1
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Doering LN, Gerling N, Linnenbrügger L, Lansing H, Baune MC, Fischer K, von Schaewen A. Evidence for dual targeting control of Arabidopsis 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoforms by N-terminal phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2848-2866. [PMID: 38412416 PMCID: PMC11103113 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway (OPPP) retrieves NADPH from glucose-6-phosphate, which is important in chloroplasts at night and in plastids of heterotrophic tissues. We previously studied how OPPP enzymes may transiently locate to peroxisomes, but how this is achieved for the third enzyme remained unclear. By extending our genetic approach, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis isoform 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2 (PGD2) is indispensable in peroxisomes during fertilization, and investigated why all PGD-reporter fusions show a mostly cytosolic pattern. A previously published interaction of a plant PGD with thioredoxin m was confirmed using Trxm2 for yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assays, and medial reporter fusions (with both ends accessible) proved to be beneficial for studying peroxisomal targeting of PGD2. Of special importance were phosphomimetic changes at Thr6, resulting in a clear targeting switch to peroxisomes, while a similar change at position Ser7 in PGD1 conferred plastid import. Apparently, efficient subcellular localization can be achieved by activating an unknown kinase, either early after or during translation. N-terminal phosphorylation of PGD2 interfered with dimerization in the cytosol, thus allowing accessibility of the C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1). Notably, we identified amino acid positions that are conserved among plant PGD homologues, with PTS1 motifs first appearing in ferns, suggesting a functional link to fertilization during the evolution of seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Nico Doering
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Niklas Gerling
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Loreen Linnenbrügger
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes Lansing
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Christin Baune
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Skowyra ML, Feng P, Rapoport TA. Towards solving the mystery of peroxisomal matrix protein import. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:388-405. [PMID: 37743160 PMCID: PMC10957506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are vital metabolic organelles that import their lumenal (matrix) enzymes from the cytosol using mobile receptors. Surprisingly, the receptors can even import folded proteins, but the underlying mechanism has been a mystery. Recent results reveal how import receptors shuttle cargo into peroxisomes. The cargo-bound receptors move from the cytosol across the peroxisomal membrane completely into the matrix by a mechanism that resembles transport through the nuclear pore. The receptors then return to the cytosol through a separate retrotranslocation channel, leaving the cargo inside the organelle. This cycle concentrates imported proteins within peroxisomes, and the energy for cargo import is supplied by receptor export. Peroxisomal protein import thus fundamentally differs from other previously known mechanisms for translocating proteins across membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Skowyra
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peiqiang Feng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tom A Rapoport
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Aguirre-López B, Suaste-Olmos F, Peraza-Reyes L. The peroxisome protein translocation machinery is developmentally regulated in the fungus Podospora anserina. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0213923. [PMID: 38088545 PMCID: PMC10782954 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02139-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Sexual reproduction allows eukaryotic organisms to produce genetically diverse progeny. This process relies on meiosis, a reductional division that enables ploidy maintenance and genetic recombination. Meiotic differentiation also involves the renewal of cell functioning to promote offspring rejuvenation. Research in the model fungus Podospora anserina has shown that this process involves a complex regulation of the function and dynamics of different organelles, including peroxisomes. These organelles are critical for meiosis induction and play further significant roles in meiotic development. Here we show that PEX13-a key constituent of the protein conduit through which the proteins defining peroxisome function reach into the organelle-is subject to a developmental regulation that almost certainly involves its selective ubiquitination-dependent removal and that modulates its abundance throughout meiotic development and at different sexual differentiation processes. Our results show that meiotic development involves a complex developmental regulation of the peroxisome protein translocation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Aguirre-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Fernando Suaste-Olmos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Peraza-Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
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4
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Gao Y, Skowyra ML, Feng P, Rapoport TA. Protein import into peroxisomes occurs through a nuclear pore-like phase. Science 2022; 378:eadf3971. [PMID: 36520918 PMCID: PMC9795577 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf3971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles whose dysfunction causes fatal human diseases. Most peroxisomal proteins are imported from the cytosol in a folded state by the soluble receptor PEX5. How folded cargo crosses the membrane is unknown. Here, we show that peroxisomal import is similar to nuclear transport. The peroxisomal membrane protein PEX13 contains a conserved tyrosine (Y)- and glycine (G)-rich YG domain, which forms a selective phase resembling that formed by phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats within nuclear pores. PEX13 resides in the membrane in two orientations that oligomerize and suspend the YG meshwork within the lipid bilayer. Purified YG domains form hydrogels into which PEX5 selectively partitions, by using conserved aromatic amino acid motifs, bringing cargo along. The YG meshwork thus forms an aqueous conduit through which PEX5 delivers folded proteins into peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael L. Skowyra
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peiqiang Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tom A. Rapoport
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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5
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Muhammad D, Smith KA, Bartel B. Plant peroxisome proteostasis-establishing, renovating, and dismantling the peroxisomal proteome. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:229-242. [PMID: 35538741 PMCID: PMC9375579 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes host critical metabolic reactions and insulate the rest of the cell from reactive byproducts. The specialization of peroxisomal reactions is rooted in how the organelle modulates its proteome to be suitable for the tissue, environment, and developmental stage of the organism. The story of plant peroxisomal proteostasis begins with transcriptional regulation of peroxisomal protein genes and the synthesis, trafficking, import, and folding of peroxisomal proteins. The saga continues with assembly and disaggregation by chaperones and degradation via proteases or the proteasome. The story concludes with organelle recycling via autophagy. Some of these processes as well as the proteins that facilitate them are peroxisome-specific, while others are shared among organelles. Our understanding of translational regulation of plant peroxisomal protein transcripts and proteins necessary for pexophagy remain based in findings from other models. Recent strides to elucidate transcriptional control, membrane dynamics, protein trafficking, and conditions that induce peroxisome turnover have expanded our knowledge of plant peroxisomal proteostasis. Here we review our current understanding of the processes and proteins necessary for plant peroxisome proteostasis-the emergence, maintenance, and clearance of the peroxisomal proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn A Smith
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A
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Goto-Yamada S, Oikawa K, Yamato KT, Kanai M, Hikino K, Nishimura M, Mano S. Image-Based Analysis Revealing the Molecular Mechanism of Peroxisome Dynamics in Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:883491. [PMID: 35592252 PMCID: PMC9110829 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.883491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present in eukaryotic cells and have essential roles in various biological processes. Plant peroxisomes proliferate by de novo biosynthesis or division of pre-existing peroxisomes, degrade, or replace metabolic enzymes, in response to developmental stages, environmental changes, or external stimuli. Defects of peroxisome functions and biogenesis alter a variety of biological processes and cause aberrant plant growth. Traditionally, peroxisomal function-based screening has been employed to isolate Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are defective in peroxisomal metabolism, such as lipid degradation and photorespiration. These analyses have revealed that the number, subcellular localization, and activity of peroxisomes are closely related to their efficient function, and the molecular mechanisms underlying peroxisome dynamics including organelle biogenesis, protein transport, and organelle interactions must be understood. Various approaches have been adopted to identify factors involved in peroxisome dynamics. With the development of imaging techniques and fluorescent proteins, peroxisome research has been accelerated. Image-based analyses provide intriguing results concerning the movement, morphology, and number of peroxisomes that were hard to obtain by other approaches. This review addresses image-based analysis of peroxisome dynamics in plants, especially A. thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Goto-Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T. Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hikino
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shoji Mano
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7
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Identification and Analysis of Genes Involved in Double Fertilization in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312850. [PMID: 34884656 PMCID: PMC8657449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Double fertilization is a key determinant of grain yield, and the failure of fertilization during hybridization is one important reason for reproductive isolation. Therefore, fertilization has a very important role in the production of high-yield and well-quality hybrid of rice. Here, we used RNA sequencing technology to study the change of the transcriptome during double fertilization with the help of the mutant fertilization barrier (feb) that failed to finish fertilization process and led to seed abortion. The results showed that 1669 genes were related to the guided growth of pollen tubes, 332 genes were involved in the recognition and fusion of the male–female gametes, and 430 genes were associated with zygote formation and early free endosperm nuclear division. Among them, the genes related to carbohydrate metabolism; signal transduction pathways were enriched in the guided growth of pollen tubes, the genes involved in the photosynthesis; fatty acid synthesis pathways were activated by the recognition and fusion of the male–female gametes; and the cell cycle-related genes might play an essential role in zygote formation and early endosperm nuclear division. Furthermore, among the 1669 pollen tube-related genes, it was found that 7 arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), 1 cysteine-rich peptide (CRP), and 15 receptor-like kinases (RLKs) were specifically expressed in anther, while 2 AGPs, 7 CRPs, and 5 RLKs in pistil, showing obvious unequal distribution which implied they might play different roles in anther and pistil during fertilization. These studies laid a solid foundation for revealing double fertilization mechanism of rice and for the follow-up investigation.
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8
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Ju Y, Yuan J, Jones DS, Zhang W, Staiger CJ, Kessler SA. Polarized NORTIA accumulation in response to pollen tube arrival at synergids promotes fertilization. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2938-2951.e6. [PMID: 34672969 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Signal-mediated regulation of protein trafficking is an elegant mechanism for controlling the delivery of molecules to a precise location for critical signaling events that occur over short time frames. During plant reproduction, the FERONIA receptor complex is critical for intercellular communication that leads to gamete delivery; however, the impact of the FERONIA signal transduction cascade on protein trafficking in synergid cells remains unknown. Live imaging of pollen tube reception has revealed that a key outcome of FERONIA signaling is polar accumulation of the MLO protein NORTIA at the filiform apparatus in response to signals from an arriving pollen tube. Artificial delivery of NORTIA to the filiform apparatus is sufficient to bypass the FERONIA signaling pathway and to promote interspecific pollen tube reception. We propose that polar accumulation of NORTIA leads to the production of a secondary booster signal to ensure that pollen tubes burst to deliver the sperm cells for double fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ju
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniel S Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sharon A Kessler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Yu W, Lin M, Peng M, Yan H, Wang J, Zhou J, Lu G, Wang Z, Shim WB. Fusarium verticillioides FvPex8 Is a Key Component of the Peroxisomal Docking/Translocation Module That Serves Important Roles in Fumonisin Biosynthesis but Not in Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:803-814. [PMID: 33749306 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0273-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes that fulfill various important metabolic functions. In this study, we investigated the role of docking/translocation module (DTM) peroxins, mainly FvPex8, FvPex13, FvPex14, and FvPex33, in Fusarium verticillioides development, virulence, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) biosynthesis. Protein interaction experiments suggested that FvPex13 serves as the central DTM subunit in F. verticillioides. Notably, FvPex8 and FvPex14 did not show direct interaction in our experiments. We generated gene-deletion mutants (ΔFvpex8, ΔFvpex13, ΔFvpex14, ΔFvpex33, ΔFvpex33/14) and further examined the functional role of these peroxins. Deletion mutants exhibited disparity in carbon nutrient utilization and defect in cell-wall integrity when stress agents were applied. Under nutrient starvation, mutants also showed higher levels of lipid droplet accumulation. Particularly, ΔFvpex8 mutant showed significant FB1 reduction and altered expression of key FB1 biosynthesis genes. However, FvPex13 was primarily responsible for asexual conidia reproduction and virulence, while the ΔFvpex33/14 double mutant also showed a virulence defect. In summary, our study suggests that FvPex13 is the central component of DTM, with direct physical interaction with other DTM peroxins, and regulates peroxisome membrane biogenesis as well as PTS1- and PTS2-mediated transmembrane cargo transportation. Importantly, we also characterized FvPex8 as a key component in F. verticillioides DTM that affects peroxisome function and FB1 biosynthesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minghui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huijuan Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, U.S.A
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Won Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, U.S.A
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Breygina M, Klimenko E. ROS and Ions in Cell Signaling during Sexual Plant Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9476. [PMID: 33322128 PMCID: PMC7764562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen grain is a unique haploid organism characterized by two key physiological processes: activation of metabolism upon exiting dormancy and polar tube growth. In gymnosperms and flowering plants, these processes occur in different time frames and exhibit important features; identification of similarities and differences is still in the active phase. In angiosperms, the growth of male gametophyte is directed and controlled by its microenvironment, while in gymnosperms it is relatively autonomous. Recent reviews have detailed aspects of interaction between angiosperm female tissues and pollen such as interactions between peptides and their receptors; however, accumulated evidence suggests low-molecular communication, in particular, through ion exchange and ROS production, equally important for polar growth as well as for pollen germination. Recently, it became clear that ROS and ionic currents form a single regulatory module, since ROS production and the activity of ion transport systems are closely interrelated and form a feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breygina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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11
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Wu PC, Chen CW, Choo CYL, Chen YK, Yago JI, Chung KR. Proper Functions of Peroxisomes Are Vital for Pathogenesis of Citrus Brown Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria alternata. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040248. [PMID: 33114679 PMCID: PMC7712655 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the production of a host-selective toxin, the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata must conquer toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to colonize host plants. The roles of a peroxin 6-coding gene (pex6) implicated in protein import into peroxisomes was functionally characterized to gain a better understanding of molecular mechanisms in ROS resistance and fungal pathogenicity. The peroxisome is a vital organelle involved in metabolisms of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide in eukaryotes. Targeted deletion of pex6 had no impacts on the biogenesis of peroxisomes and cellular resistance to ROS. The pex6 deficient mutant (Δpex6) reduced toxin production by 40% compared to wild type and barely induce necrotic lesions on citrus leaves. Co-inoculation of purified toxin with Δpex6 conidia on citrus leaves, however, failed to fully restore lesion formation, indicating that toxin only partially contributed to the loss of Δpex6 pathogenicity. Δpex6 conidia germinated poorly and formed fewer appressorium-like structures (nonmelanized enlargement of hyphal tips) than wild type. Δpex6 hyphae grew slowly and failed to penetrate beyond the epidermal layers. Moreover, Δpex6 had thinner cell walls and lower viability. All of these defects resulting from deletion of pex6 could also account for the loss of Δpex6 pathogenicity. Overall, our results have demonstrated that proper peroxisome functions are of vital importance to pathogenesis of the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Correspondence: (P.-C.W.); (K.-R.C.); Tel.: +886-4-22840780 (ext. 316) (P.-C.W.); +886-4-22840780 (ext. 301) (K.-R.C.)
| | - Chia-Wen Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Celine Yen Ling Choo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Yu-Kun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Jonar I. Yago
- Plant Science Department, College of Agriculture, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya 3700, Philippines;
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Correspondence: (P.-C.W.); (K.-R.C.); Tel.: +886-4-22840780 (ext. 316) (P.-C.W.); +886-4-22840780 (ext. 301) (K.-R.C.)
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12
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Dong ZY, Narsing Rao MP, Wang HF, Fang BZ, Liu YH, Li L, Xiao M, Li WJ. Transcriptomic analysis of two endophytes involved in enhancing salt stress ability of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:107-117. [PMID: 31176810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the serious environmental issues worldwide. In the present study, we made an attempt to isolate endophytic actinobacteria from halophyte and evaluate their growth promoting ability in Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress through transcriptomic analysis. Two endophytic strains SYSU 333322 and SYSU 333140 were isolated and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggests that these strains belong to Arthrobacter endophyticus and Nocardiopsis alba, respectively. To evaluate the growth promoting ability of two strains in Arabidopsis thaliana four experimental set up were designed. Set up designated s322 and s140 includes strains SYSU 333322 and SYSU 333140, respectively inoculated with A. thaliana under salt stress; set up designated MS322 and MS140 includes strains SYSU 333322 and SYSU 333140, respectively inoculated with A. thaliana without salt stress; MS includes seedlings without bacterial strains and salt stress; C150 includes seedlings grown in 150 mmol L-1NaCl. A. endophyticus strain SYSU 333322 and N. alba strain SYSU 333140 were efficient to promote A. thaliana growth under salt stress A. endophyticus strain SYSU 333322 was more efficient than N. alba strain SYSU 333140 for growth promotion. Although A. endophyticus strain SYSU 333322 and N. alba strain SYSU 333140 were isolated from the same host, their mechanism of growth promotion in A. thaliana under salt stress was different. Gene encoding for chlorophyll a reductase, peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase, and potassium ion uptake were up-regulated when A. thaliana inoculated with strain SYSU 333322 and SYSU 333140 under salt stress. Pathways such as carotenoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism played a crucial role in enhancing the salt stress tolerance of A. thaliana. Our results suggest that different bacteria have a different mechanism to promote plant growth under salt stress and hence it is necessary to understand the mechanism to overcome soil salinity problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Yan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, PR China
| | - Bao-Zhu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Urumqi 830011, PR China.
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13
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Pan R, Liu J, Hu J. Peroxisomes in plant reproduction and seed-related development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:784-802. [PMID: 30578613 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are small multi-functional organelles essential for plant development and growth. Plant peroxisomes play various physiological roles, including phytohormone biosynthesis, lipid catabolism, reactive oxygen species metabolism and many others. Mutant analysis demonstrated key roles for peroxisomes in plant reproduction, seed development and germination and post-germinative seedling establishment; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes findings that reveal the importance and complexity of the role of peroxisomes in the pertinent processes. The β-oxidation pathway plays a central role, whereas other peroxisomal pathways are also involved. Understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of these peroxisomal functions will be instrumental to the improvement of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Pan
- Seed Science Center, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Seed Science Center, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- MSU-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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14
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Johnson MA, Harper JF, Palanivelu R. A Fruitful Journey: Pollen Tube Navigation from Germination to Fertilization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:809-837. [PMID: 30822112 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen tubes undergo tip growth to deliver two nonmotile sperm to the ovule where they fuse with an egg and central cell to achieve double fertilization. This extended journey involves rapid growth and changes in gene activity that manage compatible interactions with at least seven different cell types. Nearly half of the genome is expressed in haploid pollen, which facilitates genetic analysis, even of essential genes. These unique attributes make pollen an ideal system with which to study plant cell-cell interactions, tip growth, cell migration, the modulation of cell wall integrity, and gene expression networks. We highlight the signaling systems required for pollen tube navigation and the potential roles of Ca2+ signals. The dynamics of pollen development make sexual reproduction highly sensitive to heat stress. Understanding this vulnerability may generate strategies to improve seed crop yields that are under threat from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA;
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
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15
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Patel KJ, Kao Y, Llinas RJ, Bartel B. A PEX5 missense allele preferentially disrupts PTS1 cargo import into Arabidopsis peroxisomes. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00128. [PMID: 31236542 PMCID: PMC6508846 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sorting of eukaryotic proteins to various organellar destinations requires receptors that recognize cargo protein targeting signals and facilitate transport into the organelle. One such receptor is the peroxin PEX5, which recruits cytosolic cargo carrying a peroxisome-targeting signal (PTS) type 1 (PTS1) for delivery into the peroxisomal lumen (matrix). In plants and mammals, PEX5 is also indirectly required for peroxisomal import of proteins carrying a PTS2 signal because PEX5 binds the PTS2 receptor, bringing the associated PTS2 cargo to the peroxisome along with PTS1 cargo. Despite PEX5 being the PTS1 cargo receptor, previously identified Arabidopsis pex5 mutants display either impairment of both PTS1 and PTS2 import or defects only in PTS2 import. Here we report the first Arabidopsis pex5 mutant with an exclusive PTS1 import defect. In addition to markedly diminished GFP-PTS1 import and decreased pex5-2 protein accumulation, this pex5-2 mutant shows typical peroxisome-related defects, including inefficient β-oxidation and reduced growth. Growth at reduced or elevated temperatures ameliorated or exacerbated pex5-2 peroxisome-related defects, respectively, without markedly changing pex5-2 protein levels. In contrast to the diminished PTS1 import, PTS2 processing was only slightly impaired and PTS2-GFP import appeared normal in pex5-2. This finding suggests that even minor peroxisomal localization of the PTS1 protein DEG15, the PTS2-processing protease, is sufficient to maintain robust PTS2 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushali J. Patel
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas
- Present address:
Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Yun‐Ting Kao
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas
- Present address:
Department of Cell Biology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | | | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas
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16
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Erbasol Serbes I, Palovaara J, Groß-Hardt R. Development and function of the flowering plant female gametophyte. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 131:401-434. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Su T, Li W, Wang P, Ma C. Dynamics of Peroxisome Homeostasis and Its Role in Stress Response and Signaling in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31214223 PMCID: PMC6557986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes play vital roles in plant growth, development, and environmental stress response. During plant development and in response to environmental stresses, the number and morphology of peroxisomes are dynamically regulated to maintain peroxisome homeostasis in cells. To execute their various functions in the cell, peroxisomes associate and communicate with other organelles. Under stress conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in peroxisomes and other organelles activate signal transduction pathways, in a process known as retrograde signaling, to synergistically regulate defense systems. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the plant peroxisome field to provide an overview of peroxisome biogenesis, degradation, crosstalk with other organelles, and their role in response to environmental stresses.
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18
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Barros-Barbosa A, Rodrigues TA, Ferreira MJ, Pedrosa AG, Teixeira NR, Francisco T, Azevedo JE. The intrinsically disordered nature of the peroxisomal protein translocation machinery. FEBS J 2018; 286:24-38. [PMID: 30443986 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite having a membrane that is impermeable to all but the smallest of metabolites, peroxisomes acquire their newly synthesized (cytosolic) matrix proteins in an already folded conformation. In some cases, even oligomeric proteins have been reported to translocate the organelle membrane. The protein sorting machinery that accomplishes this feat must be rather flexible and, unsurprisingly, several of its key components have large intrinsically disordered domains. Here, we provide an overview on these domains and their interactions trying to infer their functional roles in this protein sorting pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Barros-Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Nélson R Teixeira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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19
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Kao YT, Gonzalez KL, Bartel B. Peroxisome Function, Biogenesis, and Dynamics in Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:162-177. [PMID: 29021223 PMCID: PMC5761812 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances highlight understanding of the diversity of peroxisome contributions to plant biology and the mechanisms through which these essential organelles are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ting Kao
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Kim L Gonzalez
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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20
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Rinaldi MA, Fleming WA, Gonzalez KL, Park J, Ventura MJ, Patel AB, Bartel B. The PEX1 ATPase Stabilizes PEX6 and Plays Essential Roles in Peroxisome Biology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:2231-2247. [PMID: 28600347 PMCID: PMC5543962 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A variety of metabolic pathways are sequestered in peroxisomes, conserved organelles that are essential for human and plant survival. Peroxin (PEX) proteins generate and maintain peroxisomes. The PEX1 ATPase facilitates recycling of the peroxisome matrix protein receptor PEX5 and is the most commonly affected peroxin in human peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of, to our knowledge, the first Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pex1 missense alleles: pex1-2 and pex1-3pex1-2 displayed peroxisome-related defects accompanied by reduced PEX1 and PEX6 levels. These pex1-2 defects were exacerbated by growth at high temperature and ameliorated by growth at low temperature or by PEX6 overexpression, suggesting that PEX1 enhances PEX6 stability and vice versa. pex1-3 conferred embryo lethality when homozygous, confirming that PEX1, like several other Arabidopsis peroxins, is essential for embryogenesis. pex1-3 displayed symptoms of peroxisome dysfunction when heterozygous; this semidominance is consistent with PEX1 forming a heterooligomer with PEX6 that is poisoned by pex1-3 subunits. Blocking autophagy partially rescued PEX1/pex1-3 defects, including the restoration of normal peroxisome size, suggesting that increasing peroxisome abundance can compensate for the deficiencies caused by pex1-3 and that the enlarged peroxisomes visible in PEX1/pex1-3 may represent autophagy intermediates. Overexpressing PEX1 in wild-type plants impaired growth, suggesting that excessive PEX1 can be detrimental. Our genetic, molecular, and physiological data support the heterohexamer model of PEX1-PEX6 function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro A Rinaldi
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | | | - Kim L Gonzalez
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jaeseok Park
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | | | - Ashish B Patel
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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21
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Pereira AM, Lopes AL, Coimbra S. Arabinogalactan Proteins as Interactors along the Crosstalk between the Pollen Tube and the Female Tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1895. [PMID: 28018417 PMCID: PMC5159419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) have long been considered to be implicated in several steps of the reproductive process of flowering plants. Pollen tube growth along the pistil tissues requires a multiplicity of signaling pathways to be activated and turned off precisely, at crucial timepoints, to guarantee successful fertilization and seed production. In the recent years, an outstanding effort has been made by the plant reproduction scientific community in order to better understand this process. This resulted in the discovery of a fairly substantial number of new players essential for reproduction, as well as their modes of action and interactions. Besides all the indications of AGPs involvement in reproduction, there were no convincing evidences about it. Recently, several studies came out to prove what had long been suggested about this complex family of glycoproteins. AGPs consist of a large family of hydroxyproline-rich proteins, predicted to be anchored to the plasma membrane and extremely rich in sugars. These two last characteristics always made them perfect candidates to be involved in signaling mechanisms, in several plant developmental processes. New findings finally relate AGPs to concrete functions in plant reproduction. In this review, it is intended not only to describe how different molecules and signaling pathways are functioning to achieve fertilization, but also to integrate the recent discoveries about AGPs along this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstitutePorto, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstitutePorto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstitutePorto, Portugal
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22
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Reumann S, Bartel B. Plant peroxisomes: recent discoveries in functional complexity, organelle homeostasis, and morphological dynamics. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:17-26. [PMID: 27500947 PMCID: PMC5161562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential for life in plants. These organelles house a variety of metabolic processes that generate and inactivate reactive oxygen species. Our knowledge of pathways and mechanisms that depend on peroxisomes and their constituent enzymes continues to grow, and in this review we highlight recent advances in understanding the identity and biological functions of peroxisomal enzymes and metabolic processes. We also review how peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins enter the organelle from their sites of synthesis. Peroxisome homeostasis is regulated by specific degradation mechanisms, and we discuss the contributions of specialized autophagy and a peroxisomal protease to the degradation of entire peroxisomes and peroxisomal enzymes that are damaged or superfluous. Finally, we review how peroxisomes can flexibly change their morphology to facilitate inter-organellar contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Reumann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Biocentre Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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23
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Paul P, Röth S, Schleiff E. Importance of organellar proteins, protein translocation and vesicle transport routes for pollen development and function. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2016; 29:53-65. [PMID: 26874709 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-016-0274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein translocation. Cellular homeostasis strongly depends on proper distribution of proteins within cells and insertion of membrane proteins into the destined membranes. The latter is mediated by organellar protein translocation and the complex vesicle transport system. Considering the importance of protein transport machineries in general it is foreseen that these processes are essential for pollen function and development. However, the information available in this context is very scarce because of the current focus on deciphering the fundamental principles of protein transport at the molecular level. Here we review the significance of protein transport machineries for pollen development on the basis of pollen-specific organellar proteins as well as of genetic studies utilizing mutants of known organellar proteins. In many cases these mutants exhibit morphological alterations highlighting the requirement of efficient protein transport and translocation in pollen. Furthermore, expression patterns of genes coding for translocon subunits and vesicle transport factors in Arabidopsis thaliana are summarized. We conclude that with the exception of the translocation systems in plastids-the composition and significance of the individual transport systems are equally important in pollen as in other cell types. Apparently for plastids only a minimal translocon, composed of only few subunits, exists in the envelope membranes during maturation of pollen. However, only one of the various transport systems known from thylakoids seems to be required for the function of the "simple thylakoid system" existing in pollen plastids. In turn, the vesicle transport system is as complex as seen for other cell types as it is essential, e.g., for pollen tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Paul
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sascha Röth
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
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24
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Hölscher C, Lutterbey MC, Lansing H, Meyer T, Fischer K, von Schaewen A. Defects in Peroxisomal 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Isoform PGD2 Prevent Gametophytic Interaction in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:192-205. [PMID: 26941195 PMCID: PMC4854672 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied the localization of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) isoforms of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Similar polypeptide lengths of PGD1, PGD2, and PGD3 obscured which isoform may represent the cytosolic and/or plastidic enzyme plus whether PGD2 with a peroxisomal targeting motif also might target plastids. Reporter-fusion analyses in protoplasts revealed that, with a free N terminus, PGD1 and PGD3 accumulate in the cytosol and chloroplasts, whereas PGD2 remains in the cytosol. Mutagenesis of a conserved second ATG enhanced the plastidic localization of PGD1 and PGD3 but not PGD2. Amino-terminal deletions of PGD2 fusions with a free C terminus resulted in peroxisomal import after dimerization, and PGD2 could be immunodetected in purified peroxisomes. Repeated selfing of pgd2 transfer (T-)DNA alleles yielded no homozygous mutants, although siliques and seeds of heterozygous plants developed normally. Detailed analyses of the C-terminally truncated PGD2-1 protein showed that peroxisomal import and catalytic activity are abolished. Reciprocal backcrosses of pgd2-1 suggested that missing PGD activity in peroxisomes primarily affects the male gametophyte. Tetrad analyses in the quartet1-2 background revealed that pgd2-1 pollen is vital and in vitro germination normal, but pollen tube growth inside stylar tissues appeared less directed. Mutual gametophytic sterility was overcome by complementation with a genomic construct but not with a version lacking the first ATG. These analyses showed that peroxisomal PGD2 activity is required for guided growth of the male gametophytes and pollen tube-ovule interaction. Our report finally demonstrates an essential role of oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway reactions in peroxisomes, likely needed to sustain critical levels of nitric oxide and/or jasmonic acid, whose biosynthesis both depend on NADPH provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hölscher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Christin Lutterbey
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes Lansing
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Meyer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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25
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Cross LL, Ebeed HT, Baker A. Peroxisome biogenesis, protein targeting mechanisms and PEX gene functions in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:850-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Liu X, Castro C, Wang Y, Noble J, Ponvert N, Bundy M, Hoel C, Shpak E, Palanivelu R. The Role of LORELEI in Pollen Tube Reception at the Interface of the Synergid Cell and Pollen Tube Requires the Modified Eight-Cysteine Motif and the Receptor-Like Kinase FERONIA. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1035-52. [PMID: 27081182 PMCID: PMC4904665 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, pollen tube reception by the female gametophyte is required for sperm release and double fertilization. In Arabidopsis thaliana lorelei (lre) mutants, pollen tube reception fails in most female gametophytes, which thus remain unfertilized. LRE encodes a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored surface protein with a modified eight-cysteine motif (M8CM). LRE fused to citrine yellow fluorescent protein (LRE-cYFP) remains functional and localizes to the synergid plasma membrane-rich filiform apparatus, the first point of contact between the pollen tube and the female gametophyte. Structure-function analysis using LRE-cYFP showed that the role of LRE in pollen tube reception requires the M8CM, but not the domains required for GPI anchor addition. Consistently, LRE-cYFP-TM, where GPI anchor addition domains were replaced with a single-pass transmembrane domain, fully complemented the pollen tube reception defect in lre-7 female gametophytes. Ectopically expressed and delivered LRE-cYFP from pollen tubes could non-cell-autonomously complement the pollen tube reception defect in lre female gametophytes, only if they expressed FERONIA. Additionally, pollen tube-expressing LRE variants lacking domains critical for GPI anchor addition also rescued lre female gametophyte function. Therefore, LRE and FERONIA jointly function in pollen tube reception at the interface of the synergid cell and pollen tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunliang Liu
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Claudia Castro
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Yanbing Wang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Jennifer Noble
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Nathaniel Ponvert
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Mark Bundy
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Chelsea Hoel
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Elena Shpak
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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Pereira AM, Nobre MS, Pinto SC, Lopes AL, Costa ML, Masiero S, Coimbra S. "Love Is Strong, and You're so Sweet": JAGGER Is Essential for Persistent Synergid Degeneration and Polytubey Block in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:601-14. [PMID: 26774620 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Successful double fertilization and subsequent seed development in flowering plants requires the delivery of two sperm cells, transported by a pollen tube, into the embryo sac of an ovule. The embryo sac cells tightly control synergid cell death, and as a result the polyspermy block. Arabinogalactan proteins are highly glycosylated proteins thought to be involved in several steps of the reproductive process. We show that JAGGER, Arabinogalactan Protein 4, is an important molecule necessary to prevent the growth of multiple pollen tubes into one embryo sac in Arabidopsis thaliana. In jagger, an AGP4 knockout mutant, the pistils show impaired pollen tube blockage as a consequence of the survival of the persistent synergid. JAGGER seems to be involved in the signaling pathway that leads to a blockage of pollen tube attraction. Our results shed light on the mechanism responsible for preventing polyspermy in Arabidopsis and for safeguarding successful fertilization of all ovules in one pistil, ensuring seed set and the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Plant Functional Genomics Group, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Sofia Nobre
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Plant Functional Genomics Group, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cristina Pinto
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Plant Functional Genomics Group, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Plant Functional Genomics Group, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Luís Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Plant Functional Genomics Group, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Plant Functional Genomics Group, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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28
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Mendes MA, Guerra RF, Castelnovo B, Velazquez YS, Morandini P, Manrique S, Baumann N, Groß-Hardt R, Dickinson H, Colombo L. Live and let die: a REM complex promotes fertilization through synergid cell death in Arabidopsis. Development 2016; 143:2780-90. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.134916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization in flowering plants requires a complex series of coordinated events involving interaction between the male and female gametophyte. We report here molecular data on one of the key events underpinning this process – the death of the receptive synergid cell and the coincident bursting of the pollen tube inside the ovule to release the sperms.
We show that two REM transcription factors, VALKYRIE (VAL) and VERDANDI (VDD), both targets of the ovule identity MADS-box complex SEEDSTICK-SEPALLATA3, interact to control the death of the receptive synergid cell. In vdd_1/+ mutants and VAL_RNAi lines we find that GAMETOPHYTIC FACTOR 2 (GFA2), required for synergid degeneration, is down regulated, while FERONIA (FER) and MYB98 expression, necessary for pollen tube attraction and perception remain unaffected. We also demonstrate that the vdd_1/+ phenotype can be rescued by expressing VDD or GFA2 in the synergid cells. Taken together, our findings reveal that the death of the receptive synergid cell is essential for the maintenance of the following generations, and that a complex formed of VDD and VAL regulate this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Adelina Mendes
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Beatrice Castelnovo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Piero Morandini
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Manrique
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadine Baumann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Groß-Hardt
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hugh Dickinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Lindner H, Kessler SA, Müller LM, Shimosato-Asano H, Boisson-Dernier A, Grossniklaus U. TURAN and EVAN mediate pollen tube reception in Arabidopsis Synergids through protein glycosylation. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002139. [PMID: 25919390 PMCID: PMC4412406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen tube (PT) reception in flowering plants describes the crosstalk between the male and female gametophytes upon PT arrival at the synergid cells of the ovule. It leads to PT growth arrest, rupture, and sperm cell release, and is thus essential to ensure double fertilization. Here, we describe TURAN (TUN) and EVAN (EVN), two novel members of the PT reception pathway that is mediated by the FERONIA (FER) receptor-like kinase (RLK). Like fer, mutations in these two genes lead to PT overgrowth inside the female gametophyte (FG) without PT rupture. Mapping by next-generation sequencing, cytological analysis of reporter genes, and biochemical assays of glycoproteins in RNAi knockdown mutants revealed both genes to be involved in protein N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). TUN encodes a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase superfamily protein and EVN a dolichol kinase. In addition to their common role during PT reception in the synergids, both genes have distinct functions in the pollen: whereas EVN is essential for pollen development, TUN is required for PT growth and integrity by affecting the stability of the pollen-specific FER homologs ANXUR1 (ANX1) and ANX2. ANX1- and ANX2-YFP reporters are not expressed in tun pollen grains, but ANX1-YFP is degraded via the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, likely underlying the anx1/2-like premature PT rupture phenotype of tun mutants. Thus, as in animal sperm–egg interactions, protein glycosylation is essential for the interaction between the female and male gametophytes during PT reception to ensure fertilization and successful reproduction. Protein glycosylation is essential for gametophyte interactions between the male pollen tube and the female ovule in plants, reminiscent of gamete interactions during fertilization in mammals. In flowering plants, gametes are produced by the haploid, multicellular male (pollen), and female (embryo sac) gametophytes, which develop within the reproductive organs of the flower. Successful fertilization depends on delivery of the sperm cells to the embryo sac, which is embedded in the ovule, by the pollen tube. Upon arrival of the pollen tube at the opening of the ovule, crosstalk between male and female gametophytes, known as pollen tube reception, ensues; the pollen tube slows or stops its growth, then resumes rapid growth, and finally bursts to release the sperm cells and effect double fertilization. Although several members of the pollen tube reception pathway, including the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, have been identified, the molecular mechanisms underlying this communication process remain unclear. Here, we show that protein N-glycosylation is required for normal pollen tube reception. A mutant screen identified two genes, TURAN and EVAN, which are involved in protein N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Both genes act in the FERONIA-mediated pollen tube reception pathway, which is impaired in these mutants. Thus, in plants, a “dual recognition system,” involving interactions between both protein and glycosyl residues on the surface of male and female gametophytes, appears to be required for successful pollen tube reception, conceptually similar to sperm–egg interactions in mammals, for which N-glycosylation of cell surface proteins also plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Lindner
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sharon A. Kessler
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lena M. Müller
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroko Shimosato-Asano
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Boisson-Dernier
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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30
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Van Hautegem T, Waters AJ, Goodrich J, Nowack MK. Only in dying, life: programmed cell death during plant development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:102-13. [PMID: 25457111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental process of life. During the evolution of multicellular organisms, the actively controlled demise of cells has been recruited to fulfil a multitude of functions in development, differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and immune systems. In this review we discuss some of the multiple cases of PCD that occur as integral parts of plant development in a remarkable variety of cell types, tissues, and organs. Although research in the last decade has discovered a number of PCD regulators, mediators, and executers, we are still only beginning to understand the mechanistic complexity that tightly controls preparation, initiation, and execution of PCD as a process that is indispensable for successful vegetative and reproductive development of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Van Hautegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Waters
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Justin Goodrich
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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Wiszniewski AAG, Bussell JD, Long RL, Smith SM. Knockout of the two evolutionarily conserved peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases in Arabidopsis recapitulates the abnormal inflorescence meristem 1 phenotype. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6723-33. [PMID: 25297549 PMCID: PMC4246196 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A specific function for peroxisomal β-oxidation in inflorescence development in Arabidopsis thaliana is suggested by the mutation of the abnormal inflorescence meristem 1 gene, which encodes one of two peroxisomal multifunctional proteins. Therefore, it should be possible to identify other β-oxidation mutants that recapitulate the aim1 phenotype. Three genes encode peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT) in Arabidopsis. KAT2 and KAT5 are present throughout angiosperms whereas KAT1 is a Brassicaceae-specific duplication of KAT2 expressed at low levels in Arabidopsis. KAT2 plays a dominant role in all known aspects of peroxisomal β-oxidation, including that of fatty acids, pro-auxins, jasmonate precursor oxophytodienoic acid, and trans-cinnamic acid. The functions of KAT1 and KAT5 are unknown. Since KAT5 is conserved throughout vascular plants and expressed strongly in flowers, kat2 kat5 double mutants were generated. These were slow growing, had abnormally branched inflorescences, and ectopic organ growth. They made viable pollen, but produced no seed indicating that infertility was due to defective gynaecium function. These phenotypes are strikingly similar to those of aim1. KAT5 in the Brassicaceae encodes both cytosolic and peroxisomal proteins and kat2 kat5 defects could be complemented by the re-introduction of peroxisomal (but not cytosolic) KAT5. It is concluded that peroxisomal KAT2 and KAT5 have partially redundant functions and operate downstream of AIM1 to provide β-oxidation functions essential for inflorescence development and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A G Wiszniewski
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftpark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - John D Bussell
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rowena L Long
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Steven M Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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32
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Martin MV, Distéfano AM, Bellido A, Córdoba JP, Soto D, Pagnussat GC, Zabaleta E. Role of mitochondria during female gametophyte development and fertilization in A. thaliana. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt B:350-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Woodward AW, Fleming WA, Burkhart SE, Ratzel SE, Bjornson M, Bartel B. A viable Arabidopsis pex13 missense allele confers severe peroxisomal defects and decreases PEX5 association with peroxisomes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:201-214. [PMID: 25008153 PMCID: PMC4142595 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles that catabolize fatty acids and compartmentalize other oxidative metabolic processes in eukaryotes. Using a forward-genetic screen designed to recover severe peroxisome-defective mutants, we isolated a viable allele of the peroxisome biogenesis gene PEX13 with striking peroxisomal defects. The pex13-4 mutant requires an exogenous source of fixed carbon for pre-photosynthetic development and is resistant to the protoauxin indole-3-butyric acid. Delivery of peroxisome-targeted matrix proteins depends on the PEX5 receptor docking with PEX13 at the peroxisomal membrane, and we found severely reduced import of matrix proteins and less organelle-associated PEX5 in pex13-4 seedlings. Moreover, pex13-4 physiological and molecular defects were partially ameliorated when PEX5 was overexpressed, suggesting that PEX5 docking is partially compromised in this mutant and can be improved by increasing PEX5 levels. Because previously described Arabidopsis pex13 alleles either are lethal or confer only subtle defects, the pex13-4 mutant provides valuable insight into plant peroxisome receptor docking and matrix protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Woodward
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. Department of Biology, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
| | - Wendell A. Fleming
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Sarah E. Burkhart
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Sarah E. Ratzel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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A calcium dialog mediated by the FERONIA signal transduction pathway controls plant sperm delivery. Dev Cell 2014; 29:491-500. [PMID: 24814317 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sperm delivery for double fertilization of flowering plants relies on interactions between the pollen tube (PT) and two synergids, leading to programmed cell death (PCD) of the PT and one synergid. The mechanisms underlying the communication among these cells during PT reception is unknown. We discovered that the synergids control this process by coordinating their distinct calcium signatures in response to the calcium dynamics and growth behavior of the PT. Induced and spontaneous aberrant calcium responses in the synergids abolish the two coordinated PCD events. Components of the FERONIA (FER) signaling pathway are required for initiating and modulating these calcium responses and for coupling the PCD events. Intriguingly, the calcium signatures are interchangeable between the two synergids, implying that their fates of death and survival are determined by reversible interactions with the PT. Thus, complex intercellular interactions involving a receptor kinase pathway and calcium-mediated signaling control sperm delivery in plants.
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35
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Wolf S, Höfte H. Growth Control: A Saga of Cell Walls, ROS, and Peptide Receptors. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1848-1856. [PMID: 24808052 PMCID: PMC4079354 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increasingly detailed understanding of endogenous and environmental growth-controlling signals and their signaling networks, little is known on how these networks are integrated with the cell expansion machinery. Members of the CrRLK1L family control cell wall properties and cell expansion in a variety of developmental and environmental contexts. Two recent reports provide exciting new insights into the mode of action of these RLKs. One study shows that one family member, FERONIA (FER), is required for the production of hydroxyl radicals in the female gametophyte, which causes pollen tube rupture and sperm cell release during fertilization. Another study shows that FER is a receptor for a signaling peptide (Rapid Alkalinization Factor 1 [RALF1]) that triggers cell wall alkalinization and growth arrest, possibly through the inhibition of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. RALF1 belongs to a large gene family, with a wide range of expression patterns. Other CrRLK1L family members therefore may also be receptors for RALF-like peptides. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the control of cell wall integrity during growth and raise new intriguing questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Science, INRA, 78000 Versailles, France
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36
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Heydlauff J, Groß-Hardt R. Love is a battlefield: programmed cell death during fertilization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1323-30. [PMID: 24567492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant development and growth is sustained by the constant generation of tremendous amounts of cells, which become integrated into various types of tissues and organs. What is all too often overlooked is that this thriving life also requires the targeted degeneration of selected cells, which undergo cell death according to genetically encoded programmes or environmental stimuli. The side-by-side existence of generation and demise is particularly evident in the haploid phase of the flowering plants cycle. Here, the lifespan of terminally differentiated accessory cells contrasts with that of germ cells, which by definition live on to form the next generation. In fact, with research in recent years it is becoming increasingly clear that the gametophytes of flowering plants constitute an attractive and powerful system for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying selective cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heydlauff
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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37
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Li XR, Li HJ, Yuan L, Liu M, Shi DQ, Liu J, Yang WC. Arabidopsis DAYU/ABERRANT PEROXISOME MORPHOLOGY9 is a key regulator of peroxisome biogenesis and plays critical roles during pollen maturation and germination in planta. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:619-35. [PMID: 24510720 PMCID: PMC3967029 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.121087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pollen undergo a maturation process to sustain pollen viability and prepare them for germination. Molecular mechanisms controlling these processes remain largely unknown. Here, we report an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, dayu (dau), which impairs pollen maturation and in vivo germination. Molecular analysis indicated that DAU encodes the peroxisomal membrane protein ABERRANT PEROXISOME MORPHOLOGY9 (APEM9). DAU is transiently expressed from bicellular pollen to mature pollen during male gametogenesis. DAU interacts with peroxisomal membrane proteins PEROXIN13 (PEX13) and PEX16 in planta. Consistently, both peroxisome biogenesis and peroxisome protein import are impaired in dau pollen. In addition, the jasmonic acid (JA) level is significantly decreased in dau pollen, and the dau mutant phenotype is partially rescued by exogenous application of JA, indicating that the male sterility is mainly due to JA deficiency. In addition, the phenotypic survey of peroxin mutants indicates that the PEXs most likely play different roles in pollen germination. Taken together, these data indicate that DAU/APEM9 plays critical roles in peroxisome biogenesis and function, which is essential for JA production and pollen maturation and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Ju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Man Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dong-Qiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Address correspondence to
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38
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Liang Y, Tan ZM, Zhu L, Niu QK, Zhou JJ, Li M, Chen LQ, Zhang XQ, Ye D. MYB97, MYB101 and MYB120 function as male factors that control pollen tube-synergid interaction in Arabidopsis thaliana fertilization. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003933. [PMID: 24278028 PMCID: PMC3836714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen tube reception involves a pollen tube-synergid interaction that controls the discharge of sperm cells into the embryo sac during plant fertilization. Despite its importance in the sexual reproduction of plants, little is known about the role of gene regulation in this process. We report here that the pollen-expressed transcription factors MYB97, MYB101 and MYB120 probably control genes whose encoded proteins play important roles in Arabidopsis thaliana pollen tube reception. They share a high amino acid sequence identity and are expressed mainly in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes. None of the single or double mutants of these three genes exhibited any visible defective phenotype. Although the myb97 myb101 myb120 triple mutant was not defective in pollen development, pollen germination, pollen tube growth or tube guidance, the pollen tubes of the triple mutants exhibited uncontrolled growth and failed to discharge their sperm cells after entering the embryo sac. In addition, the myb97 myb101 myb120 triple mutation significantly affected the expression of a group of pollen-expressed genes in mature pollen grains. All these results indicate that MYB97, MYB101 and MYB120 participate in pollen tube reception, possibly by controlling the expression of downstream genes. Pollen tube reception is an important step of fertilization and is controlled by interactions between the pollen tube and synergid. Components of both the pollen tube and synergid are believed to be involved in the process. Several proteins associated with this process have been identified in synergid cells. However, very little is known about the components contributed by the pollen tube. This work identified a group of Arabidopsis pollen-expressed MYB transcription factors, among which at least three members are involved in pollen tube reception. The myb97 myb101 myb120 triple mutation caused overgrowth of the pollen tube into the embryo sac and disrupted sperm cell discharge, leading to failed fertilization. This study provides novel evidence demonstrating that male factors are involved in pollen tube reception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Min Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Kun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - De Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Beale KM, Johnson MA. Speed dating, rejection, and finding the perfect mate: advice from flowering plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:590-7. [PMID: 24021868 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm pollen tubes extend through pistil tissue to deliver a pair of immotile sperm cells to female gametes for double fertilization. The extended journey of the pollen tube requires extensive cell:cell interactions that guide the pollen tube to its destination and instruct it to stop growing and burst. Once sperm cells are released the molecular exchanges between male and female continue, resulting in sperm activation and gamete fusion. Finally, there is evidence that gamete fusion can feed back on the pollen tube attraction mechanism so that additional pollen tubes can be attracted only if the first sperm cells fail to fertilize. We review progress toward defining the molecules mediating each of these exchanges and describe how small cysteine-rich peptides are a major mode of cellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Beale
- Brown University Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, United States
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40
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Martín MV, Distefano AM, Zabaleta EJ, Pagnussat GC. New insights into the functional roles of reactive oxygen species during embryo sac development and fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:doi: 10.4161/psb.25714. [PMID: 23887494 PMCID: PMC4091057 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously considered as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as essential signaling molecules in eukaryotes. Recent evidence showed that maintenance of ROS homeostasis during female gametophyte development is crucial for embryo sac patterning and fertilization. Although ROS are exclusively detected in the central cell of mature embryo sacs, the study of mutants deficient in ROS homeostasis suggests that controlled oxidative bursts might take place earlier during gametophyte development. Also, a ROS burst that depends on pollination takes place inside the embryo sac. This oxidative response might be required for pollen tube growth arrest and for sperm cell release. In this mini-review, we will focus on new insights into the role of ROS during female gametophyte development and fertilization. Special focus will be made on the mitochondrial Mn-Superoxide dismutase (MSD1), which has been recently reported to be essential for maintaining ROS homeostasis during embryo sac formation.
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41
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Peraza-Reyes L, Berteaux-Lecellier V. Peroxisomes and sexual development in fungi. Front Physiol 2013; 4:244. [PMID: 24046747 PMCID: PMC3764329 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are versatile and dynamic organelles that are essential for the development of most eukaryotic organisms. In fungi, many developmental processes, such as sexual development, require the activity of peroxisomes. Sexual reproduction in fungi involves the formation of meiotic-derived sexual spores, often takes place inside multicellular fruiting bodies and requires precise coordination between the differentiation of multiple cell types and the progression of karyogamy and meiosis. Different peroxisomal functions contribute to the orchestration of this complex developmental process. Peroxisomes are required to sustain the formation of fruiting bodies and the maturation and germination of sexual spores. They facilitate the mobilization of reserve compounds via fatty acid β-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, allowing the generation of energy and biosynthetic precursors. Additionally, peroxisomes are implicated in the progression of meiotic development. During meiotic development in Podospora anserina, there is a precise modulation of peroxisome assembly and dynamics. This modulation includes changes in peroxisome size, number and localization, and involves a differential activity of the protein-machinery that drives the import of proteins into peroxisomes. Furthermore, karyogamy, entry into meiosis and sorting of meiotic-derived nuclei into sexual spores all require the activity of peroxisomes. These processes rely on different peroxisomal functions and likely depend on different pathways for peroxisome assembly. Indeed, emerging studies support the existence of distinct import channels for peroxisomal proteins that contribute to different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Peraza-Reyes
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, University Paris-Sud, UMR8621 Orsay, France
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42
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Maruyama JI, Kitamoto K. Expanding functional repertoires of fungal peroxisomes: contribution to growth and survival processes. Front Physiol 2013; 4:177. [PMID: 23882222 PMCID: PMC3713238 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been regarded that the primary function of fungal peroxisomes is limited to the β-oxidation of fatty acids, as mutants lacking peroxisomal function fail to grow in minimal medium containing fatty acids as the sole carbon source. However, studies in filamentous fungi have revealed that peroxisomes have diverse functional repertoires. This review describes the essential roles of peroxisomes in the growth and survival processes of filamentous fungi. One such survival mechanism involves the Woronin body, a Pezizomycotina-specific organelle that plugs the septal pore upon hyphal lysis to prevent excessive cytoplasmic loss. A number of reports have demonstrated that Woronin bodies are derived from peroxisomes. Specifically, the Woronin body protein Hex1 is targeted to peroxisomes by peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) and forms a self-assembled structure that buds from peroxisomes to form the Woronin body. Peroxisomal deficiency reduces the ability of filamentous fungi to prevent excessive cytoplasmic loss upon hyphal lysis, indicating that peroxisomes contribute to the survival of these multicellular organisms. Peroxisomes were also recently found to play a vital role in the biosynthesis of biotin, which is an essential cofactor for various carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions. In biotin-prototrophic fungi, peroxisome-deficient mutants exhibit growth defects when grown on glucose as a carbon source due to biotin auxotrophy. The biotin biosynthetic enzyme BioF (7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid synthase) contains a PTS1 motif that is required for both peroxisomal targeting and biotin biosynthesis. In plants, the BioF protein contains a conserved PTS1 motif and is also localized in peroxisomes. These findings indicate that the involvement of peroxisomes in biotin biosynthesis is evolutionarily conserved between fungi and plants, and that peroxisomes play a key role in fungal growth.
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Völz R, Heydlauff J, Ripper D, von Lyncker L, Groß-Hardt R. Ethylene signaling is required for synergid degeneration and the establishment of a pollen tube block. Dev Cell 2013; 25:310-6. [PMID: 23673332 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In flowering plants, sperm cells are delivered by pollen tubes, which are attracted by two egg-cell-adjoining synergids. Successful fertilization terminates pollen tube attraction; however, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, we show that the process of fertilization activates an EIN3- and EIN2-dependent ethylene-response cascade necessary for synergid cell death and the concomitant establishment of a pollen tube block. Microinjection of the ethylene precursor ACC into the female gametophyte or constitutive ethylene response results in premature synergid disintegration. This indicates that the requirement of fertilization for synergid degeneration and associated establishment of a pollen tube block can be bypassed by mimicking a postfertilization ethylene burst. Surprisingly, the persistent synergid in ethylene-hyposensitive plants adopts the molecular profile and cell-cycle regime of the biparental embryo-nourishing tissue, suggesting that ethylene signaling prevents the formation of an asexual maternal endosperm fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Völz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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44
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Dresselhaus T, Franklin-Tong N. Male-female crosstalk during pollen germination, tube growth and guidance, and double fertilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1018-36. [PMID: 23571489 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sperm cells of flowering plants are non-motile and thus require transportation to the egg apparatus via the pollen tube to execute double fertilization. During its journey, the pollen tube interacts with various sporophytic cell types that support its growth and guide it towards the surface of the ovule. The final steps of tube guidance and sperm delivery are controlled by the cells of the female gametophyte. During fertilization, cell-cell communication events take place to achieve and maximize reproductive success. Additional layers of crosstalk exist, including self-recognition and specialized processes to prevent self-fertilization and consequent inbreeding. In this review, we focus on intercellular communication between the pollen grain/pollen tube including the sperm cells with the various sporophytic maternal tissues and the cells of the female gametophyte. Polymorphic-secreted peptides and small proteins, especially those belonging to various subclasses of small cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs), reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NO signaling, and the second messenger Ca(2+), play center stage in most of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Leydon AR, Beale KM, Woroniecka K, Castner E, Chen J, Horgan C, Palanivelu R, Johnson MA. Three MYB transcription factors control pollen tube differentiation required for sperm release. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1209-14. [PMID: 23791732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In flowering plants, immotile sperm cells develop within the pollen grain and are delivered to female gametes by a pollen tube. Upon arrival at the female gametophyte, the pollen tube stops growing and releases sperm cells for successful fertilization. Several female signaling components essential for pollen tube reception have been identified; however, male components remain unknown. We show that the expression of three closely related MYB transcription factors is induced in pollen tubes by growth in the pistil. Pollen tubes lacking these three transcriptional regulators fail to stop growing in synergids, specialized cells flanking the egg cell that attract pollen tubes and degenerate upon pollen tube arrival. myb triple-mutant pollen tubes also fail to release their sperm cargo. We define a suite of pollen tube-expressed genes regulated by these critical MYBs and identify transporters, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and small peptides as candidate molecular mediators of pollen tube-female interactions necessary for flowering plant reproduction. Our data indicate that de novo transcription in the pollen tube nucleus during growth in the pistil leads to pollen tube differentiation required for release of sperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Leydon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Martin MV, Fiol DF, Sundaresan V, Zabaleta EJ, Pagnussat GC. oiwa, a female gametophytic mutant impaired in a mitochondrial manganese-superoxide dismutase, reveals crucial roles for reactive oxygen species during embryo sac development and fertilization in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1573-91. [PMID: 23653473 PMCID: PMC3694693 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can function as signaling molecules, regulating key aspects of plant development, or as toxic compounds leading to oxidative damage. In this article, we show that the regulation of ROS production during megagametogenesis is largely dependent on MSD1, a mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase. Wild-type mature embryo sacs show ROS exclusively in the central cell, which appears to be the main source of ROS before pollination. Accordingly, MSD1 shows a complementary expression pattern. MSD1 expression is elevated in the egg apparatus at maturity but is downregulated in the central cell. The oiwa mutants are characterized by high levels of ROS detectable in both the central cell and the micropylar cells. Remarkably, egg apparatus cells in oiwa show central cell features, indicating that high levels of ROS result in the expression of central cell characteristic genes. Notably, ROS are detected in synergid cells after pollination. This ROS burst depends on stigma pollination but precedes fertilization, suggesting that embryo sacs sense the imminent arrival of pollen tubes and respond by generating an oxidative environment. Altogether, we show that ROS play a crucial role during female gametogenesis and fertilization. MSD1 activity seems critical for maintaining ROS localization and important for embryo sac patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Diego Fernando Fiol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Venkatesan Sundaresan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Eduardo Julián Zabaleta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Address correspondence to
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PiSCP1 and PiCDPK2 Localize to Peroxisomes and Are Involved in Pollen Tube Growth in Petunia Inflata. PLANTS 2013; 2:72-86. [PMID: 27137367 PMCID: PMC4844289 DOI: 10.3390/plants2010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Petunia inflata small CDPK-interacting protein 1 (PiSCP1) was identified as a pollen expressed PiCDPK1 interacting protein using the yeast two hybrid system and the interaction confirmed using pull-down and phosphorylation assays. PiSCP1 is pollen specific and shares amino acid homology with uncharacterized proteins from diverse species of higher plants, but no protein of known function. Expression of PiSCP1-GFP in vivo inhibited pollen tube growth and was shown to localize to peroxisomes in growing pollen tubes. As PiCDPK1 is plasma membrane localized, we investigated the localization of a second isoform, PiCDPK2, and show that it co-localizes to peroxisomes with PiSCP1 and that the two proteins interact in the yeast 2 hybrid interaction assay, suggesting that interaction with the latter CDPK isoform is likely the one of biological relevance. Both PiCDPK2 and PiSCP1 affect pollen tube growth, presumably by mediating peroxisome function, however how they do so is currently not clear.
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48
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León J. Role of plant peroxisomes in the production of jasmonic acid-based signals. Subcell Biochem 2013; 69:299-313. [PMID: 23821155 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6889-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are a family of oxylipins derived from linolenic acid that control plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors and also regulate plant growth and development. Jasmonic acid (JA) is synthesized through the octadecanoid pathway that involves the translocation of lipid intermediates from the chloroplast membranes to the cytoplasm and later on into peroxisomes. The peroxisomal steps of the pathway involve the reduction of cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA) and dinor-OPDA, which are the final products of the choroplastic phase of the biosynthetic pathway acting on 18:3 and 16:3 fatty acids, respectively. Further shortening of the carbon side-chain by successive rounds of β-oxidation reactions are required to complete JA biosynthesis. After peroxisomal reactions are completed, (+)-7-iso-JA is synthesized and then transported to the cytoplasm where is conjugated to the amino acid isoleucine to form the bioactive form of the hormone (+)-7-iso-JA-Ile (JA-Ile). Further regulatory activity of JA-Ile triggering gene activation in the jasmonate-dependent signaling cascades is exerted through a process mediated by the perception via the E3 ubiquitin ligase COI1 and further ligand-activated interaction with the family of JAZ repressor proteins. Upon interaction, JAZ are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome, thus releasing transcription factors such as MYC2 from repression and allowing the activation of JA-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain,
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Lindner H, Müller LM, Boisson-Dernier A, Grossniklaus U. CrRLK1L receptor-like kinases: not just another brick in the wall. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:659-69. [PMID: 22884521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, receptor-like kinases regulate many processes during reproductive and vegetative development. The Arabidopsis subfamily of Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinases (CrRLK1Ls) comprises 17 members with a putative extracellular carbohydrate-binding malectin-like domain. Only little is known about the functions of these proteins, although mutant analyses revealed a role during cell elongation, polarized growth, and fertilization. However, the molecular nature of the underlying signal transduction cascades remains largely unknown. CrRLK1L proteins are also involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. It is likely that carbohydrate-rich ligands transmit a signal, which could originate from cell wall components, an arriving pollen tube, or a pathogen attack. Thus, post-translational modifications could be crucial for CrRLK1L signal transduction and ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Lindner
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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Genetic dissection of peroxisome-associated matrix protein degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2012; 193:125-41. [PMID: 23150599 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.146100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles that sequester certain metabolic pathways; many of these pathways generate H(2)O(2), which can damage proteins. However, little is known about how damaged or obsolete peroxisomal proteins are degraded. We exploit developmentally timed peroxisomal content remodeling in Arabidopsis thaliana to elucidate peroxisome-associated protein degradation. Isocitrate lyase (ICL) is a peroxisomal glyoxylate cycle enzyme necessary for early seedling development. A few days after germination, photosynthesis begins and ICL is degraded. We previously found that ICL is stabilized when a peroxisome-associated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and its membrane anchor are both mutated, suggesting that matrix proteins might exit the peroxisome for ubiquitin-dependent cytosolic degradation. To identify additional components needed for peroxisome-associated matrix protein degradation, we mutagenized a line expressing GFP-ICL, which is degraded similarly to endogenous ICL, and identified persistent GFP-ICL fluorescence (pfl) mutants. We found three pfl mutants that were defective in PEROXIN14 (PEX14/At5g62810), which encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein that assists in importing proteins into the peroxisome matrix, indicating that proteins must enter the peroxisome for efficient degradation. One pfl mutant was missing the peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase encoded by the PEROXISOME DEFECTIVE1 (PED1/At2g33150) gene, suggesting that peroxisomal metabolism influences the rate of matrix protein degradation. Finally, one pfl mutant that displayed normal matrix protein import carried a novel lesion in PEROXIN6 (PEX6/At1g03000), which encodes a peroxisome-tethered ATPase that is involved in recycling matrix protein receptors back to the cytosol. The isolation of pex6-2 as a pfl mutant supports the hypothesis that matrix proteins can exit the peroxisome for cytosolic degradation.
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