1
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Yoshii T, Saito A, Yokosako T. A four-oscillator model of seasonally adapted morning and evening activities in Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:527-534. [PMID: 37217625 PMCID: PMC11226490 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster exhibits two activity peaks, one in the morning and another in the evening. Because the two peaks change phase depending on the photoperiod they are exposed to, they are convenient for studying responses of the circadian clock to seasonal changes. To explain the phase determination of the two peaks, Drosophila researchers have employed the two-oscillator model, in which two oscillators control the two peaks. The two oscillators reside in different subsets of neurons in the brain, which express clock genes, the so-called clock neurons. However, the mechanism underlying the activity of the two peaks is complex and requires a new model for mechanistic exploration. Here, we hypothesize a four-oscillator model that controls the bimodal rhythms. The four oscillators that reside in different clock neurons regulate activity in the morning and evening and sleep during the midday and at night. In this way, bimodal rhythms are formed by interactions among the four oscillators (two activity and two sleep oscillators), which may judiciously explain the flexible waveform of activity rhythms under different photoperiod conditions. Although still hypothetical, this model would provide a new perspective on the seasonal adaptation of the two activity peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Aika Saito
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yokosako
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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2
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Chaturvedi R, Emery P. Fly into tranquility: GABA's role in Drosophila sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101219. [PMID: 38848811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is conserved across the animal kingdom, and Drosophila melanogaster is a prime model to understand its intricate circadian and homeostatic control. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a central role in sleep. This review delves into GABA's complex mechanisms of actions within Drosophila's sleep-regulating neural networks. We discuss how GABA promotes sleep, both by inhibiting circadian arousal neurons and by being a key neurotransmitter in sleep homeostatic circuits. GABA's impact on sleep is modulated by glia through astrocytic GABA recapture and metabolism. Interestingly, GABA can be coexpressed with other neurotransmitters in sleep-regulating neurons, which likely contributes to context-based sleep plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Chaturvedi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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3
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Yano J, Nave C, Larratt K, Honey P, Roberts M, Jingco C, Fung ML, Trotter D, He X, Elezi G, Whitelegge JP, Wasserman S, Donlea JM. Elevated sleep quota in a stress-resilient Drosophila species. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2487-2501.e3. [PMID: 38772361 PMCID: PMC11163955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is broadly conserved across the animal kingdom but can vary widely between species. It is currently unclear which selective pressures and regulatory mechanisms influence differences in sleep between species. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a successful model system for examining sleep regulation and function, but little is known about the sleep patterns in many related fly species. Here, we find that fly species with adaptations to extreme desert environments, including D. mojavensis, exhibit strong increases in baseline sleep compared with D. melanogaster. Long-sleeping D. mojavensis show intact homeostasis, indicating that desert flies carry an elevated drive for sleep. In addition, D. mojavensis exhibit altered abundance or distribution of several sleep/wake-related neuromodulators and neuropeptides that are consistent with their reduced locomotor activity and increased sleep. Finally, we find that in a nutrient-deprived environment, the sleep patterns of individual D. mojavensis are strongly correlated with their survival time and that disrupting sleep via constant light stimulation renders D. mojavensis more sensitive to starvation. Our results demonstrate that D. mojavensis is a novel model for studying organisms with high sleep drive and for exploring sleep strategies that provide resilience in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ceazar Nave
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Larratt
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Phia Honey
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Makayla Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cassandra Jingco
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melanie L Fung
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damion Trotter
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gazmend Elezi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sara Wasserman
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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4
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Peng D, Zheng L, Liu D, Han C, Wang X, Yang Y, Song L, Zhao M, Wei Y, Li J, Ye X, Wei Y, Feng Z, Huang X, Chen M, Gou Y, Xue Y, Zhang L. Large-language models facilitate discovery of the molecular signatures regulating sleep and activity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3685. [PMID: 38693116 PMCID: PMC11063160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep, locomotor and social activities are essential animal behaviors, but their reciprocal relationships and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we elicit information from a cutting-edge large-language model (LLM), generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) 3.5, which interprets 10.2-13.8% of Drosophila genes known to regulate the 3 behaviors. We develop an instrument for simultaneous video tracking of multiple moving objects, and conduct a genome-wide screen. We have identified 758 fly genes that regulate sleep and activities, including mre11 which regulates sleep only in the presence of conspecifics, and NELF-B which regulates sleep regardless of whether conspecifics are present. Based on LLM-reasoning, an educated signal web is modeled for understanding of potential relationships between its components, presenting comprehensive molecular signatures that control sleep, locomotor and social activities. This LLM-aided strategy may also be helpful for addressing other complex scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Liubin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Cheng Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Li Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Miaoying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yanfeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yuxiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Zihao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Xinhe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yujie Gou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
- Nanjing University Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210031, China.
| | - Luoying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.
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5
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Rodan AR. Circadian Rhythm Regulation by Pacemaker Neuron Chloride Oscillation in Flies. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38411570 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior sync organisms to external environmental cycles. Here, circadian oscillation in intracellular chloride in central pacemaker neurons of the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is reviewed. Intracellular chloride links SLC12 cation-coupled chloride transporter function with kinase signaling and the regulation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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6
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Tabuchi M. Dynamic neuronal instability generates synaptic plasticity and behavior: Insights from Drosophila sleep. Neurosci Res 2024; 198:1-7. [PMID: 37385545 PMCID: PMC11033711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
How do neurons encode the information that underlies cognition, internal states, and behavior? This review focuses on the neural circuit mechanisms underlying sleep in Drosophila and, to illustrate the power of addressing neural coding in this system, highlights a specific circuit mediating the circadian regulation of sleep quality. This circuit exhibits circadian cycling of sleep quality, which depends solely on the pattern (not the rate) of spiking. During the night, the stability of spike waveforms enhances the reliability of spike timing in these neurons to promote sleep quality. During the day, instability of the spike waveforms leads to uncertainty of spike timing, which remarkably produces synaptic plasticity to induce arousal. Investigation of the molecular and biophysical basis of these changes was greatly facilitated by its study in Drosophila, revealing direct connections between genes, molecules, spike biophysical properties, neural codes, synaptic plasticity, and behavior. Furthermore, because these patterns of neural activity change with aging, this model system holds promise for understanding the interplay between the circadian clock, aging, and sleep quality. It is proposed here that neurophysiological investigations of the Drosophila brain present an exceptional opportunity to tackle some of the most challenging questions related to neural coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tabuchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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7
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Brown EB, Zhang J, Lloyd E, Lanzon E, Botero V, Tomchik S, Keene AC. Neurofibromin 1 mediates sleep depth in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011049. [PMID: 38091360 PMCID: PMC10763969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural regulation of sleep and metabolic homeostasis are critical in many aspects of human health. Despite extensive epidemiological evidence linking sleep dysregulation with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, little is known about the neural and molecular basis for the integration of sleep and metabolic function. The RAS GTPase-activating gene Neurofibromin (Nf1) has been implicated in the regulation of sleep and metabolic rate, raising the possibility that it serves to integrate these processes, but the effects on sleep consolidation and physiology remain poorly understood. A key hallmark of sleep depth in mammals and flies is a reduction in metabolic rate during sleep. Here, we examine multiple measures of sleep quality to determine the effects of Nf1 on sleep-dependent changes in arousal threshold and metabolic rate. Flies lacking Nf1 fail to suppress metabolic rate during sleep, raising the possibility that loss of Nf1 prevents flies from integrating sleep and metabolic state. Sleep of Nf1 mutant flies is fragmented with a reduced arousal threshold in Nf1 mutants, suggesting Nf1 flies fail to enter deep sleep. The effects of Nf1 on sleep can be localized to a subset of neurons expressing the GABAA receptor Rdl. Sleep loss has been associated with changes in gut homeostasis in flies and mammals. Selective knockdown of Nf1 in Rdl-expressing neurons within the nervous system increases gut permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gut, raising the possibility that loss of sleep quality contributes to gut dysregulation. Together, these findings suggest Nf1 acts in GABA-sensitive neurons to modulate sleep depth in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Brown
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Evan Lloyd
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lanzon
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valentina Botero
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Seth Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alex C. Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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8
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Rodrigues NR, Macedo GE, Martins IK, Vieira PDB, Kich KG, Posser T, Franco JL. Sleep disturbance induces a modulation of clock gene expression and alters metabolism regulation in drosophila. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114334. [PMID: 37595818 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are catching attention worldwide as they can induce dyshomeostasis and health issues in all animals, including humans. Circadian rhythms are biological 24-hour cycles that influence physiology and behavior in all living organisms. Sleep is a crucial resting state for survival and is under the control of circadian rhythms. Studies have shown the influence of sleep on various pathological conditions, including metabolic diseases; however, the biological mechanisms involving the circadian clock, sleep, and metabolism regulation are not well understood. In previous work, we standardized a sleep disturbance protocol and, observed that short-time sleep deprivation and sleep-pattern alteration induce homeostatic sleep regulation, locomotor deficits, and increase oxidative stress. Now, we investigated the relationship between these alterations with the circadian clock and energetic metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the circadian clock and drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) genes and metabolic markers glucose, triglycerides, and glycogen in fruit flies subjected to short-term sleep disruption protocols. The sleep disturbance altered the expression of clock genes and DILPs genes expression, and modulated glucose, triglycerides, and glycogen levels. Moreover, we demonstrated changes in mTor/dFoxo genes, AKT phosphorylation, and dopamine levels in nocturnal light-exposed flies. Thus, our results suggest a connection between clock genes and metabolism disruption as a consequence of sleep disruption, demonstrating the importance of sleep quality in health maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathane Rosa Rodrigues
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Giulianna Echeverria Macedo
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Illana Kemmerich Martins
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Karen Gomes Kich
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Thaís Posser
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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9
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Li H, Aboudhiaf S, Parrot S, Scote-Blachon C, Benetollo C, Lin JS, Seugnet L. Pallidin function in Drosophila surface glia regulates sleep and is dependent on amino acid availability. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113025. [PMID: 37682712 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pallidin protein is a central subunit of a multimeric complex called biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC1) that regulates specific endosomal functions and has been linked to schizophrenia. We show here that downregulation of Pallidin and other members of BLOC1 in the surface glia, the Drosophila equivalent of the blood-brain barrier, reduces and delays nighttime sleep in a circadian-clock-dependent manner. In agreement with BLOC1 involvement in amino acid transport, downregulation of the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-like transporters JhI-21 and mnd, as well as of TOR (target of rapamycin) amino acid signaling, phenocopy Pallidin knockdown. Furthermore, supplementing food with leucine normalizes the sleep/wake phenotypes of Pallidin downregulation, and we identify a role for Pallidin in the subcellular trafficking of JhI-21. Finally, we provide evidence that Pallidin in surface glia is required for GABAergic neuronal activity. These data identify a BLOC1 function linking essential amino acid availability and GABAergic sleep/wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Sami Aboudhiaf
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Sandrine Parrot
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, NeuroDialyTics Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Céline Scote-Blachon
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GenCyTi Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Claire Benetollo
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GenCyTi Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France.
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10
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Kobayashi R, Nakane S, Tomita J, Funato H, Yanagisawa M, Kume K. A phosphorylation-deficient mutant of Sik3, a homolog of Sleepy, alters circadian sleep regulation by PDF neurons in Drosophila. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1181555. [PMID: 37662102 PMCID: PMC10469759 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1181555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep behavior has been observed from non-vertebrates to humans. Sleepy mutation in mice resulted in a notable increase in sleep and was identified as an exon-skipping mutation of the salt-inducible kinase 3 (Sik3) gene, conserved among animals. The skipped exon includes a serine residue that is phosphorylated by protein kinase A. Overexpression of a mutant gene with the conversion of this serine into alanine (Sik3-SA) increased sleep in both mice and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. However, the mechanism by which Sik3-SA increases sleep remains unclear. Here, we found that Sik3-SA overexpression in all neurons increased sleep under both light-dark (LD) conditions and constant dark (DD) conditions in Drosophila. Additionally, overexpression of Sik3-SA only in PDF neurons, which are a cluster of clock neurons regulating the circadian rhythm, increased sleep during subjective daytime while decreasing the amplitude of circadian rhythm. Furthermore, suppressing Sik3-SA overexpression specifically in PDF neurons in flies overexpressing Sik3-SA in all neurons reversed the sleep increase during subjective daytime. These results indicate that Sik3-SA alters the circadian function of PDF neurons and leads to an increase in sleep during subjective daytime under constant dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riho Kobayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shin Nakane
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Tomita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Jia ZQ, Zhang SG, Wang Y, Pan JH, Liu FF, Zhan EL, Fouad EA, Fu YL, Pan QR, Zhao CQ. Physiological Function of RDL1 and RDL2 Subunits of the Ionotropic GABA Receptor in the Spodoptera litura with the CRISPR/Cas9 System In Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11875-11883. [PMID: 37490029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In insect ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (iGABAR) subunits, only resistance to dieldrin (RDL) can be individually and functionally expressed in vitro. In lepidopteran, two to three RDL subtypes are identified; however, their physiological roles have not been distinguished in vivo. In this study, SlRdl1 and SlRdl2 of S. litura were individually knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9, respectively. The mortality and larval and pupal duration of KOSlRdl1 and KOSlRdl2 were increased. The flight time and distance were increased by 43.30%-80.66% and 58.96%-198.22%, respectively, in KOSlRdl1. The GABA-induced current was significantly decreased by 53.57%-74.28% and 46.91%-63.34% in the ventral nerve cord, and the GABA titer was significantly reduced by 17.65%-28.05% and 19.85%-42.46% in KOSlRdl1 and KOSlRdl2, respectively. In conclusion, SlRdl1 and SlRdl2 are necessary for the transmission of GABA-induced neural signals; however, only SlRdl1 could regulate the flight capability of S. litura. Our results provided a new avenue to study lepidopteran iGABARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Qiang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Su Gui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jun Heng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Fei Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - En Ling Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Eman Atef Fouad
- Department of Bioassay, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ya Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qi Rui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Chun Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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Yano J, Nave C, Larratt K, Honey P, Jingco C, Roberts M, Trotter D, He X, Elezi G, Whitelegge JP, Wasserman S, Donlea JM. Elevated sleep need in a stress-resilient Drosophila species. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.27.542279. [PMID: 37292829 PMCID: PMC10245952 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.27.542279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is broadly conserved across the animal kingdom, but can vary widely between species. It is currently unclear which types of selective pressures and sleep regulatory mechanisms influence differences in sleep between species. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a successful model system for examining sleep regulation and function, but little is known about the sleep patterns and need for sleep in many related fly species. Here, we find that Drosophila mojavensis, a fly species that has adapted to extreme desert environments, exhibits strong increases in sleep compared to D. melanogaster. Long-sleeping D. mojavensis show intact sleep homeostasis, indicating that these flies carry an elevated need for sleep. In addition, D. mojavensis exhibit altered abundance or distribution of several sleep/wake related neuromodulators and neuropeptides that are consistent with their reduced locomotor activity, and increased sleep. Finally, we find that in a nutrient-deprived environment, the sleep responses of individual D. mojavensis are correlated with their survival time. Our results demonstrate that D. mojavensis is a novel model for studying organisms with high sleep need, and for exploring sleep strategies that provide resilience in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ceazar Nave
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Larratt
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Phia Honey
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Cassandra Jingco
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Makayla Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damion Trotter
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gazmend Elezi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sara Wasserman
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Roach ST, Ford MC, Simhambhatla V, Loutrianakis V, Farah H, Li Z, Periandri EM, Abdalla D, Huang I, Kalra A, Shaw PJ. Sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation, and social jet lag increase temperature preference in Drosophila. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1175478. [PMID: 37274220 PMCID: PMC10237294 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1175478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that sleep deprivation substantially affects the way animals regulate their body temperature, the specific mechanisms behind this phenomenon are not well understood. In both mammals and flies, neural circuits regulating sleep and thermoregulation overlap, suggesting an interdependence that may be relevant for sleep function. To investigate this relationship further, we exposed flies to 12 h of sleep deprivation, or 48 h of sleep fragmentation and evaluated temperature preference in a thermal gradient. Flies exposed to 12 h of sleep deprivation chose warmer temperatures after sleep deprivation. Importantly, sleep fragmentation, which prevents flies from entering deeper stages of sleep, but does not activate sleep homeostatic mechanisms nor induce impairments in short-term memory also resulted in flies choosing warmer temperatures. To identify the underlying neuronal circuits, we used RNAi to knock down the receptor for Pigment dispersing factor, a peptide that influences circadian rhythms, temperature preference and sleep. Expressing UAS-PdfrRNAi in subsets of clock neurons prevented sleep fragmentation from increasing temperature preference. Finally, we evaluated temperature preference after flies had undergone a social jet lag protocol which is known to disrupt clock neurons. In this protocol, flies experience a 3 h light phase delay on Friday followed by a 3 h light advance on Sunday evening. Flies exposed to social jet lag exhibited an increase in temperature preference which persisted for several days. Our findings identify specific clock neurons that are modulated by sleep disruption to increase temperature preference. Moreover, our data indicate that temperature preference may be a more sensitive indicator of sleep disruption than learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Tanner Roach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Melanie C. Ford
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vikram Simhambhatla
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vasilios Loutrianakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hamza Farah
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Erica M. Periandri
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dina Abdalla
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Irene Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Arjan Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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14
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Au DD, Liu JC, Park SJ, Nguyen TH, Dimalanta M, Foden AJ, Holmes TC. Drosophila photoreceptor systems converge in arousal neurons and confer light responsive robustness. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1160353. [PMID: 37274190 PMCID: PMC10235467 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1160353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lateral ventral neurons (LNvs) in the fly circadian neural circuit mediate behaviors other than clock resetting, including light-activated acute arousal. Converging sensory inputs often confer functional redundancy. The LNvs have three distinct light input pathways: (1) cell autonomously expressed cryptochrome (CRY), (2) rhodopsin 7 (Rh7), and (3) synaptic inputs from the eyes and other external photoreceptors that express opsins and CRY. We explored the relative photoelectrical and behavioral input contributions of these three photoreceptor systems to determine their functional impact in flies. Patch-clamp electrophysiology measuring light evoked firing frequency (FF) was performed on large LNvs (l-LNvs) in response to UV (365 nm), violet (405 nm), blue (450 nm), or red (635 nm) LED light stimulation, testing controls versus mutants that lack photoreceptor inputs gl60j, cry-null, rh7-null, and double mutant gl60j-cry-null flies. For UV, violet, and blue short wavelength light inputs, all photoreceptor mutants show significantly attenuated action potential FF responses measured in the l-LNv. In contrast, red light FF responses are only significantly attenuated in double mutant gl60j-cry-null flies. We used a light-pulse arousal assay to compare behavioral responses to UV, violet, blue and red light of control and light input mutants, measuring the awakening arousal response of flies during subjective nighttime at two different intensities to capture potential threshold differences (10 and 400 μW/cm2). The light arousal behavioral results are similar to the electrophysiological results, showing significant attenuation of behavioral light responses for mutants compared to control. These results show that the different LNv convergent photoreceptor systems are integrated and together confer functional redundancy for light evoked behavioral arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Au
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jenny C. Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Soo Jee Park
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thanh H. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mia Dimalanta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alexander J. Foden
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Todd C. Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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15
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Hou QQ, Huang QT, Xu Q, Zhou C, Du YY, Ji YF, Xu ZP, Cheng JG, Zhao CQ, Li Z, Shao XS. Synthesis and activity-detection of photoswitchable ligands with fipronil to insect. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1086-1093. [PMID: 36334017 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor (GABAR) in an insect is the major inhibitory receptor and is one of the most important targets for insecticides. Due to the high spatiotemporal resolution of GABAR, the photopharmacological ligands acting on it in vertebrates but not insect have been developed. RESULTS In this study, two types of photochromic ligands (PCLs) including DTFIPs (DTFIP1 and DTFIP2) and ABFIPs (p-, m-, and o-ABFIP) were synthesized by incorporating photoswitch azobenzene or dithienylethene into fipronil (FIP), which is the antagonist of insect GABAR. Their photomodulation was measured by mosquito larval behavior, and their potential action mechanism was explored by the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique in vitro. DTFIP1 and m-ABFIP exhibited the most significant difference of insecticidal activity by about 90- and 5-fold to mosquito larvae between non-irradiated and irradiated formation, respectively, and allowed for optical control of mosquito swimming activity. TEVC assay results indicated that m-ABFIP and DTFIP1 enable optical control over the homomeric LsRDL-type GABAR, which is achieved by regulating the chloride channel of resistance to dieldrin (RDL)-type GABAR by photoisomerization. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that PCLs synthesized from fipronil provide an alternative and precise tool for studying insect ionotropic GABARs and GABA-dependent behavior. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Tang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yao Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fan Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Gao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Sheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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16
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Damulewicz M, Tyszka A, Pyza E. Light exposure during development affects physiology of adults in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1008154. [PMID: 36505068 PMCID: PMC9732085 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of most important factors synchronizing organisms to day/night cycles in the environment. In Drosophila it is received through compound eyes, Hofbauer-Buchner eyelet, ocelli, using phospholipase C-dependent phototransduction and by deep brain photoreceptors, like Cryptochrome. Even a single light pulse during early life induces larval-time memory, which synchronizes the circadian clock and maintains daily rhythms in adult flies. In this study we investigated several processes in adult flies after maintaining their embryos, larvae and pupae in constant darkness (DD) until eclosion. We found that the lack of external light during development affects sleep time, by reduction of night sleep, and in effect shift to the daytime. However, disruption of internal CRY- dependent photoreception annuls this effect. We also observed changes in the expression of genes encoding neurotransmitters and their receptors between flies kept in different light regime. In addition, the lack of light during development results in decreasing size of mushroom bodies, involved in sleep regulation. Taking together, our results show that presence of light during early life plays a key role in brain development and affects adult behavior.
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17
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Inami S, Sato T, Sakai T. Circadian Neuropeptide-Expressing Clock Neurons as Regulators of Long-Term Memory: Molecular and Cellular Perspectives. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:934222. [PMID: 35909447 PMCID: PMC9326319 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.934222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (Pdf) is critically involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in various insects. The function of Pdf in circadian rhythms has been best studied in the fruitfly, i.e., Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila Pdf is produced in a small subset of circadian clock neurons in the adult brain and functions as a circadian output signal. Recently, however, Pdf has been shown to play important roles not only in regulating circadian rhythms but also in innate and learned behaviors in Drosophila. In this mini-review, we will focus on the current findings that Pdf signaling and Pdf-producing neurons are essential for consolidating and maintaining long-term memory induced by the courtship conditioning in Drosophila and discuss the mechanisms of courtship memory processing through Pdf-producing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Show Inami
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tomohito Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaomi Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takaomi Sakai
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18
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Andreani T, Rosensweig C, Sisobhan S, Ogunlana E, Kath W, Allada R. Circadian programming of the ellipsoid body sleep homeostat in Drosophila. eLife 2022; 11:e74327. [PMID: 35735904 PMCID: PMC9270026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic and circadian processes collaborate to appropriately time and consolidate sleep and wake. To understand how these processes are integrated, we scheduled brief sleep deprivation at different times of day in Drosophila and find elevated morning rebound compared to evening. These effects depend on discrete morning and evening clock neurons, independent of their roles in circadian locomotor activity. In the R5 ellipsoid body sleep homeostat, we identified elevated morning expression of activity dependent and presynaptic gene expression as well as the presynaptic protein BRUCHPILOT consistent with regulation by clock circuits. These neurons also display elevated calcium levels in response to sleep loss in the morning, but not the evening consistent with the observed time-dependent sleep rebound. These studies reveal the circuit and molecular mechanisms by which discrete circadian clock neurons program a homeostatic sleep center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Andreani
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Clark Rosensweig
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Shiju Sisobhan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Emmanuel Ogunlana
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - William Kath
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
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19
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Liu Z, Jiang L, Li C, Li C, Yang J, Yu J, Mao R, Rao Y. LKB1 Is Physiologically Required for Sleep from Drosophila melanogaster to the Mus musculus. Genetics 2022; 221:6586797. [PMID: 35579349 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) is known as a master kinase for 14 kinases related to the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Two of them salt inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) and AMPKα have previously been implicated in sleep regulation. We generated loss-of-function (LOF) mutants for Lkb1 in both Drosophila and mice. Sleep, but not circadian rhythms, was reduced in Lkb1-mutant flies and in flies with neuronal deletion of Lkb1. Genetic interactions between Lkb1 and Threonine to Alanine mutation at residue 184 of AMPK in Drosophila sleep or those between Lkb1 and Threonine to Glutamic Acid mutation at residue 196 of SIK3 in Drosophila viability have been observed. Sleep was reduced in mice after virally mediated reduction of Lkb1 in the brain. Electroencephalography (EEG) analysis showed that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and sleep need were both reduced in Lkb1-mutant mice. These results indicate that LKB1 plays a physiological role in sleep regulation conserved from flies to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Lifen Jiang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaoyi Li
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengang Li
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jingqun Yang
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Renbo Mao
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
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20
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Chaturvedi R, Stork T, Yuan C, Freeman MR, Emery P. Astrocytic GABA transporter controls sleep by modulating GABAergic signaling in Drosophila circadian neurons. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1895-1908.e5. [PMID: 35303417 PMCID: PMC9090989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A precise balance between sleep and wakefulness is essential to sustain a good quality of life and optimal brain function. GABA is known to play a key and conserved role in sleep control, and GABAergic tone should, therefore, be tightly controlled in sleep circuits. Here, we examined the role of the astrocytic GABA transporter (GAT) in sleep regulation using Drosophila melanogaster. We found that a hypomorphic gat mutation (gat33-1) increased sleep amount, decreased sleep latency, and increased sleep consolidation at night. Interestingly, sleep defects were suppressed when gat33-1 was combined with a mutation disrupting wide-awake (wake), a gene that regulates the cell-surface levels of the GABAA receptor resistance to dieldrin (RDL) in the wake-promoting large ventral lateral neurons (l-LNvs). Moreover, RNAi knockdown of rdl and its modulators dnlg4 and wake in these circadian neurons also suppressed gat33-1 sleep phenotypes. Brain immunohistochemistry showed that GAT-expressing astrocytes were located near RDL-positive l-LNv cell bodies and dendritic processes. We concluded that astrocytic GAT decreases GABAergic tone and RDL activation in arousal-promoting LNvs, thus determining proper sleep amount and quality in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Chaturvedi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tobias Stork
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Chunyan Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Marc R Freeman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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21
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Chen SL, Liu BT, Lee WP, Liao SB, Deng YB, Wu CL, Ho SM, Shen BX, Khoo GH, Shiu WC, Chang CH, Shih HW, Wen JK, Lan TH, Lin CC, Tsai YC, Tzeng HF, Fu TF. WAKE-mediated modulation of cVA perception via a hierarchical neuro-endocrine axis in Drosophila male-male courtship behaviour. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2518. [PMID: 35523813 PMCID: PMC9076693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate with each other to closely influence physiological and behavioural responses in animals. Here we show that WAKE (encoded by wide awake, also known as wake) modulates membrane levels of GABAA receptor Resistance to Dieldrin (Rdl), in insulin-producing cells of adult male Drosophila melanogaster. This results in changes to secretion of insulin-like peptides which is associated with changes in juvenile hormone biosynthesis in the corpus allatum, which in turn leads to a decrease in 20-hydroxyecdysone levels. A reduction in ecdysone signalling changes neural architecture and lowers the perception of the male-specific sex pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate by odorant receptor 67d olfactory neurons. These finding explain why WAKE-deficient in Drosophila elicits significant male-male courtship behaviour. The authors show that the Drosophila master regulator WAKE modulates the secretion of insulin-like peptides, triggering a decrease in 20-hydroxyecdysone levels. This lowers the perception of a male-specific sex pheromone and explains why WAKE-deficient Drosophila flies show male-male courtship behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ting Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Pao Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Bo Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Bang Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shuk-Man Ho
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Xian Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hock Khoo
- Department of Life Science and Life Science Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiang Shiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Life Science and Life Science Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Shih
- Department of Life Science and Life Science Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Kun Wen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsuo-Hung Lan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Nantou, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Tsai
- Department of Life Science and Life Science Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Feng Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan.
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22
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Eick AK, Ogueta M, Buhl E, Hodge JJL, Stanewsky R. The opposing chloride cotransporters KCC and NKCC control locomotor activity in constant light and during long days. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1420-1428.e4. [PMID: 35303416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cation chloride cotransporters (CCCs) regulate intracellular chloride ion concentration ([Cl-]i) within neurons, which can reverse the direction of the neuronal response to the neurotransmitter GABA.1 Na+ K+ Cl- (NKCC) and K+ Cl- (KCC) cotransporters transport Cl- into or out of the cell, respectively. When NKCC activity dominates, the resulting high [Cl-]i can lead to an excitatory and depolarizing response of the neuron upon GABAA receptor opening, while KCC dominance has the opposite effect.1 This inhibitory-to-excitatory GABA switch has been linked to seasonal adaption of circadian clock function to changing day length,2-4 and its dysregulation is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as epilepsy.5-8 In Drosophila melanogaster, constant light normally disrupts circadian clock function and leads to arrhythmic behavior.9 Here, we demonstrate a function for CCCs in regulating Drosophila locomotor activity and GABA responses in circadian clock neurons because alteration of CCC expression in circadian clock neurons elicits rhythmic behavior in constant light. We observed the same effects after downregulation of the Wnk and Fray kinases, which modulate CCC activity in a [Cl-]i-dependent manner. Patch-clamp recordings from the large LNv clock neurons show that downregulation of KCC results in a more positive GABA reversal potential, while KCC overexpression has the opposite effect. Finally, KCC and NKCC downregulation reduces or increases morning behavioral activity during long photoperiods, respectively. In summary, our results support a model in which the regulation of [Cl-]i by a KCC/NKCC/Wnk/Fray feedback loop determines the response of clock neurons to GABA, which is important for adjusting behavioral activity to constant light and long-day conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katharina Eick
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maite Ogueta
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Edgar Buhl
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - James J L Hodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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23
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Schellinger JN, Sun Q, Pleinis JM, An SW, Hu J, Mercenne G, Titos I, Huang CL, Rothenfluh A, Rodan AR. Chloride oscillation in pacemaker neurons regulates circadian rhythms through a chloride-sensing WNK kinase signaling cascade. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1429-1438.e6. [PMID: 35303418 PMCID: PMC8972083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Central pacemaker neurons regulate circadian rhythms and undergo diurnal variation in electrical activity in mammals and flies.1,2 Circadian variation in the intracellular chloride concentration of mammalian pacemaker neurons has been proposed to influence the response to GABAergic neurotransmission through GABAA receptor chloride channels.3 However, results have been contradictory,4-9 and a recent study demonstrated circadian variation in pacemaker neuron chloride without an effect on GABA response.10 Therefore, whether and how intracellular chloride regulates circadian rhythms remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate a signaling role for intracellular chloride in the Drosophila small ventral lateral (sLNv) pacemaker neurons. In control flies, intracellular chloride increases in sLNvs over the course of the morning. Chloride transport through sodium-potassium-2-chloride (NKCC) and potassium-chloride (KCC) cotransporters is a major determinant of intracellular chloride concentrations.11Drosophila melanogaster with loss-of-function mutations in the NKCC encoded by Ncc69 have abnormally low intracellular chloride 6 h after lights on, loss of morning anticipation, and a prolonged circadian period. Loss of kcc, which is expected to increase intracellular chloride, suppresses the long-period phenotype of Ncc69 mutant flies. Activation of a chloride-inhibited kinase cascade, consisting of WNK (with no lysine [K]) kinase and its downstream substrate, Fray, is necessary and sufficient to prolong period length. Fray activation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Irk1, is also required for the long-period phenotype. These results indicate that the NKCC-dependent rise in intracellular chloride in Drosophila sLNv pacemakers restrains WNK-Fray signaling and overactivation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel to maintain normal circadian period length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Schellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qifei Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Pleinis
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sung-Wan An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jianrui Hu
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gaëlle Mercenne
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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24
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Consolidation and maintenance of long-term memory involve dual functions of the developmental regulator Apterous in clock neurons and mushroom bodies in the Drosophila brain. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001459. [PMID: 34860826 PMCID: PMC8641882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is initially labile but can be consolidated into stable long-term memory (LTM) that is stored in the brain for extended periods. Despite recent progress, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the intriguing neurobiological processes of LTM remain incompletely understood. Using the Drosophila courtship conditioning assay as a memory paradigm, here, we show that the LIM homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factor Apterous (Ap), which is known to regulate various developmental events, is required for both the consolidation and maintenance of LTM. Interestingly, Ap is involved in these 2 memory processes through distinct mechanisms in different neuronal subsets in the adult brain. Ap and its cofactor Chip (Chi) are indispensable for LTM maintenance in the Drosophila memory center, the mushroom bodies (MBs). On the other hand, Ap plays a crucial role in memory consolidation in a Chi-independent manner in pigment dispersing factor (Pdf)-containing large ventral–lateral clock neurons (l-LNvs) that modulate behavioral arousal and sleep. Since disrupted neurotransmission and electrical silencing in clock neurons impair memory consolidation, Ap is suggested to contribute to the stabilization of memory by ensuring the excitability of l-LNvs. Indeed, ex vivo imaging revealed that a reduced function of Ap, but not Chi, results in exaggerated Cl− responses to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in l-LNvs, indicating that wild-type (WT) Ap maintains high l-LNv excitability by suppressing the GABA response. Consistently, enhancing the excitability of l-LNvs by knocking down GABAA receptors compensates for the impaired memory consolidation in ap null mutants. Overall, our results revealed unique dual functions of the developmental regulator Ap for LTM consolidation in clock neurons and LTM maintenance in MBs. A neurogenetic study using Drosophila reveals that the centrally expressed LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Apterous plays a crucial neuron-type-dependent role in two different memory processes - consolidation and maintenance of long-term memory.
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25
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Hugin + neurons provide a link between sleep homeostat and circadian clock neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111183118. [PMID: 34782479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111183118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, which drive sleep after wakefulness, and a circadian clock, which confers the 24-h rhythm of sleep. These processes interact with each other to control the timing of sleep in a daily cycle as well as following sleep deprivation. However, the mechanisms by which they interact are poorly understood. We show here that hugin + neurons, previously identified as neurons that function downstream of the clock to regulate rhythms of locomotor activity, are also targets of the sleep homeostat. Sleep deprivation decreases activity of hugin + neurons, likely to suppress circadian-driven activity during recovery sleep, and ablation of hugin + neurons promotes sleep increases generated by activation of the homeostatic sleep locus, the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB). Also, mutations in peptides produced by the hugin + locus increase recovery sleep following deprivation. Transsynaptic mapping reveals that hugin + neurons feed back onto central clock neurons, which also show decreased activity upon sleep loss, in a Hugin peptide-dependent fashion. We propose that hugin + neurons integrate circadian and sleep signals to modulate circadian circuitry and regulate the timing of sleep.
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26
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Driscoll M, Buchert SN, Coleman V, McLaughlin M, Nguyen A, Sitaraman D. Compartment specific regulation of sleep by mushroom body requires GABA and dopaminergic signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20067. [PMID: 34625611 PMCID: PMC8501079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental behavioral state important for survival and is universal in animals with sufficiently complex nervous systems. As a highly conserved neurobehavioral state, sleep has been described in species ranging from jellyfish to humans. Biogenic amines like dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine have been shown to be critical for sleep regulation across species but the precise circuit mechanisms underlying how amines control persistence of sleep, arousal and wakefulness remain unclear. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, provides a powerful model system for the study of sleep and circuit mechanisms underlying state transitions and persistence of states to meet the organisms motivational and cognitive needs. In Drosophila, two neuropils in the central brain, the mushroom body (MB) and the central complex (CX) have been shown to influence sleep homeostasis and receive aminergic neuromodulator input critical to sleep–wake switch. Dopamine neurons (DANs) are prevalent neuromodulator inputs to the MB but the mechanisms by which they interact with and regulate sleep- and wake-promoting neurons within MB are unknown. Here we investigate the role of subsets of PAM-DANs that signal wakefulness and project to wake-promoting compartments of the MB. We find that PAM-DANs are GABA responsive and require GABAA-Rdl receptor in regulating sleep. In mapping the pathways downstream of PAM neurons innervating γ5 and β′2 MB compartments we find that wakefulness is regulated by both DopR1 and DopR2 receptors in downstream Kenyon cells (KCs) and mushroom body output neurons (MBONs). Taken together, we have identified and characterized a dopamine modulated sleep microcircuit within the mushroom body that has previously been shown to convey information about positive and negative valence critical for memory formation. These studies will pave way for understanding how flies balance sleep, wakefulness and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Driscoll
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA
| | - Steven N Buchert
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, California State University- East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA, 94542, USA
| | - Victoria Coleman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA
| | - Morgan McLaughlin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA
| | - Amanda Nguyen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA
| | - Divya Sitaraman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA. .,Department of Psychology, College of Science, California State University- East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA, 94542, USA.
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27
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Changes in Locomotor Activity and Oxidative Stress-Related Factors after the Administration of an Amino Acid Mixture by Generation and Age. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189822. [PMID: 34575986 PMCID: PMC8466552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids, as nutrients, are expected to improve sleep disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the generation- and age-dependent sleep-improving effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) coadministration. The differentially expressed genes and generation-related behavior after the administration of a GABA/5-HTP mixture were measured in a Drosophila model, while age-related changes in gene expression and oxidative stress-related parameters were measured in a mouse model. The GABA/5-HTP-treated group showed significant behavioral changes compared to the other groups. Sequencing revealed that the GABA/5-HTP mixture influenced changes in nervous system-related genes, including those involved in the regulation of the expression of behavioral and synaptic genes. Additionally, total sleep time increased with age, and nighttime sleep time in the first- and third-generation flies was significantly different from that of the control groups. The GABA/5-HTP mixture induced significant changes in the expression of sleep-related receptors in both models. Furthermore, the GABA/5-HTP mixture reduced levels of ROS and ROS reaction products in an age-dependent manner. Therefore, the increase in behavioral changes caused by GABA/5-HTP mixture administration was effective in eliminating ROS activity across generations and ages.
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28
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Integrative Role of 14-3-3ε in Sleep Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189748. [PMID: 34575915 PMCID: PMC8467329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a crucial factor for health and survival in all animals. In this study, we found by proteomic analysis that some cancer related proteins were impacted by the circadian clock. The 14-3-3ε protein, expression of which is activated by the circadian transcription factor Clock, regulates adult sleep of Drosophila independent of circadian rhythm. Detailed analysis of the sleep regulatory mechanism shows that 14-3-3ε directly targets the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene to activate transcription of the pigment dispersing factor (PDF). The dopamine receptor (Dop1R1) and the octopamine receptor (Oamb), are also involved in the 14-3-3ε pathway, which in 14-3-3ε mutant flies causes increases in the dopR1 and OAMB, while downregulation of the DopR1 and Oamb can restore the sleep phenotype caused by the 14-3-3ε mutation. In conclusion, 14-3-3ε is necessary for sleep regulation in Drosophila.
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29
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Dai X, Zhou E, Yang W, Mao R, Zhang W, Rao Y. Molecular resolution of a behavioral paradox: sleep and arousal are regulated by distinct acetylcholine receptors in different neuronal types in Drosophila. Sleep 2021; 44:6119684. [PMID: 33493349 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and arousal are both important for animals. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) has long been found to promote both sleep and arousal in mammals, an apparent paradox which has also been found to exist in flies, causing much confusion in understanding sleep and arousal. Here, we have systematically studied all 13 ACh receptors (AChRs) in Drosophila to understand mechanisms underlying ACh function in sleep and arousal. We found that exogenous stimuli-induced arousal was decreased in nAChRα3 mutants, whereas sleep was decreased in nAChRα2 and nAChRβ2 mutants. nAChRα3 functions in dopaminergic neurons to promote exogenous stimuli-induced arousal, whereas nAChRα2 and β2 function in octopaminergic neurons to promote sleep. Our studies have revealed that a single transmitter can promote endogenous sleep and exogenous stimuli-induced arousal through distinct receptors in different types of downstream neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihuimin Dai
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Enxing Zhou
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Renbo Mao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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30
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Daack CW, Yeh D, Busch M, Kliethermes CL. GABAergic regulation of locomotion before and during an ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113369. [PMID: 34015397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol at low doses induces a locomotor stimulant response across a range of phylogenetically diverse species. In rodents, this response is commonly used as an index of ethanol's disinhibitory, anxiolytic, or reinforcing effects, and its expression is regulated by signaling through a number of conserved neurotransmitter systems. In the current experiments, we asked whether ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster might be mediated by ionotropic GABA receptors. We measured basal and ethanol-stimulated locomotion in flies expressing RNAi directed against three known subunits of ionotropic GABA receptors, and also examined the effects of picrotoxin feeding on these behaviors. We found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of a subunit of fly ionotropic GABA receptors, RDL, in all neurons resulted in an increased ethanol-induced locomotor stimulant response, while knockdown of two other subunits, LCCH3 and GRD, did not affect the responses. The effect of pan neuronal RDL knockdown was recapitulated with selective RDL knockdown in cholinergic neurons, and increased ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation was also seen by feeding the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin to flies prior to behavioral testing. However, the increase in ethanol-stimulated locomotion in each of these experiments was largely accounted for by decreased baseline activity. Our results indicate that ionotropic GABA receptors might be a conserved mediator of the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol, but that alternative experimental approaches will be necessary to disentangle effects of GABAergic manipulations on baseline and ethanol-stimulated locomotion in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin W Daack
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
| | - Derek Yeh
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
| | - Marc Busch
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
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31
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Flyer-Adams JG, Rivera-Rodriguez EJ, Yu J, Mardovin JD, Reed ML, Griffith LC. Regulation of Olfactory Associative Memory by the Circadian Clock Output Signal Pigment-Dispersing Factor (PDF). J Neurosci 2020; 40:9066-9077. [PMID: 33106351 PMCID: PMC7673005 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0782-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissociation between the output of the circadian clock and external environmental cues is a major cause of human cognitive dysfunction. While the effects of ablation of the molecular clock on memory have been studied in many systems, little has been done to test the role of specific clock circuit output signals. To address this gap, we examined the effects of mutations of Pigment-dispersing factor (Pdf) and its receptor, Pdfr, on associative memory in male and female Drosophila Loss of PDF signaling significantly decreases the ability to form associative memory. Appetitive short-term memory (STM), which in wild-type (WT) is time-of-day (TOD) independent, is decreased across the day by mutation of Pdf or Pdfr, but more substantially in the morning than in the evening. This defect is because of PDFR expression in adult neurons outside the core clock circuit and the mushroom body (MB) Kenyon cells (KCs). The acquisition of a TOD difference in mutants implies the existence of multiple oscillators that act to normalize memory formation across the day for appetitive processes. Interestingly, aversive STM requires PDF but not PDFR, suggesting that there are valence-specific pathways downstream of PDF that regulate memory formation. These data argue that the circadian clock uses circuit-specific and molecularly diverse output pathways to enhance the ability of animals to optimize responses to changing conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT From humans to invertebrates, cognitive processes are influenced by organisms' internal circadian clocks, the pace of which is linked to the solar cycle. Disruption of this link is increasingly common (e.g., jetlag, social jetlag disorders) and causes cognitive impairments that are costly and long lasting. A detailed understanding of how the internal clock regulates cognition is critical for the development of therapeutic methods. Here, we show for the first time that olfactory associative memory in Drosophila requires signaling by Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), a neuromodulatory signaling peptide produced only by circadian clock circuit neurons. We also find a novel role for the clock circuit in stabilizing appetitive sucrose/odor memory across the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna G Flyer-Adams
- Department of Biology, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Emmanuel J Rivera-Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Junwei Yu
- Department of Biology, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Jacob D Mardovin
- Department of Biology, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Martha L Reed
- Department of Biology, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Leslie C Griffith
- Department of Biology, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
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Dopamine Signaling in Wake-Promoting Clock Neurons Is Not Required for the Normal Regulation of Sleep in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9617-9633. [PMID: 33172977 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1488-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a wake-promoting neuromodulator in mammals and fruit flies. In Drosophila melanogaster, the network of clock neurons that drives sleep/activity cycles comprises both wake-promoting and sleep-promoting cell types. The large ventrolateral neurons (l-LNvs) and small ventrolateral neurons (s-LNvs) have been identified as wake-promoting neurons within the clock neuron network. The l-LNvs are innervated by dopaminergic neurons, and earlier work proposed that dopamine signaling raises cAMP levels in the l-LNvs and thus induces excitatory electrical activity (action potential firing), which results in wakefulness and inhibits sleep. Here, we test this hypothesis by combining cAMP imaging and patch-clamp recordings in isolated brains. We find that dopamine application indeed increases cAMP levels and depolarizes the l-LNvs, but, surprisingly, it does not result in increased firing rates. Downregulation of the excitatory D1-like dopamine receptor (Dop1R1) in the l-LNvs and s-LNvs, but not of Dop1R2, abolished the depolarization of l-LNvs in response to dopamine. This indicates that dopamine signals via Dop1R1 to the l-LNvs. Downregulation of Dop1R1 or Dop1R2 in the l-LNvs and s-LNvs does not affect sleep in males. Unexpectedly, we find a moderate decrease of daytime sleep with downregulation of Dop1R1 and of nighttime sleep with downregulation of Dop1R2. Since the l-LNvs do not use Dop1R2 receptors and the s-LNvs also respond to dopamine, we conclude that the s-LNvs are responsible for the observed decrease in nighttime sleep. In summary, dopamine signaling in the wake-promoting LNvs is not required for daytime arousal, but likely promotes nighttime sleep via the s-LNvs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In insect and mammalian brains, sleep-promoting networks are intimately linked to the circadian clock, and the mechanisms underlying sleep and circadian timekeeping are evolutionarily ancient and highly conserved. Here we show that dopamine, one important sleep modulator in flies and mammals, plays surprisingly complex roles in the regulation of sleep by clock-containing neurons. Dopamine inhibits neurons in a central brain sleep center to promote sleep and excites wake-promoting circadian clock neurons. It is therefore predicted to promote wakefulness through both of these networks. Nevertheless, our results reveal that dopamine acting on wake-promoting clock neurons promotes sleep, revealing a previously unappreciated complexity in the dopaminergic control of sleep.
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He Q, Du J, Wei L, Zhao Z. AKH-FOXO pathway regulates starvation-induced sleep loss through remodeling of the small ventral lateral neuron dorsal projections. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009181. [PMID: 33104699 PMCID: PMC7644095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starvation caused by adverse feeding stresses or food shortages has been reported to result in sleep loss in animals. However, how the starvation signal interacts with the central nervous system is still unknown. Here, the adipokinetic hormone (AKH)-Fork head Box-O (FOXO) pathway is shown to respond to energy change and adjust the sleep of Drosophila through remodeling of the s-LNv (small ventral lateral neurons) dorsal projections. Our results show that starvation prevents flies from going to sleep after the first light-dark transition. The LNvs are required for starvation-induced sleep loss through extension of the pigment dispersing factor (PDF)-containing s-LNv dorsal projections. Further studies reveal that loss of AKH or AKHR (akh receptor) function blocks starvation-induced extension of s-LNv dorsal projections and rescues sleep suppression during food deprivation. FOXO, which has been reported to regulate synapse plasticity of neurons, acts as starvation response factor downstream of AKH, and down regulation of FOXO level considerably alleviates the influence of starvation on s-LNv dorsal projections and sleep. Taking together, our results outline the transduction pathways between starvation signal and sleep, and reveal a novel functional site for sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun He
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liya Wei
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Mazzotta GM, Damulewicz M, Cusumano P. Better Sleep at Night: How Light Influences Sleep in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2020; 11:997. [PMID: 33013437 PMCID: PMC7498665 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep-like states have been described in Drosophila and the mechanisms and factors that generate and define sleep-wake profiles in this model organism are being thoroughly investigated. Sleep is controlled by both circadian and homeostatic mechanisms, and environmental factors such as light, temperature, and social stimuli are fundamental in shaping and confining sleep episodes into the correct time of the day. Among environmental cues, light seems to have a prominent function in modulating the timing of sleep during the 24 h and, in this review, we will discuss the role of light inputs in modulating the distribution of the fly sleep-wake cycles. This phenomenon is of growing interest in the modern society, where artificial light exposure during the night is a common trait, opening the possibility to study Drosophila as a model organism for investigating shift-work disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paola Cusumano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Damulewicz M, Ispizua JI, Ceriani MF, Pyza EM. Communication Among Photoreceptors and the Central Clock Affects Sleep Profile. Front Physiol 2020; 11:993. [PMID: 32848895 PMCID: PMC7431659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the most important factors regulating rhythmical behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. It is received by different photoreceptors and entrains the circadian clock, which controls sleep. The retina is known to be essential for light perception, as it is composed of specialized light-sensitive cells which transmit signal to deeper parts of the brain. In this study we examined the role of specific photoreceptor types and peripheral oscillators located in these cells in the regulation of sleep pattern. We showed that sleep is controlled by the visual system in a very complex way. Photoreceptors expressing Rh1, Rh3 are involved in night-time sleep regulation, while cells expressing Rh5 and Rh6 affect sleep both during the day and night. Moreover, Hofbauer-Buchner (HB) eyelets which can directly contact with s-LN v s and l-LN v s play a wake-promoting function during the day. In addition, we showed that L2 interneurons, which receive signal from R1-6, form direct synaptic contacts with l-LN v s, which provides new light input to the clock network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Juan I. Ispizua
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria F. Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elzbieta M. Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Maurer GW, Malita A, Nagy S, Koyama T, Werge TM, Halberg KA, Texada MJ, Rewitz K. Analysis of genes within the schizophrenia-linked 22q11.2 deletion identifies interaction of night owl/LZTR1 and NF1 in GABAergic sleep control. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008727. [PMID: 32339168 PMCID: PMC7205319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human 22q11.2 chromosomal deletion is one of the strongest identified genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Although the deletion spans a number of known genes, the contribution of each of these to the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) is not known. To investigate the effect of individual genes within this interval on the pathophysiology associated with the deletion, we analyzed their role in sleep, a behavior affected in virtually all psychiatric disorders, including the 22q11.2 DS. We identified the gene LZTR1 (night owl, nowl) as a regulator of night-time sleep in Drosophila. In humans, LZTR1 has been associated with Ras-dependent neurological diseases also caused by Neurofibromin-1 (Nf1) deficiency. We show that Nf1 loss leads to a night-time sleep phenotype nearly identical to that of nowl loss and that nowl negatively regulates Ras and interacts with Nf1 in sleep regulation. Furthermore, nowl is required for metabolic homeostasis, suggesting that LZTR1 may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to obesity associated with the 22q11.2 DS. Knockdown of nowl or Nf1 in GABA-responsive sleep-promoting neurons elicits the sleep phenotype, and this defect can be rescued by increased GABAA receptor signaling, indicating that Nowl regulates sleep through modulation of GABA signaling. Our results suggest that nowl/LZTR1 may be a conserved regulator of GABA signaling important for normal sleep that contributes to the 22q11.2 DS. Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disorder with a large genetic component to disease predisposition. One of the strongest genetic risk factors for this disorder is a relatively small genetic deletion of 43 genes on the 22nd chromosome, called 22q11.2, which confers about a 25% risk of schizophrenia development. However, it is likely that only some of these deleted genes affect disease risk, so we tested most of them individually. One of the main symptoms of schizophrenia is disturbed sleep. Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved behavior that can be easily studied in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, so we investigated the effect on sleep of blocking expression of the fly homologs of most of the 22q11.2 genes and identified the gene LZTR1 (night owl, nowl) as an important sleep regulator. We found that Nowl/LZTR1 is required for inhibition of the Ras pathway and interacts genetically with the Ras inhibitor NF1. Nowl/LZTR1 appears to function in sleep by modulating inhibitory GABA signaling, which is affected in schizophrenia. Thus, this gene may underlie some of the phenotypes of the human schizophrenia-risk deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna W. Maurer
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alina Malita
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislav Nagy
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Werge
- Institute for Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Michael J. Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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De Jesús-Olmo LA, Rodríguez N, Francia M, Alemán-Rios J, Pacheco-Agosto CJ, Ortega-Torres J, Nieves R, Fuenzalida-Uribe N, Ghezzi A, Agosto JL. Pumilio Regulates Sleep Homeostasis in Response to Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:319. [PMID: 32362810 PMCID: PMC7182066 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified the Drosophila brain circuits involved in the sleep/wake switch and have pointed to the modulation of neuronal excitability as one of the underlying mechanisms triggering sleep need. In this study we aimed to explore the link between the homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitability and sleep behavior in the circadian circuit. For this purpose, we selected Pumilio (Pum), whose main function is to repress protein translation and has been linked to modulation of neuronal excitability during chronic patterns of altered neuronal activity. Here we explore the effects of Pum on sleep homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster, which shares most of the major features of mammalian sleep homeostasis. Our evidence indicates that Pum is necessary for sleep rebound and that its effect is more pronounced during chronic sleep deprivation (84 h) than acute deprivation (12 h). Knockdown of pum, results in a reduction of sleep rebound during acute sleep deprivation and the complete abolishment of sleep rebound during chronic sleep deprivation. Based on these findings, we propose that Pum is a critical regulator of sleep homeostasis through neural adaptations triggered during sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norma Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Marcelo Francia
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | - Richard Nieves
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Alfredo Ghezzi
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - José L Agosto
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
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Kim JH, Ki Y, Lee H, Hur MS, Baik B, Hur JH, Nam D, Lim C. The voltage-gated potassium channel Shaker promotes sleep via thermosensitive GABA transmission. Commun Biol 2020; 3:174. [PMID: 32296133 PMCID: PMC7160125 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes and neural circuits coordinately regulate animal sleep. However, it remains elusive how these endogenous factors shape sleep upon environmental changes. Here, we demonstrate that Shaker (Sh)-expressing GABAergic neurons projecting onto dorsal fan-shaped body (dFSB) regulate temperature-adaptive sleep behaviors in Drosophila. Loss of Sh function suppressed sleep at low temperature whereas light and high temperature cooperatively gated Sh effects on sleep. Sh depletion in GABAergic neurons partially phenocopied Sh mutants. Furthermore, the ionotropic GABA receptor, Resistant to dieldrin (Rdl), in dFSB neurons acted downstream of Sh and antagonized its sleep-promoting effects. In fact, Rdl inhibited the intracellular cAMP signaling of constitutively active dopaminergic synapses onto dFSB at low temperature. High temperature silenced GABAergic synapses onto dFSB, thereby potentiating the wake-promoting dopamine transmission. We propose that temperature-dependent switching between these two synaptic transmission modalities may adaptively tune the neural property of dFSB neurons to temperature shifts and reorganize sleep architecture for animal fitness. Ji-hyung Kim and Yoonhee Ki et al. show that low temperatures suppress sleep in Drosophila by increasing GABA transmission in Shaker-expressing GABAergic neurons projecting onto the dorsal fan-shaped body, while high temperatures potentiate dopamine-induced arousal by reducing GABA transmission. This study highlights a role for Shaker in sleep modulation via a temperature-dependent switch in GABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Ki
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Seong Hur
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bukyung Baik
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoe Hur
- UNIST Optical Biomed Imaging Center, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dougu Nam
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghun Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Hill VM, O’Connor RM, Shirasu-Hiza M. Tired and stressed: Examining the need for sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:494-508. [PMID: 30295966 PMCID: PMC6453762 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of circadian rhythms is the sleep/wake cycle. Sleep causes reduced responsiveness to the environment, which puts animals in a particularly vulnerable state; yet sleep has been conserved throughout evolution, indicating that it fulfils a vital purpose. A core function of sleep across species has not been identified, but substantial advances in sleep research have been made in recent years using the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. This review describes the universality of sleep, the regulation of sleep, and current theories on the function of sleep, highlighting a historical and often overlooked theory called the Free Radical Flux Theory of Sleep. Additionally, we summarize our recent work with short-sleeping Drosophila mutants and other genetic and pharmacological tools for manipulating sleep which supports an antioxidant theory of sleep and demonstrates a bi-directional relationship between sleep and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Hill
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Reed M. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
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Macias-Muñoz A, Rangel Olguin AG, Briscoe AD. Evolution of Phototransduction Genes in Lepidoptera. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:2107-2124. [PMID: 31298692 PMCID: PMC6698658 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is underpinned by phototransduction, a signaling cascade that converts light energy into an electrical signal. Among insects, phototransduction is best understood in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparison of D. melanogaster against three insect species found several phototransduction gene gains and losses, however, lepidopterans were not examined. Diurnal butterflies and nocturnal moths occupy different light environments and have distinct eye morphologies, which might impact the expression of their phototransduction genes. Here we investigated: 1) how phototransduction genes vary in gene gain or loss between D. melanogaster and Lepidoptera, and 2) variations in phototransduction genes between moths and butterflies. To test our prediction of phototransduction differences due to distinct visual ecologies, we used insect reference genomes, phylogenetics, and moth and butterfly head RNA-Seq and transcriptome data. As expected, most phototransduction genes were conserved between D. melanogaster and Lepidoptera, with some exceptions. Notably, we found two lepidopteran opsins lacking a D. melanogaster ortholog. Using antibodies we found that one of these opsins, a candidate retinochrome, which we refer to as unclassified opsin (UnRh), is expressed in the crystalline cone cells and the pigment cells of the butterfly, Heliconius melpomene. Our results also show that butterflies express similar amounts of trp and trpl channel mRNAs, whereas moths express ∼50× less trp, a potential adaptation to darkness. Our findings suggest that while many single-copy D. melanogaster phototransduction genes are conserved in lepidopterans, phototransduction gene expression differences exist between moths and butterflies that may be linked to their visual light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aide Macias-Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine
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Sengupta S, Crowe LB, You S, Roberts MA, Jackson FR. A Secreted Ig-Domain Protein Required in Both Astrocytes and Neurons for Regulation of Drosophila Night Sleep. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2547-2554.e2. [PMID: 31353186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous rhythmic behaviors are evolutionarily conserved and essential for life. In mammalian and invertebrate models, well-characterized neuronal circuits and evolutionarily conserved mechanisms regulate circadian behavior and sleep [1-4]. In Drosophila, neuronal populations located in multiple brain regions mediate arousal, sleep drive, and homeostasis (reviewed in [3, 5-7]). Similar to mammals [8], there is also evidence that fly glial cells modulate the neuronal circuits controlling rhythmic behaviors, including sleep [1]. Here, we describe a novel gene (CG14141; aka Nkt) that is required for normal sleep. NKT is a 162-amino-acid protein with a single IgC2 immunoglobulin (Ig) domain and a high-quality signal peptide [9], and we show evidence that it is secreted, similar to its C. elegans ortholog (OIG-4) [10]. We demonstrate that Nkt-null flies or those with selective knockdown in either neurons or glia have decreased and fragmented night sleep, indicative of a non-redundant requirement in both cell types. We show that Nkt is required in fly astrocytes and in a specific set of wake-promoting neurons-the mushroom body (MB) α'β' cells that link sleep to memory consolidation [11]. Importantly, Nkt gene expression is required in the adult nervous system for normal sleep, consistent with a physiological rather than developmental function for the Ig-domain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Sengupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Lauren B Crowe
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Samantha You
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mary A Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - F Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Ki Y, Lim C. Sleep-promoting effects of threonine link amino acid metabolism in Drosophila neuron to GABAergic control of sleep drive. eLife 2019; 8:40593. [PMID: 31313987 PMCID: PMC6636906 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates the role of amino acid metabolism in sleep regulation. Here we demonstrate sleep-promoting effects of dietary threonine (SPET) in Drosophila. Dietary threonine markedly increased daily sleep amount and decreased the latency to sleep onset in a dose-dependent manner. High levels of synaptic GABA or pharmacological activation of metabotropic GABA receptors (GABAB-R) suppressed SPET. By contrast, synaptic blockade of GABAergic neurons or transgenic depletion of GABAB-R in the ellipsoid body R2 neurons enhanced sleep drive non-additively with SPET. Dietary threonine reduced GABA levels, weakened metabotropic GABA responses in R2 neurons, and ameliorated memory deficits in plasticity mutants. Moreover, genetic elevation of neuronal threonine levels was sufficient for facilitating sleep onset. Taken together, these data define threonine as a physiologically relevant, sleep-promoting molecule that may intimately link neuronal metabolism of amino acids to GABAergic control of sleep drive via the neuronal substrate of sleep homeostasis. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Ki
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghun Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092363. [PMID: 31086044 PMCID: PMC6540063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central pacemakers of circadian timekeeping systems are highly robust yet adaptable, providing the temporal coordination of rhythms in behavior and physiological processes in accordance with the demands imposed by environmental cycles. These features of the central pacemaker are achieved by a multi-oscillator network in which individual cellular oscillators are tightly coupled to the environmental day-night cycle, and to one another via intercellular coupling. In this review, we will summarize the roles of various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the regulation of circadian entrainment and synchrony within the mammalian and Drosophila central pacemakers. We will also describe the diverse functions of protein kinases in the relay of input signals to the core oscillator or the direct regulation of the molecular clock machinery.
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Kita T, Mino H, Ozoe F, Ozoe Y. Spatiotemporally different expression of alternatively spliced GABA receptor subunit transcripts in the housefly Musca domestica. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21541. [PMID: 30821008 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are important as major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors and targets for insecticides. The housefly GABA receptor subunit gene MdRdl is alternatively spliced at exons 3 (a or b) and 6 (c or d) to yield the variants of ac, ad, bc, and bd combinations. In the present study, the expression of the MdRdl transcript in the body parts and in the developmental stages of the housefly Musca domestica was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using specific primers that amplify the combinations of alternative exons. The results indicated that the transcripts of MdRdl, including four combinations, were highly expressed in the adult stage. MdRdlbd was the most abundant in the adult head. The expression pattern did not change in the adult stage over 7 days after eclosion. The expression level of the MdRdl bd transcript in the female head was similar to that of the male head. In contrast, MdRdl bc was the predominant transcript in the pupal head and the adult leg. Because the homomeric Rdl bc GABA receptor has a high affinity for GABA, our results provide grounds for designing agonist or competitive-antagonist insecticides that target the orthosteric site of the GABA receptor containing this Rdl variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Kita
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hayata Mino
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Ozoe
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Ozoe
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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Curran JA, Buhl E, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Hodge JJL. Age-dependent changes in clock neuron structural plasticity and excitability are associated with a decrease in circadian output behavior and sleep. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 77:158-168. [PMID: 30825692 PMCID: PMC6491500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging has significant effects on circadian behavior across a wide variety of species, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated the age-dependent decline in behavioral output in the model organism Drosophila. We demonstrate that this age-dependent decline in circadian output is combined with changes in daily activity of Drosophila. Aging also has a large impact on sleep behavior, significantly increasing sleep duration while reducing latency. We used electrophysiology to record from large ventral lateral neurons of the Drosophila circadian clock, finding a significant decrease in input resistance with age but no significant changes in spontaneous electrical activity or membrane potential. We propose this change contributes to observed behavioral and sleep changes in light-dark conditions. We also demonstrate a reduction in the daily plasticity of the architecture of the small ventral lateral neurons, likely underlying the reduction in circadian rhythmicity during aging. These results provide further insights into the effect of aging on circadian biology, demonstrating age-related changes in electrical activity in conjunction with the decline in behavioral outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Curran
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Edgar Buhl
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - James J L Hodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Pírez N, Bernabei-Cornejo SG, Fernandez-Acosta M, Duhart JM, Ceriani MF. Contribution of non-circadian neurons to the temporal organization of locomotor activity. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.039628. [PMID: 30530810 PMCID: PMC6361196 DOI: 10.1242/bio.039628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the daily cycle of rest and activity is a rhythmic behavior that relies on the activity of a small number of neurons. The small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs) are considered key in the control of locomotor rhythmicity. Previous work from our laboratory has showed that these neurons undergo structural remodeling on their axonal projections on a daily basis. Such remodeling endows sLNvs with the possibility to make synaptic contacts with different partners at different times throughout the day, as has been previously described. By using different genetic tools to alter membrane excitability of the sLNv putative postsynaptic partners, we tested their functional role in the control of locomotor activity. We also used optical imaging to test the functionality of these contacts. We found that these different neuronal groups affect the consolidation of rhythmic activity, suggesting that non-circadian cells are part of the circuit that controls locomotor activity. Our results suggest that new neuronal groups, in addition to the well-characterized clock neurons, contribute to the operations of the circadian network that controls locomotor activity in D. melanogaster. Summary: Here we characterized the impact of different putative postsynaptic partners of the sLNvs on the control of rhythmic locomotor behavior. We found that some of these novel neuronal clusters are relevant for the control of locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Pírez
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-Buenos Aires (IIB-BA, CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofia G Bernabei-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-Buenos Aires (IIB-BA, CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Fernandez-Acosta
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-Buenos Aires (IIB-BA, CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M Duhart
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-Buenos Aires (IIB-BA, CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Fernanda Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-Buenos Aires (IIB-BA, CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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The Taurine Transporter Eaat2 Functions in Ensheathing Glia to Modulate Sleep and Metabolic Rate. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3700-3708.e4. [PMID: 30416062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is critical for many aspects of brain function and is accompanied by brain-wide changes in the physiology of neurons and synapses [1, 2]. Growing evidence suggests that glial cells contribute to diverse aspects of sleep regulation, including neuronal and metabolic homeostasis [3-5], although the molecular basis for this remains poorly understood. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, displays all the behavioral and physiological characteristics of sleep [1, 2], and genetic screening in flies has identified both conserved and novel regulators of sleep and wakefulness [2, 6, 7]. With this approach, we identified Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (Eaat2) and found that its loss from glia, but not neurons, increases sleep. We show that Eaat2 is expressed in ensheathing glia, where Eaat2 functions during adulthood to regulate sleep. Increased sleep in Eaat2-deficient flies is accompanied by reduction of metabolic rate during sleep bouts, an indicator of deeper sleep intensity. Eaat2 is a member of the conserved EAAT family of membrane transport proteins [8], raising the possibility that it affects sleep by controlling the movement of ions and neuroactive chemical messengers to and from ensheathing glia. In vitro, Eaat2 is a transporter of taurine [9], which promotes sleep when fed to flies [10]. We find that the acute effect of taurine on sleep is abolished in Eaat2 mutant flies. Together, these findings reveal a wake-promoting role for Eaat2 in ensheathing glia through a taurine-dependent mechanism.
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Ménard C, Folacci M, Brunello L, Charreton M, Collet C, Mary R, Rousset M, Thibaud JB, Vignes M, Charnet P, Cens T. Multiple combinations of RDL subunits diversify the repertoire of GABA receptors in the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19012-19024. [PMID: 30333227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, and GABA-gated ion channels are the target of different classes of insecticides, including fipronil. We report here the cloning of six subunits (four RDL, one LCCH3, and one GRD) that constitute the repertoire of the GABA-gated ion channel family of the Varroa mite (Varroa destructor), a honey bee ectoparasite. We also isolated a truncated GRD subunit with a premature stop codon. We found that when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, three of the four RDL subunits (VdesRDL1, VdesRDL2, and VdesRDL3) formed functional, homomultimeric anionic receptors, whereas GRD and LCCH3 produced heteromultimeric cationic receptors. These receptors displayed specific sensitivities toward GABA and fipronil, and VdesRDL1 was the most resistant to the insecticide. We identified specific residues in the VdesRDL1 pore-lining region that explain its high resistance to fipronil. VdesRDL4 did not form a functional receptor when expressed alone, but it assembled with VdesRDL1 to form a heteromultimeric receptor with properties distinct from those of the VdesRDL1 homomultimeric receptor. Moreover, VdesRDL1 physically interacted with VdesRDL3, generating a heteromultimeric receptor combining properties of both subunits. On the other hand, we did not detect any functional interaction between VdesLCCH3 and the VdesRDL subunits, an observation that differed from what was previously reported for Drosophila melanogaster In conclusion, this study provides insights relevant to improve our understanding of the precise role of GABAergic signaling in insects and new tools for the development of Varroa mite-specific insecticidal agents that do not harm honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Ménard
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Mathilde Folacci
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Lorène Brunello
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Mercedes Charreton
- the INRA UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Collet
- the INRA UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Rosanna Mary
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Matthieu Rousset
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thibaud
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Michel Vignes
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Pierre Charnet
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Thierry Cens
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
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How Do Drosophila Stay Awake during the Daytime? Dopaminergic Neurons Are Inhibited by the Pigment Dispersing Factor Signaling Pathway to Promote Wakefulness. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-RHL-0348-18. [PMID: 30211308 PMCID: PMC6132290 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0348-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlighted Research Paper:Wakefulness Is Promoted during Day Time by PDFR Signalling to Dopaminergic Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster, by, Sheetal Potdar and Vasu Sheeba
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Control of Sleep Onset by Shal/K v4 Channels in Drosophila Circadian Neurons. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9059-9071. [PMID: 30185460 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0777-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is highly conserved across animal species. Both wake- and sleep-promoting neurons are implicated in the regulation of wake-sleep transition at dusk in Drosophila However, little is known about how they cooperate and whether they act via different mechanisms. Here, we demonstrated that in female Drosophila, sleep onset was specifically delayed by blocking the Shaker cognate L channels [Shal; also known as voltage-gated K+ channel 4 (Kv4)] in wake-promoting cells, including large ventral lateral neurons (l-LNvs) and pars intercerebralis (PI), but not in sleep-promoting dorsal neurons (DN1s). Delayed sleep onset was also observed in males by blocking Kv4 activity in wake-promoting neurons. Electrophysiological recordings show that Kv4 channels contribute A-type currents in LNvs and PI cells, but are much less conspicuous in DN1s. Interestingly, blocking Kv4 in wake-promoting neurons preferentially increased firing rates at dusk ∼ZT13, when the resting membrane potentials and firing rates were at lower levels. Furthermore, pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is essential for the regulation of sleep onset by Kv4 in l-LNvs, and downregulation of PDF receptor (PDFR) in PI neurons advanced sleep onset, indicating Kv4 controls sleep onset via regulating PDF/PDFR signaling in wake-promoting neurons. We propose that Kv4 acts as a sleep onset controller by suppressing membrane excitability in a clock-dependent manner to balance the wake-sleep transition at dusk. Our results have important implications for the understanding and treatment of sleep disorders such as insomnia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms by which our brains reversibly switch from waking to sleep state remain an unanswered and intriguing question in biological research. In this study, we identified that Shal/Kv4, a well known voltage-gated K+ channel, acts as a controller of wake-sleep transition at dusk in Drosophila circadian neurons. We find that interference of Kv4 function with a dominant-negative form (DNKv4) in subsets of circadian neurons specifically disrupts sleep onset at dusk, although Kv4 itself does not exhibit circadian oscillation. Kv4 preferentially downregulates neuronal firings at ZT9-ZT17, supporting that it plays an essential role in wake-sleep transition at dusk. Our findings may help understand and eventually treat sleep disorders such as insomnia.
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