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Brandt N, Köper F, Hausmann J, Bräuer AU. Spotlight on plasticity-related genes: Current insights in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108687. [PMID: 38969308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of the central nervous system is highly complex, involving numerous developmental processes that must take place with high spatial and temporal precision. This requires a series of complex and well-coordinated molecular processes that are tighly controlled and regulated by, for example, a variety of proteins and lipids. Deregulations in these processes, including genetic mutations, can lead to the most severe maldevelopments. The present review provides an overview of the protein family Plasticity-related genes (PRG1-5), including their role during neuronal differentiation, their molecular interactions, and their participation in various diseases. As these proteins can modulate the function of bioactive lipids, they are able to influence various cellular processes. Furthermore, they are dynamically regulated during development, thus playing an important role in the development and function of synapses. First studies, conducted not only in mouse experiments but also in humans, revealed that mutations or dysregulations of these proteins lead to changes in lipid metabolism, resulting in severe neurological deficits. In recent years, as more and more studies have shown their involvement in a broad range of diseases, the complexity and broad spectrum of known and as yet unknown interactions between PRGs, lipids, and proteins make them a promising and interesting group of potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brandt
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Köper
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jens Hausmann
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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2
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Wen X, Li P, Ma Y, Wang D, Jia R, Xia Y, Li W, Li Y, Li G, Sun T, Lu F, Ye J, Ji C. RHOF activation of AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway drives acute myeloid leukemia progression and chemotherapy resistance. iScience 2024; 27:110221. [PMID: 39021805 PMCID: PMC11253531 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal malignancy originating from leukemia stem cells, characterized by a poor prognosis, underscoring the necessity for novel therapeutic targets and treatment methodologies. This study focuses on Ras homolog family member F, filopodia associated (RHOF), a Rho guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) family member. We found that RHOF is overexpressed in AML, correlating with an adverse prognosis. Our gain- and loss-of-function experiments revealed that RHOF overexpression enhances proliferation and impedes apoptosis in AML cells in vitro. Conversely, genetic suppression of RHOF markedly reduced the leukemia burden in a human AML xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, we investigated the synergistic effect of RHOF downregulation and chemotherapy, demonstrating significant therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Mechanistically, RHOF activates the AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby accelerating the progression of AML. Our findings elucidate the pivotal role of RHOF in AML pathogenesis and propose RHOF inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach for AML management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuechan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruinan Jia
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China
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Deslauriers JC, Ghotkar RP, Russ LA, Jarman JA, Martin RM, Tippett RG, Sumathipala SH, Burton DF, Cole DC, Marsden KC. Cyfip2 controls the acoustic startle threshold through FMRP, actin polymerization, and GABA B receptor function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.22.573054. [PMID: 38187577 PMCID: PMC10769380 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Animals process a constant stream of sensory input, and to survive they must detect and respond to dangerous stimuli while ignoring innocuous or irrelevant ones. Behavioral responses are elicited when certain properties of a stimulus such as its intensity or size reach a critical value, and such behavioral thresholds can be a simple and effective mechanism to filter sensory information. For example, the acoustic startle response is a conserved and stereotyped defensive behavior induced by sudden loud sounds, but dysregulation of the threshold to initiate this behavior can result in startle hypersensitivity that is associated with sensory processing disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Through a previous forward genetic screen for regulators of the startle threshold a nonsense mutation in Cytoplasmic Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein (FMRP)-interacting protein 2 (cyfip2) was found that causes startle hypersensitivity in zebrafish larvae, but the molecular mechanisms by which Cyfip2 establishes the acoustic startle threshold are unknown. Here we used conditional transgenic rescue and CRISPR/Cas9 to determine that Cyfip2 acts though both Rac1 and FMRP pathways, but not the closely related FXR1 or FXR2, to establish the acoustic startle threshold during early neurodevelopment. To identify proteins and pathways that may be downstream effectors of Rac1 and FMRP, we performed a candidate-based drug screen that indicated that Cyfip2 can also act acutely to maintain the startle threshold branched actin polymerization and N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). To complement this approach, we used unbiased discovery proteomics to determine that loss of Cyfip2 alters cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix components while also disrupting oxidative phosphorylation and GABA receptor signaling. Finally, we functionally validated our proteomics findings by showing that activating GABAB receptors, which like NMDARs are also FMRP targets, restores normal startle sensitivity in cyfip2 mutants. Together, these data reveal multiple mechanisms by which Cyfip2 regulates excitatory/inhibitory balance in the startle circuit to control the processing of acoustic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Deslauriers
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rohit P. Ghotkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Current address: Putnam Associates, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Russ
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Jordan A. Jarman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Current address: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rubia M. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Current address: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel G. Tippett
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sureni H. Sumathipala
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Derek F. Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - D. Chris Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kurt C. Marsden
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment (CHHE), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Huang H, Wang S, Guan Y, Ren J, Liu X. Molecular basis and current insights of atypical Rho small GTPase in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:141. [PMID: 38236467 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Atypical Rho GTPases are a subtype of the Rho GTPase family that are involved in diverse cellular processes. The typical Rho GTPases, led by RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42, have been well studied, while relative studies on atypical Rho GTPases are relatively still limited and have great exploration potential. With the increase in studies, current evidence suggests that atypical Rho GTPases regulate multiple biological processes and play important roles in the occurrence and development of human cancers. Therefore, this review mainly discusses the molecular basis of atypical Rho GTPases and their roles in cancer. We summarize the sequence characteristics, subcellular localization and biological functions of each atypical Rho GTPase. Moreover, we review the recent advances and potential mechanisms of atypical Rho GTPases in the development of multiple cancers. A comprehensive understanding and extensive exploration of the biological functions of atypical Rho GTPases and their molecular mechanisms in tumors will provide important insights into the pathophysiology of tumors and the development of cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yifei Guan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
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5
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Soh JEC, Shimizu A, Sato A, Ogita H. Novel cardiovascular protective effects of RhoA signaling and its therapeutic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115899. [PMID: 37907138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) belongs to the Rho GTPase superfamily, which was first studied in cancers as one of the essential regulators controlling cellular function. RhoA has long attracted attention as a key molecule involved in cell signaling and gene transcription, through which it affects cellular processes. A series of studies have demonstrated that RhoA plays crucial roles under both physiological states and pathological conditions in cardiovascular diseases. RhoA has been identified as an important regulator in cardiac remodeling by regulating actin stress fiber dynamics and cytoskeleton formation. However, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, preventing definitive conclusions being drawn about its protective role in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we outline the characteristics of RhoA and its related signaling molecules, and present an overview of RhoA classical function and the corresponding cellular responses of RhoA under physiological and pathological conditions. Overall, we provide an update on the novel signaling under RhoA in the cardiovascular system and its potential clinical and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ern Chi Soh
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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6
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Suarez C, Winkelman JD, Harker AJ, Ye HJ, McCall PM, Morganthaler AN, Gardel ML, Kovar DR. Reconstitution of the transition from a lamellipodia- to filopodia-like actin network with purified proteins. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151367. [PMID: 37890285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells utilize complex mixtures of actin binding proteins to assemble and maintain functionally diverse actin filament networks with distinct architectures and dynamics within a common cytoplasm is a longstanding question in cell biology. A compelling example of complex and specialized actin structures in cells are filopodia which sense extracellular chemical and mechanical signals to help steer motile cells. Filopodia have distinct actin architecture, composed of long, parallel actin filaments bundled by fascin, which form finger-like membrane protrusions. Elongation of the parallel actin filaments in filopodia can be mediated by two processive actin filament elongation factors, formin and Ena/VASP, which localize to the tips of filopodia. There remains debate as to how the architecture of filopodia are generated, with one hypothesis proposing that filopodia are generated from the lamellipodia, which consists of densely packed, branched actin filaments nucleated by Arp2/3 complex and kept short by capping protein. It remains unclear if different actin filament elongation factors are necessary and sufficient to facilitate the emergence of filopodia with diverse characteristics from a highly dense network of short-branched capped filaments. To address this question, we combined bead motility and micropatterning biomimetic assays with multi-color Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy imaging, to successfully reconstitute the formation of filopodia-like networks (FLN) from densely-branched lamellipodia-like networks (LLN) with eight purified proteins (actin, profilin, Arp2/3 complex, Wasp pWA, fascin, capping protein, VASP and formin mDia2). Saturating capping protein concentrations inhibit FLN assembly, but the addition of either formin or Ena/VASP differentially rescues the formation of FLN from LLN. Specifically, we found that formin/mDia2-generated FLNs are relatively long and lack capping protein, whereas VASP-generated FLNs are comparatively short and contain capping protein, indicating that the actin elongation factor can affect the architecture and composition of FLN emerging from LLN. Our biomimetic reconstitution systems reveal that formin or VASP are necessary and sufficient to induce the transition from a LLN to a FLN, and establish robust in vitro platforms to investigate FLN assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Suarez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Winkelman
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alyssa J Harker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Patrick M McCall
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alisha N Morganthaler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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7
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Verdier H, Thomas P, Batista J, Kempster C, McKinney H, Gleadall N, Danesh J, Mumford A, Heemskerk JWM, Ouwehand WH, Downes K, Astle WJ, Turro E. A signature of platelet reactivity in CBC scattergrams reveals genetic predictors of thrombotic disease risk. Blood 2023; 142:1895-1908. [PMID: 37647652 PMCID: PMC10733829 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of platelet reactivity (PR) phenotypes may identify novel antiplatelet drug targets. However, such studies have been limited by small sample sizes (n < 5000) because of the complexity of measuring PR. We trained a model to predict PR from complete blood count (CBC) scattergrams. A genome-wide association study of this phenotype in 29 806 blood donors identified 21 distinct associations implicating 20 genes, of which 6 have been identified previously. The effect size estimates were significantly correlated with estimates from a study of flow cytometry-measured PR and a study of a phenotype of in vitro thrombus formation. A genetic score of PR built from the 21 variants was associated with the incidence rates of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism. Mendelian randomization analyses showed that PR was causally associated with the risks of coronary artery disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Our approach provides a blueprint for using phenotype imputation to study the determinants of hard-to-measure but biologically important hematological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hippolyte Verdier
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3751, Decision and Bayesian Computation, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Thomas
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Batista
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carly Kempster
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet McKinney
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Gleadall
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Danesh
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mumford
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- South West National Health Service Genomic Medicine Service Alliance, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Willem H. Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Downes
- Cambridge Genomics Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William J. Astle
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Turro
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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8
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Nishita M, Kamizaki K, Hoshi K, Aruga K, Nishikaku I, Shibuya H, Matsumoto K, Minami Y. Rho family small GTPase Rif regulates Wnt5a-Ror1-Dvl2 signaling and promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105248. [PMID: 37703992 PMCID: PMC10570955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho in filopodia (Rif), a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, induces filopodia formation primarily on the dorsal surface of cells; however, its function remains largely unclear. Here, we show that Rif interacts with Ror1, a receptor for Wnt5a that can also induce dorsal filopodia. Our immunohistochemical analysis revealed a high frequency of coexpression of Ror1 and Rif in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung adenocarcinoma cells cultured on Matrigel established front-rear polarity with massive filopodia on their front surfaces, where Ror1 and Rif were accumulated. Suppression of Ror1 or Rif expression inhibited cell proliferation, survival, and invasion, accompanied by the loss of filopodia and cell polarity in vitro, and prevented tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we found that Rif was required to activate Wnt5a-Ror1 signaling at the cell surface leading to phosphorylation of the Wnt signaling pathway hub protein Dvl2, which was further promoted by culturing the cells on Matrigel. Our findings reveal a novel function of Rif in mediating Wnt5a-Ror1-Dvl2 signaling, which is associated with the formation of polarized filopodia on 3D matrices in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiru Nishita
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Koki Kamizaki
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kana Aruga
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikumi Nishikaku
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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9
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Li W, Chung WL, Kozlov MM, Medalia O, Geiger B, Bershadsky AD. Chiral growth of adherent filopodia. Biophys J 2023; 122:3704-3721. [PMID: 37301982 PMCID: PMC10541518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent filopodia are elongated finger-like membrane protrusions, extending from the edges of diverse cell types and participating in cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and environmental sensing. The formation and elongation of filopodia are driven by the polymerization of parallel actin filaments, comprising the filopodia cytoskeletal core. Here, we report that adherent filopodia, formed during the spreading of cultured cells on galectin-8-coated substrates, tend to change the direction of their extension in a chiral fashion, acquiring a left-bent shape. Cryoelectron tomography examination indicated that turning of the filopodia tip to the left is accompanied by the displacement of the actin core bundle to the right of the filopodia midline. Reduction of the adhesion to galectin-8 by treatment with thiodigalactoside abolished this filopodia chirality. By modulating the expression of a variety of actin-associated filopodia proteins, we identified myosin-X and formin DAAM1 as major filopodia chirality promoting factors. Formin mDia1, actin filament elongation factor VASP, and actin filament cross-linker fascin were also shown to be involved. Thus, the simple actin cytoskeleton of filopodia, together with a small number of associated proteins are sufficient to drive a complex navigation process, manifested by the development of left-right asymmetry in these cellular protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wen-Lu Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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10
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Wang C, Zhou W, Zhang L, Fu L, Shi W, Qing Y, Lu F, Tang J, Gao X, Zhang A, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zheng B. Diagnostic yield and novel candidate genes for neurodevelopmental disorders by exome sequencing in an unselected cohort with microcephaly. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:422. [PMID: 37501076 PMCID: PMC10373276 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microcephaly is caused by reduced brain volume and most usually associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). To provide an overview of the diagnostic yield of whole exome sequencing (WES) and promote novel candidates in genetically unsolved families, we studied the clinical and genetic landscape of an unselected Chinese cohort of patients with microcephaly. METHODS We performed WES in an unselected cohort of 103 NDDs patients with microcephaly as one of the features. Full evaluation of potential novel candidate genes was applied in genetically undiagnosed families. Functional validations of selected variants were conducted in cultured cells. To augment the discovery of novel candidates, we queried our genomic sequencing data repository for additional likely disease-causing variants in the identified candidate genes. RESULTS In 65 families (63.1%), causative sequence variants (SVs) and clinically relevant copy number variants (CNVs) with a pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) level were identified. By incorporating coverage analysis to WES, a pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNV was detected in 15 families (16/103, 15.5%). In another eight families (8/103, 7.8%), we identified variants in newly reported gene (CCND2) and potential novel neurodevelopmental disorders /microcephaly candidate genes, which involved in cell cycle and division (PWP2, CCND2), CDC42/RAC signaling related actin cytoskeletal organization (DOCK9, RHOF), neurogenesis (ELAVL3, PPP1R9B, KCNH3) and transcription regulation (IRF2BP1). By looking into our data repository of 5066 families with NDDs, we identified additional two cases with variants in DOCK9 and PPP1R9B, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results expand the morbid genome of monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders and support the adoption of WES as a first-tier test for individuals with microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyan Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luhan Fu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Qing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fen Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiucheng Gao
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoke Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bixia Zheng
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Pokrant T, Hein JI, Körber S, Disanza A, Pich A, Scita G, Rottner K, Faix J. Ena/VASP clustering at microspike tips involves lamellipodin but not I-BAR proteins, and absolutely requires unconventional myosin-X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023. [PMID: 36598940 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.12.491613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheet-like membrane protrusions at the leading edge, termed lamellipodia, drive 2D-cell migration using active actin polymerization. Microspikes comprise actin-filament bundles embedded within lamellipodia, but the molecular mechanisms driving their formation and their potential functional relevance have remained elusive. Microspike formation requires the specific activity of clustered Ena/VASP proteins at their tips to enable processive actin assembly in the presence of capping protein, but the factors and mechanisms mediating Ena/VASP clustering are poorly understood. Systematic analyses of B16-F1 melanoma mutants lacking potential candidate proteins revealed that neither inverse BAR-domain proteins, nor lamellipodin or Abi is essential for clustering, although they differentially contribute to lamellipodial VASP accumulation. In contrast, unconventional myosin-X (MyoX) identified here as proximal to VASP was obligatory for Ena/VASP clustering and microspike formation. Interestingly, and despite the invariable distribution of other relevant marker proteins, the width of lamellipodia in MyoX-KO mutants was significantly reduced as compared with B16-F1 control, suggesting that microspikes contribute to lamellipodium stability. Consistently, MyoX removal caused marked defects in protrusion and random 2D-cell migration. Strikingly, Ena/VASP-deficiency also uncoupled MyoX cluster dynamics from actin assembly in lamellipodia, establishing their tight functional association in microspike formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pokrant
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Ingo Hein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Körber
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM ETS (Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS), - The AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Andreas Pich
- Research Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM ETS (Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS), - The AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Fuchs J, Bareesel S, Kroon C, Polyzou A, Eickholt BJ, Leondaritis G. Plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatase-related proteins as pleiotropic regulators of neuron growth and excitability. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:984655. [PMID: 36187351 PMCID: PMC9520309 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.984655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasma membrane proteins are essential for integrating cell extrinsic and cell intrinsic signals to orchestrate neuronal differentiation, growth and plasticity in the developing and adult nervous system. Here, we shed light on the family of plasma membrane proteins phospholipid phosphatase-related proteins (PLPPRs) (alternative name, PRGs; plasticity-related genes) that fine-tune neuronal growth and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Several studies uncovered essential functions of PLPPRs in filopodia formation, axon guidance and branching during nervous system development and regeneration, as well as in the control of dendritic spine number and excitability. Loss of PLPPR expression in knockout mice increases susceptibility to seizures, and results in defects in sensory information processing, development of psychiatric disorders, stress-related behaviors and abnormal social interaction. However, the exact function of PLPPRs in the context of neurological diseases is largely unclear. Although initially described as active lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) ecto-phosphatases that regulate the levels of this extracellular bioactive lipid, PLPPRs lack catalytic activity against LPA. Nevertheless, they emerge as atypical LPA modulators, by regulating LPA mediated signaling processes. In this review, we summarize the effects of this protein family on cellular morphology, generation and maintenance of cellular protrusions as well as highlight their known neuronal functions and phenotypes of KO mice. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of PLPPRs including the deployment of phospholipids, actin-cytoskeleton and small GTPase signaling pathways, with a focus on identifying gaps in our knowledge to stimulate interest in this understudied protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shannon Bareesel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Kroon
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Polyzou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Britta J. Eickholt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Britta J. Eickholt,
| | - George Leondaritis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center Ioannina, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- George Leondaritis,
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13
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Ahangar P, Cowin AJ. Reforming the Barrier: The Role of Formins in Wound Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182779. [PMID: 36139355 PMCID: PMC9496773 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The restoration of an intact epidermal barrier after wound injury is the culmination of a highly complex and exquisitely regulated physiological process involving multiple cells and tissues, overlapping dynamic events and protein synthesis and regulation. Central to this process is the cytoskeleton, a system of intracellular proteins that are instrumental in regulating important processes involved in wound repair including chemotaxis, cytokinesis, proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis. One highly conserved family of cytoskeletal proteins that are emerging as major regulators of actin and microtubule nucleation, polymerization, and stabilization are the formins. The formin family includes 15 different proteins categorized into seven subfamilies based on three formin homology domains (FH1, FH2, and FH3). The formins themselves are regulated in different ways including autoinhibition, activation, and localization by a range of proteins, including Rho GTPases. Herein, we describe the roles and effects of the formin family of cytoskeletal proteins on the fundamental process of wound healing and highlight recent advances relating to their important functions, mechanisms, and regulation at the molecular and cellular levels.
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14
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Application of piconewton forces to individual filopodia reveals mechanosensory role of L-type Ca 2+ channels. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121477. [PMID: 35395455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are ubiquitous membrane projections that play crucial role in guiding cell migration on rigid substrates and through extracellular matrix by utilizing yet unknown mechanosensing molecular pathways. As recent studies show that Ca2+ channels localized to filopodia play an important role in regulation of their formation and since some Ca2+ channels are known to be mechanosensitive, force-dependent activity of filopodial Ca2+ channels might be linked to filopodia's mechanosensing function. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring changes in the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in response to application of stretching force to individual filopodia of several cell types using optical tweezers. Results show that stretching forces of tens of pN strongly promote Ca2+ influx into filopodia, causing persistent Ca2+ oscillations that last for minutes even after the force is released. Several known mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels, such as Piezo 1, Piezo 2 and TRPV4, were found to be dispensable for the observed force-dependent Ca2+ influx, while L-type Ca2+ channels appear to be a key player in the discovered phenomenon. As previous studies have shown that intra-filopodial transient Ca2+ signals play an important role in guidance of cell migration, our results suggest that the force-dependent activation of L-type Ca2+ channels may contribute to this process. Overall, our study reveals an intricate interplay between mechanical forces and Ca2+ signaling in filopodia, providing novel mechanistic insights for the force-dependent filopodia functions in guidance of cell migration.
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15
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Rodenburg WS, van Buul JD. Rho GTPase signalling networks in cancer cell transendothelial migration. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 3:R77-R95. [PMID: 34738075 PMCID: PMC8558887 DOI: 10.1530/vb-21-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are small signalling G-proteins that are central regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics, and thereby regulate many cellular processes, including the shape, adhesion and migration of cells. As such, Rho GTPases are also essential for the invasive behaviour of cancer cells, and thus involved in several steps of the metastatic cascade, including the extravasation of cancer cells. Extravasation, the process by which cancer cells leave the circulation by transmigrating through the endothelium that lines capillary walls, is an essential step for metastasis towards distant organs. During extravasation, Rho GTPase signalling networks not only regulate the transmigration of cancer cells but also regulate the interactions between cancer and endothelial cells and are involved in the disruption of the endothelial barrier function, ultimately allowing cancer cells to extravasate into the underlying tissue and potentially form metastases. Thus, targeting Rho GTPase signalling networks in cancer may be an effective approach to inhibit extravasation and metastasis. In this review, the complex process of cancer cell extravasation will be discussed in detail. Additionally, the roles and regulation of Rho GTPase signalling networks during cancer cell extravasation will be discussed, both from a cancer cell and endothelial cell point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessel S Rodenburg
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Zhao Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Ye M, Jin X. Role of formin INF2 in human diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:735-746. [PMID: 34698992 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Formin proteins catalyze actin nucleation and microfilament polymerization. Inverted formin 2 (INF2) is an atypical diaphanous-related formin characterized by polymerization and depolymerization of actin. Accumulating evidence showed that INF2 is associated with kidney disease focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and cancers, such as colorectal and thyroid cancer where it functions as a tumor suppressor, glioblastoma, breast, prostate, and gastric cancer, via its oncogenic function. However, studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the different roles of INF2 in diverse cancers are limited. This review comprehensively describes the structure, biochemical features, and primary pathogenic mutations of INF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhao
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315048, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Haibiao Wang
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315048, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
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17
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Lou Y, Jiang Y, Liang Z, Liu B, Li T, Zhang D. Role of RhoC in cancer cell migration. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:527. [PMID: 34627249 PMCID: PMC8502390 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is one of the five major behaviors of cells. Although RhoC-a classic member of the Rho gene family-was first identified in 1985, functional RhoC data have only been widely reported in recent years. Cell migration involves highly complex signaling mechanisms, in which RhoC plays an essential role. Cell migration regulated by RhoC-of which the most well-known function is its role in cancer metastasis-has been widely reported in breast, gastric, colon, bladder, prostate, lung, pancreatic, liver, and other cancers. Our review describes the role of RhoC in various types of cell migration. The classic two-dimensional cell migration cycle constitutes cell polarization, adhesion regulation, cell contraction and tail retraction, most of which are modulated by RhoC. In the three-dimensional cell migration model, amoeboid migration is the most classic and well-studied model. Here, RhoC modulates the formation of membrane vesicles by regulating myosin II, thereby affecting the rate and persistence of amoeba-like migration. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to describe the role of RhoC in all cell migration processes. We believe that understanding the detail of RhoC-regulated migration processes will help us better comprehend the mechanism of cancer metastasis. This will contribute to the study of anti-metastatic treatment approaches, aiding in the identification of new intervention targets for therapeutic or genetic transformational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Lou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingzhang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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18
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Dumitrescu CR, Neacsu IA, Surdu VA, Nicoara AI, Iordache F, Trusca R, Ciocan LT, Ficai A, Andronescu E. Nano-Hydroxyapatite vs. Xenografts: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Behavior. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2289. [PMID: 34578603 PMCID: PMC8469747 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This research focused on the synthesis of apatite, starting from a natural biogenic calcium source (egg-shells) and its chemical and morpho-structural characterization in comparison with two commercial xenografts used as a bone substitute in dentistry. The synthesis route for the hydroxyapatite powder was the microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique, starting from annealed egg-shells as the precursor for lime and di-base ammonium phosphate as the phosphate precursor. The powders were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and cytotoxicity assay in contact with amniotic fluid stem cell (AFSC) cultures. Compositional and structural similarities or differences between the powder synthesized from egg-shells (HA1) and the two commercial xenograft powders-Bio-Oss®, totally deproteinized cortical bovine bone, and Gen-Os®, partially deproteinized porcine bone-were revealed. The HA1 specimen presented a single mineral phase as polycrystalline apatite with a high crystallinity (Xc 0.92), a crystallite size of 43.73 nm, preferential growth under the c axes (002) direction, where it mineralizes in bone, a nano-rod particle morphology, and average lengths up to 77.29 nm and diameters up to 21.74 nm. The surface of the HA1 nanoparticles and internal mesopores (mean size of 3.3 ± 1.6 nm), acquired from high-pressure hydrothermal maturation, along with the precursor's nature, could be responsible for the improved biocompatibility, biomolecule adhesion, and osteoconductive abilities in bone substitute applications. The cytotoxicity assay showed a better AFSC cell viability for HA1 powder than the commercial xenografts did, similar oxidative stress to the control sample, and improved results compared with Gen-Os. The presented preliminary biocompatibility results are promising for bone tissue regeneration applications of HA1, and the study will continue with further tests on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodica Dumitrescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.R.D.); (V.A.S.); (A.I.N.); (A.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Ionela Andreea Neacsu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.R.D.); (V.A.S.); (A.I.N.); (A.F.); (E.A.)
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Vasile Adrian Surdu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.R.D.); (V.A.S.); (A.I.N.); (A.F.); (E.A.)
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adrian Ionut Nicoara
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.R.D.); (V.A.S.); (A.I.N.); (A.F.); (E.A.)
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florin Iordache
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roxana Trusca
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lucian Toma Ciocan
- Prosthetics Technology and Dental Materials Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020022 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.R.D.); (V.A.S.); (A.I.N.); (A.F.); (E.A.)
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.R.D.); (V.A.S.); (A.I.N.); (A.F.); (E.A.)
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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Hou Y, Zi J, Ge Z. High Expression of RhoF Predicts Worse Overall Survival: A Potential Therapeutic Target for non-M3 Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Cancer 2021; 12:5530-5542. [PMID: 34405015 PMCID: PMC8364661 DOI: 10.7150/jca.52648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are involved in multiple human malignancies and diverse biological functions. However, the patterns and prognostic significance of the expression of RhoD subfamily in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain unknown. Here, we detected the expressions of RhoD subfamily genes in AML on the basis of several published datasets and analyzed the survival of RhoD subfamily across the TCGA profiles and in a GEO series. We found that the expression of RhoF, but not RhoD, increased in AML patients in TCGA and GEO (all P<0.001); the survival analysis of two independent cohorts demonstrated that higher RhoF expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P<0.001), whereas RhoD expression had no significant effect on OS in patients with AML (P>0.05); the subgroup analysis showed that high RhoF expression was correlated with poor 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS (P<0.05 for all); upregulated RhoF expression had a more significant prognostic value for OS in the younger patients (age<60), the intensive chemotherapy group, and wild-type groups (IDH1, NRAS, and TP53) (P<0.05 for all). Multivariate analysis indicated high RhoF expression as a strongly independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS in patients without transplantation (P<0.05). Furthermore, a higher RhoF expression was closely associated with an older age, intermediate-/poor-risk cytogenetics and mutations in IDH1, NRAS, and TP53. RhoF expression was negatively correlated with BM blasts (P=0.020) and WBC (P=0.003). These findings suggest that high RhoF expression is associated with worsening OS in AML patients and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Institute of Hematology Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Zi
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Institute of Hematology Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zheng Ge
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Institute of Hematology Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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20
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Filić V, Mijanović L, Putar D, Talajić A, Ćetković H, Weber I. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton via Rho GTPase Signalling in Dictyostelium and Mammalian Cells: A Parallel Slalom. Cells 2021; 10:1592. [PMID: 34202767 PMCID: PMC8305917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Dictyostelium amoebae and mammalian cells are endowed with an elaborate actin cytoskeleton that enables them to perform a multitude of tasks essential for survival. Although these organisms diverged more than a billion years ago, their cells share the capability of chemotactic migration, large-scale endocytosis, binary division effected by actomyosin contraction, and various types of adhesions to other cells and to the extracellular environment. The composition and dynamics of the transient actin-based structures that are engaged in these processes are also astonishingly similar in these evolutionary distant organisms. The question arises whether this remarkable resemblance in the cellular motility hardware is accompanied by a similar correspondence in matching software, the signalling networks that govern the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. Small GTPases from the Rho family play pivotal roles in the control of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Indicatively, Dictyostelium matches mammals in the number of these proteins. We give an overview of the Rho signalling pathways that regulate the actin dynamics in Dictyostelium and compare them with similar signalling networks in mammals. We also provide a phylogeny of Rho GTPases in Amoebozoa, which shows a variability of the Rho inventories across different clades found also in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Filić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.M.); (D.P.); (A.T.); (H.Ć.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Weber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.M.); (D.P.); (A.T.); (H.Ć.)
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21
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Arthur AL, Crawford A, Houdusse A, Titus MA. VASP-mediated actin dynamics activate and recruit a filopodia myosin. eLife 2021; 10:68082. [PMID: 34042588 PMCID: PMC8352590 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are thin, actin-based structures that cells use to interact with their environments. Filopodia initiation requires a suite of conserved proteins but the mechanism remains poorly understood. The actin polymerase VASP and a MyTH-FERM (MF) myosin, DdMyo7 in amoeba, are essential for filopodia initiation. DdMyo7 is localized to dynamic regions of the actin-rich cortex. Analysis of VASP mutants and treatment of cells with anti-actin drugs shows that myosin recruitment and activation in Dictyostelium requires localized VASP-dependent actin polymerization. Targeting of DdMyo7 to the cortex alone is not sufficient for filopodia initiation; VASP activity is also required. The actin regulator locally produces a cortical actin network that activates myosin and together they shape the actin network to promote extension of parallel bundles of actin during filopodia formation. This work reveals how filopodia initiation requires close collaboration between an actin-binding protein, the state of the actin cytoskeleton and MF myosin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Arthur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Amy Crawford
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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22
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Aliyu IA, Kumurya AS, Bala JA, Yahaya H, Saidu H. Proteomes, kinases and signalling pathways in virus-induced filopodia, as potential antiviral therapeutics targets. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:1-9. [PMID: 33314425 PMCID: PMC7883202 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are thin finger-like protrusions at the surface of cells that are internally occupied with bundles of tightly parallel actin filaments. They play significant roles in cellular physiological processes, such as adhesion to extracellular matrix, guidance towards chemo-attractants and in wound healing. Filopodia were recently reported to play important roles in viral infection including initial viral attachment to host cells, cell surfing, viral trafficking, internalization, budding, virus release and spread to other cells in a form that would avoid the host immune system. The detailed virus-host protein interactions underlying most of these processes remain to be elucidated. This review will describe some reported virus-host protein interactions on filopodia with the aim of identifying potential new anti-virus therapeutic targets. Exploring this research area may lead to the development of novel classes of anti-viral therapeutics that can block signalling pathways used by the virus to trigger filopodia formation. Successful compounds would inhibit initial virus attachment, formation of filopodia, expression of putative virus binding protein, extracellular virus trafficking, and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isah Abubakar Aliyu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Abdulhadi Sale Kumurya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria.,Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Yahaya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Hayatu Saidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
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23
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Ljubojevic N, Henderson JM, Zurzolo C. The Ways of Actin: Why Tunneling Nanotubes Are Unique Cell Protrusions. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:130-142. [PMID: 33309107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Actin remodeling is at the heart of the response of cells to external or internal stimuli, allowing a variety of membrane protrusions to form. Fifteen years ago, tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) were identified, bringing a novel addition to the family of actin-supported cellular protrusions. Their unique property as conduits for cargo transfer between distant cells emphasizes the unique nature of TNTs among other protrusions. While TNTs in different pathological and physiological scenarios have been described, the molecular basis of how TNTs form is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the role of several actin regulators in the formation of TNTs and suggest potential players based on their comparison with other actin-based protrusions. New perspectives for discovering a distinct TNT formation pathway would enable us to target them in treating the increasing number of TNT-involved pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ljubojevic
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, ED394 - Physiologie, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J Michael Henderson
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.
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24
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Maschmann S, Ruban K, Wientapper J, Walter WJ. Phototaxis of the Unicellular Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae Is Mediated by Novel Actin-Driven Tentacles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6209. [PMID: 32867346 PMCID: PMC7503314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototaxis, which is the ability to move towards or away from a light source autonomously, is a common mechanism of unicellular algae. It evolved multiple times independently in different plant lineages. As of yet, algal phototaxis has been linked mainly to the presence of cilia, the only known locomotive organelle in unicellular algae. Red algae (Rhodophyta), however, lack cilia in all stages of their life cycle. Remarkably, multiple unicellular red algae like the extremophile Cyanidioschyzon merolae (C. merolae) can move towards light. Remarkably, it has remained unclear how C. merolae achieves movement, and the presence of a completely new mechanism has been suggested. Here we show that the basis of this movement are novel retractable projections, termed tentacles due to their distinct morphology. These tentacles could be reproducibly induced within 20 min by increasing the salt concentration of the culture medium. Electron microscopy revealed filamentous structures inside the tentacles that we identified to be actin filaments. This is surprising as C. merolae's single actin gene was previously published to not be expressed. Based on our findings, we propose a model for C. merolae's actin-driven but myosin-independent motility. To our knowledge, the described tentacles represent a novel motility mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wilhelm J. Walter
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.R.); (J.W.)
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25
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Gallop J. Filopodia and their links with membrane traffic and cell adhesion. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 102:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Cell migration is an essential process, both in unicellular organisms such as amoeba and as individual or collective motility in highly developed multicellular organisms like mammals. It is controlled by a variety of activities combining protrusive and contractile forces, normally generated by actin filaments. Here, we summarize actin filament assembly and turnover processes, and how respective biochemical activities translate into different protrusion types engaged in migration. These actin-based plasma membrane protrusions include actin-related protein 2/3 complex-dependent structures such as lamellipodia and membrane ruffles, filopodia as well as plasma membrane blebs. We also address observed antagonisms between these protrusion types, and propose a model - also inspired by previous literature - in which a complex balance between specific Rho GTPase signaling pathways dictates the protrusion mechanism employed by cells. Furthermore, we revisit published work regarding the fascinating antagonism between Rac and Rho GTPases, and how this intricate signaling network can define cell behavior and modes of migration. Finally, we discuss how the assembly of actin filament networks can feed back onto their regulators, as exemplified for the lamellipodial factor WAVE regulatory complex, tightly controlling accumulation of this complex at specific subcellular locations as well as its turnover.
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27
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Damiano-Guercio J, Kurzawa L, Mueller J, Dimchev G, Schaks M, Nemethova M, Pokrant T, Brühmann S, Linkner J, Blanchoin L, Sixt M, Rottner K, Faix J. Loss of Ena/VASP interferes with lamellipodium architecture, motility and integrin-dependent adhesion. eLife 2020; 9:55351. [PMID: 32391788 PMCID: PMC7239657 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration entails networks and bundles of actin filaments termed lamellipodia and microspikes or filopodia, respectively, as well as focal adhesions, all of which recruit Ena/VASP family members hitherto thought to antagonize efficient cell motility. However, we find these proteins to act as positive regulators of migration in different murine cell lines. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of Ena/VASP proteins reduced lamellipodial actin assembly and perturbed lamellipodial architecture, as evidenced by changed network geometry as well as reduction of filament length and number that was accompanied by abnormal Arp2/3 complex and heterodimeric capping protein accumulation. Loss of Ena/VASP function also abolished the formation of microspikes normally embedded in lamellipodia, but not of filopodia capable of emanating without lamellipodia. Ena/VASP-deficiency also impaired integrin-mediated adhesion accompanied by reduced traction forces exerted through these structures. Our data thus uncover novel Ena/VASP functions of these actin polymerases that are fully consistent with their promotion of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laëtitia Kurzawa
- CytoMorphoLab, Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of Grenoble, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/UniversitéParis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jan Mueller
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Georgi Dimchev
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Nemethova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Pokrant
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Brühmann
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joern Linkner
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorphoLab, Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of Grenoble, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/UniversitéParis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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28
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Cangkrama M, Wietecha M, Mathis N, Okumura R, Ferrarese L, Al‐Nuaimi D, Antsiferova M, Dummer R, Innocenti M, Werner S. A paracrine activin A-mDia2 axis promotes squamous carcinogenesis via fibroblast reprogramming. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11466. [PMID: 32150356 PMCID: PMC7136968 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key regulators of tumorigenesis and promising targets for next-generation therapies. We discovered that cancer cell-derived activin A reprograms fibroblasts into pro-tumorigenic CAFs. Mechanistically, this occurs via Smad2-mediated transcriptional regulation of the formin mDia2, which directly promotes filopodia formation and cell migration. mDia2 also induces expression of CAF marker genes through prevention of p53 nuclear accumulation, resulting in the production of a pro-tumorigenic matrisome and secretome. The translational relevance of this finding is reflected by activin A overexpression in tumor cells and of mDia2 in the stroma of skin cancer and other malignancies and the correlation of high activin A/mDia2 levels with poor patient survival. Blockade of this signaling axis using inhibitors of activin, activin receptors, or mDia2 suppressed cancer cell malignancy and squamous carcinogenesis in 3D organotypic cultures, ex vivo, and in vivo, providing a rationale for pharmacological inhibition of activin A-mDia2 signaling in stratified cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cangkrama
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mateusz Wietecha
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas Mathis
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rin Okumura
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Luca Ferrarese
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dunja Al‐Nuaimi
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Maria Antsiferova
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Present address:
Roche Glycart AGSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Metello Innocenti
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH)Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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29
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Argenzio E, Innocenti M. The chloride intracellular channel protein CLIC4 inhibits filopodium formation induced by constitutively active mutants of formin mDia2. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1750-1758. [PMID: 32145706 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) functions in diverse actin-dependent processes. Upon Rho activation, CLIC4 reversibly translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane to regulate cell adhesion and migration. At the plasma membrane, CLIC4 counters the formation of filopodia, which requires actin assembly by the formin mammalian Diaphanous (mDia)2. To this end, mDia2 must be activated through conversion from the closed to the open conformation. Thus, CLIC4 could harness the activation or the open conformation of mDia2 to inhibit filopodium formation. Here, we find that CLIC4 silencing enhances the filopodia induced by two constitutively active mDia2 mutants. Furthermore, we report that CLIC4 binds the actin-regulatory region of mDia2 in vitro. These results suggest that CLIC4 modulates the activity of the open conformation of mDia2, shedding new light into how cells may control filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Argenzio
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Metello Innocenti
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Germany
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30
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Alieva NO, Efremov AK, Hu S, Oh D, Chen Z, Natarajan M, Ong HT, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G, Groves JT, Sheetz MP, Yan J, Bershadsky AD. Myosin IIA and formin dependent mechanosensitivity of filopodia adhesion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3593. [PMID: 31399564 PMCID: PMC6689027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia, dynamic membrane protrusions driven by polymerization of an actin filament core, can adhere to the extracellular matrix and experience both external and cell-generated pulling forces. The role of such forces in filopodia adhesion is however insufficiently understood. Here, we study filopodia induced by overexpression of myosin X, typical for cancer cells. The lifetime of such filopodia positively correlates with the presence of myosin IIA filaments at the filopodia bases. Application of pulling forces to the filopodia tips through attached fibronectin-coated laser-trapped beads results in sustained growth of the filopodia. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of myosin IIA abolishes the filopodia adhesion to the beads. Formin inhibitor SMIFH2, which causes detachment of actin filaments from formin molecules, produces similar effect. Thus, centripetal force generated by myosin IIA filaments at the base of filopodium and transmitted to the tip through actin core in a formin-dependent fashion is required for filopodia adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Alieva
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - A K Efremov
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117557, Singapore
| | - S Hu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - D Oh
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Z Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M Natarajan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - H T Ong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - A Jégou
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris, 15 rue Helene Brion, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - G Romet-Lemonne
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris, 15 rue Helene Brion, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - J T Groves
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - J Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117557, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - A D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl St 234, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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31
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Lu Q, Barlow DE, Haridas D, Giordano BC, Ladouceur HD, Gaston JD, Collins GE, Terray AV. Flow-Through Optical Chromatography in Combination with Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy: A Novel Label-Free Approach To Detect Responses of Live Macrophages to Environmental Stimuli. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12938-12947. [PMID: 31460420 PMCID: PMC6682052 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flow-through optical chromatography (FT-OC), an advanced mode of optical chromatography, achieved baseline separation of a mixture of silica microparticles (SiO2, 1.00 and 2.50 μm) and a mixture of polystyrene microparticles (PS, 1.00, 2.00, and 3.00 μm) based on particle size. Comparisons made between experimentally determined velocities for the microparticles and theoretically derived velocities from Mie theory and Stokes' law validated the data collection setup and the data analysis for FT-OC. A population shift in live macrophages (cell line IC-21, ATCC TIB-186) responding to environmental stimuli was sensitively detected by FT-OC. The average velocity of macrophages stressed by nutritional deprivation was decreased considerably together with a small but statistically significant increase in cell size. Mie scattering calculations demonstrated that the small increase in cell size of macrophages stressed by nutritional deprivation was not entirely responsible for this decrease. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies revealed morphological changes of macrophages induced by nutritional deprivation, and these changes were more likely responsible for the decrease in average velocity detected by FT-OC. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy was used to shed light upon biochemical transformations of macrophages suffering from nutritional deprivation.
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32
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Kück U, Radchenko D, Teichert I. STRIPAK, a highly conserved signaling complex, controls multiple eukaryotic cellular and developmental processes and is linked with human diseases. Biol Chem 2019; 400:1005-1022. [PMID: 31042639 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases (STRIPAK) complex is evolutionary highly conserved and has been structurally and functionally described in diverse lower and higher eukaryotes. In recent years, this complex has been biochemically characterized better and further analyses in different model systems have shown that it is also involved in numerous cellular and developmental processes in eukaryotic organisms. Further recent results have shown that the STRIPAK complex functions as a macromolecular assembly communicating through physical interaction with other conserved signaling protein complexes to constitute larger dynamic protein networks. Here, we will provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the architecture, function and regulation of the STRIPAK complex and discuss key issues and future perspectives, linked with human diseases, which may form the basis of further research endeavors in this area. In particular, the investigation of bi-directional interactions between STRIPAK and other signaling pathways should elucidate upstream regulators and downstream targets as fundamental parts of a complex cellular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kück
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daria Radchenko
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ines Teichert
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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33
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A potential bioactive peptide candidate for biomaterial and tissue engineering applications. Life Sci 2019; 226:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Shaverdashvili K, Padlo J, Weinblatt D, Jia Y, Jiang W, Rao D, Laczkó D, Whelan KA, Lynch JP, Muir AB, Katz JP. KLF4 activates NFκB signaling and esophageal epithelial inflammation via the Rho-related GTP-binding protein RHOF. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215746. [PMID: 30998758 PMCID: PMC6472825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms within esophageal epithelia is essential to gain insight into the pathogenesis of esophageal diseases, which are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The zinc-finger transcription factor Krüppel-like factor (KLF4) is implicated in a large number of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation in esophageal epithelia. In murine esophageal epithelia, Klf4 overexpression causes chronic inflammation which is mediated by activation of NFκB signaling downstream of KLF4, and this esophageal inflammation produces epithelial hyperplasia and subsequent esophageal squamous cell cancer. Yet, while NFκB activation clearly promotes esophageal inflammation, the mechanisms by which NFκB signaling is activated in esophageal diseases are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the Rho-related GTP-binding protein RHOF is activated by KLF4 in esophageal keratinocytes, leading to the induction of NFκB signaling. Moreover, RHOF is required for NFκB activation by KLF4 in esophageal keratinocytes and is also important for esophageal keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Finally, we find that RHOF is upregulated in eosinophilic esophagitis, an important esophageal inflammatory disease in humans. Thus, RHOF activation of NFκB in esophageal keratinocytes provides a potentially important and clinically-relevant mechanism for esophageal inflammation and inflammation-mediated esophageal squamous cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khvaramze Shaverdashvili
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Jennie Padlo
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Weinblatt
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Yang Jia
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Wenpeng Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Divya Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - John P. Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Young LE, Latario CJ, Higgs HN. Roles for Ena/VASP proteins in FMNL3-mediated filopodial assembly. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/21/jcs220814. [PMID: 30373894 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are actin-dependent finger-like structures that protrude from the plasma membrane. Actin filament barbed-end-binding proteins localized to filopodial tips are key to filopodial assembly. Two classes of barbed-end-binding proteins are formins and Ena/VASP proteins, and both classes have been localized to filopodial tips in specific cellular contexts. Here, we examine the filopodial roles of the FMNL formins and Ena/VASP proteins in U2OS cells. FMNL3 suppression reduces filopodial assembly by 90%, and FMNL3 is enriched at >95% of filopodial tips. Suppression of VASP or Mena (also known as ENAH) reduces filopodial assembly by >75%. However, VASP and Mena do not display consistent filopodial tip localization, but are enriched in focal adhesions (FAs). Interestingly, >85% of FMNL3-containing filopodia are associated with FAs. Two situations increase Ena/VASP filopodial localization: (1) expression of myosin-X, and (2) actively spreading cells. In spreading cells, filopodia often mark sites of nascent adhesions. Interestingly, VASP suppression in spreading cells causes a significant increase in adhesion assembly at filopodial tips. This work demonstrates that, in U2OS cells, Ena/VASP proteins play roles in filopodia beyond those at filopodial tips.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna E Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Casey J Latario
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
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36
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Sherer LA, Zweifel ME, Courtemanche N. Dissection of two parallel pathways for formin-mediated actin filament elongation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17917-17928. [PMID: 30266808 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formins direct the elongation of unbranched actin filaments that are incorporated into a diverse set of cytoskeletal structures. Elongation of formin-bound filaments occurs along two parallel pathways. The formin homology 2 (FH2) pathway allows actin monomers to bind directly to barbed ends bound by dimeric FH2 domains. The formin homology 1 (FH1) pathway involves transfer of profilin-bound actin to the barbed end from polyproline tracts located in the disordered FH1 domains. Here, we used a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy-based fluorescence approach to determine the fraction of actin subunits incorporated via the FH1 and FH2 pathways during filament elongation mediated by two formins. We found that the fraction of filament elongation that occurs via each pathway directly depends on the efficiency of the other pathway, indicating that these two pathways compete with each other for subunit addition by formins. We conclude that this competition allows formins to compensate for changes in the efficiency of one pathway by adjusting the frequency of subunit addition via the other, thus increasing the overall robustness of formin-mediated actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Sherer
- From the Department of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Mark E Zweifel
- From the Department of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Naomi Courtemanche
- From the Department of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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37
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Zeng YF, Xiao YS, Liu Y, Luo XJ, Wen LD, Liu Q, Chen M. Formin-like 3 regulates RhoC/FAK pathway and actin assembly to promote cell invasion in colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3884-3897. [PMID: 30228782 PMCID: PMC6141330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i34.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To clarify the underlying mechanism of formin-like 3 (FMNL3) in the promotion of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell invasion.
METHODS The in vitro biological function analyses of FMNL3 were performed by gain- and loss-of function approaches. Changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton were detected by the technologies of phalloidin-TRITC labeling and confocal microscopy. The signaling pathway mediated by FMNL3 was explored by western blot, gelatin zymograph assay, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), immunofluorescence co-localization, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay.
RESULTS The in vitro experimental results showed that FMNL3 significantly promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Moreover, FMNL3 regulated the remodeling of actin-based protrusions such as filopodia and lamellipodia in a RhoC-dependent manner. The western blot and gelatin zymograph assay results indicated that FMNL3 was involved in the RhoC/ focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway and acted as an effector of RhoC to activate the downstream signaling of p-FAK as well as p-MAPK and p-AKT. This resulted in the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the subsequent promotion of CRC cell invasion. The results of TAE226, U0126 or Ly294002 treatment confirmed an essential role of FMNL3 in activation of the RhoC/FAK pathway and the subsequent promotion of CRC invasion. Co-IP, co-localization and GST pull-down assays showed the direct interaction of FMNL3 with RhoC in vivo and in vitro.
CONCLUSION FMNL3 regulates the RhoC/FAK signaling pathway and RhoC-dependent remodeling of actin-based protrusions to promote CRC invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Xiao
- Teaching and Researching Section of Morphology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li-Dan Wen
- Clinical Medical Sciences Institute, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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38
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Pleines I, Cherpokova D, Bender M. Rho GTPases and their downstream effectors in megakaryocyte biology. Platelets 2018; 30:9-16. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1478071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Pleines
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Sepúlveda-Ramírez SP, Toledo-Jacobo L, Henson JH, Shuster CB. Cdc42 controls primary mesenchyme cell morphogenesis in the sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol 2018; 437:140-151. [PMID: 29555242 PMCID: PMC5973877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the sea urchin embryo, gastrulation is characterized by the ingression and directed cell migration of primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), as well as the primary invagination and convergent extension of the endomesoderm. Like all cell shape changes, individual and collective cell motility is orchestrated by Rho family GTPases and their modulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. And while endomesoderm specification has been intensively studied in echinoids, much less is known about the proximate regulators driving cell motility. Toward these ends, we employed anti-sense morpholinos, mutant alleles and pharmacological inhibitors to assess the role of Cdc42 during sea urchin gastrulation. While inhibition of Cdc42 expression or activity had only mild effects on PMC ingression, PMC migration, alignment and skeletogenesis were disrupted in the absence of Cdc42, as well as elongation of the archenteron. PMC migration and patterning of the larval skeleton relies on the extension of filopodia, and Cdc42 was required for filopodia in vivo as well as in cultured PMCs. Lastly, filopodial extension required both Arp2/3 and formin actin-nucleating factors, supporting models of filopodial nucleation observed in other systems. Together, these results suggest that Cdc42 plays essential roles during PMC cell motility and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia P Sepúlveda-Ramírez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States
| | - Leslie Toledo-Jacobo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States
| | - John H Henson
- University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States; Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, United States
| | - Charles B Shuster
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States.
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40
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Tang Y, He Y, Zhang P, Wang J, Fan C, Yang L, Xiong F, Zhang S, Gong Z, Nie S, Liao Q, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Li G, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Guo C. LncRNAs regulate the cytoskeleton and related Rho/ROCK signaling in cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:77. [PMID: 29618386 PMCID: PMC5885413 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the key steps in cancer metastasis are the migration and invasion of tumor cells; these processes require rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments involved in the formation of cytoskeletal structures, such as stress fibers and pseudopodia, promote the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanisms underlying cytoskeletal regulation. The ras homolog family (Rho) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein serine/threonine kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton. Moreover, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have essential roles in tumor migration and guide gene regulation during cancer progression. LncRNAs can regulate the cytoskeleton directly or may influence the cytoskeleton via Rho/ROCK signaling during tumor migration. In this review, we focus on the regulatory association between lncRNAs and the cytoskeleton and discuss the pathways and mechanisms involved in the regulation of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liting Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shaolin Nie
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Can Guo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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41
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Rajagopal V, Holmes WR, Lee PVS. Computational modeling of single-cell mechanics and cytoskeletal mechanobiology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1407. [PMID: 29195023 PMCID: PMC5836888 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular cytoskeletal mechanics plays a major role in many aspects of human health from organ development to wound healing, tissue homeostasis and cancer metastasis. We summarize the state-of-the-art techniques for mathematically modeling cellular stiffness and mechanics and the cytoskeletal components and factors that regulate them. We highlight key experiments that have assisted model parameterization and compare the advantages of different models that have been used to recapitulate these experiments. An overview of feed-forward mechanisms from signaling to cytoskeleton remodeling is provided, followed by a discussion of the rapidly growing niche of encapsulating feedback mechanisms from cytoskeletal and cell mechanics to signaling. We discuss broad areas of advancement that could accelerate research and understanding of cellular mechanobiology. A precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms that affect cell and tissue mechanics and function will underpin innovations in medical device technologies of the future. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2018, 10:e1407. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1407 This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Rajagopal
- Cell Structure and Mechanobiology Group, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - William R. Holmes
- Department of Physics and AstronomyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Peter Vee Sin Lee
- Cell and Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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Abstract
The Rho GTPases were discovered more than 30 years ago, and they were for a long time considered to follow simple cycling between GDP-bound and GTP-bound conformations, as for the Ras subfamily of small GTPases. The Rho GTPases consist of 20 members, but at least 10 of these do not follow this classical GTPase cycle. Thus, based on their kinetic properties, these Rho GTPases can instead be classified as atypical. Some of these atypical Rho GTPases do not hydrolyze GTP, and some have significantly increased intrinsic GDP/GTP exchange activity. This review focuses on this latter category of atypical Rho GTPases, the so-called 'fast-cycling' Rho GTPases. The different members of these fast-cycling atypical Rho GTPases are described in more detail here, along with their potential regulatory mechanisms. Finally, some insights are provided into the involvement of the atypical Rho GTPases in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Aspenström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16 , Box 280, SE, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Abstract
Malignant carcinomas are often characterized by metastasis, the movement of carcinoma cells from a primary site to colonize distant organs. For metastasis to occur, carcinoma cells first must adopt a pro-migratory phenotype and move through the surrounding stroma towards a blood or lymphatic vessel. Currently, there are very limited possibilities to target these processes therapeutically. The family of Rho GTPases is an ubiquitously expressed division of GTP-binding proteins involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and intracellular signaling. The best characterized members of the Rho family GTPases are RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Abnormalities in Rho GTPase function have major consequences for cancer progression. Rho GTPase activation is driven by cell surface receptors that activate GTP exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on Rho GTPase function in the regulation of metastasis. We will focus on key discoveries in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), cell-cell junctions, formation of membrane protrusions, plasticity of cell migration and adaptation to a hypoxic environment. In addition, we will emphasize on crosstalk between Rho GTPase family members and other important oncogenic pathways, such as cyclic AMP-mediated signaling, canonical Wnt/β-catenin, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) and provide an overview of the advancements and challenges in developing pharmacological tools to target Rho GTPase and the aforementioned crosstalk in the context of cancer therapeutics.
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The Arp2/3 Complex Is Essential for Distinct Stages of Spine Synapse Maturation, Including Synapse Unsilencing. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9696-709. [PMID: 27629719 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0876-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dendritic filopodia are actin-rich structures that are thought to contribute to early spine synapse formation; however, the actin regulatory proteins important for early synaptogenesis are poorly defined. Using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures and primary neuron hippocampal cultures from Arp2/3 conditional knock-out mice, we analyze the roles of the Arp2/3 complex, an actin regulator that creates branched actin networks, and demonstrate it is essential for distinct stages of both structural and functional maturation of excitatory spine synapses. Our data show that initially the Arp2/3 complex inhibits the formation of dendritic filopodia but that later during development, the Arp2/3 complex drives the morphological maturation from filopodia to typical spine morphology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that although the Arp2/3 complex is not required for key spine maturation steps, such as presynaptic contact and recruitment of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) scaffolding proteins or NMDA receptors, it is necessary for the recruitment of AMPA receptors. This latter process, also known as synapse unsilencing, is a final and essential step in the neurodevelopment of excitatory postsynaptic synaptogenesis, setting the stage for neuronal interconnectivity. These findings provide the first evidence that the Arp2/3 complex is directly involved in functional maturation of dendritic spines during the developmental period of spinogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Excitatory spine synapse formation (spinogenesis) is a poorly understood yet pivotal period of neurodevelopment that occurs within 2-3 weeks after birth. Neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability and autism are characterized by abnormal spine structure, which may arise from abnormal excitatory synaptogenesis. The initial stage of spinogenesis is thought to begin with the emergence of actin-rich dendritic filopodia that initiate contact with presynaptic axonal boutons. However, it remains enigmatic how actin cytoskeletal regulation directs dendritic filopodial emergence or their subsequent maturation into dendritic spines during development and on into adulthood. In this study, we provide the first evidence that the Arp2/3 complex, a key actin nucleator, is involved in distinct stages of spine formation and is required for synapse unsilencing.
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45
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New nuclear and perinuclear functions of formins. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1701-1708. [PMID: 27913680 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Formin family proteins (formins) represent an evolutionary conserved protein family encoded in the genome of a wide range of eukaryotes. Formins are hallmarked by a formin homology 1 (FH1) domain juxtaposed to an FH2 domain whereby they control actin and microtubule dynamics. Not surprisingly, formins are best known as key regulators of the cytoskeleton in a variety of morphogenetic processes. However, mounting evidence implicates several formins in the assembly and organization of actin within and around the nucleus. In addition, actin-independent roles for formins have recently been discovered. In this mini-review, we summarize these findings and highlight the novel nuclear and perinulcear functions of formins. In light of the emerging new biology of formins, we also discuss the fundamental principles governing the versatile activity and multimodal regulation of these proteins.
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46
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Sunkavalli U, Aguilar C, Silva RJ, Sharan M, Cruz AR, Tawk C, Maudet C, Mano M, Eulalio A. Analysis of host microRNA function uncovers a role for miR-29b-2-5p in Shigella capture by filopodia. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006327. [PMID: 28394930 PMCID: PMC5398735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in the interplay between bacterial pathogens and host cells, participating as host defense mechanisms, as well as exploited by bacteria to subvert host cellular functions. Here, we show that microRNAs modulate infection by Shigella flexneri, a major causative agent of bacillary dysentery in humans. Specifically, we characterize the dual regulatory role of miR-29b-2-5p during infection, showing that this microRNA strongly favors Shigella infection by promoting both bacterial binding to host cells and intracellular replication. Using a combination of transcriptome analysis and targeted high-content RNAi screening, we identify UNC5C as a direct target of miR-29b-2-5p and show its pivotal role in the modulation of Shigella binding to host cells. MiR-29b-2-5p, through repression of UNC5C, strongly enhances filopodia formation thus increasing Shigella capture and promoting bacterial invasion. The increase of filopodia formation mediated by miR-29b-2-5p is dependent on RhoF and Cdc42 Rho-GTPases. Interestingly, the levels of miR-29b-2-5p, but not of other mature microRNAs from the same precursor, are decreased upon Shigella replication at late times post-infection, through degradation of the mature microRNA by the exonuclease PNPT1. While the relatively high basal levels of miR-29b-2-5p at the start of infection ensure efficient Shigella capture by host cell filopodia, dampening of miR-29b-2-5p levels later during infection may constitute a bacterial strategy to favor a balanced intracellular replication to avoid premature cell death and favor dissemination to neighboring cells, or alternatively, part of the host response to counteract Shigella infection. Overall, these findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of microRNAs, and in particular miR-29b-2-5p, in the interaction of Shigella with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Sunkavalli
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ricardo Jorge Silva
- UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Malvika Sharan
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana Rita Cruz
- UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Caroline Tawk
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claire Maudet
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miguel Mano
- UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ana Eulalio
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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47
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Kage F, Winterhoff M, Dimchev V, Mueller J, Thalheim T, Freise A, Brühmann S, Kollasser J, Block J, Dimchev G, Geyer M, Schnittler HJ, Brakebusch C, Stradal TEB, Carlier MF, Sixt M, Käs J, Faix J, Rottner K. FMNL formins boost lamellipodial force generation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14832. [PMID: 28327544 PMCID: PMC5364437 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration frequently involves Rac-mediated protrusion of lamellipodia, formed by Arp2/3 complex-dependent branching thought to be crucial for force generation and stability of these networks. The formins FMNL2 and FMNL3 are Cdc42 effectors targeting to the lamellipodium tip and shown here to nucleate and elongate actin filaments with complementary activities in vitro. In migrating B16-F1 melanoma cells, both formins contribute to the velocity of lamellipodium protrusion. Loss of FMNL2/3 function in melanoma cells and fibroblasts reduces lamellipodial width, actin filament density and -bundling, without changing patterns of Arp2/3 complex incorporation. Strikingly, in melanoma cells, FMNL2/3 gene inactivation almost completely abolishes protrusion forces exerted by lamellipodia and modifies their ultrastructural organization. Consistently, CRISPR/Cas-mediated depletion of FMNL2/3 in fibroblasts reduces both migration and capability of cells to move against viscous media. Together, we conclude that force generation in lamellipodia strongly depends on FMNL formin activity, operating in addition to Arp2/3 complex-dependent filament branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Moritz Winterhoff
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Dimchev
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Mueller
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Thalheim
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Institut für experimentelle Physik I, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Freise
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Brühmann
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana Kollasser
- Biomedical Institute, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Block
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Georgi Dimchev
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Structural Immunology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biomedical Institute, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marie-France Carlier
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Group, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Josef Käs
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Institut für experimentelle Physik I, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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48
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Tian X, Yan H, Li J, Wu S, Wang J, Fan L. Neurotrophin Promotes Neurite Outgrowth by Inhibiting Rif GTPase Activation Downstream of MAPKs and PI3K Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E148. [PMID: 28098758 PMCID: PMC5297781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the well-known semaphorin family of proteins can induce both repulsive and attractive signaling in neural network formation and their cytoskeletal effects are mediated in part by small guanosine 5'-triphosphatase (GTPases). The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular role of Rif GTPase in the neurotrophin-induced neurite outgrowth. By using PC12 cells which are known to cease dividing and begin to show neurite outgrowth responding to nerve growth factor (NGF), we found that semaphorin 6A was as effective as nerve growth factor at stimulating neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, and that its neurotrophic effect was transmitted through signaling by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). We further found that neurotrophin-induced neurite formation in PC12 cells could be partially mediated by inhibition of Rif GTPase activity downstream of MAPKs and PI3K signaling. In conclusion, we newly identified Rif as a regulator of the cytoskeletal rearrangement mediated by semaphorins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Huijuan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Jiayi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Shuang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Junyu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Lifei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
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49
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Weck ML, Grega-Larson NE, Tyska MJ. MyTH4-FERM myosins in the assembly and maintenance of actin-based protrusions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 44:68-78. [PMID: 27836411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional myosins are actin-based molecular motors that serve a multitude of roles within the cell. One group of myosin motors, the MyTH4-FERM myosins, play an integral part in building and maintaining finger-like protrusions, which allow cells to interact with their external environment. Suggested to act primarily as transporters, these motor proteins enrich adhesion molecules, actin-regulatory proteins and other factors at the tips of filopodia, microvilli, and stereocilia. Below we review data from biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological studies, which implicate these myosins as central players in the assembly, maintenance and function of actin-based protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Weck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 3154 MRB III, PMB 407935, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240-7935, United States
| | - Nathan E Grega-Larson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 3154 MRB III, PMB 407935, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240-7935, United States
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 3154 MRB III, PMB 407935, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240-7935, United States.
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50
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Davidson AJ, Wood W. Unravelling the Actin Cytoskeleton: A New Competitive Edge? Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:569-576. [PMID: 27133808 PMCID: PMC4961066 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton underlie a wide range of cell behaviours, which in turn contribute to many aspects of human health including embryogenesis, cancer metastasis, wound healing, and inflammation. Precise control of the actin cytoskeleton requires the coordinated activity of a diverse set of different actin regulators. However, our current understanding of the actin cytoskeleton has focused on how individual actin regulatory pathways function in isolation from one another. Recently, competition has emerged as a means by which different actin assembly factors can influence each other's activity at the cellular level. Here such findings will be used to explore the possibility that competition within the actin cytoskeleton confers cellular plasticity and the ability to prioritise multiple conflicting stimuli. Cells maintain a dynamic actin cytoskeleton by carefully balancing the activities of a diverse collection of actin regulators. Recent findings suggest that key actin assembly factors limit one another through competition over a finite pool of G-actin. Increasing or decreasing cellular G-actin influences the type of F-actin network generated. The actin monomer binding protein profilin is responsible for proportioning how much G-actin is available to each assembly factor. Cytoskeletal competition appears universally conserved from yeast to human. Competition ensures cytoskeletal homeostasis and integration/coordination between the different actin regulatory pathways to support dynamic cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Will Wood
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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