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Pinto SC, Leong WH, Tan H, McKee L, Prevost A, Ma C, Shirley NJ, Petrella R, Yang X, Koltunow AM, Bulone V, Kanaoka MM, Higashyiama T, Coimbra S, Tucker MR. Germline β-1,3-glucan deposits are required for female gametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5875. [PMID: 38997266 PMCID: PMC11245613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Correct regulation of intercellular communication is a fundamental requirement for cell differentiation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the female germline differentiates from a single somatic ovule cell that becomes encased in β-1,3-glucan, a water insoluble polysaccharide implicated in limiting pathogen invasion, regulating intercellular trafficking in roots, and promoting pollen development. Whether β-1,3-glucan facilitates germline isolation and development has remained contentious, since limited evidence is available to support a functional role. Here, transcriptional profiling of adjoining germline and somatic cells revealed differences in gene expression related to β-1,3-glucan metabolism and signalling through intercellular channels (plasmodesmata). Dominant expression of a β-1,3-glucanase in the female germline transiently perturbed β-1,3-glucan deposits, allowed intercellular movement of tracer molecules, and led to changes in germline gene expression and histone marks, eventually leading to termination of germline development. Our findings indicate that germline β-1,3-glucan fulfils a functional role in the ovule by insulating the primary germline cell, and thereby determines the success of downstream female gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Pinto
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weng Herng Leong
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Hweiting Tan
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Lauren McKee
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Prevost
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Chao Ma
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rosanna Petrella
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Anna M Koltunow
- Centre for Crop Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park Campus, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Masahiro M Kanaoka
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka-cho, Shobara City, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashyiama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
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Chen J, Liu M, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jiao N, Chen J. Multiomics studies with co-transformation reveal microRNAs via miRNA-TF-mRNA network participating in wood formation in Hevea brasiliensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1068796. [PMID: 37645463 PMCID: PMC10461101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1068796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that play an important role in wood formation in plants. However, the significance of the link between miRNAs and their target transcripts in wood formation remains unclear in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Methods In this study, we induced the formation of reaction wood by artificially bending rubber trees for 300 days and performed small RNA sequencing and transcriptome deep sequencing (RNA-seq) to describe the complement of miRNAs and their targets contributing to this process. Results and discussion We identified 5, 11, and 2 differentially abundant miRNAs in normal wood (NW) compared to tension wood (TW), in NW relative to opposite wood (OW), and between TW and OW, respectively. We also identified 12 novel miRNAs and 39 potential miRNA-mRNA pairs with different accumulation patterns in NW, TW, and OW. We noticed that many miRNAs targeted transcription factor genes, which were enriched in KEGG pathways associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism. Thus, miRNA-TF-mRNA network involved in wood formation via tension wood model were constructed. We validated the differential accumulation of miRNAs and their targets by RT-qPCR analysis and overexpressed miRNA in Nicotiana benthamiana with its potential target gene. These results will provide a reference for a deep exploration of growth and development in rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangxu Meng
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- State Centre for Rubber Breeding, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Nanbo Jiao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianmiao Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Wu SZ, Chaves AM, Li R, Roberts AW, Bezanilla M. Cellulose synthase-like D movement in the plasma membrane requires enzymatic activity. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212117. [PMID: 37071416 PMCID: PMC10120407 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose Synthase-Like D (CSLD) proteins, important for tip growth and cell division, are known to generate β-1,4-glucan. However, whether they are propelled in the membrane as the glucan chains they produce assemble into microfibrils is unknown. To address this, we endogenously tagged all eight CSLDs in Physcomitrium patens and discovered that they all localize to the apex of tip-growing cells and to the cell plate during cytokinesis. Actin is required to target CSLD to cell tips concomitant with cell expansion, but not to cell plates, which depend on actin and CSLD for structural support. Like Cellulose Synthase (CESA), CSLD requires catalytic activity to move in the plasma membrane. We discovered that CSLD moves significantly faster, with shorter duration and less linear trajectories than CESA. In contrast to CESA, CSLD movement was insensitive to the cellulose synthesis inhibitor isoxaben, suggesting that CSLD and CESA function within different complexes possibly producing structurally distinct cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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McFarlane HE. Open questions in plant cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad110. [PMID: 36961357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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Traas J. Morphogenesis at the shoot meristem. C R Biol 2023; 345:129-148. [PMID: 36847122 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Shoot apical meristems are populations of stem cells which initiate the aerial parts of higher plants. Work during the last decades has revealed a complex network of molecular regulators, which control both meristem maintenance and the production of different types of organs. The behavior of this network in time and space is defined by the local interactions between regulators and also involves hormonal regulation. In particular, auxin and cytokinin are intimately implicated in the coordination of gene expression patterns. To control growth patterns at the shoot meristem the individual components of the network influence directions and rates of cell growth. This requires interference with the mechanical properties of the cells. How this complex multiscale process, characterized by multiple feedbacks, is controlled remains largely an open question. Fortunately, genetics, live imaging, computational modelling and a number of other recently developed tools offer interesting albeit challenging perspectives.
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Chahtane H, Lai X, Tichtinsky G, Rieu P, Arnoux-Courseaux M, Cancé C, Marondedze C, Parcy F. Flower Development in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:3-38. [PMID: 37540352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Like in other angiosperms, the development of flowers in Arabidopsis starts right after the floral transition, when the shoot apical meristem (SAM) stops producing leaves and makes flowers instead. On the flanks of the SAM emerge the flower meristems (FM) that will soon differentiate into the four main floral organs, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil, stereotypically arranged in concentric whorls. Each phase of flower development-floral transition, floral bud initiation, and floral organ development-is under the control of specific gene networks. In this chapter, we describe these different phases and the gene regulatory networks involved, from the floral transition to the floral termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Chahtane
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Conservatoire Botanique Pierre Fabre, Soual, France
| | - Xuelei Lai
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Philippe Rieu
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Coralie Cancé
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Midlands State University, Senga, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - François Parcy
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France.
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Warner J, Pöhnl T, Steingass CB, Bogarín D, Carle R, Jiménez VM. Pectins, hemicellulose and lignocellulose profiles vary in leaves among different aromatic Vanilla species (Orchidaceae). CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Rajendran S, Kim CM. OsCSLD1 Mediates NH 4+-Dependent Root Hair Growth Suppression and AMT1;2 Expression in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3580. [PMID: 36559692 PMCID: PMC9788582 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs play crucial roles in the roots, including nutrient uptake, water assimilation, and anchorage with soil, along with supporting rhizospheric microorganisms. In rice, ammonia uptake is mediated by a specialized ammonium transporter (AMT). AMT1;1, AMT1;2, and AMT1;3 have been extensively studied in relation to nitrogen signaling. Cellulose synthase-like D1 (CSLD1) is essential for cell expansion and is highly specific to root hair cells. csld1 mutants showed successful initiation but failed to elongate. However, when nitrogen was depleted, csld1 root hairs resumed elongation. Further experiments revealed that in the presence of ammonium (NH4+), csld1 roots failed to elongate. csld1 elongated normally in the presence of nitrate (NO3−). Expression analysis showed an increase in root hair-specific AMT1;2 expression in csld1. CSLD1 was positively co-expressed with AMT1;2 changing nitrogen concentration in the growth media. CSLD1 showed increased expression in the presence of both ammonium and nitrate. Methylammonium (MeA) treatment of CSLD1 overexpression lines suggests that CSLD1 does not directly participate in nitrogen transport. Further studies on the root hair elongation mutant sndp1 showed that nitrogen assimilation is unlikely to depend on root hair length. Therefore, these results suggest that CSLD1 is closely involved in nitrogen-dependent root hair elongation and regulation of AMT1;2 expression in rice roots.
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Wang J, Li J, Lin W, Deng B, Lin L, Lv X, Hu Q, Liu K, Fatima M, He B, Qiu D, Ma X. Genome-wide identification and adaptive evolution of CesA/Csl superfamily among species with different life forms in Orchidaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994679. [PMID: 36247544 PMCID: PMC9559377 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae, with more than 25,000 species, is one of the largest flowering plant families that can successfully colonize wide ecological niches, such as land, trees, or rocks, and its members are divided into epiphytic, terrestrial, and saprophytic types according to their life forms. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes are key regulators in the synthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides, which play an important role in the adaptation of orchids to resist abiotic stresses, such as drought and cold. In this study, nine whole-genome sequenced orchid species with three types of life forms were selected; the CesA/Csl gene family was identified; the evolutionary roles and expression patterns of CesA/Csl genes adapted to different life forms and abiotic stresses were investigated. The CesA/Csl genes of nine orchid species were divided into eight subfamilies: CesA and CslA/B/C/D/E/G/H, among which the CslD subfamily had the highest number of genes, followed by CesA, whereas CslB subfamily had the least number of genes. Expansion of the CesA/Csl gene family in orchids mainly occurred in the CslD and CslF subfamilies. Conserved domain analysis revealed that eight subfamilies were conserved with variations in orchids. In total, 17 pairs of CesA/Csl homologous genes underwent positive selection, of which 86%, 14%, and none belonged to the epiphytic, terrestrial, and saprophytic orchids, respectively. The inter-species collinearity analysis showed that the CslD genes expanded in epiphytic orchids. Compared with terrestrial and saprophytic orchids, epiphytic orchids experienced greater strength of positive selection, with expansion events mostly related to the CslD subfamily, which might have resulted in strong adaptability to stress in epiphytes. Experiments on stem expression changes under abiotic stress showed that the CslA might be a key subfamily in response to drought stress for orchids with different life forms, whereas the CslD might be a key subfamily in epiphytic and saprophytic orchids to adapt to freezing stress. This study provides the basic knowledge for the further systematic study of the adaptive evolution of the CesA/Csl superfamily in angiosperms with different life forms, and research on orchid-specific functional genes related to life-history trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ban Deng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lixian Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuanrui Lv
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qilin Hu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Liu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mahpara Fatima
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bizhu He
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaokai Ma
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Future Technology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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De Caroli M, Rampino P, Pecatelli G, Girelli CR, Fanizzi FP, Piro G, Lenucci MS. Expression of Exogenous GFP-CesA6 in Tobacco Enhances Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Biomass Production. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081139. [PMID: 36009766 PMCID: PMC9405164 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by an enzymatic complex constituted by different cellulose synthase (CesA) proteins. The overexpression of CesA genes has been assessed for increasing cellulose biosynthesis and plant biomass. In this study, we analyzed transgenic tobacco plants (F31 line), stably expressing the Arabidopsis CesA6 fused to GFP, for possible variations in the cellulose biosynthesis. We found that F31 plants were bigger than the wild-type (wt), showing significant increases of stem height, root length, and leaf area. They bloomed about 3 weeks earlier and yielded more flowers and seeds than wt. In the F31 leaves, the expression of the exogenous GFP-CesA6 prompted the overexpression of all CesAs involved in the synthesis of primary cell wall cellulose and of other proteins responsible for plant cell wall building and remodeling. Instead, secondary cell wall CesAs were not affected. In the F31 stem, showing a 3.3-fold increase of the secondary xylem thickness, both primary and secondary CesAs expression was differentially modulated. Significantly, the amounts of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides increased in the transformed seedlings. The results evidence the potentiality to overexpress primary CesAs in tobacco for biomass production increase. Abstract Improved cellulose biosynthesis and plant biomass represent important economic targets for several biotechnological applications including bioenergy and biofuel production. The attempts to increase the biosynthesis of cellulose by overexpressing CesAs proteins, components of the cellulose synthase complex, has not always produced consistent results. Analyses of morphological and molecular data and of the chemical composition of cell walls showed that tobacco plants (F31 line), stably expressing the Arabidopsis CesA6 fused to GFP, exhibits a “giant” phenotype with no apparent other morphological aberrations. In the F31 line, all evaluated growth parameters, such as stem and root length, leaf size, and lignified secondary xylem, were significantly higher than in wt. Furthermore, F31 line exhibited increased flower and seed number, and an advance of about 20 days in the anthesis. In the leaves of F31 seedlings, the expression of primary CesAs (NtCesA1, NtCesA3, and NtCesA6) was enhanced, as well as of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides (xyloglucans and galacturonans, NtXyl4, NtGal10), cell wall remodeling (NtExp11 and XTHs), and cell expansion (NtPIP1.1 and NtPIP2.7). While in leaves the expression level of all secondary cell wall CesAs (NtCesA4, NtCesA7, and NtCesA8) did not change significantly, both primary and secondary CesAs were differentially expressed in the stem. The amount of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides significantly increased in the F31 seedlings with no differences in pectin and hemicellulose glycosyl composition. Our results highlight the potentiality to overexpress primary CesAs in tobacco plants to enhance cellulose synthesis and biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Correspondence: (M.D.C.); (G.P.); Tel.: +39-0832-298613 (M.D.C.); +39-0832-298611 (G.P.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriella Piro
- Correspondence: (M.D.C.); (G.P.); Tel.: +39-0832-298613 (M.D.C.); +39-0832-298611 (G.P.)
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Okazaki K, Koike I, Kera S, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Shimomura K, Umehara M. Gene expression profiling before and after internode culture for adventitious shoot formation in ipecac. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:361. [PMID: 35869421 PMCID: PMC9308184 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ipecac (Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson), adventitious shoots can be induced simply by placing internodal segments on phytohormone-free culture medium. The shoots form locally on the epidermis of the apical region of the segments, but not the basal region. Levels of endogenous auxin and cytokinin transiently increase in the segments after 1 week of culture. RESULTS Here, we conducted RNA-seq analysis to compare gene expression patterns in apical and basal regions of segments before culture and after 1 week of culture for adventitious shoot formation. The results revealed 8987 differentially expressed genes in a de novo assembly of 76,684 genes. Among them, 276 genes were upregulated in the apical region after 1 week of culture relative to before culture and the basal region after 1 week of culture. These genes include 18 phytohormone-response genes and shoot-formation-related genes. Validation of the gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR assay confirmed that the expression patterns were similar to those of the RNA-seq data. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptome data show that expression of cytokinin biosynthesis genes is induced along with the acquisition of cellular pluripotency and the initiation of cell division by wounding in the apical region of internodal segments, that trigger adventitious shoot formation without callusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Okazaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Imari Koike
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Sayuri Kera
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Katushi Yamaguchi
- Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Umehara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan.
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan.
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12
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Temple H, Phyo P, Yang W, Lyczakowski JJ, Echevarría-Poza A, Yakunin I, Parra-Rojas JP, Terrett OM, Saez-Aguayo S, Dupree R, Orellana A, Hong M, Dupree P. Golgi-localized putative S-adenosyl methionine transporters required for plant cell wall polysaccharide methylation. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:656-669. [PMID: 35681018 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide methylation, especially that of pectin, is a common and important feature of land plant cell walls. Polysaccharide methylation takes place in the Golgi apparatus and therefore relies on the import of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) from the cytosol into the Golgi. However, so far, no Golgi SAM transporter has been identified in plants. Here we studied major facilitator superfamily members in Arabidopsis that we identified as putative Golgi SAM transporters (GoSAMTs). Knockout of the two most highly expressed GoSAMTs led to a strong reduction in Golgi-synthesized polysaccharide methylation. Furthermore, solid-state NMR experiments revealed that reduced methylation changed cell wall polysaccharide conformations, interactions and mobilities. Notably, NMR revealed the existence of pectin 'egg-box' structures in intact cell walls and showed that their formation is enhanced by reduced methyl esterification. These changes in wall architecture were linked to substantial growth and developmental phenotypes. In particular, anisotropic growth was strongly impaired in the double mutant. The identification of putative transporters involved in import of SAM into the Golgi lumen in plants provides new insights into the paramount importance of polysaccharide methylation for plant cell wall structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pyae Phyo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weibing Yang
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Igor Yakunin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan Pablo Parra-Rojas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Voiniciuc C. Modern mannan: a hemicellulose's journey. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1175-1184. [PMID: 35285041 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulosic polysaccharides built of β-1,4-linked mannose units have been found throughout the plant kingdom and have numerous industrial applications. Here, I review recent advances in the biosynthesis and modification of plant β-mannans. These matrix polymers can associate with cellulose bundles to impact the mechanical properties of plant fibers or biocomposites. In certain algae, mannan microfibrils even replace cellulose as the dominant structural component of the cell wall. Conversely, patterned galactoglucomannan found in Arabidopsis thaliana seed mucilage significantly modulates cell wall architecture and abiotic stress tolerance despite its relatively low content. I also discuss the subcellular requirements for β-mannan biosynthesis, the increasing number of carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in this process, and the players that continue to be puzzling. I discuss how cellulose synthase-like enzymes elongate (gluco)mannans in orthogonal hosts and highlight the discoveries of plant enzymes that add specific galactosyl or acetyl decorations. Hydrolytic enzymes such as endo-β-1,4-mannanases have recently been involved in a wide range of biological contexts including seed germination, wood formation, heavy metal tolerance, and defense responses. Synthetic biology tools now provide faster tracks to modulate the increasingly-relevant mannan structures for improved plant traits and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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14
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Åhl H, Zhang Y, Jönsson H. High-Throughput 3D Phenotyping of Plant Shoot Apical Meristems From Tissue-Resolution Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:827147. [PMID: 35519801 PMCID: PMC9062647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.827147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Confocal imaging is a well-established method for investigating plant phenotypes on the tissue and organ level. However, many differences are difficult to assess by visual inspection and researchers rely extensively on ad hoc manual quantification techniques and qualitative assessment. Here we present a method for quantitatively phenotyping large samples of plant tissue morphologies using triangulated isosurfaces. We successfully demonstrate the applicability of the approach using confocal imaging of aerial organs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Automatic identification of flower primordia using the surface curvature as an indication of outgrowth allows for high-throughput quantification of divergence angles and further analysis of individual flowers. We demonstrate the throughput of our method by quantifying geometric features of 1065 flower primordia from 172 plants, comparing auxin transport mutants to wild type. Additionally, we find that a paraboloid provides a simple geometric parameterisation of the shoot inflorescence domain with few parameters. We utilise parameterisation methods to provide a computational comparison of the shoot apex defined by a fluorescent reporter of the central zone marker gene CLAVATA3 with the apex defined by the paraboloid. Finally, we analyse the impact of mutations which alter mechanical properties on inflorescence dome curvature and compare the results with auxin transport mutants. Our results suggest that region-specific expression domains of genes regulating cell wall biosynthesis and local auxin transport can be important in maintaining the wildtype tissue shape. Altogether, our results indicate a general approach to parameterise and quantify plant development in 3D, which is applicable also in cases where data resolution is limited, and cell segmentation not possible. This enables researchers to address fundamental questions of plant development by quantitative phenotyping with high throughput, consistency and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Åhl
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Zhang
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Zhang Q, Dai X, Wang H, Wang F, Tang D, Jiang C, Zhang X, Guo W, Lei Y, Ma C, Zhang H, Li P, Zhao Y, Wang Z. Transcriptomic Profiling Provides Molecular Insights Into Hydrogen Peroxide-Enhanced Arabidopsis Growth and Its Salt Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:866063. [PMID: 35463436 PMCID: PMC9019583 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is an important environmental factor limiting plant growth and crop production. Plant adaptation to salt stress can be improved by chemical pretreatment. This study aims to identify whether hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pretreatment of seedlings affects the stress tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The results show that pretreatment with H2O2 at appropriate concentrations enhances the salt tolerance ability of Arabidopsis seedlings, as revealed by lower Na+ levels, greater K+ levels, and improved K+/Na+ ratios in leaves. Furthermore, H2O2 pretreatment improves the membrane properties by reducing the relative membrane permeability (RMP) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content in addition to improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Our transcription data show that exogenous H2O2 pretreatment leads to the induced expression of cell cycle, redox regulation, and cell wall organization-related genes in Arabidopsis, which may accelerate cell proliferation, enhance tolerance to osmotic stress, maintain the redox balance, and remodel the cell walls of plants in subsequent high-salt environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuru Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Huanpeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fanhua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongxue Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyun Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Linyi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zenglan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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16
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Maternal caretaking behavior towards a dead juvenile in a wild, multi-level primate society. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4780. [PMID: 35314735 PMCID: PMC8938436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal caretaking and transport of dead infants are widespread among nonhuman primates, having been reported in numerous species of monkeys and apes. By contrast, accounts of such behaviors toward dead juveniles are scarce. Here, we describe responses by the mother and other group members to the death of a juvenile in a wild, multi-level group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Following the juvenile’s fatal accident, his mother transported and cared for the corpse for four days. Immature monkeys belonging to the same one-male unit, and some individuals from other social units also showed interest in and tended the corpse. Comparisons of this case with those involving the deaths of infants and an adult female in the same population highlight possible effects of physiological, psychological and emotional factors in primate thanatological responses, and provide an additional perspective on the origin and evolution of compassionate acts.
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17
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Wang J, Chen X, Chu S, You Y, Chi Y, Wang R, Yang X, Hayat K, Zhang D, Zhou P. Comparative cytology combined with transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of Solanum nigrum L. in response to Cd toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127168. [PMID: 34534808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) triggers molecular alterations in plants, perturbs metabolites and damages plant growth. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the Cd tolerance in plants is necessary for assessing the persistent environmental impact of Cd. In this study, Solanum nigrum was selected as the test plant to investigate changes in biomass, Cd translocation, cell ultrastructure, metabolites and genes under hydroponic conditions. The results showed that the plant biomass was significantly decreased under Cd stress, and the plant has a stronger Cd transport capability. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that increased Cd concentration gradually damaged the plant organs (roots, stems and leaves) cell ultrastructure, as evidenced by swollen chloroplasts and deformed cell walls. Additionally, metabolomics analyses revealed that Cd stress mainly affected seven metabolism pathways, including 19 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). Moreover, 3908 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 1049 upregulated and 2859 downregulated) were identified via RNA-seq among five Cd treatments. Meanwhile, conjoint analysis found several DEGs and DEMs, including laccase, peroxidase, D-fructose, and cellobiose etc., are associated with cell wall biosynthesis, implying the cell wall biosynthesis pathway plays a critical role in Cd detoxification. Our comprehensive investigation using multiple approaches provides a molecular-scale perspective on plant response to Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xunfeng Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaohua Chu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yimin You
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaowei Chi
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Renyuan Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xijia Yang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kashif Hayat
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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18
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Silveira SR, Le Gloanec C, Gómez-Felipe A, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Kierzkowski D. Live-imaging provides an atlas of cellular growth dynamics in the stamen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:769-781. [PMID: 34618064 PMCID: PMC8825458 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of multicellular organisms is a complex process involving precise coordination of growth among individual cells. Understanding organogenesis requires measurements of cellular behaviors over space and time. In plants, such a quantitative approach has been successfully used to dissect organ development in both leaves and external floral organs, such as sepals. However, the observation of floral reproductive organs is hampered as they develop inside tightly closed floral buds, and are therefore difficult to access for imaging. We developed a confocal time-lapse imaging method, applied here to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which allows full quantitative characterization of the development of stamens, the male reproductive organs. Our lineage tracing reveals the early specification of the filament and the anther. Formation of the anther lobes is associated with a temporal increase of growth at the lobe surface that correlates with intensive growth of the developing locule. Filament development is very dynamic and passes through three distinct phases: (1) initial intense, anisotropic growth, and high cell proliferation; (2) restriction of growth and proliferation to the filament proximal region; and (3) resumption of intense and anisotropic growth, displaced to the distal portion of the filament, without cell proliferation. This quantitative atlas of cellular growth dynamics provides a solid framework for future studies into stamen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R Silveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Constance Le Gloanec
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Andrea Gómez-Felipe
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | | | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
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19
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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20
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Lv X, Sun Y, Hao P, Zhang C, Tian J, Fu M, Xu Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Wu T, Han Z. RBP differentiation contributes to selective transmissibility of OPT3 mRNAs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1587-1604. [PMID: 34618059 PMCID: PMC8566248 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance mobile mRNAs play key roles in gene regulatory networks that control plant development and stress tolerance. However, the mechanisms underlying species-specific delivery of mRNA still need to be elucidated. Here, the use of grafts involving highly heterozygous apple (Malus) genotypes allowed us to demonstrate that apple (Malus domestica) oligopeptide transporter3 (MdOPT3) mRNA can be transported over a long distance, from the leaf to the root, to regulate iron uptake; however, the mRNA of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) oligopeptide transporter 3 (AtOPT3), the MdOPT3 homolog from A. thaliana, does not move from shoot to root. Reciprocal heterologous expression of the two types of mRNAs showed that the immobile AtOPT3 became mobile and moved from the shoot to the root in two woody species, Malus and Populus, while the mobile MdOPT3 became immobile in two herbaceous species, A. thaliana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the different transmissibility of OPT3 in A. thaliana and Malus might be caused by divergence in RNA-binding proteins between herbaceous and woody plants. This study provides insights into mechanisms underlying differences in mRNA mobility and validates the important physiological functions associated with this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pengbo Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mengmeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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21
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Wu B, Li N, Deng Z, Luo F, Duan Y. Selection and Evaluation of a Thornless and HLB-Tolerant Bud-Sport of Pummelo Citrus With an Emphasis on Molecular Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:739108. [PMID: 34531892 PMCID: PMC8438139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.739108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The selection of elite bud-sports is an important breeding approach in horticulture. We discovered and evaluated a thornless pummelo bud-sport (TL) that grew more vigorously and was more tolerant to Huanglongbing (HLB) than the thorny wild type (W). To reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms, we carried out whole-genome sequencing of W, and transcriptome comparisons of W, TL, and partially recovered thorny "mutants" (T). The results showed W, TL, and T varied in gene expression, allelic expression, and alternative splicing. Most genes/pathways with significantly altered expression in TL compared to W remained similarly altered in T. Pathway and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the expression of multiple pathways, including photosynthesis and cell wall biosynthesis, was altered among the three genotypes. Remarkably, two polar auxin transporter genes, PIN7 and LAX3, were expressed at a significantly lower level in TL than in both W and T, implying alternation of polar auxin transport in TL may be responsible for the vigorous growth and thornless phenotype. Furthermore, 131 and 68 plant defense-related genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in TL and T compared with W. These genes may be involved in enhanced salicylic acid (SA) dependent defense and repression of defense inducing callose deposition and programmed cell death. Overall, these results indicated that the phenotype changes of the TL bud-sport were associated with tremendous transcriptome alterations, providing new clues and targets for breeding and gene editing for citrus improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Na Li
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhanao Deng
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Yongping Duan
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
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22
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Cruz-Valderrama JE, Bernal-Gallardo JJ, Herrera-Ubaldo H, de Folter S. Building a Flower: The Influence of Cell Wall Composition on Flower Development and Reproduction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070978. [PMID: 34206830 PMCID: PMC8304806 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral patterning is a complex task. Various organs and tissues must be formed to fulfill reproductive functions. Flower development has been studied, mainly looking for master regulators. However, downstream changes such as the cell wall composition are relevant since they allow cells to divide, differentiate, and grow. In this review, we focus on the main components of the primary cell wall-cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins-to describe how enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, modifications, and degradation of cell wall components are related to the formation of the floral organs. Additionally, internal and external stimuli participate in the genetic regulation that modulates the activity of cell wall remodeling proteins.
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23
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Rüscher D, Corral JM, Carluccio AV, Klemens PAW, Gisel A, Stavolone L, Neuhaus HE, Ludewig F, Sonnewald U, Zierer W. Auxin signaling and vascular cambium formation enable storage metabolism in cassava tuberous roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3688-3703. [PMID: 33712830 PMCID: PMC8096603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cassava storage roots are among the most important root crops worldwide, and represent one of the most consumed staple foods in sub-Saharan Africa. The vegetatively propagated tropical shrub can form many starchy tuberous roots from its stem. These storage roots are formed through the activation of secondary root growth processes. However, the underlying genetic regulation of storage root development is largely unknown. Here we report distinct structural and transcriptional changes occurring during the early phases of storage root development. A pronounced increase in auxin-related transcripts and the transcriptional activation of secondary growth factors, as well as a decrease in gibberellin-related transcripts were observed during the early stages of secondary root growth. This was accompanied by increased cell wall biosynthesis, most notably increased during the initial xylem expansion within the root vasculature. Starch storage metabolism was activated only after the formation of the vascular cambium. The formation of non-lignified xylem parenchyma cells and the activation of starch storage metabolism coincided with increased expression of the KNOX/BEL genes KNAT1, PENNYWISE, and POUND-FOOLISH, indicating their importance for proper xylem parenchyma function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rüscher
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - José María Corral
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Vittoria Carluccio
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andreas Gisel
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Stavolone
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
- Present address: KWS Saat SE, Grimsehlstraße 31, D-37574 Einbeck, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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24
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Rüscher D, Corral JM, Carluccio AV, Klemens PAW, Gisel A, Stavolone L, Neuhaus HE, Ludewig F, Sonnewald U, Zierer W. Auxin signaling and vascular cambium formation enable storage metabolism in cassava tuberous roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021. [PMID: 33712830 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0cfxpnw0t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cassava storage roots are among the most important root crops worldwide, and represent one of the most consumed staple foods in sub-Saharan Africa. The vegetatively propagated tropical shrub can form many starchy tuberous roots from its stem. These storage roots are formed through the activation of secondary root growth processes. However, the underlying genetic regulation of storage root development is largely unknown. Here we report distinct structural and transcriptional changes occurring during the early phases of storage root development. A pronounced increase in auxin-related transcripts and the transcriptional activation of secondary growth factors, as well as a decrease in gibberellin-related transcripts were observed during the early stages of secondary root growth. This was accompanied by increased cell wall biosynthesis, most notably increased during the initial xylem expansion within the root vasculature. Starch storage metabolism was activated only after the formation of the vascular cambium. The formation of non-lignified xylem parenchyma cells and the activation of starch storage metabolism coincided with increased expression of the KNOX/BEL genes KNAT1, PENNYWISE, and POUND-FOOLISH, indicating their importance for proper xylem parenchyma function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rüscher
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - José María Corral
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Vittoria Carluccio
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andreas Gisel
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Stavolone
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Kamamoto N, Tano T, Fujimoto K, Shimamura M. Rotation angle of stem cell division plane controls spiral phyllotaxis in mosses. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:457-473. [PMID: 33877466 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The spiral arrangement (phyllotaxis) of leaves is a shared morphology in land plants, and exhibits diversity constrained to the Fibonacci sequence. Phyllotaxis in vascular plants is produced at a multicellular meristem, whereas bryophyte phyllotaxis emerges from a single apical stem cell (AC) that is embedded in a growing tip of the gametophyte. An AC is asymmetrically divided into itself and a single 'merophyte', producing a future leaf and a portion of the stem. Although it has been suggested that the arrangement of merophytes is regulated by a rotation of the division plane of an AC, the quantitative description of the merophyte arrangement and its regulatory mechanism remain unclear. To clarify them, we examined three moss species, Tetraphis pellucida, Physcomitrium patens, and Niphotrichum japonicum, which exhibit 1/3, 2/5, and 3/8 spiral phyllotaxis, respectively. We measured the angle between the centroids of adjacent merophytes relative to the AC centroid on cross-transverse sections. At the outer merophytes, this divergence angle converged to nearly 120[Formula: see text] in T. pellucida, 136[Formula: see text] in N. japonicum, and 141[Formula: see text] in P. patens, which was nearly consistent with phyllotaxis, whereas the divergence angle deviated from the converged angle at the inner merophytes near an AC. A mathematical model, which assumes scaling growth of AC and merophytes and a constant angle of division plane rotation, quantitatively reproduced the sequence of the divergence angles. This model showed that successive relocations of the centroid position of an AC upon its division inevitably result in the transient deviation of the divergence angle. As a result, the converged divergence angle was equal to the rotation angle, predicting that the latter is a major regulator of the spiral phyllotaxis diversity in mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Taishi Tano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Masaki Shimamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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26
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Zhang D, Yang K, Kan Z, Dang H, Feng S, Yang Y, Li L, Hou N, Xu L, Wang X, Malnoy M, Ma F, Hao Y, Guan Q. The regulatory module MdBT2-MdMYB88/MdMYB124-MdNRTs regulates nitrogen usage in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1924-1942. [PMID: 33793944 PMCID: PMC8133671 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Less than 40% of the nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to soil is absorbed by crops. Thus, improving the N use efficiency of crops is critical for agricultural development. However, the underlying regulation of these processes remains largely unknown, particularly in woody plants. By conducting yeast two-hybrid assays, we identified one interacting protein of MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 in apple (Malus × domestica), namely BTB and TAZ domain protein 2 (MdBT2). Ubiquitination and protein stabilization analysis revealed that MdBT2 ubiquitinates and degrades MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 via the 26S proteasome pathway. MdBT2 negatively regulates nitrogen usage as revealed by the reduced fresh weight, dry weight, N concentration, and N usage index of MdBT2 overexpression calli under low-N conditions. In contrast, MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 increase nitrate absorption, allocation, and remobilization by regulating expression of MdNRT2.4, MdNRT1.8, MdNRT1.7, and MdNRT1.5 under N limitation, thereby regulating N usage. The results obtained illustrate the mechanism of a regulatory module comprising MdBT2-MdMYB88/MdMYB124-MdNRTs, through which plants modulate N usage. These data contribute to a molecular approach to improve the N usage of fruit crops under limited N acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Zhiyong Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huan Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuxian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yusen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Nan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lingfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Department of Biology and Genomics of Fruit Plants, Foundation Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yujin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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27
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Subcellular coordination of plant cell wall synthesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:933-948. [PMID: 33761322 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organelles of the plant cell cooperate to synthesize and secrete a strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based extracellular matrix: the cell wall. Cell wall composition varies among plant species, across cell types within a plant, within different regions of a single cell wall, and in response to intrinsic or extrinsic signals. This diversity in cell wall makeup is underpinned by common cellular mechanisms for cell wall production. Cellulose synthase complexes function at the plasma membrane and deposit their product into the cell wall. Matrix polysaccharides are synthesized by a multitude of glycosyltransferases in hundreds of mobile Golgi stacks, and an extensive set of vesicle trafficking proteins govern secretion to the cell wall. In this review, we discuss the different subcellular locations at which cell wall synthesis occurs, review the molecular mechanisms that control cell wall biosynthesis, and examine how these are regulated in response to different perturbations to maintain cell wall homeostasis.
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28
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Véron E, Vernoux T, Coudert Y. Phyllotaxis from a Single Apical Cell. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:124-131. [PMID: 33097400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phyllotaxis, the geometry of leaf arrangement around stems, determines plant architecture. Molecular interactions coordinating the formation of phyllotactic patterns have mainly been studied in multicellular shoot apical meristems of flowering plants. Phyllotaxis evolved independently in the major land plant lineages. In mosses, it arises from a single apical cell, raising the question of how asymmetric divisions of a single-celled meristem create phyllotactic patterns and whether associated genetic processes are shared across lineages. We present an overview of the mechanisms governing shoot apical cell specification and activity in the model moss, Physcomitrium patens, and argue that similar molecular regulatory modules have been deployed repeatedly across evolution to operate at different scales and drive apical function in convergent shoot forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Véron
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
| | - Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
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29
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Xi H, Liu J, Li Q, Chen X, Liu C, Zhao Y, Yao J, Chen D, Si J, Liu C, Zhang L. Genome-wide identification of Cellulose-like synthase D gene family in Dendrobium catenatum. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1941252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hangxian Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xueliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chenghong Liu
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences\Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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30
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Peaucelle A, Wightman R, Haas KT. Multicolor 3D-dSTORM Reveals Native-State Ultrastructure of Polysaccharides' Network during Plant Cell Wall Assembly. iScience 2020; 23:101862. [PMID: 33336161 PMCID: PMC7733027 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall, a form of the extracellular matrix, is a complex and dynamic network of polymers mediating a plethora of physiological functions. How polysaccharides assemble into a coherent and heterogeneous matrix remains mostly undefined. Further progress requires improved molecular-level visualization methods that would gain a deeper understanding of the cell wall nanoarchitecture. dSTORM, a type of super-resolution microscopy, permits quantitative nanoimaging of the cell wall. However, due to the lack of single-cell model systems and the requirement of tissue-level imaging, its use in plant science is almost absent. Here we overcome these limitations; we compare two methods to achieve three-dimensional dSTORM and identify optimal photoswitching dyes for tissue-level multicolor nanoscopy. Combining dSTORM with spatial statistics, we reveal and characterize the ultrastructure of three major polysaccharides, callose, mannan, and cellulose, in the plant cell wall precursor and provide evidence for cellulose structural re-organization related to callose content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Raymond Wightman
- Microscopy Core Facility, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Kalina Tamara Haas
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
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31
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Haas KT, Rivière M, Wightman R, Peaucelle A. Multitarget Immunohistochemistry for Confocal and Super-resolution Imaging of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3783. [PMID: 33659438 PMCID: PMC7842508 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall (PCW) is a pecto-cellulosic extracellular matrix that envelopes the plant cell. By integrating extra-and intra-cellular cues, PCW mediates a plethora of essential physiological functions. Notably, it permits controlled and oriented tissue growth by tuning its local mechano-chemical properties. To refine our knowledge of these essential properties of PCW, we need an appropriate tool for the accurate observation of the native (in muro) structure of the cell wall components. The label-free techniques, such as AFM, EM, FTIR, and Raman microscopy, are used; however, they either do not have the chemical or spatial resolution. Immunolabeling with electron microscopy allows observation of the cell wall nanostructure, however, it is mostly limited to single and, less frequently, multiple labeling. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a versatile tool to analyze the distribution and localization of multiple biomolecules in the tissue. The subcellular resolution of chemical changes in the cell wall component can be observed with standard diffraction-limited optical microscopy. Furthermore, novel chemical imaging tools such as multicolor 3D dSTORM (Three-dimensional, direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) nanoscopy makes it possible to resolve the native structure of the cell wall polymers with nanometer precision and in three dimensions. Here we present a protocol for preparing multi-target immunostaining of the PCW components taking as example Arabidopsis thaliana, Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), and Maize thin tissue sections. This protocol is compatible with the standard confocal microscope, dSTORM nanoscope, and can also be implemented for other optical nanoscopy such as STED (Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy). The protocol can be adapted for any other subcellular compartments, plasma membrane, cytoplasmic, and intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina T. Haas
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Methieu Rivière
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raymond Wightman
- Microscopy Core Facility, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
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32
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Du F, Jiao Y. Mechanical control of plant morphogenesis: concepts and progress. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:16-23. [PMID: 32619966 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the genome encodes organismal shape is fundamental to biology. Extensive molecular genetic studies have uncovered genes regulating morphogenesis, that is, the generation of shape, however, such genes do not directly determine cell and tissue shape. Recent studies have started to elucidate how mechanical cues mediate the physical shaping of cells and tissues. In particular, the mechanical force generated during cell and tissue growth coordinates deformation at the tissue and organ scale. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of mechanical regulation of plant development. We focus our discussion on how patterns of mechanical stresses are formed, how mechanical cues are perceived, and how they guide cell and organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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33
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Zhao X, Ebert B, Zhang B, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Rautengarten C, Li H, Chen X, Bacic A, Wang G, Men S, Zhou Y, Heazlewood JL, Wu AM. UDP-Api/UDP-Xyl synthases affect plant development by controlling the content of UDP-Api to regulate the RG-II-borate complex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:252-267. [PMID: 32662159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is structurally the most complex glycan in higher plants, containing 13 different sugars and 21 distinct glycosidic linkages. Two monomeric RG-II molecules can form an RG-II-borate diester dimer through the two apiosyl (Api) residues of side chain A to regulate cross-linking of pectin in the cell wall. But the relationship of Api biosynthesis and RG-II dimer is still unclear. In this study we investigated the two homologous UDP-D-apiose/UDP-D-xylose synthases (AXSs) in Arabidopsis thaliana that synthesize UDP-D-apiose (UDP-Api). Both AXSs are ubiquitously expressed, while AXS2 has higher overall expression than AXS1 in the tissues analyzed. The homozygous axs double mutant is lethal, while heterozygous axs1/+ axs2 and axs1 axs2/+ mutants display intermediate phenotypes. The axs1/+ axs2 mutant plants are unable to set seed and die. By contrast, the axs1 axs2/+ mutant plants exhibit loss of shoot and root apical dominance. UDP-Api content in axs1 axs2/+ mutants is decreased by 83%. The cell wall of axs1 axs2/+ mutant plants is thicker and contains less RG-II-borate complex than wild-type Col-0 plants. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence of the importance of AXSs for UDP-Api and RG-II-borate complex formation in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huabin Liu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yutao Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
- Department of Animal, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Klawe FZ, Stiehl T, Bastian P, Gaillochet C, Lohmann JU, Marciniak-Czochra A. Mathematical modeling of plant cell fate transitions controlled by hormonal signals. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007523. [PMID: 32687508 PMCID: PMC7392350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of fate transition and cell division is crucial to maintain the plant architecture and to achieve efficient production of plant organs. In this paper, we analysed the stem cell dynamics at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) that is one of the plant stem cells locations. We designed a mathematical model to elucidate the impact of hormonal signaling on the fate transition rates between different zones corresponding to slowly dividing stem cells and fast dividing transit amplifying cells. The model is based on a simplified two-dimensional disc geometry of the SAM and accounts for a continuous displacement towards the periphery of cells produced in the central zone. Coupling growth and hormonal signaling results in a nonlinear system of reaction-diffusion equations on a growing domain with the growth rate depending on the model components. The model is tested by simulating perturbations in the level of key transcription factors that maintain SAM homeostasis. The model provides new insights on how the transcription factor HECATE is integrated in the regulatory network that governs stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Z. Klawe
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stiehl
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bioquant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bastian
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jan U. Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bioquant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Exploration of artistic creation of Chinese ink style painting based on deep learning framework and convolutional neural network model. Soft comput 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-019-03985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lee S, Kim MH, Lee JH, Jeon J, Kwak JM, Kim YJ. Glycosyltransferase-Like RSE1 Negatively Regulates Leaf Senescence Through Salicylic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:551. [PMID: 32499801 PMCID: PMC7242760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmental process designed for nutrient recycling and relocation to maximize growth competence and reproductive capacity of plants. Thus, plants integrate developmental and environmental signals to precisely control senescence. To genetically dissect the complex regulatory mechanism underlying leaf senescence, we identified an early leaf senescence mutant, rse1. RSE1 encodes a putative glycosyltransferase. Loss-of-function mutations in RSE1 resulted in precocious leaf yellowing and up-regulation of senescence marker genes, indicating enhanced leaf senescence. Transcriptome analysis revealed that salicylic acid (SA) and defense signaling cascades were up-regulated in rse1 prior to the onset of leaf senescence. We found that SA accumulation was significantly increased in rse1. The rse1 phenotypes are dependent on SA-INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2), supporting a role of SA in accelerated leaf senescence in rse1. Furthermore, RSE1 protein was localized to the cell wall, implying a possible link between the cell wall and RSE1 function. Together, we show that RSE1 negatively modulates leaf senescence through an SID2-dependent SA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulbee Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jieun Jeon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - June M. Kwak
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yun Ju Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
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37
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Yang J, Bak G, Burgin T, Barnes WJ, Mayes HB, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR, Nielsen E. Biochemical and Genetic Analysis Identify CSLD3 as a beta-1,4-Glucan Synthase That Functions during Plant Cell Wall Synthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1749-1767. [PMID: 32169960 PMCID: PMC7203914 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, changes in cell size and shape during development fundamentally depend on the ability to synthesize and modify cell wall polysaccharides. The main classes of cell wall polysaccharides produced by terrestrial plants are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Members of the cellulose synthase (CESA) and cellulose synthase-like (CSL) families encode glycosyltransferases that synthesize the β-1,4-linked glycan backbones of cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. Cellulose microfibrils are the major load-bearing component in plant cell walls and are assembled from individual β-1,4-glucan polymers synthesized by CESA proteins that are organized into multimeric complexes called CESA complexes, in the plant plasma membrane. During distinct modes of polarized cell wall deposition, such as in the tip growth that occurs during the formation of root hairs and pollen tubes or de novo formation of cell plates during plant cytokinesis, newly synthesized cell wall polysaccharides are deposited in a restricted region of the cell. These processes require the activity of members of the CESA-like D subfamily. However, while these CSLD polysaccharide synthases are essential, the nature of the polysaccharides they synthesize has remained elusive. Here, we use a combination of genetic rescue experiments with CSLD-CESA chimeric proteins, in vitro biochemical reconstitution, and supporting computational modeling and simulation, to demonstrate that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CSLD3 is a UDP-glucose-dependent β-1,4-glucan synthase that forms protein complexes displaying similar ultrastructural features to those formed by CESA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gwangbae Bak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tucker Burgin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William J Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Heather B Mayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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38
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39
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Yang W, Schuster C, Prunet N, Dong Q, Landrein B, Wightman R, Meyerowitz EM. Visualization of Protein Coding, Long Noncoding, and Nuclear RNAs by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization in Sections of Shoot Apical Meristems and Developing Flowers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:147-158. [PMID: 31722974 PMCID: PMC6945838 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In addition to transcriptional regulation, gene expression is further modulated through mRNA spatiotemporal distribution, by RNA movement between cells, and by RNA localization within cells. Here, we have adapted RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to explore RNA localization in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that RNA FISH on sectioned material can be applied to investigate the tissue and subcellular localization of meristem and flower development genes, cell cycle transcripts, and plant long noncoding RNAs. We also developed double RNA FISH to dissect the coexpression of different mRNAs at the shoot apex and nuclear-cytoplasmic separation of cell cycle gene transcripts in dividing cells. By coupling RNA FISH with fluorescence immunocytochemistry, we further demonstrate that a gene's mRNA and protein may be simultaneously detected, for example revealing uniform distribution of PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) mRNA and polar localization of PIN1 protein in the same cells. Therefore, our method enables the visualization of gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels with subcellular spatial resolution, opening up the possibility of systematically tracking the dynamics of RNA molecules and their cognate proteins in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Yang
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Schuster
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Nathanaël Prunet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Qingkun Dong
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agrobioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Wightman
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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40
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Grones P, Raggi S, Robert S. FORCE-ing the shape. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:1-6. [PMID: 31234034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure that mediates cell and organ morphogenesis and provides structural support to the whole plant body. The primary load bearing components of the cell wall are a cellulose-xyloglucan network embedded in a pectin matrix. Plant morphogenesis is regulated by a constant adjustment of the chemical structure and thus mechanical properties of the cell wall components. These modifications are modulated by a variety of different remodeling agents that precisely control cell wall mechanical properties. Here, we briefly review the major recent updates on cell wall mechanics during growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Raggi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
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41
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Hu H, Zhang R, Tang Y, Peng C, Wu L, Feng S, Chen P, Wang Y, Du X, Peng L. Cotton CSLD3 restores cell elongation and cell wall integrity mainly by enhancing primary cellulose production in the Arabidopsis cesa6 mutant. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:389-401. [PMID: 31432304 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of cotton cellulose synthase like D3 (GhCSLD3) gene partially rescued growth defect of atcesa6 mutant with restored cell elongation and cell wall integrity mainly by enhancing primary cellulose production. Among cellulose synthase like (CSL) family proteins, CSLDs share the highest sequence similarity to cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins. Although CSLD proteins have been implicated to participate in the synthesis of carbohydrate-based polymers (cellulose, pectins and hemicelluloses), and therefore plant cell wall formation, the exact biochemical function of CSLD proteins remains controversial and the function of the remaining CSLD genes in other species have not been determined. In this study, we attempted to illustrate the function of CSLD proteins by overexpressing Arabidopsis AtCSLD2, -3, -5 and cotton GhCSLD3 genes in the atcesa6 mutant, which has a background that is defective for primary cell wall cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. We found that GhCSLD3 overexpression partially rescued the growth defect of the atcesa6 mutant during early vegetative growth. Despite the atceas6 mutant having significantly reduced cellulose contents, the defected cell walls and lower dry mass, GhCSLD3 overexpression largely restored cell wall integrity (CWI) and improved the biomass yield. Our result suggests that overexpression of the GhCSLD protein enhances primary cell wall synthesis and compensates for the loss of CESAs, which is required for cellulose production, therefore rescuing defects in cell elongation and CWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chenglang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Leiming Wu
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuezhu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Zhao F, Chen W, Sechet J, Martin M, Bovio S, Lionnet C, Long Y, Battu V, Mouille G, Monéger F, Traas J. Xyloglucans and Microtubules Synergistically Maintain Meristem Geometry and Phyllotaxis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1191-1206. [PMID: 31537749 PMCID: PMC6836833 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to all aerial plant organs. Cell walls are thought to play a central role in this process, translating molecular regulation into dynamic changes in growth rate and direction, although their precise role in morphogenesis during organ formation is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of xyloglucans (XyGs), a major, yet functionally poorly characterized, wall component in the SAM of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using immunolabeling, biochemical analysis, genetic approaches, microindentation, laser ablation, and live imaging, we showed that XyGs are important for meristem shape and phyllotaxis. No difference in the Young's modulus (i.e. an indicator of wall stiffness) of the cell walls was observed when XyGs were perturbed. Mutations in enzymes required for XyG synthesis also affect other cell wall components such as cellulose content and pectin methylation status. Interestingly, control of cortical microtubule dynamics by the severing enzyme KATANIN became vital when XyGs were perturbed or absent. This suggests that the cytoskeleton plays an active role in compensating for altered cell wall composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Julien Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS Bâtiment 1, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Claire Lionnet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Yuchen Long
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS Bâtiment 1, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Françoise Monéger
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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43
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Li L, Liu M, Shi K, Yu Z, Zhou Y, Fan R, Shi Q. Dynamic Changes in Metabolite Accumulation and the Transcriptome during Leaf Growth and Development in Eucommia ulmoides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4030. [PMID: 31426587 PMCID: PMC6721751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is widely distributed in China. This species has been used mainly in medicine due to the high concentration of chlorogenic acid (CGA), flavonoids, lignans, and other compounds in the leaves and barks. However, the categories of metabolites, dynamic changes in metabolite accumulation and overall molecular mechanisms involved in metabolite biosynthesis during E. ulmoides leaf growth and development remain unknown. Here, a total of 515 analytes, including 127 flavonoids, 46 organic acids, 44 amino acid derivatives, 9 phenolamides, and 16 vitamins, were identified from four E. ulmoides samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) (for widely targeted metabolites). The accumulation of most flavonoids peaked in growing leaves, followed by old leaves. UPLC-MS analysis indicated that CGA accumulation increased steadily to a high concentration during leaf growth and development, and rutin showed a high accumulation level in leaf buds and growing leaves. Based on single-molecule long-read sequencing technology, 69,020 transcripts and 2880 novel loci were identified in E. ulmoides. Expression analysis indicated that isoforms in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and flavonoid metabolic pathway were highly expressed in growing leaves and old leaves. Co-expression network analysis suggested a potential direct link between the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways via the regulation of transcription factors, including MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) and bHLH (basic/helix-loop-helix). Our study predicts dynamic metabolic models during leaf growth and development and will support further molecular biological studies of metabolite biosynthesis in E. ulmoides. In addition, our results significantly improve the annotation of the E. ulmoides genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Forestry, Taicheng Road No. 3, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minhao Liu
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Forestry, Taicheng Road No. 3, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kan Shi
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Enology, Taicheng Road No. 3, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijing Yu
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Forestry, Taicheng Road No. 3, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Forestry, Taicheng Road No. 3, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruishen Fan
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Forestry, Taicheng Road No. 3, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Taicheng Road No. 3, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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44
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The flowering hormone florigen accelerates secondary cell wall biogenesis to harmonize vascular maturation with reproductive development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16127-16136. [PMID: 31324744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906405116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Florigen, a proteinaceous hormone, functions as a universal long-range promoter of flowering and concurrently as a generic growth-attenuating hormone across leaf and stem meristems. In flowering plants, the transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase entails the orchestration of new growth coordinates and a global redistribution of resources, signals, and mechanical loads among organs. However, the ultimate cellular processes governing the adaptation of the shoot system to reproduction remain unknown. We hypothesized that if the mechanism for floral induction is universal, then the cellular metabolic mechanisms underlying the conditioning of the shoot system for reproduction would also be universal and may be best regulated by florigen itself. To understand the cellular basis for the vegetative functions of florigen, we explored the radial expansion of tomato stems. RNA-Seq and complementary genetic and histological studies revealed that florigen of endogenous, mobile, or induced origins accelerates the transcription network navigating secondary cell wall biogenesis as a unit, promoting vascular maturation and thereby adapting the shoot system to the developmental needs of the ensuing reproductive phase it had originally set into motion. We then demonstrated that a remarkably stable and broadly distributed florigen promotes MADS and MIF genes, which in turn regulate the rate of vascular maturation and radial expansion of stems irrespective of flowering or florigen level. The dual acceleration of flowering and vascular maturation by florigen provides a paradigm for coordinated regulation of independent global developmental programs.
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Sanchez DH, Gaubert H, Yang W. Evidence of developmental escape from transcriptional gene silencing in MESSI retrotransposons. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:950-964. [PMID: 31063594 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are ubiquitous genomic features. 'Copy-and-paste' long-terminal-repeat (LTR) retrotransposons have been particularly successful during evolution of the plant kingdom, representing a substantial proportion of genomes. For survival in copious numbers, these TEs may have evolved replicative mobilization strategies that circumvented hosts' epigenetic silencing. Stressful circumstances are known to trigger the majority of known mobilizing plant retrotransposons, leading to the idea that most are activated by environmental signals. However, previous research revealed that plant developmental programs include steps of silencing relaxation, suggesting that developmental signals may also be of importance for thriving parasitic elements. Here, we uncover an unusual family of giant LTR retrotransposons from the Solanum clade, named MESSI, with transcriptional competence in shoot apical meristems of tomato. Despite being recognized and targeted by the host epigenetic surveillance, this family is activated in specific meristematic areas fundamental for plant shoot development, which are involved in meristem formation and maintenance. Our work provides initial evidence that some retrotransposons may evolve developmentally associated escape strategies to overcome transcriptional gene silencing in vegetative tissues contributing to the host's next generation. This implies that not only environmental but also developmental signals could be exploited by selfish elements for survival within the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego H Sanchez
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Hervé Gaubert
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Weibing Yang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
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Sampathkumar A, Peaucelle A, Fujita M, Schuster C, Persson S, Wasteneys GO, Meyerowitz EM. Primary wall cellulose synthase regulates shoot apical meristem mechanics and growth. Development 2019; 146:dev.179036. [PMID: 31076488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How organisms attain their specific shapes and modify their growth patterns in response to environmental and chemical signals has been the subject of many investigations. Plant cells are at high turgor pressure and are surrounded by a rigid yet flexible cell wall, which is the primary determinant of plant growth and morphogenesis. Cellulose microfibrils, synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes, are major tension-bearing components of the cell wall that mediate directional growth. Despite advances in understanding the genetic and biophysical regulation of morphogenesis, direct studies of cellulose biosynthesis and its impact on morphogenesis of different cell and tissue types are largely lacking. In this study, we took advantage of mutants of three primary cellulose synthase (CESA) genes that are involved in primary wall cellulose synthesis. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy, live cell imaging and biophysical measurements, we aimed to understand how the primary wall CESA complex acts during shoot apical meristem development. Our results indicate that cellulose biosynthesis impacts the mechanics and growth of the shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Peng X, Pang H, Abbas M, Yan X, Dai X, Li Y, Li Q. Characterization of Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) family revealed the involvement of PtrCslD5 in root hair formation in Populus trichocarpa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1452. [PMID: 30723218 PMCID: PMC6363781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) family was characterized for their expression and functions in Populus trichocarpa. Ten members, PtrCslD1-10, were identified in the P. trichocarpa genome, and they belong to 4 clades by phylogenetic tree analysis. qRT-PCR and promoter:GUS assays in Arabidopsis and P. trichocarpa displayed divergent expression patterns of these 10 PtrCSLD genes in root hairs, root tips, leaves, vascular tissues, xylem and flowers. Among PtrCslD2, PtrCslD4, PtrCslD5, PtrCslD6, and PtrCslD8 that all exhibited expression in root hairs, only PtrCslD5 could restore the root hairless phenotype of the atcsld3 mutant, demonstrating that PtrCslD5 is the functional ortholog of AtCslD3 for root hair formation. Our results suggest more possible functions for other PtrCslD genes in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hongying Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Manzar Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China.
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Kierzkowski D, Routier-Kierzkowska AL. Cellular basis of growth in plants: geometry matters. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:56-63. [PMID: 30308452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The growth of individual cells underlies the development of biological forms. In plants, cells are interconnected by rigid walls, fixing their position with respect to one another and generating mechanical feedbacks between cells. Current research is shedding new light on how plant growth is controlled by physical inputs at the level of individual cells and growing tissues. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the cellular basis of growth from a biomechanical perspective. We describe the role of the cell wall and turgor pressure in growth and highlight the often-overlooked role of cell geometry in this process. It is becoming apparent that a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches is required to answer new emerging questions in the biomechanics of plant morphogenesis. We summarise how this multidisciplinary approach brings us closer to a unified understanding of the generation of biological forms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kierzkowski
- Plant Science Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal H1X 2B2, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Plant Science Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal H1X 2B2, QC, Canada.
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Jackson MDB, Duran-Nebreda S, Kierzkowski D, Strauss S, Xu H, Landrein B, Hamant O, Smith RS, Johnston IG, Bassel GW. Global Topological Order Emerges through Local Mechanical Control of Cell Divisions in the Arabidopsis Shoot Apical Meristem. Cell Syst 2019; 8:53-65.e3. [PMID: 30660611 PMCID: PMC6345583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The control of cell position and division act in concert to dictate multicellular organization in tissues and organs. How these processes shape global order and molecular movement across organs is an outstanding problem in biology. Using live 3D imaging and computational analyses, we extracted networks capturing cellular connectivity dynamics across the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem (SAM) and topologically analyzed the local and global properties of cellular architecture. Locally generated cell division rules lead to the emergence of global tissue-scale organization of the SAM, facilitating robust global communication. Cells that lie upon more shorter paths have an increased propensity to divide, with division plane placement acting to limit the number of shortest paths their daughter cells lie upon. Cell shape heterogeneity and global cellular organization requires KATANIN, providing a multiscale link between cell geometry, mechanical cell-cell interactions, and global tissue order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Plant Science Research Institute, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Soeren Strauss
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Landrein
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Iain G Johnston
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - George W Bassel
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Chao Q, Gao Z, Zhang D, Zhao B, Dong F, Fu C, Liu L, Wang B. The developmental dynamics of the Populus stem transcriptome. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:206-219. [PMID: 29851301 PMCID: PMC6330540 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Populus shoot undergoes primary growth (longitudinal growth) followed by secondary growth (radial growth), which produces biomass that is an important source of energy worldwide. We adopted joint PacBio Iso-Seq and RNA-seq analysis to identify differentially expressed transcripts along a developmental gradient from the shoot apex to the fifth internode of Populus Nanlin895. We obtained 87 150 full-length transcripts, including 2081 new isoforms and 62 058 new alternatively spliced isoforms, most of which were produced by intron retention, that were used to update the Populus annotation. Among these novel isoforms, there are 1187 long non-coding RNAs and 356 fusion genes. Using this annotation, we found 15 838 differentially expressed transcripts along the shoot developmental gradient, of which 1216 were transcription factors (TFs). Only a few of these genes were reported previously. The differential expression of these TFs suggests that they may play important roles in primary and secondary growth. AP2, ARF, YABBY and GRF TFs are highly expressed in the apex, whereas NAC, bZIP, PLATZ and HSF TFs are likely to be important for secondary growth. Overall, our findings provide evidence that long-read sequencing can complement short-read sequencing for cataloguing and quantifying eukaryotic transcripts and increase our understanding of the vital and dynamic process of shoot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyPhotosynthesis Research CenterInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Fang Gao
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyPhotosynthesis Research CenterInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dong Zhang
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Biligen‐Gaowa Zhao
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyPhotosynthesis Research CenterInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Feng‐Qin Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chun‐Xiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of BiofuelsQingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and EnvironmentQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Li‐Jun Liu
- College of ForestryShandong Agricultural UniversityTai‐AnShandongChina
| | - Bai‐Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyPhotosynthesis Research CenterInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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