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Panniello M, Gillon CJ, Maffulli R, Celotto M, Richards BA, Panzeri S, Kohl MM. Stimulus information guides the emergence of behavior-related signals in primary somatosensory cortex during learning. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114244. [PMID: 38796851 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the primary cortex carry sensory- and behavior-related information, but it remains an open question how this information emerges and intersects together during learning. Current evidence points to two possible learning-related changes: sensory information increases in the primary cortex or sensory information remains stable, but its readout efficiency in association cortices increases. We investigated this question by imaging neuronal activity in mouse primary somatosensory cortex before, during, and after learning of an object localization task. We quantified sensory- and behavior-related information and estimated how much sensory information was used to instruct perceptual choices as learning progressed. We find that sensory information increases from the start of training, while choice information is mostly present in the later stages of learning. Additionally, the readout of sensory information becomes more efficient with learning as early as in the primary sensory cortex. Together, our results highlight the importance of primary cortical neurons in perceptual learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Panniello
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Colleen J Gillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Mila, Montréal, QC H2S 3H1, Canada
| | - Roberto Maffulli
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Celotto
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; Institute of Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Blake A Richards
- Mila, Montréal, QC H2S 3H1, Canada; School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada; Learning in Machines and Brains Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; Institute of Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael M Kohl
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Tsytsarev V, Plachez C, Zhao S, O'Connor DH, Erzurumlu RS. Bilateral Whisker Representations in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex in Robo3cKO Mice Are Reflected in the Primary Motor Cortex. Neuroscience 2024; 544:128-137. [PMID: 38447690 PMCID: PMC11146016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
In Robo3cKO mice, midline crossing defects of the trigeminothalamic projections from the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus result in bilateral whisker maps in the somatosensory thalamus and consequently in the face representation area of the primary somatosensory (S1) cortex (Renier et al., 2017; Tsytsarev et al., 2017). We investigated whether this bilateral sensory representation in the whisker-barrel cortex is also reflected in the downstream projections from the S1 to the primary motor (M1) cortex. To label these projections, we injected anterograde viral axonal tracer in S1 cortex. Corticocortical projections from the S1 distribute to similar areas across the ipsilateral hemisphere in control and Robo3cKO mice. Namely, in both genotypes they extend to the M1, premotor/prefrontal cortex (PMPF), secondary somatosensory (S2) cortex. Next, we performed voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDi) in the left hemisphere following ipsilateral and contralateral single whisker stimulation. While controls showed only activation in the contralateral whisker barrel cortex and M1 cortex, the Robo3cKO mouse left hemisphere was activated bilaterally in both the barrel cortex and the M1 cortex. We conclude that the midline crossing defect of the trigeminothalamic projections leads to bilateral whisker representations not only in the thalamus and the S1 cortex but also downstream from the S1, in the M1 cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliy Tsytsarev
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-2, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Céline Plachez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-2, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Shuxin Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-2, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- The Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 338 Krieger Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Reha S Erzurumlu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-2, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Weiler S, Rahmati V, Isstas M, Wutke J, Stark AW, Franke C, Graf J, Geis C, Witte OW, Hübener M, Bolz J, Margrie TW, Holthoff K, Teichert M. A primary sensory cortical interareal feedforward inhibitory circuit for tacto-visual integration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3081. [PMID: 38594279 PMCID: PMC11003985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Tactile sensation and vision are often both utilized for the exploration of objects that are within reach though it is not known whether or how these two distinct sensory systems combine such information. Here in mice, we used a combination of stereo photogrammetry for 3D reconstruction of the whisker array, brain-wide anatomical tracing and functional connectivity analysis to explore the possibility of tacto-visual convergence in sensory space and within the circuitry of the primary visual cortex (VISp). Strikingly, we find that stimulation of the contralateral whisker array suppresses visually evoked activity in a tacto-visual sub-region of VISp whose visual space representation closely overlaps with the whisker search space. This suppression is mediated by local fast-spiking interneurons that receive a direct cortico-cortical input predominantly from layer 6 neurons located in the posterior primary somatosensory barrel cortex (SSp-bfd). These data demonstrate functional convergence within and between two primary sensory cortical areas for multisensory object detection and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weiler
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neuronal Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London, W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Vahid Rahmati
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcel Isstas
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Erbertstraße 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Johann Wutke
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Walter Stark
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Fröbelstieg 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Franke
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Fröbelstieg 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena Center for Soft Matter, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Abbe Center of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Graf
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark Hübener
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bolz
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Erbertstraße 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Troy W Margrie
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neuronal Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London, W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Knut Holthoff
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Manuel Teichert
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Kleinfeld D, Deschênes M, Economo MN, Elbaz M, Golomb D, Liao SM, O'Connor DH, Wang F. Low- and high-level coordination of orofacial motor actions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102784. [PMID: 37757586 PMCID: PMC11034851 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial motor actions are movements that, in rodents, involve whisking of the vibrissa, deflection of the nose, licking and lapping with the tongue, and consumption through chewing. These actions, along with bobbing and turning of the head, coordinate to subserve exploration while not conflicting with life-supporting actions such as breathing and swallowing. Orofacial and head movements are comprised of two additive components: a rhythm that can be entrained by the breathing oscillator and a broadband component that directs the actuator to the region of interest. We focus on coordinating the rhythmic component of actions into a behavior. We hypothesize that the precise timing of each constituent action is continually adjusted through the merging of low-level oscillator input with sensory-derived, high-level rhythmic feedback. Supporting evidence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, G1J 2R3 Canada
| | - Michael N Economo
- Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaël Elbaz
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David Golomb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel; Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Song-Mao Liao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Zynval Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Agramunt J, Parke B, Mena S, Ubels V, Jimenez F, Williams G, Rhodes ADY, Limbu S, Hexter M, Knight L, Hashemi P, Kozlov AS, Higgins CA. Mechanical stimulation of human hair follicle outer root sheath cultures activates adjacent sensory neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3273. [PMID: 37889977 PMCID: PMC10610912 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli, such as stroking or pressing on the skin, activate mechanoreceptors transmitting information to the sensory nervous system and brain. It is well accepted that deflection of the hair fiber that occurs with a light breeze or touch directly activates the sensory neurons surrounding the hair follicle, facilitating transmission of mechanical information. Here, we hypothesized that hair follicle outer root sheath cells act as transducers of mechanical stimuli to sensory neurons surrounding the hair follicle. Using electrochemical analysis on human hair follicle preparations in vitro, we were able to show that outer root sheath cells release ATP and the neurotransmitters serotonin and histamine in response to mechanical stimulation. Using calcium imaging combined with pharmacology in a coculture of outer root sheath cells with sensory neurons, we found that the release of these three molecules from hair follicle cells leads to activation of sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julià Agramunt
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brenna Parke
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio Mena
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victor Ubels
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francisco Jimenez
- Mediteknia Clinic, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Anna DY Rhodes
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Summik Limbu
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Melissa Hexter
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andriy S. Kozlov
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Muller M, Pennartz CMA, Bosman CA, Olcese U. A novel task to investigate vibrotactile detection in mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284735. [PMID: 37079581 PMCID: PMC10118142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the last decades, understanding the neural mechanisms of sensory processing has been a key objective for neuroscientists. Many studies focused on uncovering the microcircuit-level architecture of somatosensation using the rodent whisker system as a model. Although these studies have significantly advanced our understanding of tactile processing, the question remains to what extent the whisker system can provide results translatable to the human somatosensory system. To address this, we developed a restrained vibrotactile detection task involving the limb system in mice. A vibrotactile stimulus was delivered to the hindlimb of head-fixed mice, who were trained to perform a Go/No-go detection task. Mice were able to learn this task with satisfactory performance and with reasonably short training times. In addition, the task we developed is versatile, as it can be combined with diverse neuroscience methods. Thus, this study introduces a novel task to study the neuron-level mechanisms of tactile processing in a system other than the more commonly studied whisker system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Muller
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conrado A. Bosman
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Umberto Olcese
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tactile cues are important to environmental novelty during repeated open field tests. Behav Processes 2023; 204:104796. [PMID: 36460136 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The open field test (OFT) is a commonly used protocol to measure anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. Exploration in the central area of the open field and rearing frequency are often readouts of anxiety measurement. However, concerns about carry-over effects associated with repeated assessments limit its application, with the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon still to be fully described. Here, we showed that repeated OFTs in the same mice led to reductions in the percentage of time spent in the central area and frequency of rearing. This effect reduced with an increase in the intervals between test. The decay caused by repeated OFTs was due to habituation, rather than frequent handling of the experimenter, since novel environments could prevent decay from repeated OFTs. Our results also indicated that tactile cues of the environment played important roles in the habituation of repeated OFTs. Furthermore, the decay of central area activity and rearing behavior during repeated OFTs would be blocked if the hippocampal CA1 was lesioned, suggesting that CA1 is a crucial region for habituation of the OFT in mice. Taken together, our study uncovers the important roles of tactile cues and hippocampal CA1 during repeated OFTs in mice.
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Murasawa H, Soumiya H, Kobayashi H, Imai J, Nagase T, Fukumitsu H. Neonatal bilateral whisker trimming in male mice age-dependently alters brain neurotransmitter levels and causes adolescent onsets of social behavior abnormalities. Biomed Res 2023; 44:147-160. [PMID: 37544736 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.44.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Tactile perception via whiskers is important in rodent behavior. Whisker trimming during the neonatal period affects mouse behaviors related to both whisker-based tactile cognition and social performance. However, the molecular basis of these phenomena is not completely understood. To solve this issue, we investigated developmental changes in transmitters and metabolites in various brain regions of male mice subjected to bilateral whisker trimming during the neonatal period (10 days after birth [BWT10 mice]). We discovered significantly lower levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG), the major noradrenaline metabolite, in various brain regions of male BWT10 mice at both early/late adolescent stages (at P4W and P8W). However, reduced levels of dopamine (DA) and their metabolites were more significantly identified at P8W in the nuclear origins of monoamine (midbrain and medulla oblongata) and the limbic system (frontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus) than at P4W. Furthermore, the onset of social behavior deficits (P6W) was observed later to the impairment of whisker-based tactile cognitive behaviors (P4W). Taken together, these findings suggest that whisker-mediated tactile cognition may contribute toprogressive abnormalities in social behaviors in BWT10 mice accompanied by impaired development of dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Murasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc
| | - Hitomi Soumiya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc
| | - Jun Imai
- Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc
| | | | - Hidefumi Fukumitsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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Lohse M, Zimmer-Harwood P, Dahmen JC, King AJ. Integration of somatosensory and motor-related information in the auditory system. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1010211. [PMID: 36330342 PMCID: PMC9622781 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An ability to integrate information provided by different sensory modalities is a fundamental feature of neurons in many brain areas. Because visual and auditory inputs often originate from the same external object, which may be located some distance away from the observer, the synthesis of these cues can improve localization accuracy and speed up behavioral responses. By contrast, multisensory interactions occurring close to the body typically involve a combination of tactile stimuli with other sensory modalities. Moreover, most activities involving active touch generate sound, indicating that stimuli in these modalities are frequently experienced together. In this review, we examine the basis for determining sound-source distance and the contribution of auditory inputs to the neural encoding of space around the body. We then consider the perceptual consequences of combining auditory and tactile inputs in humans and discuss recent evidence from animal studies demonstrating how cortical and subcortical areas work together to mediate communication between these senses. This research has shown that somatosensory inputs interface with and modulate sound processing at multiple levels of the auditory pathway, from the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem to the cortex. Circuits involving inputs from the primary somatosensory cortex to the auditory midbrain have been identified that mediate suppressive effects of whisker stimulation on auditory thalamocortical processing, providing a possible basis for prioritizing the processing of tactile cues from nearby objects. Close links also exist between audition and movement, and auditory responses are typically suppressed by locomotion and other actions. These movement-related signals are thought to cancel out self-generated sounds, but they may also affect auditory responses via the associated somatosensory stimulation or as a result of changes in brain state. Together, these studies highlight the importance of considering both multisensory context and movement-related activity in order to understand how the auditory cortex operates during natural behaviors, paving the way for future work to investigate auditory-somatosensory interactions in more ecological situations.
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Donaldson PD, Navabi ZS, Carter RE, Fausner SML, Ghanbari L, Ebner TJ, Swisher SL, Kodandaramaiah SB. Polymer Skulls With Integrated Transparent Electrode Arrays for Cortex-Wide Opto-Electrophysiological Recordings. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200626. [PMID: 35869830 PMCID: PMC9573805 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiology and optical imaging provide complementary neural sensing capabilities - electrophysiological recordings have high temporal resolution, while optical imaging allows recording of genetically-defined populations at high spatial resolution. Combining these two modalities for simultaneous large-scale, multimodal sensing of neural activity across multiple brain regions can be very powerful. Here, transparent, inkjet-printed electrode arrays with outstanding optical and electrical properties are seamlessly integrated with morphologically conformant transparent polymer skulls. Implanted on transgenic mice expressing the Calcium (Ca2+ ) indicator GCaMP6f in excitatory neurons, these "eSee-Shells" provide a robust opto-electrophysiological interface for over 100 days. eSee-Shells enable simultaneous mesoscale Ca2+ imaging and electrocorticography (ECoG) acquisition from multiple brain regions covering 45 mm2 of cortex under anesthesia and in awake animals. The clarity and transparency of eSee-Shells allow recording single-cell Ca2+ signals directly below the electrodes and interconnects. Simultaneous multimodal measurement of cortical dynamics reveals changes in both ECoG and Ca2+ signals that depend on the behavioral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston D. Donaldson
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities200 Union St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Zahra S. Navabi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities117 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Russell E. Carter
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities312 Church St. SE, 7–105 Nils Hasselmo HallMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Skylar M. L. Fausner
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities117 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Leila Ghanbari
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities117 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities312 Church St. SE, 7–105 Nils Hasselmo HallMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Sarah L. Swisher
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities200 Union St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Suhasa B. Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities117 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities312 Church St. SE, 7–105 Nils Hasselmo HallMinneapolisMN55455USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota Twin Cities321 Church St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
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11
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Barham M, Streppel M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Fulgham-Scott N, Vogt J, Neiss WF. Treatment With Nimodipine or FK506 After Facial Nerve Repair Neither Improves Accuracy of Reinnervation Nor Recovery of Mimetic Function in Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:895076. [PMID: 35645727 PMCID: PMC9136327 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.895076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nimodipine and FK506 (Tacrolimus) are drugs that have been reported to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration. We therefore tested these substances aiming to improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation after facial nerve injury. Methods In 18 female rats, the transected facial nerve was repaired by an artificial nerve conduit. The rats were then treated with either placebo, nimodipine, or FK506, for 56 days. Facial motoneurons were pre-operatively double-labeled by Fluoro-Gold and again 56 days post-operation by Fast-Blue to measure the cytological accuracy of reinnervation. The whisking motion of the vibrissae was analyzed to assess the quality of functional recovery. Results On the non-operated side, 93–97% of those facial nerve motoneurons innervating the vibrissae were double-labeled. On the operated side, double-labeling only amounted to 38% (placebo), 40% (nimodipine), and 39% (FK506), indicating severe misdirection of reinnervation. Regardless of post-operative drug or placebo therapy, the whisking frequency reached 83–100% of the normal value (6.0 Hz), but whisking amplitude was reduced to 33–48% while whisking velocity reached 39–66% of the normal values. Compared to placebo, statistically neither nimodipine nor FK506 improved accuracy of reinnervation and function recovery. Conclusion Despite previous, positive data on the speed and quantity of axonal regeneration, nimodipine and FK506 do not improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Barham
- Department II of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Barham,
| | - Michael Streppel
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat-Department (ENT), PAN-Clinic at Neumarkt, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Fulgham-Scott
- Department I of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Department II of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram F. Neiss
- Department I of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Sayegh MA, Daraghma H, Mekid S, Bashmal S. Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:2705. [PMID: 35408319 PMCID: PMC9003453 DOI: 10.3390/s22072705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Whisker sensors are a class of tactile sensors that have recently attracted attention. Inspired by mammals' whiskers known as mystacial vibrissae, they have displayed tremendous potential in a variety of applications e.g., robotics, underwater vehicles, minimally invasive surgeries, and leak detection. This paper provides a supplement to the recent tactile sensing techniques' designs of whiskers that only sense at their base, as well as the materials employed, and manufacturing techniques. The article delves into the technical specifications of these sensors, such as the resolution, measurement range, sensitivity, durability, and recovery time, which determine their performance. The sensors' sensitivity varies depending on the measured physical quantity; for example, the pressure sensors had an intermediate sensitivity of 58%/Pa and a response time of around 90 ms, whereas the force sensors that function based on piezoelectric effects exhibited good linearity in the measurements with a resolution of 3 µN and sensitivity of 0.1682 mV/µN. Some sensors were used to perform spatial mapping and the identification of the geometry and roughness of objects with a reported resolution of 25 nm. The durability and recovery time showed a wide range of values, with the maximum durability being 10,000 cycles and the shortest recovery time being 5 ms. Furthermore, the paper examines the fabrication of whiskers at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as their contributions to mechanical and thermal behavior. The commonly used manufacturing techniques of 3D printing, PDMS casting, and screen printing were used in addition to several micro and nanofabrication techniques such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. Lastly, the paper discusses the main potential applications of these sensors and potential research gaps in this field. In particular, the operation of whisker sensors under high temperatures or high pressure requires further investigation, as does the design of sensors to explore larger topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Ammar Sayegh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.-A.S.); (H.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Hammam Daraghma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.-A.S.); (H.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Samir Mekid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.-A.S.); (H.D.); (S.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem Bashmal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.-A.S.); (H.D.); (S.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Candy TR, Cormack LK. Recent understanding of binocular vision in the natural environment with clinical implications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 88:101014. [PMID: 34624515 PMCID: PMC8983798 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in recent decades have allowed us to measure both the information available to the visual system in the natural environment and the rich array of behaviors that the visual system supports. This review highlights the tasks undertaken by the binocular visual system in particular and how, for much of human activity, these tasks differ from those considered when an observer fixates a static target on the midline. The everyday motor and perceptual challenges involved in generating a stable, useful binocular percept of the environment are discussed, together with how these challenges are but minimally addressed by much of current clinical interpretation of binocular function. The implications for new technology, such as virtual reality, are also highlighted in terms of clinical and basic research application.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rowan Candy
- School of Optometry, Programs in Vision Science, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, Indiana University, 800 East Atwater Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Lawrence K Cormack
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, and Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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14
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Syngap1 regulates experience-dependent cortical ensemble plasticity by promoting in vivo excitatory synapse strengthening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100579118. [PMID: 34404727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100579118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of autism risk genes regulate synapse function, including plasticity, which is believed to contribute to behavioral abnormalities. However, it remains unclear how impaired synapse plasticity contributes to network-level processes linked to adaptive behaviors, such as experience-dependent ensemble plasticity. We found that Syngap1, a major autism risk gene, promoted measures of experience-dependent excitatory synapse strengthening in the mouse cortex, including spike-timing-dependent glutamatergic synaptic potentiation and presynaptic bouton formation. Synaptic depression and bouton elimination were normal in Syngap1 mice. Within cortical networks, Syngap1 promoted experience-dependent increases in somatic neural activity in weakly active neurons. In contrast, plastic changes to highly active neurons from the same ensemble that paradoxically weaken with experience were unaffected. Thus, experience-dependent excitatory synapse strengthening mediated by Syngap1 shapes neuron-specific plasticity within cortical ensembles. We propose that other genes regulate neuron-specific weakening within ensembles, and together, these processes function to redistribute activity within cortical networks during experience.
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15
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O'Connor DH, Krubitzer L, Bensmaia S. Of mice and monkeys: Somatosensory processing in two prominent animal models. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102008. [PMID: 33587956 PMCID: PMC8096687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural basis of somatosensation is based largely on studies of the whisker system of mice and rats and the hands of macaque monkeys. Results across these animal models are often interpreted as providing direct insight into human somatosensation. Work on these systems has proceeded in parallel, capitalizing on the strengths of each model, but has rarely been considered as a whole. This lack of integration promotes a piecemeal understanding of somatosensation. Here, we examine the functions and morphologies of whiskers of mice and rats, the hands of macaque monkeys, and the somatosensory neuraxes of these three species. We then discuss how somatosensory information is encoded in their respective nervous systems, highlighting similarities and differences. We reflect on the limitations of these models of human somatosensation and consider key gaps in our understanding of the neural basis of somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H O'Connor
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Sliman Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, United States; Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, United States; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, United States.
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16
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Long X, Zhang SJ. A novel somatosensory spatial navigation system outside the hippocampal formation. Cell Res 2021; 31:649-663. [PMID: 33462427 PMCID: PMC8169756 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatially selective firing of place cells, grid cells, boundary vector/border cells and head direction cells constitutes the basic building blocks of a canonical spatial navigation system centered on the hippocampal-entorhinal complex. While head direction cells can be found throughout the brain, spatial tuning outside the hippocampal formation is often non-specific or conjunctive to other representations such as a reward. Although the precise mechanism of spatially selective firing activity is not understood, various studies show sensory inputs, particularly vision, heavily modulate spatial representation in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit. To better understand the contribution of other sensory inputs in shaping spatial representation in the brain, we performed recording from the primary somatosensory cortex in foraging rats. To our surprise, we were able to detect the full complement of spatially selective firing patterns similar to that reported in the hippocampal-entorhinal network, namely, place cells, head direction cells, boundary vector/border cells, grid cells and conjunctive cells, in the somatosensory cortex. These newly identified somatosensory spatial cells form a spatial map outside the hippocampal formation and support the hypothesis that location information modulates body representation in the somatosensory cortex. Our findings provide transformative insights into our understanding of how spatial information is processed and integrated in the brain, as well as functional operations of the somatosensory cortex in the context of rehabilitation with brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Long
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
| | - Sheng-Jia Zhang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
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17
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Takatoh J, Park JH, Lu J, Li S, Thompson PM, Han BX, Zhao S, Kleinfeld D, Friedman B, Wang F. Constructing an adult orofacial premotor atlas in Allen mouse CCF. eLife 2021; 10:67291. [PMID: 33904410 PMCID: PMC8137149 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Premotor circuits in the brainstem project to pools of orofacial motoneurons to execute essential motor action such as licking, chewing, breathing, and in rodent, whisking. Previous transsynaptic tracing studies only mapped orofacial premotor circuits in neonatal mice, but the adult circuits remain unknown as a consequence of technical difficulties. Here, we developed a three-step monosynaptic transsynaptic tracing strategy to identify premotor neurons controlling vibrissa, tongue protrusion, and jaw-closing muscles in the adult mouse. We registered these different groups of premotor neurons onto the Allen mouse brain common coordinate framework (CCF) and consequently generated a combined 3D orofacial premotor atlas, revealing unique spatial organizations of distinct premotor circuits. We further uncovered premotor neurons that simultaneously innervate multiple motor nuclei and, consequently, are likely to coordinate different muscles involved in the same orofacial motor actions. Our method for tracing adult premotor circuits and registering to Allen CCF is generally applicable and should facilitate the investigations of motor controls of diverse behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takatoh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Jinghao Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - P M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Bao-Xia Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Beth Friedman
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
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18
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Chockanathan U, Crosier EJW, Waddle S, Lyman E, Gerkin RC, Padmanabhan K. Changes in pairwise correlations during running reshape global network state in the main olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1612-1623. [PMID: 33656931 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00464.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural codes for sensory inputs have been hypothesized to reside in a broader space defined by ongoing patterns of spontaneous activity. To understand the structure of this spontaneous activity in the olfactory system, we performed high-density recordings of neural populations in the main olfactory bulb of awake mice. We observed changes in pairwise correlations of spontaneous activity between mitral and tufted (M/T) cells when animals were running, which resulted in an increase in the entropy of the population. Surprisingly, pairwise maximum entropy models that described the population activity using only assumptions about the firing rates and correlations of neurons were better at predicting the global structure of activity when animals were stationary as compared to when they were running, implying that higher order (3rd, 4th order) interactions governed population activity during locomotion. Taken together, we found that locomotion alters the functional interactions that shape spontaneous population activity at the earliest stages of olfactory processing, one synapse away from the sensory receptors in the nasal epithelium. These data suggest that the coding space available for sensory representations responds adaptively to the animal's behavioral state.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The organization and structure of spontaneous population activity in the olfactory system places constraints of how odor information is represented. Using high-density electrophysiological recordings of mitral and tufted cells, we found that running increases the dimensionality of spontaneous activity, implicating higher order interactions among neurons during locomotion. Behavior, thus, flexibly alters neuronal activity at the earliest stages of sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaysankar Chockanathan
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Graduate Program (NGP), University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Emily J W Crosier
- Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Graduate Program (NGP), University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Spencer Waddle
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Edward Lyman
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Richard C Gerkin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Graduate Program (NGP), University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York.,Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
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19
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Wenzel M, Leunig A, Han S, Peterka DS, Yuste R. Prolonged anesthesia alters brain synaptic architecture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023676118. [PMID: 33568534 PMCID: PMC7924219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023676118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged medically induced coma (pMIC) is carried out routinely in intensive care medicine. pMIC leads to cognitive impairment, yet the underlying neuromorphological correlates are still unknown, as no direct studies of MIC exceeding ∼6 h on neural circuits exist. Here, we establish pMIC (up to 24 h) in adolescent and mature mice, and combine longitudinal two-photon imaging of cortical synapses with repeated behavioral object recognition assessments. We find that pMIC affects object recognition, and that it is associated with enhanced synaptic turnover, generated by enhanced synapse formation during pMIC, while the postanesthetic period is dominated by synaptic loss. Our results demonstrate major side effects of prolonged anesthesia on neural circuit structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wenzel
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Alexander Leunig
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Shuting Han
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Darcy S Peterka
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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20
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Staiger JF, Petersen CCH. Neuronal Circuits in Barrel Cortex for Whisker Sensory Perception. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:353-415. [PMID: 32816652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal networks of wS1 and signaled to downstream brain areas, thus contributing to sensory-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:373-407. [PMID: 32298711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice have been demonstrated to show episodic-like memory, a prototype of episodic memory, as defined by an integrated memory of the experience of an object or event, in a particular place and time. Such memory can be assessed via the use of spontaneous object exploration paradigms, variably designed to measure memory for object, place, temporal order and object-location inter-relationships. We review the methodological properties of these tests, the neurobiology about time and discuss the evidence for the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus, with respect to their anatomy, neurotransmitter systems and functional circuits. The systematic analysis suggests that a specific circuit between the mPFC, lateral EC and hippocampus encodes the information for event, place and time of occurrence into the complex episodic-like memory, as a top-down regulation from the mPFC onto the hippocampus. This circuit can be distinguished from the neuronal component memory systems for processing the individual information of object, time and place.
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22
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Lu H, Jaime S, Yang Y. Origins of the Resting-State Functional MRI Signal: Potential Limitations of the "Neurocentric" Model. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1136. [PMID: 31708731 PMCID: PMC6819315 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) is emerging as a research tool for systems and clinical neuroscience. The mechanism underlying resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) signal, however, remains incompletely understood. A widely held assumption is that the spontaneous fluctuations in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal reflect ongoing neuronal processes (herein called “neurocentric” model). In support of this model, evidence from human and animal studies collectively reveals that the spatial synchrony of spontaneously occurring electrophysiological signal recapitulates BOLD rsFC networks. Two recent experiments from independent labs designed to specifically examine neuronal origins of rsFC, however, suggest that spontaneously occurring neuronal events, as assessed by multiunit activity or local field potential (LFP), although statistically significant, explain only a small portion (∼10%) of variance in resting-state BOLD fluctuations. These two studies, although each with its own limitations, suggest that the spontaneous fluctuations in rsfMRI, may have complex cellular origins, and the “neurocentric” model may not apply to all brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Saul Jaime
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Waggoner Center for Alcohol & Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Ego-Stengel V, Abbasi A, Larroche M, Lassagne H, Boubenec Y, Shulz DE. Mechanical coupling through the skin affects whisker movements and tactile information encoding. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1606-1622. [PMID: 31411931 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00863.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats use their whiskers to extract sensory information from their environment. While exploring, they analyze peripheral stimuli distributed over several whiskers. Previous studies have reported cross-whisker integration of information at several levels of the neuronal pathways from whisker follicles to the somatosensory cortex. In the present study, we investigated the possible coupling between whiskers at a preneuronal level, transmitted by the skin and muscles between follicles. First, we quantified the movement induced on one whisker by deflecting another whisker. Our results show significant mechanical coupling, predominantly when a given whisker's caudal neighbor in the same row is deflected. The magnitude of the effect was correlated with the diameter of the deflected whisker. In addition to changes in whisker angle, we observed curvature changes when the whisker shaft was constrained distally from the base. Second, we found that trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating a given whisker follicle fire action potentials in response to high-magnitude deflections of an adjacent whisker. This functional coupling also shows a bias toward the caudal neighbor located in the same row. Finally, we designed a two-whisker biomechanical model to investigate transmission of forces across follicles. Analysis of the whisker-follicle contact forces suggests that activation of mechanoreceptors in the ring sinus region could account for our electrophysiological results. The model can fully explain the observed caudal bias by the gradient in whisker diameter, with possible contribution of the intrinsic muscles connecting follicles. Overall, our study demonstrates the functional relevance of mechanical coupling on early information processing in the whisker system.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rodents explore their environment actively by touching objects with their whiskers. A major challenge is to understand how sensory inputs from different whiskers are merged together to form a coherent tactile percept. We demonstrate that external sensory events on one whisker can influence the position of another whisker and, importantly, that they can trigger the activity of mechanoreceptors at its base. This cross-whisker interaction occurs pre-neuronally, through mechanical transmission of forces in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Ego-Stengel
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aamir Abbasi
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Margot Larroche
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Henri Lassagne
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yves Boubenec
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel E Shulz
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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24
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Hughes S, Celikel T. Prominent Inhibitory Projections Guide Sensorimotor Computation: An Invertebrate Perspective. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900088. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hughes
- HAN BioCentreHAN University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen 6525EM The Netherlands
| | - Tansu Celikel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University Nijmegen 6525AJ The Netherlands
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25
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Layer-specific integration of locomotion and sensory information in mouse barrel cortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2585. [PMID: 31197148 PMCID: PMC6565743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During navigation, rodents continually sample the environment with their whiskers. How locomotion modulates neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex, and how it is integrated with whisker-touch remains unclear. Here, we compared neuronal activity in layer 2/3 (L2/3) and L5 of barrel cortex using calcium imaging in mice running in a tactile virtual reality. Both layers increase their activity during running and concomitant whisking, in the absence of touch. Fewer neurons are modulated by whisking alone. Whereas L5 neurons respond transiently to wall-touch during running, L2/3 neurons show sustained activity. Consistently, neurons encoding running-with-touch are more abundant in L2/3 and they encode the run-speed better during touch. Few neurons across layers were also sensitive to abrupt perturbations of tactile flow during running. In summary, locomotion significantly enhances barrel cortex activity across layers with L5 neurons mainly reporting changes in touch conditions and L2/3 neurons continually integrating tactile stimuli with running. The influence of locomotion on somatosensory processing in barrel cortex is not well understood. Here the authors report distinct layer-specific responses, with L5 primarily reporting changes in touch condition while L2/3 neurons integrating touch and locomotion continuously.
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26
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Benoit J, Ruf I, Miyamae JA, Fernandez V, Rodrigues PG, Rubidge BS. The Evolution of the Maxillary Canal in Probainognathia (Cynodontia, Synapsida): Reassessment of the Homology of the Infraorbital Foramen in Mammalian Ancestors. J MAMM EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-019-09467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Maravall M. Sensory Decision-Making: Rats Sleuth Evidence through Active Sensing. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R317-R319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Kane SA, Van Beveren D, Dakin R. Biomechanics of the peafowl's crest reveals frequencies tuned to social displays. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207247. [PMID: 30485316 PMCID: PMC6261573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers act as vibrotactile sensors that can detect mechanical stimuli during avian flight and tactile navigation, suggesting that they may also detect stimuli during social displays. In this study, we present the first measurements of the biomechanical properties of the feather crests found on the heads of birds, with an emphasis on those from the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus). We show that in peafowl these crest feathers are coupled to filoplumes, small feathers known to function as mechanosensors. We also determined that airborne stimuli with the frequencies used during peafowl courtship and social displays couple efficiently via resonance to the vibrational response of their feather crests. Specifically, vibrational measurements showed that although different types of feathers have a wide range of fundamental resonant frequencies, peafowl crests are driven near-optimally by the shaking frequencies used by peacocks performing train-rattling displays. Peafowl crests were also driven to vibrate near resonance in a playback experiment that mimicked the effect of these mechanical sounds in the acoustic very near-field, reproducing the way peafowl displays are experienced at distances ≤ 1.5m in vivo. When peacock wing-shaking courtship behaviour was simulated in the laboratory, the resulting airflow excited measurable vibrations of crest feathers. These results demonstrate that peafowl crests have mechanical properties that allow them to respond to airborne stimuli at the frequencies typical of this species' social displays. This suggests a new hypothesis that mechanosensory stimuli could complement acoustic and visual perception and/or proprioception of social displays in peafowl and other bird species. We suggest behavioral studies to explore these ideas and their functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Amador Kane
- Physics Department, Haverford College, Haverford, PA United States of America
| | - Daniel Van Beveren
- Physics Department, Haverford College, Haverford, PA United States of America
| | - Roslyn Dakin
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Grant RA, Wong AA, Fertan E, Brown RE. Whisker exploration behaviours in the 5xFAD mouse are affected by sex and retinal degeneration. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 19:e12532. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A. Grant
- Division of Biology and Conservation EcologyManchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Aimee A. Wong
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Emre Fertan
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Richard E. Brown
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
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Tran CHT, Peringod G, Gordon GR. Astrocytes Integrate Behavioral State and Vascular Signals during Functional Hyperemia. Neuron 2018; 100:1133-1148.e3. [PMID: 30482689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in astrocyte free Ca2+ regulate synaptic signaling and local blood flow. Although astrocytes are poised to integrate signals from synapses and the vasculature to perform their functional roles, it remains unclear what dictates astrocyte responses during neurovascular coupling under realistic conditions. We examined peri-arteriole and peri-capillary astrocytes in the barrel cortex of active mice in response to sensory stimulation or volitional behaviors. We observed an AMPA and NMDA receptor-dependent elevation in astrocyte endfoot Ca2+ that followed functional hyperemia onset. This delayed astrocyte Ca2+ signal was dependent on the animal's action at the time of measurement as well as a neurovascular pathway that linked to endothelial-derived nitric oxide. A similar elevation in endfoot Ca2+ was evoked using vascular chemogenetics or optogenetics, and opto-stimulated dilation recruited the same nitric oxide pathway as functional hyperemia. These data show that behavioral state and microvasculature influence astrocyte Ca2+ in active mice. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cam Ha T Tran
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Govind Peringod
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Grant R Gordon
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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31
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Azarfar A, Calcini N, Huang C, Zeldenrust F, Celikel T. Neural coding: A single neuron's perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:238-247. [PMID: 30227142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
What any sensory neuron knows about the world is one of the cardinal questions in Neuroscience. Information from the sensory periphery travels across synaptically coupled neurons as each neuron encodes information by varying the rate and timing of its action potentials (spikes). Spatiotemporally correlated changes in this spiking regimen across neuronal populations are the neural basis of sensory representations. In the somatosensory cortex, however, spiking of individual (or pairs of) cortical neurons is only minimally informative about the world. Recent studies showed that one solution neurons implement to counteract this information loss is adapting their rate of information transfer to the ongoing synaptic activity by changing the membrane potential at which spike is generated. Here we first introduce the principles of information flow from the sensory periphery to the primary sensory cortex in a model sensory (whisker) system, and subsequently discuss how the adaptive spike threshold gates the intracellular information transfer from the somatic post-synaptic potential to action potentials, controlling the information content of communication across somatosensory cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azarfar
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Niccoló Calcini
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur Zeldenrust
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Tansu Celikel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands.
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32
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Buccino AP, Lepperød ME, Dragly SA, Häfliger P, Fyhn M, Hafting T. Open source modules for tracking animal behavior and closed-loop stimulation based on Open Ephys and Bonsai. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:055002. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aacf45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Garland H, Wood NI, Skillings EA, Detloff PJ, Morton AJ, Grant RA. Characterisation of progressive motor deficits in whisker movements in R6/2, Q175 and Hdh knock-in mouse models of Huntington’s disease. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 300:103-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Bale MR, Maravall M. Organization of sensory feature selectivity in the whisker system. Neuroscience 2017; 368:70-80. [PMID: 28918260 PMCID: PMC5798594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the whisker system are selective to spatial and dynamical properties – features – of sensory stimuli. At each stage of the pathway, different neurons encode distinct features, generating a rich population representation. Whisker touch is robustly represented; neurons respond to touch-driven fast fluctuations in forces at the whisker base. Cortical neurons have more complex and context-dependent selectivity than subcortical, e.g., to collective whisker motion. Understanding how these signals are integrated to construct whisker-mediated percepts requires further research.
Our sensory receptors are faced with an onslaught of different environmental inputs. Each sensory event or encounter with an object involves a distinct combination of physical energy sources impinging upon receptors. In the rodent whisker system, each primary afferent neuron located in the trigeminal ganglion innervates and responds to a single whisker and encodes a distinct set of physical stimulus properties – features – corresponding to changes in whisker angle and shape and the consequent forces acting on the whisker follicle. Here we review the nature of the features encoded by successive stages of processing along the whisker pathway. At each stage different neurons respond to distinct features, such that the population as a whole represents diverse properties. Different neuronal types also have distinct feature selectivity. Thus, neurons at the same stage of processing and responding to the same whisker nevertheless play different roles in representing objects contacted by the whisker. This diversity, combined with the precise timing and high reliability of responses, enables populations at each stage to represent a wide range of stimuli. Cortical neurons respond to more complex stimulus properties – such as correlated motion across whiskers – than those at early subcortical stages. Temporal integration along the pathway is comparatively weak: neurons up to barrel cortex (BC) are sensitive mainly to fast (tens of milliseconds) fluctuations in whisker motion. The topographic organization of whisker sensitivity is paralleled by systematic organization of neuronal selectivity to certain other physical features, but selectivity to touch and to dynamic stimulus properties is distributed in “salt-and-pepper” fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bale
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Maravall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
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35
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Bale MR, Bitzidou M, Pitas A, Brebner LS, Khazim L, Anagnou ST, Stevenson CD, Maravall M. Learning and recognition of tactile temporal sequences by mice and humans. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28812976 PMCID: PMC5559268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The world around us is replete with stimuli that unfold over time. When we hear an auditory stream like music or speech or scan a texture with our fingertip, physical features in the stimulus are concatenated in a particular order. This temporal patterning is critical to interpreting the stimulus. To explore the capacity of mice and humans to learn tactile sequences, we developed a task in which subjects had to recognise a continuous modulated noise sequence delivered to whiskers or fingertips, defined by its temporal patterning over hundreds of milliseconds. GO and NO-GO sequences differed only in that the order of their constituent noise modulation segments was temporally scrambled. Both mice and humans efficiently learned tactile sequences. Mouse sequence recognition depended on detecting transitions in noise amplitude; animals could base their decision on the earliest information available. Humans appeared to use additional cues, including the duration of noise modulation segments. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27333.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bale
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Malamati Bitzidou
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Pitas
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Leonie S Brebner
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Khazim
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros T Anagnou
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin D Stevenson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Maravall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
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36
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Mechanisms underlying a thalamocortical transformation during active tactile sensation. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005576. [PMID: 28591219 PMCID: PMC5479597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During active somatosensation, neural signals expected from movement of the sensors are suppressed in the cortex, whereas information related to touch is enhanced. This tactile suppression underlies low-noise encoding of relevant tactile features and the brain’s ability to make fine tactile discriminations. Layer (L) 4 excitatory neurons in the barrel cortex, the major target of the somatosensory thalamus (VPM), respond to touch, but have low spike rates and low sensitivity to the movement of whiskers. Most neurons in VPM respond to touch and also show an increase in spike rate with whisker movement. Therefore, signals related to self-movement are suppressed in L4. Fast-spiking (FS) interneurons in L4 show similar dynamics to VPM neurons. Stimulation of halorhodopsin in FS interneurons causes a reduction in FS neuron activity and an increase in L4 excitatory neuron activity. This decrease of activity of L4 FS neurons contradicts the "paradoxical effect" predicted in networks stabilized by inhibition and in strongly-coupled networks. To explain these observations, we constructed a model of the L4 circuit, with connectivity constrained by in vitro measurements. The model explores the various synaptic conductance strengths for which L4 FS neurons actively suppress baseline and movement-related activity in layer 4 excitatory neurons. Feedforward inhibition, in concert with recurrent intracortical circuitry, produces tactile suppression. Synaptic delays in feedforward inhibition allow transmission of temporally brief volleys of activity associated with touch. Our model provides a mechanistic explanation of a behavior-related computation implemented by the thalamocortical circuit. We study how information is transformed between connected brain areas: the thalamus, the gateway to the cortex, and layer 4 (L4) in cortex, which is the first station to process sensory input from the thalamus. When mice perform an active object localization task with their whiskers, thalamic neurons and inhibitory fast-spiking (FS) interneurons in L4 encode whisker movement and touch, whereas L4 excitatory neurons respond almost exclusively to touch. To explain these observations, we constructed a computational model based on measured circuit parameters. The model reveals that without touch, when thalamic activity varies slowly, strong inhibition from FS neurons prevents activity in L4 excitatory neurons. Brief and strong touch-induced thalamic activity excites both excitatory and FS neurons in L4. FS neurons inhibit excitatory neurons with a delay of approximately 1 ms relative to ascending excitation, allowing L4 excitatory neurons to spike. Our results demonstrate that cortical circuits exploit synaptic delays for fast computations. Similar mechanisms likely also operate for rapid stimuli in the visual and auditory systems.
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37
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Carriot J, Jamali M, Chacron MJ, Cullen KE. The statistics of the vestibular input experienced during natural self-motion differ between rodents and primates. J Physiol 2017; 595:2751-2766. [PMID: 28083981 DOI: 10.1113/jp273734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In order to understand how the brain's coding strategies are adapted to the statistics of the sensory stimuli experienced during everyday life, the use of animal models is essential. Mice and non-human primates have become common models for furthering our knowledge of the neuronal coding of natural stimuli, but differences in their natural environments and behavioural repertoire may impact optimal coding strategies. Here we investigated the structure and statistics of the vestibular input experienced by mice versus non-human primates during natural behaviours, and found important differences. Our data establish that the structure and statistics of natural signals in non-human primates more closely resemble those observed previously in humans, suggesting similar coding strategies for incoming vestibular input. These results help us understand how the effects of active sensing and biomechanics will differentially shape the statistics of vestibular stimuli across species, and have important implications for sensory coding in other systems. ABSTRACT It is widely believed that sensory systems are adapted to the statistical structure of natural stimuli, thereby optimizing coding. Recent evidence suggests that this is also the case for the vestibular system, which senses self-motion and in turn contributes to essential brain functions ranging from the most automatic reflexes to spatial perception and motor coordination. However, little is known about the statistics of self-motion stimuli actually experienced by freely moving animals in their natural environments. Accordingly, here we examined the natural self-motion signals experienced by mice and monkeys: two species commonly used to study vestibular neural coding. First, we found that probability distributions for all six dimensions of motion (three rotations, three translations) in both species deviated from normality due to long tails. Interestingly, the power spectra of natural rotational stimuli displayed similar structure for both species and were not well fitted by power laws. This result contrasts with reports that the natural spectra of other sensory modalities (i.e. vision, auditory and tactile) instead show a power-law relationship with frequency, which indicates scale invariance. Analysis of natural translational stimuli revealed important species differences as power spectra deviated from scale invariance for monkeys but not for mice. By comparing our results to previously published data for humans, we found the statistical structure of natural self-motion stimuli in monkeys and humans more closely resemble one another. Our results thus predict that, overall, neural coding strategies used by vestibular pathways to encode natural self-motion stimuli are fundamentally different in rodents and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Carriot
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohsen Jamali
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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38
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Pixying Behavior: A Versatile Real-Time and Post Hoc Automated Optical Tracking Method for Freely Moving and Head Fixed Animals. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-MNT-0245-16. [PMID: 28275712 PMCID: PMC5318546 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0245-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe an automated optical method for tracking animal behavior in both head-fixed and freely moving animals, in real time and offline. It takes advantage of an off-the-shelf camera system, the Pixy camera, designed as a fast vision sensor for robotics that uses a color-based filtering algorithm at 50 Hz to track objects. Using customized software, we demonstrate the versatility of our approach by first tracking the rostro-caudal motion of individual adjacent row (D1, D2) or arc whiskers (β, γ), or a single whisker and points on the whisker pad, in head-fixed mice performing a tactile task. Next, we acquired high-speed video and Pixy data simultaneously and applied the pixy-based real-time tracking to high-speed video data. With this approach, we expand the temporal resolution of the Pixy camera and track motion (post hoc) at the limit of high-speed video frame rates. Finally, we show that this system is flexible: it can be used to track individual whisker or limb position without any sophisticated object tracking algorithm, it can be used in many lighting conditions including infrared (IR); it can be used to track head rotation and location of multiple animals simultaneously. Our system makes behavioral monitoring possible in virtually any biological setting.
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39
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Somatosensory map expansion and altered processing of tactile inputs in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:201-215. [PMID: 27616423 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common inherited form of intellectual disability caused by the absence or reduction of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) encoded by the FMR1 gene. In humans, one symptom of FXS is hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli, including touch. We used a mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 KO) to study sensory processing of tactile information conveyed via the whisker system. In vivo electrophysiological recordings in somatosensory barrel cortex showed layer-specific broadening of the receptive fields at the level of layer 2/3 but not layer 4, in response to whisker stimulation. Furthermore, the encoding of tactile stimuli at different frequencies was severely affected in layer 2/3. The behavioral effect of this broadening of the receptive fields was tested in the gap-crossing task, a whisker-dependent behavioral paradigm. In this task the Fmr1 KO mice showed differences in the number of whisker contacts with platforms, decrease in the whisker sampling duration and reduction in the whisker touch-time while performing the task. We propose that the increased excitability in the somatosensory barrel cortex upon whisker stimulation may contribute to changes in the whisking strategy as well as to other observed behavioral phenotypes related to tactile processing in Fmr1 KO mice.
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40
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Hires SA, Schuyler A, Sy J, Huang V, Wyche I, Wang X, Golomb D. Beyond cones: an improved model of whisker bending based on measured mechanics and tapering. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:812-24. [PMID: 27250911 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00511.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of touch is represented by neural activity patterns evoked by mechanosensory input forces. The rodent whisker system is exceptional for studying the neurophysiology of touch in part because these forces can be precisely computed from video of whisker deformation. We evaluate the accuracy of a standard model of whisker bending, which assumes quasi-static dynamics and a linearly tapered conical profile, using controlled whisker deflections. We find significant discrepancies between model and experiment: real whiskers bend more than predicted upon contact at locations in the middle of the whisker and less at distal locations. Thus whiskers behave as if their stiffness near the base and near the tip is larger than expected for a homogeneous cone. We assess whether contact direction, friction, inhomogeneous elasticity, whisker orientation, or nonconical shape could explain these deviations. We show that a thin-middle taper of mouse whisker shape accounts for the majority of this behavior. This taper is conserved across rows and columns of the whisker array. The taper has a large effect on the touch-evoked forces and the ease with which whiskers slip past objects, which are key drivers of neural activity in tactile object localization and identification. This holds for orientations with intrinsic whisker curvature pointed toward, away from, or down from objects, validating two-dimensional models of simple whisker-object interactions. The precision of computational models relating sensory input forces to neural activity patterns can be quantitatively enhanced by taking thin-middle taper into account with a simple corrective function that we provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Andrew Hires
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Adam Schuyler
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Sy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vincent Huang
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Isis Wyche
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Golomb
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Physics, and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
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41
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Ramamurthy DL, Krubitzer LA. The evolution of whisker-mediated somatosensation in mammals: Sensory processing in barrelless S1 cortex of a marsupial, Monodelphis domestica. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3587-3613. [PMID: 27098555 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Movable tactile sensors in the form of whiskers are present in most mammals, but sensory coding in the cortical whisker representation has been studied almost exclusively in mice and rats. Many species that possess whiskers lack the modular "barrel" organization found in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice and rats, but it is unclear how whisker-related input is represented in these species. We used single-unit extracellular recording techniques to characterize receptive fields and response properties in S1 of Monodelphis domestica (short-tailed opossum), a nocturnal, terrestrial marsupial that shared its last common ancestor with placental mammals over 160 million years ago. Short-tailed opossums lack barrels and septa in S1 but show active whisking behavior similar to that of mice and rats. Most neurons in short-tailed opossum S1 exhibited multiwhisker receptive fields, including a single best whisker (BW) and lower magnitude responses to the deflection of surrounding whiskers. Mean tuning width was similar to that reported for mice and rats. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical receptive fields were present. Neurons tuned to ventral whiskers tended to show broad tuning along the rostrocaudal axis. Thus, despite the absence of barrels, most receptive field properties were similar to those reported for mice and rats. However, unlike those species, S1 neuronal responses to BW and surround whisker deflection showed comparable latencies in short-tailed opossums. This dissimilarity suggests that some aspects of barrel cortex function may not generalize to tactile processing across mammalian species and may be related to differences in the architecture of the whisker-to-cortex pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3587-3613, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa L Ramamurthy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95618
| | - Leah A Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95618.
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42
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Atlan G, Terem A, Peretz-Rivlin N, Groysman M, Citri A. Mapping synaptic cortico-claustral connectivity in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1381-1402. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gal Atlan
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Anna Terem
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| | | | - Maya Groysman
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ami Citri
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences; Jerusalem Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
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43
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Hirasawa N, Yamada K, Murayama M. Brief hind paw stimulation is sufficient to induce delayed somatosensory discrimination learning in C57BL/6 mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 301:102-9. [PMID: 26711909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory learning and memory studies in rodents have primarily focused on the role of whiskers and the barrel structure of the sensory cortex, characteristics unique to rodents. In contrast, whether associative learning can occur in animals (and humans) via foot stimulation remains unclear. The sensory cortex corresponding to the plantar foot surface is localized in the centroparietal area, providing relatively easy access for studying somatosensory learning and memory. To assess the contribution of sole stimulation to somatosensory learning and memory, we developed a novel operant-lever-pressing task. In Experiment 1, head-fixed mice were trained to press a lever to receive a water reward upon presentation of an associated stimulus (S+). Following training, they were administered a reversal-learning protocol, in which "S+ " and "S-" (a stimulus not associated with reward) were switched. Mice were then submitted to training with a progressively extended delay period between stimulation and lever presentation. In Experiment 2, the delayed discrimination training was replicated with longer delay periods and restricted training days, to further explore the results of Experiment 1. When the stimuli were presented to a single left hind paw, we found that male C57BL/6J mice were capable of learning to discriminate between different foot stimuli (electrical or mechanical), and of retaining this information for 10s. This novel task has potential applications for electrophysiological and optogenetic studies to clarify the neural circuits underlying somatosensory learning and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hirasawa
- Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-Shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamada
- Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-Shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Masanori Murayama
- Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-Shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Jun JJ, Longtin A, Maler L. Active sensing associated with spatial learning reveals memory-based attention in an electric fish. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2577-92. [PMID: 26961107 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00979.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Active sensing behaviors reveal what an animal is attending to and how it changes with learning. Gymnotus sp, a gymnotiform weakly electric fish, generates an electric organ discharge (EOD) as discrete pulses to actively sense its surroundings. We monitored freely behaving gymnotid fish in a large dark "maze" and extracted their trajectories and EOD pulse pattern and rate while they learned to find food with electrically detectable landmarks as cues. After training, they more rapidly found food using shorter, more stereotyped trajectories and spent more time near the food location. We observed three forms of active sensing: sustained high EOD rates per unit distance (sampling density), transient large increases in EOD rate (E-scans) and stereotyped scanning movements (B-scans) were initially strong at landmarks and food, but, after learning, intensified only at the food location. During probe (no food) trials, after learning, the fish's search area and intense active sampling was still centered on the missing food location, but now also increased near landmarks. We hypothesize that active sensing is a behavioral manifestation of attention and essential for spatial learning; the fish use spatial memory of landmarks and path integration to reach the expected food location and confine their attention to this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Jun
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Centre for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - André Longtin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Centre for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonard Maler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Centre for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sofroniew NJ, Vlasov YA, Hires SA, Freeman J, Svoboda K. Neural coding in barrel cortex during whisker-guided locomotion. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26701910 PMCID: PMC4764557 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals seek out relevant information by moving through a dynamic world, but sensory systems are usually studied under highly constrained and passive conditions that may not probe important dimensions of the neural code. Here, we explored neural coding in the barrel cortex of head-fixed mice that tracked walls with their whiskers in tactile virtual reality. Optogenetic manipulations revealed that barrel cortex plays a role in wall-tracking. Closed-loop optogenetic control of layer 4 neurons can substitute for whisker-object contact to guide behavior resembling wall tracking. We measured neural activity using two-photon calcium imaging and extracellular recordings. Neurons were tuned to the distance between the animal snout and the contralateral wall, with monotonic, unimodal, and multimodal tuning curves. This rich representation of object location in the barrel cortex could not be predicted based on simple stimulus-response relationships involving individual whiskers and likely emerges within cortical circuits. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12559.001 Mice are primarily nocturnal animals that rely on their whiskers to navigate dark underground burrows and winding corridors. When a whisker touches an object, cells called neurons at the base of the whiskers produce electrical signals that are relayed to other neurons in an area of the brain called the barrel cortex. However, it is not clear how information is encoded in these electrical signals, in part, because it is technically challenging to collect data about neuron activity and behavior while the mice move around. To overcome these difficulties, Sofroniew, Vlasov et al. used a touch-based (or 'tactile') virtual reality system to study how mice navigate along corridors. The system simulated the contact the whiskers would have with the walls of a winding corridor. This was achieved by moving the walls with motors while holding the mouse still enough to be able to measure the activity of neurons in the barrel cortex and observe the behavior of the animal. The experiments show that the electrical signals in the barrel cortex encode information about motion as well as the distance between the mouse and the wall. For example, some neurons in the barrel cortex were only activated when a mouse was a particular distance from the walls. The experiments suggest that the barrel cortex processes signals received from several whiskers to build an overall picture of the locations and shapes of objects. Sofroniew, Vlasov et al. also used a technique called optogenetics to deliberately activate particular neurons in a manner that mimics their activity patterns during interactions with walls. In the absence of walls, the optogenetic stimuli guided the behavior of the mice so that they tracked along the paths of 'illusory' corridors. Together, these findings reveal the neural code in the barrel cortex that allows mice to navigate by touch. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12559.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yurii A Vlasov
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States.,IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York, United States
| | - Samuel Andrew Hires
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Jeremy Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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Goll Y, Atlan G, Citri A. Attention: the claustrum. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:486-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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