmental stages. Accordingly, we observed that unregulated chitin deposition disturbs morphogenesis, thus highlighting the need for tight regulation of this process. In summary, here we identify the genetic programme that triggers the timely and spatially regulated deposition of chitin and thus provide new insights into the extracellular matrix maturation required for physiological activity. In this work we studied the maturation of the extracellular matrix during Drosophila embryogenesis. Drosophila deposit a chitin-rich extracellular matrix with key physiological functions, such as the control of organ size and shape, and cuticle formation. Chitin synthesis depends on chitin synthases, and in Drosophila the gene krotzkopf verkehrt (kkv) encodes the main enzyme of this family. Our observations indicate that Kkv alone is not sufficient to induce chitin formation. We have identified another function (which is exerted by the activity of two genes encoding MH2-domain proteins) that are equally required for chitin deposition. The most striking result of our analysis is that the presence of Kkv and the newly identified function is sufficient to trigger chitin deposition in ectodermally-derived tissues, even if they are normally devoid of this polysaccharide. Importantly, we also demonstrate that unregulated chitin deposition (absent, advanced, or ectopic) leads to severe defects in morphogenesis. We show that the temporal and spatial pattern of kkv and the other two genes perfectly recapitulates the deposition of chitin, thereby unveiling a highly co-ordinated mechanism for the acquisition of mature traits.
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31
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Matsuda R, Hosono C, Saigo K, Samakovlis C. The intersection of the extrinsic hedgehog and WNT/wingless signals with the intrinsic Hox code underpins branching pattern and tube shape diversity in the drosophila airways. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004929. [PMID: 25615601 PMCID: PMC4304712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tubular networks of the Drosophila respiratory system and our vasculature show distinct branching patterns and tube shapes in different body regions. These local variations are crucial for organ function and organismal fitness. Organotypic patterns and tube geometries in branched networks are typically controlled by variations of extrinsic signaling but the impact of intrinsic factors on branch patterns and shapes is not well explored. Here, we show that the intersection of extrinsic hedgehog(hh) and WNT/wingless (wg) signaling with the tube-intrinsic Hox code of distinct segments specifies the tube pattern and shape of the Drosophila airways. In the cephalic part of the airways, hh signaling induces expression of the transcription factor (TF) knirps (kni) in the anterior dorsal trunk (DTa1). kni represses the expression of another TF spalt major (salm), making DTa1 a narrow and long tube. In DTa branches of more posterior metameres, Bithorax Complex (BX-C) Hox genes autonomously divert hh signaling from inducing kni, thereby allowing DTa branches to develop as salm-dependent thick and short tubes. Moreover, the differential expression of BX-C genes is partly responsible for the anterior-to-posterior gradual increase of the DT tube diameter through regulating the expression level of Salm, a transcriptional target of WNT/wg signaling. Thus, our results highlight how tube intrinsic differential competence can diversify tube morphology without changing availabilities of extrinsic factors. Tubes are common structural elements of many internal organs,
facilitating fluid flow and material exchange. To meet the local needs of diverse tissues, the branching patterns and tube shapes vary regionally. Diametric tapering and specialized branch targeting to the brain represent two common examples of variations with organismal benefits in the Drosophila airways and our vascular system. Several extrinsic signals instruct tube diversifications but the impact of intrinsic factors remains underexplored. Here, we show that the local, tube-intrinsic Hox code instructs the pattern and shape of the dorsal trunk (DT), the main Drosophila airway. In the cephalic part (DT1), where Bithorax Complex (BX-C) Hox genes are not expressed, the extrinsic Hedgehog signal is epistatic to WNT/Wingless signals. Hedgehog instructs anterior DT1 cells to take a long and narrow tube fate targeting the brain. In more posterior metameres, BX-C genes make the extrinsic WNT/Wingless signals epistatic over Hedgehog. There, WNT/Wingless instruct all DT cells to take the thick and short tube fate. Moreover, BX-C genes modulate the outputs of WNT/wingless signaling, making the DT tubes thicker in more posterior metameres. We provide a model for how intrinsic factors modify extrinsic signaling to control regional tube morphologies in a network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chie Hosono
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaoru Saigo
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- ECCPS, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Dong B, Miao G, Hayashi S. A fat body-derived apical extracellular matrix enzyme is transported to the tracheal lumen and is required for tube morphogenesis in Drosophila. Development 2014; 141:4104-9. [PMID: 25336738 PMCID: PMC4302886 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The apical extracellular matrix plays a central role in epithelial tube morphogenesis. In the Drosophila tracheal system, Serpentine (Serp), a secreted chitin deacetylase expressed by the tracheal cells plays a key role in regulating tube length. Here, we show that the fly fat body, which is functionally equivalent to the mammalian liver, also contributes to tracheal morphogenesis. Serp was expressed by the fat body, and the secreted Serp was taken up by the tracheal cells and translocated to the lumen to functionally support normal tracheal development. This process was defective in rab9 and shrub/vps32 mutants and in wild-type embryos treated with a secretory pathway inhibitor, leading to an abundant accumulation of Serp in the fat body. We demonstrated that fat body-derived Serp reached the tracheal lumen after establishment of epithelial barrier function and was retained in the lumen in a chitin synthase-dependent manner. Our results thus reveal that the fat body, a mesodermal organ, actively contributes to tracheal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Guangxia Miao
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8051, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8051, Japan
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Kolotuev I. Positional correlative anatomy of invertebrate model organisms increases efficiency of TEM data production. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1392-1403. [PMID: 25180638 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614012999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an important tool for studies in cell biology, and is essential to address research questions from bacteria to animals. Recent technological innovations have advanced the entire field of TEM, yet classical techniques still prevail for most present-day studies. Indeed, the majority of cell and developmental biology studies that use TEM do not require cutting-edge methodologies, but rather fast and efficient data generation. Although access to state-of-the-art equipment is frequently problematic, standard TEM microscopes are typically available, even in modest research facilities. However, a major unmet need in standard TEM is the ability to quickly prepare and orient a sample to identify a region of interest. Here, I provide a detailed step-by-step method for a positional correlative anatomy approach to flat-embedded samples. These modifications make the TEM preparation and analytic procedures faster and more straightforward, supporting a higher sampling rate. To illustrate the modified procedures, I provide numerous examples addressing research questions in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. This method can be equally applied to address questions of cell and developmental biology in other small multicellular model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kolotuev
- 1Fédération de Recherche BIOSIT,Université de Rennes 1,Plateforme microscopie électronique MRic,Campus santé,2 avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard,35043 Rennes,France
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Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is the developmental program that builds the ramified epithelial trees of various organs, including the airways of the lung, the collecting ducts of the kidney, and the ducts of the mammary and salivary glands. Even though the final geometries of epithelial trees are distinct, the molecular signaling pathways that control branching morphogenesis appear to be conserved across organs and species. However, despite this molecular homology, recent advances in cell lineage analysis and real-time imaging have uncovered surprising differences in the mechanisms that build these diverse tissues. Here, we review these studies and discuss the cellular and physical mechanisms that can contribute to branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Varner
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Iordanou E, Chandran RR, Yang Y, Essak M, Blackstone N, Jiang L. The novel Smad protein Expansion regulates the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway to control Drosophila tracheal tube size. Dev Biol 2014; 393:93-108. [PMID: 24973580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tubes with distinct shapes and sizes are critical for the proper function of many tubular organs. Here we describe a unique phenotype caused by the loss of a novel, evolutionarily-conserved, Drosophila Smad-like protein, Expansion. In expansion mutants, unicellular and intracellular tracheal branches develop bubble-like cysts with enlarged apical membranes. Cysts in unicellular tubes are enlargements of the apical lumen, whereas cysts in intracellular tubes are cytoplasmic vacuole-like compartments. The cyst phenotype in expansion mutants is similar to, but weaker than, that observed in double mutants of Drosophila type III receptor tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), Ptp4E and Ptp10D. Ptp4E and Ptp10D negatively regulate the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways, especially epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor/breathless (FGFR, Btl) signaling to maintain the proper size of unicellular and intracellular tubes. We show Exp genetically interacts with RTK signaling, the downstream targets of RPTPs. Cyst size and number in expansion mutants is enhanced by increased RTK signaling and suppressed by reduced RTK signaling. Genetic interaction studies strongly suggest that Exp negatively regulates RTK (EGFR, Btl) signaling to ensure proper tube sizes. Smad proteins generally function as intermediate components of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β, DPP) signaling pathway. However, no obvious genetic interaction between expansion and TGF-β (DPP) signaling was observed. Therefore, Expansion does not function as a typical Smad protein. The expansion phenotype demonstrates a novel role for Smad-like proteins in epithelial tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Iordanou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Rachana R Chandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Yonghua Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Mina Essak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Nicholas Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit dramatic plasticity of form at the single- and collective-cell level during new vessel growth, adult vascular homeostasis, and pathology. Understanding how, when, and why individual ECs coordinate decisions to change shape, in relation to the myriad of dynamic environmental signals, is key to understanding normal and pathological blood vessel behavior. However, this is a complex spatial and temporal problem. In this review we show that the multidisciplinary field of Adaptive Systems offers a refreshing perspective, common biological language, and straightforward toolkit that cell biologists can use to untangle the complexity of dynamic, morphogenetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Bentley
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Andrew Philippides
- Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Erzsébet Ravasz Regan
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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37
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Kanca O, Ochoa-Espinosa A, Affolter M. IV. Tools and methods for studying cell migration and cell rearrangement in tissue and organ development. Methods 2014; 68:228-32. [PMID: 24631575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast diversity of biological systems, ranging from prokaryotes to multicellular organisms, show cell migration behavior. Many of the basic cellular and molecular concepts in cell migration apply to diverse model organisms. Drosophila, with its vast repertoire of tools for imaging and for manipulation, is one of the favorite organisms to study cell migration. Moreover, distinct Drosophila tissues and organs offer diverse cell migration models that are amenable to live imaging and genetic manipulations. In this review, we will provide an overview of the fruit fly toolbox that is of particular interest for the analysis of cell migration. We provide examples to highlight how those tools were used in diverse migration systems, with an emphasis on tracheal morphogenesis, a process that combines morphogenesis with cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kanca
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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38
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Abstract
Animal development requires a carefully orchestrated cascade of cell fate specification events and cellular movements. A surprisingly small number of choreographed cellular behaviours are used repeatedly to shape the animal body plan. Among these, cell intercalation lengthens or spreads a tissue at the expense of narrowing along an orthogonal axis. Key steps in the polarization of both mediolaterally and radially intercalating cells have now been clarified. In these different contexts, intercalation seems to require a distinct combination of mechanisms, including adhesive changes that allow cells to rearrange, cytoskeletal events through which cells exert the forces needed for cell neighbour exchange, and in some cases the regulation of these processes through planar cell polarity.
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39
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Chen F, Krasnow MA. Progenitor outgrowth from the niche in Drosophila trachea is guided by FGF from decaying branches. Science 2014; 343:186-9. [PMID: 24408434 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although there has been progress identifying adult stem and progenitor cells and the signals that control their proliferation and differentiation, little is known about the substrates and signals that guide them out of their niche. By examining Drosophila tracheal outgrowth during metamorphosis, we show that progenitors follow a stereotyped path out of the niche, tracking along a subset of tracheal branches destined for destruction. The embryonic tracheal inducer branchless FGF (fibroblast growth factor) is expressed dynamically just ahead of progenitor outgrowth in decaying branches. Knockdown of branchless abrogates progenitor outgrowth, whereas misexpression redirects it. Thus, reactivation of an embryonic tracheal inducer in decaying branches directs outgrowth of progenitors that replace them. This explains how the structure of a newly generated tissue is coordinated with that of the old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
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40
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Nowotschin S, Hadjantonakis AK. Live imaging mouse embryonic development: seeing is believing and revealing. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1092:405-20. [PMID: 24318833 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-292-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins has revolutionized the fields of cell and developmental biology and redefined our understanding of the dynamic morphogenetic processes that work to shape the embryo. Fluorescent proteins are routinely used as vital reporters to label tissues, cells, cellular organelles, or proteins of interest and in doing so provide contrasting agents enabling the acquisition of high-resolution quantitative image data. With the advent of more accessible and sophisticated imaging technologies and abundance of fluorescent proteins with different spectral characteristics, the dynamic processes taking place in situ in living embryos can now be probed. Here, we provide an overview of some recent advances in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Lebreton G, Casanova J. Specification of leading and trailing cell features during collective migration in the Drosophila trachea. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:465-74. [PMID: 24213534 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.142737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of tip and rear cells in collective migration is still a matter of debate and their differences at the cytoskeletal level are poorly understood. Here, we analysed these issues in the Drosophila trachea, an organ that develops from the collective migration of clusters of cells that respond to Branchless (Bnl), a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) homologue expressed in surrounding tissues. We track individual cells in the migratory cluster and characterise their features and unveil two prototypical types of cytoskeletal organisation that account for tip and rear cells respectively. Indeed, once the former are specified, they remain as such throughout migration. Furthermore, we show that FGF signalling in a single tip cell can trigger the migration of the cells in the branch. Finally, we found specific Rac activation at the tip cells and analysed how FGF-independent cell features, such as adhesion and motility, act on coupling the behaviour of trailing and tip cells. Thus, the combined effect of FGF promoting leading cell behaviour and the modulation of cell properties in a cluster can account for the wide range of migratory events driven by FGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Lebreton
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), C/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Abstract
Mutual, homophilic cell-cell adhesion between epithelial cells is required for proper maintenance of epithelial barrier function. Whereas opposing membranes from neighboring cells rapidly assemble junctional complexes, self-contacting membranes curiously do not, suggesting that cells have the ability to prevent the maturation of self-junctions. Using a self-contact-inducing microfabricated substrate, we show that self-contacts of normal epithelial cells are rapidly eliminated by membrane fusion between two opposing plasma membranes of a single cell. This membrane fusion is most frequently observed in E-cadherin-expressing epithelial cells, but not in fibroblasts. The efficiency of self-contact elimination depends on extracellular calcium concentration and the level of E-cadherin, suggesting that E-cadherin, although not required, enhances membrane fusion efficiency by bringing opposing membranes into close apposition to one another. Additionally, Rho-associated protein kinase inhibition decreases self-contact-induced membrane fusion of epithelial cells, suggesting that this fusion may be mechanically regulated through the actin-myosin network. This self-contact-induced membrane fusion is a key elimination mechanism for unwanted self-junctions and may be a feature of cell self-recognition.
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43
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Abstract
Metazoans require epithelial and endothelial tubes to transport liquids and gasses throughout their bodies. Although biological tubes may look relatively similar at first glance, there are multiple and distinct mechanisms by which tubes form and even more regulatory events driving the cell shape changes that produce tubes of specific dimensions. An overview of the current understanding of the molecular processes and physical forces involved in tubulogenesis is presented in this review and the accompanying poster.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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44
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Song Y, Eng M, Ghabrial AS. Focal defects in single-celled tubes mutant for Cerebral cavernous malformation 3, GCKIII, or NSF2. Dev Cell 2013; 25:507-19. [PMID: 23763949 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tubes of differing cellular architecture connect into networks. In the Drosophila tracheal system, two tube types connect within single cells (terminal cells); however, the genes that mediate this interconnection are unknown. Here we characterize two genes that are essential for this process: lotus, required for maintaining a connection between the tubes, and wheezy, required to prevent local tube dilation. We find that lotus encodes N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor 2 (NSF2), whereas wheezy encodes Germinal center kinase III (GCKIII). GCKIIIs are effectors of Cerebral cavernous malformation 3 (CCM3), a protein mutated in vascular disease. Depletion of Ccm3 by RNA interference phenocopies wheezy; thus, CCM3 and GCKIII, which prevent capillary dilation in humans, prevent tube dilation in Drosophila trachea. Ectopic junctional and apical proteins are present in wheezy terminal cells, and we show that tube dilation is suppressed by reduction of NSF2, of the apical determinant Crumbs, or of septate junction protein Varicose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Song
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, BRBII/III Room 1214, 421 Curie Boulevard, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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45
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Zuo L, Iordanou E, Chandran RR, Jiang L. Novel mechanisms of tube-size regulation revealed by the Drosophila trachea. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:343-54. [PMID: 23824100 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The size of various tubes within tubular organs such as the lung, vascular system and kidney must be finely tuned for the optimal delivery of gases, nutrients, waste and cells within the entire organism. Aberrant tube sizes lead to devastating human illnesses, such as polycystic kidney disease, fibrocystic breast disease, pancreatic cystic neoplasm and thyroid nodules. However, the underlying mechanisms that are responsible for tube-size regulation have yet to be fully understood. Therefore, no effective treatments are available for disorders caused by tube-size defects. Recently, the Drosophila tracheal system has emerged as an excellent in vivo model to explore the fundamental mechanisms of tube-size regulation. Here, we discuss the role of the apical luminal matrix, cell polarity and signaling pathways in regulating tube size in Drosophila trachea. Previous studies of the Drosophila tracheal system have provided general insights into epithelial tube morphogenesis. Mechanisms that regulate tube size in Drosophila trachea could be well conserved in mammalian tubular organs. This knowledge should greatly aid our understanding of tubular organogenesis in vertebrates and potentially lead to new avenues for the treatment of human disease caused by tube-size defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ekaterini Iordanou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Rachana R Chandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; Dodge Hall of Engineering 322, 2200 N. Squirrel Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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46
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Abstract
The vascular system developed early in evolution. It is required in large multicellular organisms for the transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from tissues. The vascular system is composed of hollow tubes, which have a high level of complexity in vertebrates. Vasculogenesis describes the de novo formation of blood vessels, e.g., aorta formation in vertebrate embryogenesis. In contrast, angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels from preexisting ones, e.g., sprouting of intersomitic blood vessels from the aorta. Importantly, the lumen of all blood vessels in vertebrates is lined and formed by endothelial cells. In both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, lumen formation takes place in a cord of endothelial cells. It involves a complex molecular mechanism composed of endothelial cell repulsion at the cell-cell contacts within the endothelial cell cords, junctional rearrangement, and endothelial cell shape change. As the vascular system also participates in the course of many diseases, such as cancer, stroke, and myocardial infarction, it is important to understand and make use of the molecular mechanisms of blood vessel formation to better understand and manipulate the pathomechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard Lammert
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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47
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Caviglia S, Luschnig S. The ETS domain transcriptional repressor Anterior open inhibits MAP kinase and Wingless signaling to couple tracheal cell fate with branch identity. Development 2013; 140:1240-9. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.087874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells at the tips of budding branches in the Drosophila tracheal system generate two morphologically different types of seamless tubes. Terminal cells (TCs) form branched lumenized extensions that mediate gas exchange at target tissues, whereas fusion cells (FCs) form ring-like connections between adjacent tracheal metameres. Each tracheal branch contains a specific set of TCs, FCs, or both, but the mechanisms that select between the two tip cell types in a branch-specific fashion are not clear. Here, we show that the ETS domain transcriptional repressor anterior open (aop) is dispensable for directed tracheal cell migration, but plays a key role in tracheal tip cell fate specification. Whereas aop globally inhibits TC and FC specification, MAPK signaling overcomes this inhibition by triggering degradation of Aop in tip cells. Loss of aop function causes excessive FC and TC specification, indicating that without Aop-mediated inhibition, all tracheal cells are competent to adopt a specialized fate. We demonstrate that Aop plays a dual role by inhibiting both MAPK and Wingless signaling, which induce TC and FC fate, respectively. In addition, the branch-specific choice between the two seamless tube types depends on the tracheal branch identity gene spalt major, which is sufficient to inhibit TC specification. Thus, a single repressor, Aop, integrates two different signals to couple tip cell fate selection with branch identity. The switch from a branching towards an anastomosing tip cell type may have evolved with the acquisition of a main tube that connects separate tracheal primordia to generate a tubular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caviglia
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and PhD Program in Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and PhD Program in Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Pitsouli C, Perrimon N. The homeobox transcription factor cut coordinates patterning and growth during Drosophila airway remodeling. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra12. [PMID: 23423438 PMCID: PMC3982146 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how tissue growth and patterning are coordinately regulated to generate complex organs with characteristic shapes and sizes. We showed that in the developing primordium that produces the Drosophila adult trachea, the homeobox transcription factor Cut regulates both growth and patterning, and its effects depend on its abundance. Quantification of the abundance of Cut in the developing airway progenitors during late larval stage 3 revealed that the cells of the developing trachea had different amounts of Cut, with the most proliferative region having an intermediate amount of Cut and the region lacking Cut exhibiting differentiation. By manipulating Cut abundance, we showed that Cut functioned in different regions to regulate proliferation or patterning. Transcriptional profiling of progenitor populations with different amounts of Cut revealed the Wingless (known as Wnt in vertebrates) and Notch signaling pathways as positive and negative regulators of cut expression, respectively. Furthermore, we identified the gene encoding the receptor Breathless (Btl, known as fibroblast growth factor receptor in vertebrates) as a transcriptional target of Cut. Cut inhibited btl expression and tracheal differentiation to maintain the developing airway cells in a progenitor state. Thus, Cut functions in the integration of patterning and growth in a developing epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Pitsouli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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49
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Warrington SJ, Strutt H, Strutt D. The Frizzled-dependent planar polarity pathway locally promotes E-cadherin turnover via recruitment of RhoGEF2. Development 2013; 140:1045-54. [PMID: 23364328 PMCID: PMC3583042 DOI: 10.1242/dev.088724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polarised tissue elongation during morphogenesis involves cells within epithelial sheets or tubes making and breaking intercellular contacts in an oriented manner. Growing evidence suggests that cell adhesion can be modulated by endocytic trafficking of E-cadherin (E-cad), but how this process can be polarised within individual cells is poorly understood. The Frizzled (Fz)-dependent core planar polarity pathway is a major regulator of polarised cell rearrangements in processes such as gastrulation, and has also been implicated in regulation of cell adhesion through trafficking of E-cad; however, it is not known how these functions are integrated. We report a novel role for the core planar polarity pathway in promoting cell intercalation during tracheal tube morphogenesis in Drosophila embryogenesis, and present evidence that this is due to regulation of turnover and levels of junctional E-cad by the guanine exchange factor RhoGEF2. Furthermore, we show that core pathway activity leads to planar-polarised recruitment of RhoGEF2 and E-cad turnover in the epidermis of both the embryonic germband and the pupal wing. We thus reveal a general mechanism by which the core planar polarity pathway can promote polarised cell rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Warrington
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Baer MM, Palm W, Eaton S, Leptin M, Affolter M. Microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein (MTP) is required to expand tracheal lumen in Drosophila in a cell-autonomous manner. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:6038-48. [PMID: 23132924 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila tracheal system is a useful model for dissecting the molecular mechanisms controlling the assembly and expansion of tubular organs. We have identified microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein (MTP) as a new player involved in the lumen expansion in unicellular tubes. MTP is an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein that can transfer triglycerides and phospholipids between membranes in vitro. MTP lipid transfer activity is crucial for the assembly and secretion of apoB family lipoproteins, which are carriers of lipids between different tissues. Here we describe an unexpected role of MTP in tracheal development, which we postulate to be independent of its known function in lipoprotein secretion. We propose that, in tracheal cells, MTP is involved in regulation of de novo apical membrane delivery to the existing lumen and thus promotes proper expansion of the larval tracheal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Baer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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