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Wang P, Shi W, Liu S, Shi Y, Jiang X, Li F, Chen S, Sun K, Xu R. ccdc141 is required for left-right axis development by regulating cilia formation in the Kupffer's vesicle of zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:934-946. [PMID: 39047937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Laterality is a crucial physiological process intricately linked to the cilium-centrosome complex during embryo development. Defects in the process can result in severe organ mispositioning. Coiled-coil domain containing 141 (CCDC141) has been previously known as a centrosome-related gene, but its role in left-right (LR) asymmetry has not been characterized. In this study, we utilize the zebrafish model and human exome analysis to elucidate the function of ccdc141 in laterality defects. The knockdown of ccdc141 in zebrafish disrupts early LR signaling pathways, cilia function, and Kupffer's vesicle formation. Unlike ccdc141-knockdown embryos exhibiting aberrant LR patterns, ccdc141-null mutants show no apparent abnormality, suggesting a genetic compensation response effect. In parallel, we observe a marked reduction in α-tubulin acetylation levels in the ccdc141 crispants. The treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, particularly the HDAC6 inhibitor, rescues the ccdc141 crispant phenotypes. Furthermore, exome analysis of 70 patients with laterality defects reveals an increased burden of CCDC141 mutations, with in-vivo studies verifying the pathogenicity of the patient mutation CCDC141-R123G. Our findings highlight the critical role of ccdc141 in ciliogenesis and demonstrate that CCDC141 mutations lead to abnormal LR patterns, identifying it as a candidate gene for laterality defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenxiang Shi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sijie Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunjing Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Failure Center, Ruijin Hospital, Ruijin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuechao Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rang Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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2
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Niehrs C, Zapparoli E, Lee H. 'Three signals - three body axes' as patterning principle in bilaterians. Cells Dev 2024:203944. [PMID: 39121910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the three orthogonal body axes, anteroposterior (AP), dorsoventral (DV) and left-right (LR) are determined at gastrula and neurula stages by the Spemann-Mangold organizer and its equivalents. A common feature of AP and DV axis formation is that an evolutionary conserved interplay between growth factors (Wnt, BMP) and their extracellular antagonists (e.g. Dkk1, Chordin) creates signaling gradients for axial patterning. Recent work showed that LR patterning in Xenopus follows the same principle, with R-spondin 2 (Rspo2) as an extracellular FGF antagonist, which creates a signaling gradient that determines the LR vector. That a triad of anti-FGF, anti-BMP, and anti-Wnt governs LR, DV, and AP axis formation reveals a unifying principle in animal development. We discuss how cross-talk between these three signals confers integrated AP-DV-LR body axis patterning underlying developmental robustness, size scaling, and harmonious regulation. We propose that Urbilateria featured three orthogonal body axes that were governed by a Cartesian coordinate system of orthogonal Wnt/AP, BMP/DV, and FGF/LR signaling gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Hyeyoon Lee
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Petri N, Vetrova A, Tsikolia N, Kremnyov S. Molecular anatomy of emerging Xenopus left-right organizer at successive developmental stages. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38934270 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate left-right symmetry breaking is preceded by formation of left-right organizer. In Amphibian, this structure is formed by gastrocoel roof plate, which emerges from superficial suprablastoporal cells. GRP is subdivided into medial area, which generates leftward flow by rotating monocilia and lateral Nodal1 expressing areas, which are involved in sensing of the flow. After successful symmetry breaking, medial cells are incorporated into a deep layer where they contribute to the axial mesoderm, while lateral domains join somitic mesoderm. RESULTS Here, we performed detailed analysis of spatial and temporal gene expression of important markers and the corresponding morphology of emerging GRP. Endodermal marker Sox17 and markers of superficial mesoderm display complementary patterns at all studied stages. At early stages, GRP forms Tekt2 positive epithelial domain clearly separated from underlying deep layers, while at later stages, this separation disappears. Marker of early somitic mesoderm MyoD1 was absent in emerging GRP and was induced together with Nodal1 during early neurulation. Decreasing morphological separation is accompanied by lateral to medial covering of GRP by endoderm. CONCLUSION Our data supports continuous link between superficial mesoderm at the start of gastrulation and mature GRP and suggests late induction of somitic fate in lateral GRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petri
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Vetrova
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kremnyov
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Lee H, Camuto CM, Niehrs C. R-Spondin 2 governs Xenopus left-right body axis formation by establishing an FGF signaling gradient. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1003. [PMID: 38307837 PMCID: PMC10837206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Establishment of the left-right (LR, sinistral, dextral) body axis in many vertebrate embryos relies on cilia-driven leftward fluid flow within an LR organizer (LRO). A cardinal question is how leftward flow triggers symmetry breakage. The chemosensation model posits that ciliary flow enriches a signaling molecule on the left side of the LRO that promotes sinistral cell fate. However, the nature of this sinistralizing signal has remained elusive. In the Xenopus LRO, we identified the stem cell growth factor R-Spondin 2 (Rspo2) as a symmetrically expressed, sinistralizing signal. As predicted for a flow-mediated signal, Rspo2 operates downstream of leftward flow but upstream of the asymmetrically expressed gene dand5. Unexpectedly, in LR patterning, Rspo2 acts as an FGF receptor antagonist: Rspo2 via its TSP1 domain binds Fgfr4 and promotes its membrane clearance by Znrf3-mediated endocytosis. Concordantly, we find that at flow-stage, FGF signaling is dextralizing and forms a gradient across the LRO, high on the dextral- and low on the sinistral side. Rspo2 gain- and loss-of function equalize this FGF signaling gradient and sinistralize and dextralize development, respectively. We propose that leftward flow of Rspo2 produces an FGF signaling gradient that governs LR-symmetry breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoon Lee
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celine Marie Camuto
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Messmore M, Kassab AJ, Prather RO, Arceo DAC, DeCampli W. Cilia and Nodal Flow in Asymmetry: An Engineering Perspective. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 52:63-82. [PMID: 38523441 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2024051678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several years, cilia in the primitive node have become recognized more and more for their contribution to development, and more specifically, for their role in axis determination. Although many of the mechanisms behind their influence remain undocumented, it is known that their presence and motion in the primitive node of developing embryos is the determinant of the left-right axis. Studies on cilial mechanics and nodal fluid dynamics have provided clues as to how this asymmetry mechanism works, and more importantly, have shown that direct manipulation of the flow field in the node can directly influence physiology. Although relatively uncommon, cilial disorders have been shown to have a variety of impacts on individuals from chronic respiratory infections to infertility, as well as situs inversus which is linked to congenital heart disease. After first providing background information pertinent to understanding nodal flow and information on why this discussion is important, this paper aims to give a review of the history of nodal cilia investigations, an overview of cilia mechanics and nodal flow dynamics, as well as a review of research studies current and past that sought to understand the mechanisms behind nodal cilia's involvement in symmetry-breaking pathways through a biomedical engineering perspective. This discussion has the additional intention to compile interdisciplinary knowledge on asymmetry and development such that it may encourage more collaborative efforts between the sciences on this topic, as well as provide insight on potential paths forward in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain J Kassab
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Ray O Prather
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA; University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; The Heart Center at Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
| | - David A Castillo Arceo
- College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - William DeCampli
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA; The Heart Center, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, 32806, USA
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6
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Shaikh Qureshi WM, Hentges KE. Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:4-26. [PMID: 37872827 PMCID: PMC10952336 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Errors in embryonic cardiac development are a leading cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including morphological abnormalities of the heart that are often detected after birth. In the past few decades, an emerging role for cilia in the pathogenesis of CHD has been identified, but this topic still largely remains an unexplored area. Mouse forward genetic screens and whole exome sequencing analysis of CHD patients have identified enrichment for de novo mutations in ciliary genes or non-ciliary genes, which regulate cilia-related pathways, linking cilia function to aberrant cardiac development. Key events in cardiac morphogenesis, including left-right asymmetric development of the heart, are dependent upon cilia function. Cilia dysfunction during left-right axis formation contributes to CHD as evidenced by the substantial proportion of heterotaxy patients displaying complex CHD. Cilia-transduced signaling also regulates later events during heart development such as cardiac valve formation, outflow tract septation, ventricle development, and atrioventricular septa formation. In this review, we summarize the role of motile and non-motile (primary cilia) in cardiac asymmetry establishment and later events during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Kathryn E. Hentges
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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7
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Gopalakrishnan J, Feistel K, Friedrich BM, Grapin‐Botton A, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Mass E, Mick DU, Müller R, May‐Simera H, Schermer B, Schmidts M, Walentek P, Wachten D. Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113891. [PMID: 37743763 PMCID: PMC10620770 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context-dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Human Genetics, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversitätUniversitätsklinikum DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Anne Grapin‐Botton
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune SystemUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - David U Mick
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland School of MedicineHomburgGermany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helen May‐Simera
- Institute of Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Walentek
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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8
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Deniz E, Pasha M, Guerra ME, Viviano S, Ji W, Konstantino M, Jeffries L, Lakhani SA, Medne L, Skraban C, Krantz I, Khokha MK. CFAP45, a heterotaxy and congenital heart disease gene, affects cilia stability. Dev Biol 2023; 499:75-88. [PMID: 37172641 PMCID: PMC10373286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common and lethal birth defect, affecting 1.3 million individuals worldwide. During early embryogenesis, errors in Left-Right (LR) patterning called Heterotaxy (Htx) can lead to severe CHD. Many of the genetic underpinnings of Htx/CHD remain unknown. In analyzing a family with Htx/CHD using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous recessive missense mutation in CFAP45 in two affected siblings. CFAP45 belongs to the coiled-coil domain-containing protein family, and its role in development is emerging. When we depleted Cfap45 in frog embryos, we detected abnormalities in cardiac looping and global markers of LR patterning, recapitulating the patient's heterotaxy phenotype. In vertebrates, laterality is broken at the Left-Right Organizer (LRO) by motile monocilia that generate leftward fluid flow. When we analyzed the LRO in embryos depleted of Cfap45, we discovered "bulges" within the cilia of these monociliated cells. In addition, epidermal multiciliated cells lost cilia with Cfap45 depletion. Via live confocal imaging, we found that Cfap45 localizes in a punctate but static position within the ciliary axoneme, and depletion leads to loss of cilia stability and eventual detachment from the cell's apical surface. This work demonstrates that in Xenopus, Cfap45 is required to sustain cilia stability in multiciliated and monociliated cells, providing a plausible mechanism for its role in heterotaxy and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deniz
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - M Pasha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - M E Guerra
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - S Viviano
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - W Ji
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - M Konstantino
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - L Jeffries
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - S A Lakhani
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - L Medne
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - C Skraban
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - I Krantz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - M K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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9
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Colleluori V, Khokha MK. Mink1 regulates spemann organizer cell fate in the xenopus gastrula via Hmga2. Dev Biol 2023; 495:42-53. [PMID: 36572140 PMCID: PMC10116378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and leading cause of infant mortality, yet molecular mechanisms explaining CHD remain mostly unknown. Sequencing studies are identifying CHD candidate genes at a brisk rate including MINK1, a serine/threonine kinase. However, a plausible molecular mechanism connecting CHD and MINK1 is unknown. Here, we reveal that mink1 is required for proper heart development due to its role in left-right patterning. Mink1 regulates canonical Wnt signaling to define the cell fates of the Spemann Organizer and the Left-Right Organizer, a ciliated structure that breaks bilateral symmetry in the vertebrate embryo. To identify Mink1 targets, we applied an unbiased proteomics approach and identified the high mobility group architectural transcription factor, Hmga2. We report that Hmga2 is necessary and sufficient for regulating Spemann's Organizer. Indeed, we demonstrate that Hmga2 can induce Spemann Organizer cell fates even when β-catenin, a critical effector of the Wnt signaling pathway, is depleted. In summary, we discover a transcription factor, Hmga2, downstream of Mink1 that is critical for the regulation of Spemann's Organizer, as well as the LRO, defining a plausible mechanism for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Colleluori
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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10
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Bota C, Martins GG, Lopes SS. Dand5 is involved in zebrafish tailbud cell movement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:989615. [PMID: 36699016 PMCID: PMC9869157 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.989615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate development, symmetry breaking occurs in the left-right organizer (LRO). The transfer of asymmetric molecular information to the lateral plate mesoderm is essential for the precise patterning of asymmetric internal organs, such as the heart. However, at the same developmental time, it is crucial to maintain symmetry at the somite level for correct musculature and vertebrae specification. We demonstrate how left-right signals affect the behavior of zebrafish somite cell precursors by using live imaging and fate mapping studies in dand5 homozygous mutants compared to wildtype embryos. We describe a population of cells in the vicinity of the LRO, named Non-KV Sox17:GFP+ Tailbud Cells (NKSTCs), which migrate anteriorly and contribute to future somites. We show that NKSTCs originate in a cluster of cells aligned with the midline, posterior to the LRO, and leave that cluster in a left-right alternating manner, primarily from the left side. Fate mapping revealed that more NKSTCs integrated somites on the left side of the embryo. We then abolished the asymmetric cues from the LRO using dand5-/- mutant embryos and verified that NKSTCs no longer displayed asymmetric patterns. Cell exit from the posterior cluster became bilaterally synchronous in dand5-/- mutants. Our study revealed a new link between somite specification and Dand5 function. The gene dand5 is well known as the first asymmetric gene involved in vertebrate LR development. This study revealed a new link for Dand5 as a player in cell exit from the maturation zone into the presomitic mesoderm, affecting the expression patterns of myogenic factors and tail size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Bota
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriel G. Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana S. Lopes
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Susana S. Lopes,
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11
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Katoh TA, Omori T, Mizuno K, Sai X, Minegishi K, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Itabashi T, Kajikawa E, Hiver S, Iwane AH, Ishikawa T, Okada Y, Nishizaka T, Hamada H. Immotile cilia mechanically sense the direction of fluid flow for left-right determination. Science 2023; 379:66-71. [PMID: 36603091 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immotile cilia at the ventral node of mouse embryos are required for sensing leftward fluid flow that breaks left-right symmetry of the body. However, the flow-sensing mechanism has long remained elusive. In this work, we show that immotile cilia at the node undergo asymmetric deformation along the dorsoventral axis in response to the flow. Application of mechanical stimuli to immotile cilia by optical tweezers induced calcium ion transients and degradation of Dand5 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the targeted cells. The Pkd2 channel protein was preferentially localized to the dorsal side of immotile cilia, and calcium ion transients were preferentially induced by mechanical stimuli directed toward the ventral side. Our results uncover the biophysical mechanism by which immotile cilia at the node sense the direction of fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu A Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Omori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sylvain Hiver
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology and Physics, Universal Biology Institute and International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishizaka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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12
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Djenoune L, Mahamdeh M, Truong TV, Nguyen CT, Fraser SE, Brueckner M, Howard J, Yuan S. Cilia function as calcium-mediated mechanosensors that instruct left-right asymmetry. Science 2023; 379:71-78. [PMID: 36603098 PMCID: PMC9939240 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq7317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The breaking of bilateral symmetry in most vertebrates is critically dependent upon the motile cilia of the embryonic left-right organizer (LRO), which generate a directional fluid flow; however, it remains unclear how this flow is sensed. Here, we demonstrated that immotile LRO cilia are mechanosensors for shear force using a methodological pipeline that combines optical tweezers, light sheet microscopy, and deep learning to permit in vivo analyses in zebrafish. Mechanical manipulation of immotile LRO cilia activated intraciliary calcium transients that required the cation channel Polycystin-2. Furthermore, mechanical force applied to LRO cilia was sufficient to rescue and reverse cardiac situs in zebrafish that lack motile cilia. Thus, LRO cilia are mechanosensitive cellular levers that convert biomechanical forces into calcium signals to instruct left-right asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mohammed Mahamdeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Thai V. Truong
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christopher T. Nguyen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Cardiovascular Innovation Research Center, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Scott E. Fraser
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shiaulou Yuan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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13
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Minegishi K, Sai X, Hamada H. Role of Wnt signaling and planar cell polarity in left-right asymmetry. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:181-193. [PMID: 36967194 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays essential roles in multiple steps of left-right (L-R) determination in development. First, canonical Wnt signaling is required to form the node, where L-R symmetry breaking takes place. Secondly, planar cell polarity (PCP) driven by non-canonical Wnt signaling polarizes node cells along the anterio-posterior (A-P) axis and provides the tilt of rotating cilia at the node, which generate the leftward fluid flow. Thus, reciprocal expression of Wnt5a/5b and their inhibitors Sfrp1, 2, 5 generates a gradient of Wnt5 activity along the embryo's anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. This polarizes cells at the node, by placing PCP core proteins on the anterior or posterior side of each node cell. Polarized PCP proteins subsequently induce asymmetric organization of microtubules along the A-P axis, which is thought to push the centrally localized basal body toward the posterior side of a node cell. Motile cilia that extend from the posteriorly-shifted basal body is tilted toward the posterior side of the embryo. Thirdly, canonical-Wnt signaling regulates the level and expansion of Nodal activity and establishes L-R asymmetric Nodal activity at the node, the first molecular asymmetry in the mouse embryo. Overall, both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalings are essential for L-R symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaorei Sai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
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14
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Forrest K, Barricella AC, Pohar SA, Hinman AM, Amack JD. Understanding laterality disorders and the left-right organizer: Insights from zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1035513. [PMID: 36619867 PMCID: PMC9816872 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1035513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vital internal organs display a left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement that is established during embryonic development. Disruption of this LR asymmetry-or laterality-can result in congenital organ malformations. Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a complete concordant reversal of internal organs that results in a low occurrence of clinical consequences. Situs ambiguous, which gives rise to Heterotaxy syndrome (HTX), is characterized by discordant development and arrangement of organs that is associated with a wide range of birth defects. The leading cause of health problems in HTX patients is a congenital heart malformation. Mutations identified in patients with laterality disorders implicate motile cilia in establishing LR asymmetry. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SIT and HTX are not fully understood. In several vertebrates, including mouse, frog and zebrafish, motile cilia located in a "left-right organizer" (LRO) trigger conserved signaling pathways that guide asymmetric organ development. Perturbation of LRO formation and/or function in animal models recapitulates organ malformations observed in SIT and HTX patients. This provides an opportunity to use these models to investigate the embryological origins of laterality disorders. The zebrafish embryo has emerged as an important model for investigating the earliest steps of LRO development. Here, we discuss clinical characteristics of human laterality disorders, and highlight experimental results from zebrafish that provide insights into LRO biology and advance our understanding of human laterality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadeen Forrest
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Alexandria C. Barricella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Sonny A. Pohar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Anna Maria Hinman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, NY, United States
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15
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Amack JD. Structures and functions of cilia during vertebrate embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:579-596. [PMID: 36367893 PMCID: PMC9805515 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like structures that project from the surface of cells. In vertebrates, most cells have an immotile primary cilium that mediates cell signaling, and some specialized cells assemble one or multiple cilia that are motile and beat synchronously to move fluids in one direction. Gene mutations that alter cilia structure or function cause a broad spectrum of disorders termed ciliopathies that impact virtually every system in the body. A wide range of birth defects associated with ciliopathies underscores critical functions for cilia during embryonic development. In many cases, the mechanisms underlying cilia functions during development and disease remain poorly understood. This review describes different types of cilia in vertebrate embryos and discusses recent research results from diverse model systems that provide novel insights into how cilia form and function during embryo development. The work discussed here not only expands our understanding of in vivo cilia biology, but also opens new questions about cilia and their roles in establishing healthy embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA,,BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, New York, USA
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16
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Petri N, Nordbrink R, Tsikolia N, Kremnyov S. Abnormal left-right organizer and laterality defects in Xenopus embryos after formin inhibitor SMIFH2 treatment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275164. [PMCID: PMC9639825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-right symmetry breaking in most studied vertebrates makes use of so-called leftward flow, a mechanism which was studied in detail especially in mouse and Xenopus laevis embryos and is based on rotation of monocilia on specialized epithelial surface designated as left-right organizer or laterality coordinator. However, it has been argued that prior to emergence of leftward flow an additional mechanism operates during early cleavage stages in Xenopus embryo which is based on cytoskeletal processes. Evidence in favour of this early mechanism was supported by left-right abnormalities after chemical inhibition of cytoskeletal protein formin. Here we analyzed temporal dimension of this effect in detail and found that reported abnormalities arise only after treatment at gastrula-neurula stages, i.e. just prior to and during the operation of left-right organizer. Moreover, molecular and morphological analysis of the left-right organizer reveals its abnormal development. Our results strongly indicate that left-right abnormalities reported after formin inhibition cannot serve as support of models based on early symmetry breaking event in Xenopus embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petri
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rhea Nordbrink
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (NT); (SK)
| | - Stanislav Kremnyov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (NT); (SK)
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17
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Sempou E, Kostiuk V, Zhu J, Cecilia Guerra M, Tyan L, Hwang W, Camacho-Aguilar E, Caplan MJ, Zenisek D, Warmflash A, Owens NDL, Khokha MK. Membrane potential drives the exit from pluripotency and cell fate commitment via calcium and mTOR. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6681. [PMID: 36335122 PMCID: PMC9637099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34363-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitioning from pluripotency to differentiated cell fates is fundamental to both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Improving our understanding of this transition would facilitate our ability to manipulate pluripotent cells into tissues for therapeutic use. Here, we show that membrane voltage (Vm) regulates the exit from pluripotency and the onset of germ layer differentiation in the embryo, a process that affects both gastrulation and left-right patterning. By examining candidate genes of congenital heart disease and heterotaxy, we identify KCNH6, a member of the ether-a-go-go class of potassium channels that hyperpolarizes the Vm and thus limits the activation of voltage gated calcium channels, lowering intracellular calcium. In pluripotent embryonic cells, depletion of kcnh6 leads to membrane depolarization, elevation of intracellular calcium levels, and the maintenance of a pluripotent state at the expense of differentiation into ectodermal and myogenic lineages. Using high-resolution temporal transcriptome analysis, we identify the gene regulatory networks downstream of membrane depolarization and calcium signaling and discover that inhibition of the mTOR pathway transitions the pluripotent cell to a differentiated fate. By manipulating Vm using a suite of tools, we establish a bioelectric pathway that regulates pluripotency in vertebrates, including human embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sempou
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Valentyna Kostiuk
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - M Cecilia Guerra
- Departments of Biosciences and Bioengineering Rice University, 345 Anderson Biological Labs, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Leonid Tyan
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Woong Hwang
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elena Camacho-Aguilar
- Departments of Biosciences and Bioengineering Rice University, 345 Anderson Biological Labs, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - David Zenisek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Departments of Biosciences and Bioengineering Rice University, 345 Anderson Biological Labs, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Nick D L Owens
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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18
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Negretti MI, Böse N, Petri N, Kremnyov S, Tsikolia N. Nodal asymmetry and hedgehog signaling during vertebrate left–right symmetry breaking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:957211. [PMID: 36172285 PMCID: PMC9511907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.957211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of visceral left–right asymmetry in bilateria is based on initial symmetry breaking followed by subsequent asymmetric molecular patterning. An important step is the left-sided expression of transcription factor pitx2 which is mediated by asymmetric expression of the nodal morphogen in the left lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates. Processes leading to emergence of the asymmetric nodal domain differ depending on the mode of symmetry breaking. In Xenopus laevis and mouse embryos, the leftward fluid flow on the ventral surface of the left–right organizer leads through intermediate steps to enhanced activity of the nodal protein on the left side of the organizer and subsequent asymmetric nodal induction in the lateral plate mesoderm. In the chick embryo, asymmetric morphogenesis of axial organs leads to paraxial nodal asymmetry during the late gastrulation stage. Although it was shown that hedgehog signaling is required for initiation of the nodal expression, the mechanism of its asymmetry remains to be clarified. In this study, we established the activation of hedgehog signaling in early chick embryos to further study its role in the initiation of asymmetric nodal expression. Our data reveal that hedgehog signaling is sufficient to induce the nodal expression in competent domains of the chick embryo, while treatment of Xenopus embryos led to moderate nodal inhibition. We discuss the role of symmetry breaking and competence in the initiation of asymmetric gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Böse
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Petri
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav Kremnyov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nikoloz Tsikolia,
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19
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Houston DW, Elliott KL, Coppenrath K, Wlizla M, Horb ME. Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation during Xenopus axis formation: analysis of maternal-effect wnt11b mutants. Development 2022; 149:dev200552. [PMID: 35946588 PMCID: PMC9515810 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric signalling centres in the early embryo are essential for axis formation in vertebrates. These regions (e.g. amphibian dorsal morula, mammalian anterior visceral endoderm) require stabilised nuclear β-catenin, but the role of localised Wnt ligand signalling activity in their establishment remains unclear. In Xenopus, dorsal β-catenin is initiated by vegetal microtubule-mediated symmetry breaking in the fertilised egg, known as 'cortical rotation'. Localised wnt11b mRNA and ligand-independent activators of β-catenin have been implicated in dorsal β-catenin activation, but the extent to which each contributes to axis formation in this paradigm remains unclear. Here, we describe a CRISPR-mediated maternal-effect mutation in Xenopus laevis wnt11b.L. We find that wnt11b is maternally required for robust dorsal axis formation and for timely gastrulation, and zygotically for left-right asymmetry. Importantly, we show that vegetal microtubule assembly and cortical rotation are reduced in wnt11b mutant eggs. In addition, we show that activated Wnt coreceptor Lrp6 and Dishevelled lack behaviour consistent with roles in early β-catenin stabilisation, and that neither is regulated by Wnt11b. This work thus implicates Wnt11b in the distribution of putative dorsal determinants rather than in comprising the determinants themselves. This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Kelsey Coppenrath
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marko E. Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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20
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Kreis J, Camuto CM, Elsner CC, Vogel S, Vick P. FGF-mediated establishment of left-right asymmetry requires Rab7 function in the dorsal mesoderm in Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:981762. [PMID: 36105355 PMCID: PMC9465294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.981762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation denotes a very important developmental process, which includes significant structural tissue rearrangements and patterning events that shape the emerging vertebrate organism. At the end of gastrulation, the three body axes are spatially defined while the left-right axis still lacks any molecular or morphological polarity. In most vertebrates, this is established during neurulation by a symmetry breaking LR organizer. However, this mesoderm-derived structure depends on proper induction and specification of the mesoderm, which in turn requires involvement of several signaling pathways. Endocytosis and the endosomal machinery offer manifold platforms for intracellular pathway regulation, especially late endosomes claim increasing attention. The late endosomal regulator Rab7 has been linked to mesoderm specification during gastrulation. Distinct axial defects due to compromised dorsal mesoderm development in rab7-deficient Xenopus embryos suggested a requirement of Rab7 for FGF-dependent mesoderm patterning and LR asymmetry. Here we specifically addressed such a role of Rab7, demonstrating a functional requirement for LR organizer development and symmetry breakage. Using different FGF/MAPK pathway components we show that Rab7 participates in dorsal mesoderm patterning. We suggest a hierarchical classification of Rab7 upstream of MAPK-dependent mesoderm specification, most probably at the level of the small GTPase Ras. Thus, this study affords an insight on how the Rab7-regulated endosomal machinery could participate in signal transduction to enable correct mesoderm specification and left-right asymmetry.
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21
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Tingler M, Brugger A, Feistel K, Schweickert A. dmrt2 and myf5 Link Early Somitogenesis to Left-Right Axis Determination in Xenopus laevis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858272. [PMID: 35813209 PMCID: PMC9260042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate left-right axis is specified during neurulation by events occurring in a transient ciliated epithelium termed left-right organizer (LRO), which is made up of two distinct cell types. In the axial midline, central LRO (cLRO) cells project motile monocilia and generate a leftward fluid flow, which represents the mechanism of symmetry breakage. This directional fluid flow is perceived by laterally positioned sensory LRO (sLRO) cells, which harbor non-motile cilia. In sLRO cells on the left side, flow-induced signaling triggers post-transcriptional repression of the multi-pathway antagonist dand5. Subsequently, the co-expressed Tgf-β growth factor Nodal1 is released from Dand5-mediated repression to induce left-sided gene expression. Interestingly, Xenopus sLRO cells have somitic fate, suggesting a connection between LR determination and somitogenesis. Here, we show that doublesex and mab3-related transcription factor 2 (Dmrt2), known to be involved in vertebrate somitogenesis, is required for LRO ciliogenesis and sLRO specification. In dmrt2 morphants, misexpression of the myogenic transcription factors tbx6 and myf5 at early gastrula stages preceded the misspecification of sLRO cells at neurula stages. myf5 morphant tadpoles also showed LR defects due to a failure of sLRO development. The gain of myf5 function reintroduced sLRO cells in dmrt2 morphants, demonstrating that paraxial patterning and somitogenesis are functionally linked to LR axis formation in Xenopus.
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22
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Djenoune L, Berg K, Brueckner M, Yuan S. A change of heart: new roles for cilia in cardiac development and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:211-227. [PMID: 34862511 PMCID: PMC10161238 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a growing class of human disorders caused by defective primary cilia, the function of cilia in the heart remains an underexplored area. The primary function of cilia in the heart was long thought to be restricted to left-right axis patterning during embryogenesis. However, new findings have revealed broad roles for cilia in congenital heart disease, valvulogenesis, myocardial fibrosis and regeneration, and mechanosensation. In this Review, we describe advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which cilia function contributes to cardiac left-right axis development and discuss the latest findings that highlight a broader role for cilia in cardiac development. Specifically, we examine the growing line of evidence connecting cilia function to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Furthermore, we also highlight research from the past 10 years demonstrating the role of cilia function in common cardiac valve disorders, including mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve disease, and describe findings that implicate cardiac cilia in mechanosensation potentially linking haemodynamic and contractile forces with genetic regulation of cardiac development and function. Finally, given the presence of cilia on cardiac fibroblasts, we also explore the potential role of cilia in fibrotic growth and summarize the evidence implicating cardiac cilia in heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Berg
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shiaulou Yuan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Szenker-Ravi E, Ott T, Khatoo M, Moreau de Bellaing A, Goh WX, Chong YL, Beckers A, Kannesan D, Louvel G, Anujan P, Ravi V, Bonnard C, Moutton S, Schoen P, Fradin M, Colin E, Megarbane A, Daou L, Chehab G, Di Filippo S, Rooryck C, Deleuze JF, Boland A, Arribard N, Eker R, Tohari S, Ng AYJ, Rio M, Lim CT, Eisenhaber B, Eisenhaber F, Venkatesh B, Amiel J, Crollius HR, Gordon CT, Gossler A, Roy S, Attie-Bitach T, Blum M, Bouvagnet P, Reversade B. Discovery of a genetic module essential for assigning left-right asymmetry in humans and ancestral vertebrates. Nat Genet 2022; 54:62-72. [PMID: 34903892 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate left-right axis is specified during embryogenesis by a transient organ: the left-right organizer (LRO). Species including fish, amphibians, rodents and humans deploy motile cilia in the LRO to break bilateral symmetry, while reptiles, birds, even-toed mammals and cetaceans are believed to have LROs without motile cilia. We searched for genes whose loss during vertebrate evolution follows this pattern and identified five genes encoding extracellular proteins, including a putative protease with hitherto unknown functions that we named ciliated left-right organizer metallopeptide (CIROP). Here, we show that CIROP is specifically expressed in ciliated LROs. In zebrafish and Xenopus, CIROP is required solely on the left side, downstream of the leftward flow, but upstream of DAND5, the first asymmetrically expressed gene. We further ascertained 21 human patients with loss-of-function CIROP mutations presenting with recessive situs anomalies. Our findings posit the existence of an ancestral genetic module that has twice disappeared during vertebrate evolution but remains essential for distinguishing left from right in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Szenker-Ravi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tim Ott
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Muznah Khatoo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne Moreau de Bellaing
- Laboratoire de Cardiogénétique, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Wei Xuan Goh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Ling Chong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anja Beckers
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Darshini Kannesan
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Louvel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, UMR 8079 CNRS - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Priyanka Anujan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Vydianathan Ravi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carine Bonnard
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- CPDPN, Pôle mère enfant, Maison de Santé Protestante Bordeaux Bagatelle, Talence, France
| | | | - Mélanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sud, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Estelle Colin
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - André Megarbane
- Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institut Jérôme LEJEUNE, Paris, France
| | - Linda Daou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hôtel Dieu de France University Medical Center, Saint Joseph University, Alfred Naccache Boulevard, Achrafieh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Chehab
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hôtel Dieu de France University Medical Center, Saint Joseph University, Alfred Naccache Boulevard, Achrafieh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics, Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Hadath, Greater Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sylvie Di Filippo
- Service de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- Service de Génétique, University of Bordeaux, MRGM, INSERM U1211, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - Nicolas Arribard
- Service de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rukiye Eker
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Cardiology Division, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sumanty Tohari
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin Yu-Jin Ng
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre (MDC), National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marlène Rio
- Fédération de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Chun Teck Lim
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Fédération de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Hugues Roest Crollius
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Achim Gossler
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Fédération de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey.
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24
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Opazo JC, Hoffmann FG, Zavala K, Edwards SV. Evolution of the DAN gene family in vertebrates. Dev Biol 2021; 482:34-43. [PMID: 34902310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The DAN gene family (DAN, Differential screening-selected gene Aberrant in Neuroblastoma) is a group of genes that is expressed during development and plays fundamental roles in limb bud formation and digitation, kidney formation and morphogenesis and left-right axis specification. During adulthood the expression of these genes are associated with diseases, including cancer. Although most of the attention to this group of genes has been dedicated to understanding its role in physiology and development, its evolutionary history remains poorly understood. Thus, the goal of this study is to investigate the evolutionary history of the DAN gene family in vertebrates, with the objective of complementing the already abundant physiological information with an evolutionary context. Our results recovered the monophyly of all DAN gene family members and divide them into five main groups. In addition to the well-known DAN genes, our phylogenetic results revealed the presence of two new DAN gene lineages; one is only retained in cephalochordates, whereas the other one (GREM3) was only identified in cartilaginous fish, holostean fish, and coelacanth. According to the phyletic distribution of the genes, the ancestor of gnathostomes possessed a repertoire of eight DAN genes, and during the radiation of the group GREM1, GREM2, SOST, SOSTDC1, and NBL1 were retained in all major groups, whereas, GREM3, CER1, and DAND5 were differentially lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Opazo
- Integrative Biology Group, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Chile.
| | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, 39762, USA; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, 39762, USA
| | - Kattina Zavala
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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25
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Maerker M, Getwan M, Dowdle ME, McSheene JC, Gonzalez V, Pelliccia JL, Hamilton DS, Yartseva V, Vejnar C, Tingler M, Minegishi K, Vick P, Giraldez AJ, Hamada H, Burdine RD, Sheets MD, Blum M, Schweickert A. Bicc1 and Dicer regulate left-right patterning through post-transcriptional control of the Nodal inhibitor Dand5. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5482. [PMID: 34531379 PMCID: PMC8446035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotating cilia at the vertebrate left-right organizer (LRO) generate an asymmetric leftward flow, which is sensed by cells at the left LRO margin. Ciliary activity of the calcium channel Pkd2 is crucial for flow sensing. How this flow signal is further processed and relayed to the laterality-determining Nodal cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) is largely unknown. We previously showed that flow down-regulates mRNA expression of the Nodal inhibitor Dand5 in left sensory cells. De-repression of the co-expressed Nodal, complexed with the TGFß growth factor Gdf3, drives LPM Nodal cascade induction. Here, we show that post-transcriptional repression of dand5 is a central process in symmetry breaking of Xenopus, zebrafish and mouse. The RNA binding protein Bicc1 was identified as a post-transcriptional regulator of dand5 and gdf3 via their 3'-UTRs. Two distinct Bicc1 functions on dand5 mRNA were observed at pre- and post-flow stages, affecting mRNA stability or flow induced translational inhibition, respectively. To repress dand5, Bicc1 co-operates with Dicer1, placing both proteins in the process of flow sensing. Intriguingly, Bicc1 mediated translational repression of a dand5 3'-UTR mRNA reporter was responsive to pkd2, suggesting that a flow induced Pkd2 signal triggers Bicc1 mediated dand5 inhibition during symmetry breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Maerker
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maike Getwan
- University of Zurich, Institute of Anatomy, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Megan E Dowdle
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason C McSheene
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Vanessa Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - José L Pelliccia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Valeria Yartseva
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Vejnar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melanie Tingler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Philipp Vick
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonio J Giraldez
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael D Sheets
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Martin Blum
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Axel Schweickert
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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26
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Harel T, Griffin JN, Arbogast T, Monroe TO, Palombo F, Martinelli M, Seri M, Pippucci T, Elpeleg O, Katsanis N. Loss of function mutations in CCDC32 cause a congenital syndrome characterized by craniofacial, cardiac and neurodevelopmental anomalies. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1489-1497. [PMID: 32307552 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide use of genomics to investigate the molecular basis of rare congenital malformations, a significant fraction of patients remains bereft of diagnosis. As part of our continuous effort to recruit and perform genomic and functional studies on such cohorts, we investigated the genetic and mechanistic cause of disease in two independent consanguineous families affected by overlapping craniofacial, cardiac, laterality and neurodevelopmental anomalies. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified homozygous frameshift CCDC32 variants in three affected individuals. Functional analysis in a zebrafish model revealed that ccdc32 depletion recapitulates the human phenotypes. Because some of the patient phenotypes overlap defects common to ciliopathies, we asked if loss of CCDC32 might contribute to the dysfunction of this organelle. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that ccdc32 is required for normal cilia formation in zebrafish embryos and mammalian cell culture, arguing that ciliary defects are at least partially involved in the pathomechanism of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Harel
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - John N Griffin
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Thomas Arbogast
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Tanner O Monroe
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine (ACT-GeM), Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Flavia Palombo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,U.O. Genetica Medica, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pippucci
- U.O. Genetica Medica, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine (ACT-GeM), Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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27
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Wagstaff EL, Heredero Berzal A, Boon CJF, Quinn PMJ, ten Asbroek ALMA, Bergen AA. The Role of Small Molecules and Their Effect on the Molecular Mechanisms of Early Retinal Organoid Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7081. [PMID: 34209272 PMCID: PMC8268497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in vivo embryonic retinal development is a well-documented and evolutionary conserved process. The specification towards eye development is temporally controlled by consecutive activation or inhibition of multiple key signaling pathways, such as the Wnt and hedgehog signaling pathways. Recently, with the use of retinal organoids, researchers aim to manipulate these pathways to achieve better human representative models for retinal development and disease. To achieve this, a plethora of different small molecules and signaling factors have been used at various time points and concentrations in retinal organoid differentiations, with varying success. Additions differ from protocol to protocol, but their usefulness or efficiency has not yet been systematically reviewed. Interestingly, many of these small molecules affect the same and/or multiple pathways, leading to reduced reproducibility and high variability between studies. In this review, we make an inventory of the key signaling pathways involved in early retinogenesis and their effect on the development of the early retina in vitro. Further, we provide a comprehensive overview of the small molecules and signaling factors that are added to retinal organoid differentiation protocols, documenting the molecular and functional effects of these additions. Lastly, we comparatively evaluate several of these factors using our established retinal organoid methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Wagstaff
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Andrea Heredero Berzal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
| | - Camiel J. F. Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. J. Quinn
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center—New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | | | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
Congenital birth defects result from an abnormal development of an embryo and have detrimental effects on children's health. Specifically, congenital heart malformations are a leading cause of death among pediatric patients and often require surgical interventions within the first year of life. Increased efforts to navigate the human genome provide an opportunity to discover multiple candidate genes in patients suffering from birth defects. These efforts, however, fail to provide an explanation regarding the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and emphasize the need for an efficient platform to screen candidate genes. Xenopus is a rapid, cost effective, high-throughput vertebrate organism to model the mechanisms behind human disease. This review provides numerous examples describing the successful use of Xenopus to investigate the contribution of patient mutations to complex phenotypes including congenital heart disease and heterotaxy. Moreover, we describe a variety of unique methods that allow us to rapidly recapitulate patients' phenotypes in frogs: gene knockout and knockdown strategies, the use of fate maps for targeted manipulations, and novel imaging modalities. The combination of patient genomics data and the functional studies in Xenopus will provide necessary answers to the patients suffering from birth defects. Furthermore, it will allow for the development of better diagnostic methods to ensure early detection and intervention. Finally, with better understanding of disease pathogenesis, new treatment methods can be tailored specifically to address patient's phenotype and genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Kostiuk
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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29
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Kim H, Lee YS, Kim SM, Jang S, Choi H, Lee JW, Kim TD, Kim VN. RNA demethylation by FTO stabilizes the FOXJ1 mRNA for proper motile ciliogenesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1118-1130.e6. [PMID: 33761320 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine N6-methylation (m6A) is one of the most pervasive mRNA modifications, and yet the physiological significance of m6A removal (demethylation) remains elusive. Here, we report that the m6A demethylase FTO functions as a conserved regulator of motile ciliogenesis. Mechanistically, FTO demethylates and thereby stabilizes the mRNA that encodes the master ciliary transcription factor FOXJ1. Depletion of Fto in Xenopus laevis embryos caused widespread motile cilia defects, and Foxj1 was identified as one of the major phenocritical targets. In primary human airway epithelium, FTO depletion also led to FOXJ1 mRNA destabilization and a severe loss of ciliated cells with an increase of neighboring goblet cells. Consistently, Fto knockout mice showed strong asthma-like phenotypes upon allergen challenge, a result owing to defective ciliated cells in the airway epithelium. Altogether, our study reveals a conserved role of the FTO-FOXJ1 axis in embryonic and homeostatic motile ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea; School of the Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Young-Suk Lee
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea; School of the Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok-Min Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soohyun Jang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyunji Choi
- School of the Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - V Narry Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea; School of the Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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30
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Onjiko RM, Nemes P, Moody SA. Altering metabolite distribution at Xenopus cleavage stages affects left-right gene expression asymmetries. Genesis 2021; 59:e23418. [PMID: 33826226 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The left-right (L-R) axis of most bilateral animals is established during gastrulation when a transient ciliated structure creates a directional flow of signaling molecules that establish asymmetric gene expression in the lateral plate mesoderm. However, in some animals, an earlier differential distribution of molecules and cell division patterns initiate or at least influence L-R patterning. Using single-cell high-resolution mass spectrometry, we previously reported a limited number of small molecule (metabolite) concentration differences between left and right dorsal-animal blastomeres of the eight-cell Xenopus embryo. Herein, we examined whether altering the distribution of some of these molecules influenced early events in L-R patterning. Using lineage tracing, we found that injecting right-enriched metabolites into the left cell caused its descendant cells to disperse in patterns that varied from those in control gastrulae; this did not occur when left-enriched metabolites were injected into the right cell. At later stages, injecting left-enriched metabolites into the right cell perturbed the expression of genes known to: (a) be required for the formation of the gastrocoel roof plate (foxj1); (b) lead to the asymmetric expression of Nodal (dand5/coco); or (c) result from asymmetrical nodal expression (pitx2). Despite these perturbations in gene expression, we did not observe heterotaxy in heart or gut looping at tadpole stages. These studies indicate that altering metabolite distribution at cleavage stages at the concentrations tested in this study impacts the earliest steps of L-R gene expression that then can be compensated for during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary M Onjiko
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Peter Nemes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
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31
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Jacinto R, Sampaio P, Roxo-Rosa M, Pestana S, Lopes SS. Pkd2 Affects Cilia Length and Impacts LR Flow Dynamics and Dand5. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624531. [PMID: 33869175 PMCID: PMC8047213 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The left-right (LR) field recognizes the importance of the mechanism involving the calcium permeable channel Polycystin-2. However, whether the early LR symmetry breaking mechanism is exclusively via Polycystin-2 has not been tested. For that purpose, we need to be able to isolate the effects of decreasing the levels of Pkd2 protein from any eventual effects on flow dynamics. Here we demonstrate that curly-up (cup) homozygous mutants have abnormal flow dynamics. In addition, we performed one cell stage Pkd2 knockdowns and LR organizer specific Pkd2 knockdowns and observed that both techniques resulted in shorter cilia length and abnormal flow dynamics. We conclude that Pkd2 reduction leads to LR defects that cannot be assigned exclusively to its putative role in mediating mechanosensation because indirectly, by modifying cell shape or decreasing cilia length, Pkd2 deficit affects LR flow dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Jacinto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sampaio
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Roxo-Rosa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Pestana
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana S Lopes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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32
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Corkins ME, Krneta-Stankic V, Kloc M, Miller RK. Aquatic models of human ciliary diseases. Genesis 2021; 59:e23410. [PMID: 33496382 PMCID: PMC8593908 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based structures that either transmit information into the cell or move fluid outside of the cell. There are many human diseases that arise from malfunctioning cilia. Although mammalian models provide vital insights into the underlying pathology of these diseases, aquatic organisms such as Xenopus and zebrafish provide valuable tools to help screen and dissect out the underlying causes of these diseases. In this review we focus on recent studies that identify or describe different types of human ciliopathies and outline how aquatic organisms have aided our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Corkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston Texas 77030
| | - Vanja Krneta-Stankic
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genes & Development, Houston Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Houston Methodist, Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas 77030
| | - Rachel K. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Houston Texas 77030
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Marquez J, Bhattacharya D, Lusk CP, Khokha MK. Nucleoporin NUP205 plays a critical role in cilia and congenital disease. Dev Biol 2020; 469:46-53. [PMID: 33065118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies affect a variety of tissues during development including the heart, kidneys, respiratory tract, and retina. Though an increasing number of monogenic causes of ciliopathies have been described, many remain unexplained. Recently, recessive variants in NUP93 and NUP205 encoding two proteins of the inner ring of the nuclear pore complex were implicated as causes of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. In addition, we previously found that the inner ring nucleoporins NUP93 and NUP188 function in proper left-right patterning in developing embryos via a role at the cilium. Here, we describe the role of an additional inner ring nucleoporin NUP205 in cilia biology and establishment of normal organ situs. Using knockdown in Xenopus, we show that Nup205 depletion results in loss of cilia and abnormal cardiac morphology. Furthermore, by transmission electron microscopy, we observe a loss of cilia and mispositioning of intracellular ciliary structures such as basal bodies and rootlets upon depleting inner ring nucleoporins. We describe a model wherein NUP93 interacting with either NUP188 or NUP205 is necessary for cilia. We thus provide evidence that dysregulation of inner ring nucleoporin genes that have been identified in patients may contribute to pathogenesis through cilia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Marquez
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dipankan Bhattacharya
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Mizuno K, Shiozawa K, Katoh TA, Minegishi K, Ide T, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Takaoka K, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Nakai J, Shiratori H, Hamada H. Role of Ca 2+ transients at the node of the mouse embryo in breaking of left-right symmetry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba1195. [PMID: 32743070 PMCID: PMC7375832 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Immotile cilia sense extracellular signals such as fluid flow, but whether Ca2+ plays a role in flow sensing has been unclear. Here, we examined the role of ciliary Ca2+ in the flow sensing that initiates the breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry in the mouse embryo. Intraciliary and cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients were detected in the crown cells at the node. These Ca2+ transients showed L-R asymmetry, which was lost in the absence of fluid flow or the PKD2 channel. Further characterization allowed classification of the Ca2+ transients into two types: cilium-derived, L-R-asymmetric transients (type 1) and cilium-independent transients without an L-R bias (type 2). Type 1 intraciliary transients occurred preferentially at the left posterior region of the node, where L-R symmetry breaking takes place. Suppression of intraciliary Ca2+ transients delayed L-R symmetry breaking. Our results implicate cilium-derived Ca2+ transients in crown cells in initiation of L-R symmetry breaking in the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Corresponding author. (K.Miz.); (H.H.)
| | - Kei Shiozawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takanobu A. Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Atsuko H. Iwane
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakai
- Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Shiratori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
- Corresponding author. (K.Miz.); (H.H.)
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Yu T, Matsuda M. Epb41l5 interacts with Iqcb1 and regulates ciliary function in zebrafish embryos. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240648. [PMID: 32501287 PMCID: PMC7338265 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte protein band 4.1 like 5 (EPB41L5) is an adaptor protein beneath the plasma membrane that functions to control epithelial morphogenesis. Here we report a previously uncharacterized role of EPB41L5 in controlling ciliary function. We found that EPB41L5 forms a complex with IQCB1 (previously known as NPHP5), a ciliopathy protein. Overexpression of EPB41L5 reduced IQCB1 localization at the ciliary base in cultured mammalian epithelial cells. Conversely, epb41l5 knockdown increased IQCB1 localization at the ciliary base. epb41l5-deficient zebrafish embryos or embryos expressing C-terminally modified forms of Epb41l5 developed cilia with reduced motility and exhibited left-right patterning defects, an outcome of abnormal ciliary function. We observed genetic synergy between epb41l5 and iqcb1. Moreover, EPB41L5 decreased IQCB1 interaction with CEP290, another ciliopathy protein and a component of the ciliary base and centrosome. Together, these observations suggest that EPB41L5 regulates the composition of the ciliary base and centrosome through IQCB1 and CEP290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07302, USA
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07302, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Fuentes R, Tajer B, Kobayashi M, Pelliccia JL, Langdon Y, Abrams EW, Mullins MC. The maternal coordinate system: Molecular-genetics of embryonic axis formation and patterning in the zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 140:341-389. [PMID: 32591080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Axis specification of the zebrafish embryo begins during oogenesis and relies on proper formation of well-defined cytoplasmic domains within the oocyte. Upon fertilization, maternally-regulated cytoplasmic flow and repositioning of dorsal determinants establish the coordinate system that will build the structure and developmental body plan of the embryo. Failure of specific genes that regulate the embryonic coordinate system leads to catastrophic loss of body structures. Here, we review the genetic principles of axis formation and discuss how maternal factors orchestrate axis patterning during zebrafish early embryogenesis. We focus on the molecular identity and functional contribution of genes controlling critical aspects of oogenesis, egg activation, blastula, and gastrula stages. We examine how polarized cytoplasmic domains form in the oocyte, which set off downstream events such as animal-vegetal polarity and germ line development. After gametes interact and form the zygote, cytoplasmic segregation drives the animal-directed reorganization of maternal determinants through calcium- and cell cycle-dependent signals. We also summarize how maternal genes control dorsoventral, anterior-posterior, mesendodermal, and left-right cell fate specification and how signaling pathways pattern these axes and tissues during early development to instruct the three-dimensional body plan. Advances in reverse genetics and phenotyping approaches in the zebrafish model are revealing positional patterning signatures at the single-cell level, thus enhancing our understanding of genotype-phenotype interactions in axis formation. Our emphasis is on the genetic interrogation of novel and specific maternal regulatory mechanisms of axis specification in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manami Kobayashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jose L Pelliccia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Elliott W Abrams
- Department of Biology, Purchase College, State University of New York, Harrison, NY, United States
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Petri ND. Evolutionary Diversity of the Mechanisms Providing the Establishment of Left-Right Asymmetry in Metazoans. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Left-right (L-R) asymmetry of visceral organs in animals is established during embryonic development via a stepwise process. While some steps are conserved, different strategies are employed among animals for initiating the breaking of body symmetry. In zebrafish (teleost),
Xenopus (amphibian), and mice (mammal), symmetry breaking is elicited by directional fluid flow at the L-R organizer, which is generated by motile cilia and sensed by mechanoresponsive cells. In contrast, birds and reptiles do not rely on the cilia-driven fluid flow. Invertebrates such as
Drosophila and snails employ another distinct mechanism, where the symmetry breaking process is underpinned by cellular chirality acquired downstream of the molecular interaction of myosin and actin. Here, we highlight the convergent entry point of actomyosin interaction and planar cell polarity to the diverse L-R symmetry breaking mechanisms among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamada
- Organismal Pattterning Lab, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Patrick Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zhu X, Shi C, Zhong Y, Liu X, Yan Q, Wu X, Wang Y, Li G. Cilia-driven asymmetric Hedgehog signalling determines the amphioxus left-right axis by controlling Dand5 expression. Development 2020; 147:dev.182469. [PMID: 31826864 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cilia rotation-driven nodal flow is crucial for the left-right (L-R) break in symmetry in most vertebrates. However, the mechanism by which the flow signal is translated to asymmetric gene expression has been insufficiently addressed. Here, we show that Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is asymmetrically activated (L<R) in the region in which initial asymmetric Dand5 expression is detected. Upregulation of Hh signalling on the left side of wild-type embryos induces ectopic Dand5 expression on the left side, and the unilateral recovery of Hh signalling in Hh homozygous mutants induces Dand5 expression in the Hh signal recovery side. Immunofluorescence analysis results revealed that Hh fusion protein is asymmetrically enriched in the anterior-right paraxial mesoderm at the early neurula stage. Inhibiting embryonic cilia motility using methylcellulose (MC) blocks Hh protein enrichment on the right hand side and randomizes Dand5 expression and organ positioning along the L-R axis. These findings present a model showing that cilia movement is crucial for the symmetry breaks in amphioxus through asymmetric Hh protein transport. The resultant asymmetric Hh signalling provides a clue into the induction of asymmetric Dand5 expression.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chenggang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanhong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qiuning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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Kajikawa E, Horo U, Ide T, Mizuno K, Minegishi K, Hara Y, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Uchikawa M, Kiyonari H, Kuraku S, Hamada H. Nodal paralogues underlie distinct mechanisms for visceral left-right asymmetry in reptiles and mammals. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:261-269. [PMID: 31907383 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unidirectional fluid flow generated by motile cilia at the left-right organizer (LRO) breaks left-right (L-R) symmetry during early embryogenesis in mouse, frog and zebrafish. The chick embryo, however, does not require motile cilia for L-R symmetry breaking. The diversity of mechanisms for L-R symmetry breaking among vertebrates and the trigger for such symmetry breaking in non-mammalian amniotes have remained unknown. Here we examined how L-R asymmetry is established in two reptiles, Madagascar ground gecko and Chinese softshell turtle. Both of these reptiles appear to lack motile cilia at the LRO. The expression of the Nodal gene at the LRO in the reptilian embryos was found to be asymmetric, in contrast to that in vertebrates such as mouse that are dependent on cilia for L-R patterning. Two paralogues of the Nodal gene derived from an ancient gene duplication are retained and expressed differentially in cilia-dependent and cilia-independent vertebrates. The expression of these two Nodal paralogues is similarly controlled in the lateral plate mesoderm but regulated differently at the LRO. Our in-depth analysis of reptilian embryos thus suggests that mammals and non-mammalian amniotes deploy distinct strategies dependent on different Nodal paralogues for rendering Nodal activity asymmetric at the LRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Uzuki Horo
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,SEEDS Program/JST Global Science Campus, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.,NADA Senior High School, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hara
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School for Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
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HAMADA H. Molecular and cellular basis of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:273-296. [PMID: 32788551 PMCID: PMC7443379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the human body appears superficially symmetrical with regard to the left-right (L-R) axis, most visceral organs are asymmetric in terms of their size, shape, or position. Such morphological asymmetries of visceral organs, which are essential for their proper function, are under the control of a genetic pathway that operates in the developing embryo. In many vertebrates including mammals, the breaking of L-R symmetry occurs at a structure known as the L-R organizer (LRO) located at the midline of the developing embryo. This symmetry breaking is followed by transfer of an active form of the signaling molecule Nodal from the LRO to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) on the left side, which results in asymmetric expression of Nodal (a left-side determinant) in the left LPM. Finally, L-R asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs is induced by Nodal-Pitx2 signaling. This review will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of L-R asymmetry in vertebrates, with a focus on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi HAMADA
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Hamada, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan (e-mail: )
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Shylo NA, Emmanouil E, Ramrattan D, Weatherbee SD. Loss of ciliary transition zone protein TMEM107 leads to heterotaxy in mice. Dev Biol 2019; 460:187-199. [PMID: 31887266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cilia in most vertebrate left-right organizers are involved in the original break in left-right (L-R) symmetry, however, less is known about their roles in subsequent steps of the cascade - relaying the signaling and maintaining the established asymmetry. Here we describe the L-R patterning cascades in two mutants of a ciliary transition zone protein TMEM107, revealing that near-complete loss of cilia in Tmem107null leads to left pulmonary isomerism due to the failure of the midline barrier. Contrary, partially retained cilia in the node and the midline of a hypomorphic Tmem107schlei mutant appear sufficient for the formation of the midline barrier and establishment and maintenance of the L-R asymmetry. Despite misregulation of Shh signaling in both mutants, the presence of normal Lefty1 expression and midline barrier formation in Tmem107schlei mutants, suggests a requirement for cilia, but not necessarily Shh signaling for Lefty1 expression and midline barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Shylo
- Yale University, Genetics Department, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Elli Emmanouil
- Yale University, Genetics Department, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Dylan Ramrattan
- Yale University, Genetics Department, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Scott D Weatherbee
- Yale University, Genetics Department, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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Abstract
Consistent asymmetries between the left and right sides of animal bodies are common. For example, the internal organs of vertebrates are left-right (L-R) asymmetric in a stereotyped fashion. Other structures, such as the skeleton and muscles, are largely symmetric. This Review considers how symmetries and asymmetries form alongside each other within the embryo, and how they are then maintained during growth. I describe how asymmetric signals are generated in the embryo. Using the limbs and somites as major examples, I then address mechanisms for protecting symmetrically forming tissues from asymmetrically acting signals. These examples reveal that symmetry should not be considered as an inherent background state, but instead must be actively maintained throughout multiple phases of embryonic patterning and organismal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Alkylglycerol monooxygenase, a heterotaxy candidate gene, regulates left-right patterning via Wnt signaling. Dev Biol 2019; 456:1-7. [PMID: 31398317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity in the pediatric population yet its genetic and molecular causes remain poorly defined. Previously, we identified AGMO as a candidate heterotaxy disease gene, a disorder of left-right (LR) patterning that can have a profound effect on cardiac function. AGMO is the only known alkylglycerol monooxygenase, an orphan tetrahydrobiopterin dependent enzyme that cleaves the ether linkage in alkylglycerols. However, whether AGMO plays a role in LR patterning was unexplored. Here we reveal that Agmo is required for correct development of the embryonic LR axis in Xenopus embryos recapitulating the patient's heterotaxy phenotype. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Agmo is a regulator of canonical Wnt signaling, required during gastrulation for normal formation of the left - right organizer. Mutational analysis demonstrates that this function is dependent on Agmo's alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity. Together, our findings identify Agmo as a regulator of canonical Wnt signaling, demonstrate a role for Agmo in embryonic axis formation, and provide insight into the poorly understood developmental requirements for ether lipid cleavage.
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Histone H2B monoubiquitination regulates heart development via epigenetic control of cilia motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14049-14054. [PMID: 31235600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808341116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic analyses of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) have identified significant contribution from mutations affecting cilia genes and chromatin remodeling genes; however, the mechanism(s) connecting chromatin remodeling to CHD is unknown. Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) is catalyzed by the RNF20 complex consisting of RNF20, RNF40, and UBE2B. Here, we show significant enrichment of loss-of-function mutations affecting H2Bub1 in CHD patients (enrichment 6.01, P = 1.67 × 10-03), some of whom had abnormal laterality associated with ciliary dysfunction. In Xenopus, knockdown of rnf20 and rnf40 results in abnormal heart looping, defective development of left-right (LR) asymmetry, and impaired cilia motility. Rnf20, Rnf40, and Ube2b affect LR patterning and cilia synergistically. Examination of global H2Bub1 level in Xenopus embryos shows that H2Bub1 is developmentally regulated and requires Rnf20. To examine gene-specific H2Bub1, we performed ChIP-seq of mouse ciliated and nonciliated tissues and showed tissue-specific H2Bub1 marks significantly enriched at cilia genes including the transcription factor Rfx3 Rnf20 knockdown results in decreased levels of rfx3 mRNA in Xenopus, and exogenous rfx3 can rescue the Rnf20 depletion phenotype. These data suggest that Rnf20 functions at the Rfx3 locus regulating cilia motility and cardiac situs and identify H2Bub1 as an upstream transcriptional regulator controlling tissue-specific expression of cilia genes. Our findings mechanistically link the two functional gene ontologies that have been implicated in human CHD: chromatin remodeling and cilia function.
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Sempou E, Khokha MK. Genes and mechanisms of heterotaxy: patients drive the search. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:34-40. [PMID: 31234044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterotaxy, a disorder in which visceral organs, including the heart, are mispatterned along the left-right body axis, contributes to particularly severe forms of congenital heart disease that are difficult to mitigate even despite surgical advances. A higher incidence of heterotaxy among individuals with blood kinship and the existence of rare monogenic disease forms suggest the existence of a genetic component, but the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease have rendered gene discovery challenging. Next generation genomics in patients with syndromic, but also non-syndromic and sporadic heterotaxy, have recently helped to uncover new candidate disease genes, expanding the pool of genes already identified via traditional animal studies. Further characterization of these new genes in animal models has uncovered fascinating mechanisms of left-right axis development. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the functions of heterotaxy genes with identified patient alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sempou
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
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47
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Tajhya R, Delling M. New insights into ion channel-dependent signalling during left-right patterning. J Physiol 2019; 598:1741-1752. [PMID: 31106399 DOI: 10.1113/jp277835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right organizer (LRO) in the mouse consists of pit cells within the depression, located at the end of the developing notochord, also known as the embryonic node and crown cells lining the outer periphery of the node. Cilia on pit cells are posteriorly tilted, rotate clockwise and generate leftward fluid flow. Primary cilia on crown cells are required to interpret the directionality of fluid movement and initiate flow-dependent gene transcription. Crown cells express PC1-L1 and PC2, which may form a heteromeric polycystin channel complex on primary cilia. It is still only poorly understood how fluid flow activates the ciliary polycystin complex. Besides polycystin channels voltage gated channels like HCN4 and KCNQ1 have been implicated in establishing asymmetry. How this electrical network of ion channels initiates left-sided signalling cascades and differential gene expression is currently only poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Tajhya
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
| | - Markus Delling
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
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48
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Schneider I, Kreis J, Schweickert A, Blum M, Vick P. A dual function of FGF signaling in Xenopus left-right axis formation. Development 2019; 146:dev.173575. [PMID: 31036544 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ left-right (LR) asymmetry is a conserved vertebrate feature, which is regulated by left-sided activation of Nodal signaling. Nodal asymmetry is established by a leftward fluid-flow generated at the ciliated LR organizer (LRO). Although the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways during mesoderm development is conserved, diverging results from different model organisms suggest a non-conserved function in LR asymmetry. Here, we demonstrate that FGF is required during gastrulation in a dual function at consecutive stages of Xenopus embryonic development. In the early gastrula, FGF is necessary for LRO precursor induction, acting in parallel with FGF-mediated mesoderm induction. During late gastrulation, the FGF/Ca2+-branch is required for specification of the flow-sensing lateral LRO cells, a function related to FGF-mediated mesoderm morphogenesis. This second function in addition requires input from the calcium channel Polycystin-2. Thus, analogous to mesoderm development, FGF activity is required in a dual role for laterality specification; namely, for generating and sensing leftward flow. Moreover, our findings in Xenopus demonstrate that FGF functions in LR development share more conserved features across vertebrate species than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Kreis
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Axel Schweickert
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Vick
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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49
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Montague TG, Gagnon JA, Schier AF. Conserved regulation of Nodal-mediated left-right patterning in zebrafish and mouse. Development 2018; 145:dev.171090. [PMID: 30446628 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nodal is the major effector of left-right axis development. In mice, Nodal forms heterodimers with Gdf1 and is inhibited by Cerl2/Dand5 at the node, and by Lefty1 in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Studies in zebrafish have suggested some parallels, but also differences, between left-right patterning in mouse and zebrafish. To address these discrepancies, we generated single and double zebrafish mutants for southpaw (spaw, the Nodal ortholog), dand5 and lefty1, and performed biochemical and activity assays with Spaw and Vg1/Gdf3 (the Gdf1 ortholog). Contrary to previous findings, spaw mutants failed to initiate spaw expression in the LPM, and asymmetric heart looping was absent, similar to mouse Nodal mutants. In blastoderm assays, Vg1 and Spaw were interdependent for target gene induction, and contrary to previous results, formed heterodimers. Loss of Dand5 or Lefty1 caused bilateral spaw expression, similar to mouse mutants, and Lefty1 was replaceable with a uniform Nodal signaling inhibitor. Collectively, these results indicate that Dand5 activity biases Spaw-Vg1 heterodimer activity to the left, Spaw around Kupffer's vesicle induces the expression of spaw in the LPM and global Nodal inhibition maintains the left bias of Spaw activity, demonstrating conservation between zebrafish and mouse mechanisms of left-right patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa G Montague
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James A Gagnon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA .,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Sempou E, Lakhani OA, Amalraj S, Khokha MK. Candidate Heterotaxy Gene FGFR4 Is Essential for Patterning of the Left-Right Organizer in Xenopus. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1705. [PMID: 30564136 PMCID: PMC6288790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect, yet its genetic causes continue to be obscure. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) recently emerged in a large patient exome sequencing study as a candidate disease gene for CHD and specifically heterotaxy. In heterotaxy, patterning of the left-right (LR) body axis is compromised, frequently leading to defects in the heart's LR architecture and severe CHD. FGF ligands like FGF8 and FGF4 have been previously implicated in LR development with roles ranging from formation of the laterality organ [LR organizer (LRO)] to the transfer of asymmetry from the embryonic midline to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). However, much less is known about which FGF receptors (FGFRs) play a role in laterality. Here, we show that the candidate heterotaxy gene FGFR4 is essential for proper organ situs in Xenopus and that frogs depleted of fgfr4 display inverted cardiac and gut looping. Fgfr4 knockdown causes mispatterning of the LRO even before cilia on its surface initiate symmetry-breaking fluid flow, indicating a role in the earliest stages of LR development. Specifically, fgfr4 acts during gastrulation to pattern the paraxial mesoderm, which gives rise to the lateral pre-somitic portion of the LRO. Upon fgfr4 knockdown, the paraxial mesoderm is mispatterned in the gastrula and LRO, and crucial genes for symmetry breakage, like coco, xnr1, and gdf3 are subsequently absent from the lateral portions of the organizer. In summary, our data indicate that FGF signaling in mesodermal LRO progenitors defines cell fates essential for subsequent LR patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sempou
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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