1
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Holey BE, Schneider DM. Sensation and expectation are embedded in mouse motor cortical activity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114396. [PMID: 38923464 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During behavior, the motor cortex sends copies of motor-related signals to sensory cortices. Here, we combine closed-loop behavior with large-scale physiology, projection-pattern-specific recordings, and circuit perturbations to show that neurons in mouse secondary motor cortex (M2) encode sensation and are influenced by expectation. When a movement unexpectedly produces a sound, M2 becomes dominated by sound-evoked activity. Sound responses in M2 are inherited partially from the auditory cortex and are routed back to the auditory cortex, providing a path for the reciprocal exchange of sensory-motor information during behavior. When the acoustic consequences of a movement become predictable, M2 responses to self-generated sounds are selectively gated off. These changes in single-cell responses are reflected in population dynamics, which are influenced by both sensation and expectation. Together, these findings reveal the embedding of sensory and expectation signals in motor cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Holey
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David M Schneider
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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2
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Amichay G, Li L, Nagy M, Couzin ID. Revealing the mechanism and function underlying pairwise temporal coupling in collective motion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4356. [PMID: 38778073 PMCID: PMC11111445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coordinated motion in animal groups has predominantly been studied with a focus on spatial interactions, such as how individuals position and orient themselves relative to one another. Temporal aspects have, by contrast, received much less attention. Here, by studying pairwise interactions in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio)-including using immersive volumetric virtual reality (VR) with which we can directly test models of social interactions in situ-we reveal that there exists a rhythmic out-of-phase (i.e., an alternating) temporal coordination dynamic. We find that reciprocal (bi-directional) feedback is both necessary and sufficient to explain this emergent coupling. Beyond a mechanistic understanding, we find, both from VR experiments and analysis of freely swimming pairs, that temporal coordination considerably improves spatial responsiveness, such as to changes in the direction of motion of a partner. Our findings highlight the synergistic role of spatial and temporal coupling in facilitating effective communication between individuals on the move.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Amichay
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Liang Li
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Máté Nagy
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Collective Behaviour Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Biological Physics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Iain D Couzin
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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3
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Dallmann CJ, Luo Y, Agrawal S, Chou GM, Cook A, Brunton BW, Tuthill JC. Presynaptic inhibition selectively suppresses leg proprioception in behaving Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.20.563322. [PMID: 37961558 PMCID: PMC10634730 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling arms and legs requires feedback from proprioceptive sensory neurons that detect joint position and movement. Proprioceptive feedback must be tuned for different behavioral contexts, but the underlying circuit mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using calcium imaging in behaving Drosophila, we find that the axons of position-encoding leg proprioceptors are active across behaviors, whereas the axons of movement-encoding leg proprioceptors are suppressed during walking and grooming. Using connectomics, we identify a specific class of interneurons that provide GABAergic presynaptic inhibition to the axons of movement-encoding proprioceptors. The predominant synaptic inputs to these interneurons are descending neurons, suggesting they are driven by predictions of leg movement originating in the brain. Calcium imaging from both the interneurons and their descending inputs confirmed that their activity is correlated with self-generated but not passive leg movements. Overall, our findings elucidate a neural circuit for suppressing specific proprioceptive feedback signals during self-generated movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Dallmann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Present address: Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yichen Luo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sweta Agrawal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Present address: School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Grant M. Chou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Cook
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - John C. Tuthill
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Lead contact
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4
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Cheong HSJ, Boone KN, Bennett MM, Salman F, Ralston JD, Hatch K, Allen RF, Phelps AM, Cook AP, Phelps JS, Erginkaya M, Lee WCA, Card GM, Daly KC, Dacks AM. Organization of an ascending circuit that conveys flight motor state in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1059-1075.e5. [PMID: 38402616 PMCID: PMC10939832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Natural behaviors are a coordinated symphony of motor acts that drive reafferent (self-induced) sensory activation. Individual sensors cannot disambiguate exafferent (externally induced) from reafferent sources. Nevertheless, animals readily differentiate between these sources of sensory signals to carry out adaptive behaviors through corollary discharge circuits (CDCs), which provide predictive motor signals from motor pathways to sensory processing and other motor pathways. Yet, how CDCs comprehensively integrate into the nervous system remains unexplored. Here, we use connectomics, neuroanatomical, physiological, and behavioral approaches to resolve the network architecture of two pairs of ascending histaminergic neurons (AHNs) in Drosophila, which function as a predictive CDC in other insects. Both AHN pairs receive input primarily from a partially overlapping population of descending neurons, especially from DNg02, which controls wing motor output. Using Ca2+ imaging and behavioral recordings, we show that AHN activation is correlated to flight behavior and precedes wing motion. Optogenetic activation of DNg02 is sufficient to activate AHNs, indicating that AHNs are activated by descending commands in advance of behavior and not as a consequence of sensory input. Downstream, each AHN pair targets predominantly non-overlapping networks, including those that process visual, auditory, and mechanosensory information, as well as networks controlling wing, haltere, and leg sensorimotor control. These results support the conclusion that the AHNs provide a predictive motor signal about wing motor state to mostly non-overlapping sensory and motor networks. Future work will determine how AHN signaling is driven by other descending neurons and interpreted by AHN downstream targets to maintain adaptive sensorimotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han S J Cheong
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kaitlyn N Boone
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Marryn M Bennett
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Farzaan Salman
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jacob D Ralston
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Kaleb Hatch
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Raven F Allen
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Alec M Phelps
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Andrew P Cook
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jasper S Phelps
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mert Erginkaya
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Wei-Chung A Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gwyneth M Card
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kevin C Daly
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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5
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Montgomery JC. Roles for cerebellum and subsumption architecture in central pattern generation. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:315-324. [PMID: 37130955 PMCID: PMC10994996 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01634-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Within vertebrates, central pattern generators drive rhythmical behaviours, such as locomotion and ventilation. Their pattern generation is also influenced by sensory input and various forms of neuromodulation. These capabilities arose early in vertebrate evolution, preceding the evolution of the cerebellum in jawed vertebrates. This later evolution of the cerebellum is suggestive of subsumption architecture that adds functionality to a pre-existing network. From a central-pattern-generator perspective, what additional functionality might the cerebellum provide? The suggestion is that the adaptive filter capabilities of the cerebellum may be able to use error learning to appropriately repurpose pattern output. Examples may include head and eye stabilization during locomotion, song learning, and context-dependent alternation between learnt motor-control sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Montgomery
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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6
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Brezovec BE, Berger AB, Hao YA, Chen F, Druckmann S, Clandinin TR. Mapping the neural dynamics of locomotion across the Drosophila brain. Curr Biol 2024; 34:710-726.e4. [PMID: 38242122 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Locomotion engages widely distributed networks of neurons. However, our understanding of the spatial architecture and temporal dynamics of the networks that underpin walking remains incomplete. We use volumetric two-photon imaging to map neural activity associated with walking across the entire brain of Drosophila. We define spatially clustered neural signals selectively associated with changes in either forward or angular velocity, demonstrating that neurons with similar behavioral selectivity are clustered. These signals reveal distinct topographic maps in diverse brain regions involved in navigation, memory, sensory processing, and motor control, as well as regions not previously linked to locomotion. We identify temporal trajectories of neural activity that sweep across these maps, including signals that anticipate future movement, representing the sequential engagement of clusters with different behavioral specificities. Finally, we register these maps to a connectome and identify neural networks that we propose underlie the observed signals, setting a foundation for subsequent circuit dissection. Overall, our work suggests a spatiotemporal framework for the emergence and execution of complex walking maneuvers and links this brain-wide neural activity to single neurons and local circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella E Brezovec
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Fairchild D200, 299 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew B Berger
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Fairchild D200, 299 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yukun A Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Fairchild D200, 299 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Fairchild D200, 299 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shaul Druckmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Fairchild D200, 299 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Fairchild D200, 299 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Gebehart C, Büschges A. The processing of proprioceptive signals in distributed networks: insights from insect motor control. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246182. [PMID: 38180228 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The integration of sensory information is required to maintain body posture and to generate robust yet flexible locomotion through unpredictable environments. To anticipate required adaptations in limb posture and enable compensation of sudden perturbations, an animal's nervous system assembles external (exteroception) and internal (proprioception) cues. Coherent neuronal representations of the proprioceptive context of the body and the appendages arise from the concerted action of multiple sense organs monitoring body kinetics and kinematics. This multimodal proprioceptive information, together with exteroceptive signals and brain-derived descending motor commands, converges onto premotor networks - i.e. the local neuronal circuitry controlling motor output and movements - within the ventral nerve cord (VNC), the insect equivalent of the vertebrate spinal cord. This Review summarizes existing knowledge and recent advances in understanding how local premotor networks in the VNC use convergent information to generate contextually appropriate activity, focusing on the example of posture control. We compare the role and advantages of distributed sensory processing over dedicated neuronal pathways, and the challenges of multimodal integration in distributed networks. We discuss how the gain of distributed networks may be tuned to enable the behavioral repertoire of these systems, and argue that insect premotor networks might compensate for their limited neuronal population size by, in comparison to vertebrate networks, relying more heavily on the specificity of their connections. At a time in which connectomics and physiological recording techniques enable anatomical and functional circuit dissection at an unprecedented resolution, insect motor systems offer unique opportunities to identify the mechanisms underlying multimodal integration for flexible motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Gebehart
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Research, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ansgar Büschges
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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8
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Job X, Kilteni K. Action does not enhance but attenuates predicted touch. eLife 2023; 12:e90912. [PMID: 38099521 PMCID: PMC10723797 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant motor control theories propose that the brain predicts and attenuates the somatosensory consequences of actions, referred to as somatosensory attenuation. Support comes from psychophysical and neuroimaging studies showing that touch applied on a passive hand elicits attenuated perceptual and neural responses if it is actively generated by one's other hand, compared to an identical touch from an external origin. However, recent experimental findings have challenged this view by providing psychophysical evidence that the perceived intensity of touch on the passive hand is enhanced if the active hand does not receive touch simultaneously with the passive hand (somatosensory enhancement) and by further attributing attenuation to the double tactile stimulation of the hands upon contact. Here, we directly contrasted the hypotheses of the attenuation and enhancement models regarding how action influences somatosensory perception by manipulating whether the active hand contacts the passive hand. We further assessed somatosensory perception in the absence of any predictive cues in a condition that turned out to be essential for interpreting the experimental findings. In three pre-registered experiments, we demonstrate that action does not enhance the predicted touch (Experiment 1), that the previously reported 'enhancement' effects are driven by the reference condition used (Experiment 2), and that self-generated touch is robustly attenuated regardless of whether the two hands make contact (Experiment 3). Our results provide conclusive evidence that action does not enhance but attenuates predicted touch and prompt a reappraisal of recent experimental findings upon which theoretical frameworks proposing a perceptual enhancement by action prediction are based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Job
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Konstantina Kilteni
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
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9
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Falconbridge M, Stamps RL, Edwards M, Badcock DR. Continuous psychophysics for two-variable experiments; A new "Bayesian participant" approach. Iperception 2023; 14:20416695231214440. [PMID: 38690062 PMCID: PMC11058635 DOI: 10.1177/20416695231214440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Interest in continuous psychophysical approaches as a means of collecting data quickly under natural conditions is growing. Such approaches require stimuli to be changed randomly on a continuous basis so that participants can not guess future stimulus states. Participants are generally tasked with responding continuously using a continuum of response options. These features introduce variability in the data that is not present in traditional trial-based experiments. Given the unique weaknesses and strengths of continuous psychophysical approaches, we propose that they are well suited to quickly mapping out relationships between above-threshold stimulus variables such as the perceived direction of a moving target as a function of the direction of the background against which the target is moving. We show that modelling the participant in such a two-variable experiment using a novel "Bayesian Participant" model facilitates the conversion of the noisy continuous data into a less-noisy form that resembles data from an equivalent trial-based experiment. We also show that adaptation can result from longer-than-usual stimulus exposure times during continuous experiments, even to features that the participant is not aware of. Methods for mitigating the effects of adaptation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Edwards
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David R. Badcock
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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10
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Labouesse MA, Torres-Herraez A, Chohan MO, Villarin JM, Greenwald J, Sun X, Zahran M, Tang A, Lam S, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Lacefield CO, Bonaventura J, Michaelides M, Chan CS, Yizhar O, Kellendonk C. A non-canonical striatopallidal Go pathway that supports motor control. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6712. [PMID: 37872145 PMCID: PMC10593790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the classical model of the basal ganglia, direct pathway striatal projection neurons (dSPNs) send projections to the substantia nigra (SNr) and entopeduncular nucleus to regulate motor function. Recent studies have re-established that dSPNs also possess axon collaterals within the globus pallidus (GPe) (bridging collaterals), yet the significance of these collaterals for behavior is unknown. Here we use in vivo optical and chemogenetic tools combined with deep learning approaches in mice to dissect the roles of dSPN GPe collaterals in motor function. We find that dSPNs projecting to the SNr send synchronous motor-related information to the GPe via axon collaterals. Inhibition of native activity in dSPN GPe terminals impairs motor activity and function via regulation of Npas1 neurons. We propose a model by which dSPN GPe axon collaterals (striatopallidal Go pathway) act in concert with the canonical terminals in the SNr to support motor control by inhibiting Npas1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Labouesse
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Health, Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Arturo Torres-Herraez
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Muhammad O Chohan
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joseph M Villarin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Julia Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mysarah Zahran
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Alice Tang
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Columbia College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sherry Lam
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Clay O Lacefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Institut de Neurociències, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Departments of Brain Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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11
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Holey BE, Schneider DM. Sensation and expectation are embedded in mouse motor cortical activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.13.557633. [PMID: 37745573 PMCID: PMC10515891 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.13.557633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
During behavior, the motor cortex sends copies of motor-related signals to sensory cortices. It remains unclear whether these corollary discharge signals strictly encode movement or whether they also encode sensory experience and expectation. Here, we combine closed-loop behavior with large-scale physiology, projection-pattern specific recordings, and circuit perturbations to show that neurons in mouse secondary motor cortex (M2) encode sensation and are influenced by expectation. When a movement unexpectedly produces a sound, M2 becomes dominated by sound-evoked activity. Sound responses in M2 are inherited partially from the auditory cortex and are routed back to the auditory cortex, providing a path for the dynamic exchange of sensory-motor information during behavior. When the acoustic consequences of a movement become predictable, M2 responses to self-generated sounds are selectively gated off. These changes in single-cell responses are reflected in population dynamics, which are influenced by both sensation and expectation. Together, these findings reveal the rich embedding of sensory and expectation signals in motor cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Holey
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Medical Center
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12
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Greaney MR, Wreden CC, Heckscher ES. Distinctive features of the central synaptic organization of Drosophila larval proprioceptors. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1223334. [PMID: 37564629 PMCID: PMC10410283 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1223334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprioceptive feedback is critically needed for locomotor control, but how this information is incorporated into central proprioceptive processing circuits remains poorly understood. Circuit organization emerges from the spatial distribution of synaptic connections between neurons. This distribution is difficult to discern in model systems where only a few cells can be probed simultaneously. Therefore, we turned to a relatively simple and accessible nervous system to ask: how are proprioceptors' input and output synapses organized in space, and what principles underlie this organization? Using the Drosophila larval connectome, we generated a map of the input and output synapses of 34 proprioceptors in several adjacent body segments (5-6 left-right pairs per segment). We characterized the spatial organization of these synapses, and compared this organization to that of other somatosensory neurons' synapses. We found three distinguishing features of larval proprioceptor synapses: (1) Generally, individual proprioceptor types display segmental somatotopy. (2) Proprioceptor output synapses both converge and diverge in space; they are organized into six spatial domains, each containing a unique set of one or more proprioceptors. Proprioceptors form output synapses along the proximal axonal entry pathway into the neuropil. (3) Proprioceptors receive few inhibitory input synapses. Further, we find that these three features do not apply to other larval somatosensory neurons. Thus, we have generated the most comprehensive map to date of how proprioceptor synapses are centrally organized. This map documents previously undescribed features of proprioceptors, raises questions about underlying developmental mechanisms, and has implications for downstream proprioceptive processing circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R. Greaney
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chris C. Wreden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ellie S. Heckscher
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Zhang J, Chen D, Srirangarajan T, Theriault J, Kragel PA, Hartley L, Lee KM, McVeigh K, Wager TD, Wald LL, Satpute AB, Quigley KS, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Barrett LF, Bianciardi M. Cortical and subcortical mapping of the allostatic-interoceptive system in the human brain: replication and extension with 7 Tesla fMRI. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.20.548178. [PMID: 37546889 PMCID: PMC10401932 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.20.548178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain continuously anticipates the energetic needs of the body and prepares to meet those needs before they arise, a process called allostasis. In support of allostasis, the brain continually models the internal state of the body, a process called interoception. Using published tract-tracing studies in non-human animals as a guide, we previously identified a large-scale system supporting allostasis and interoception in the human brain with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 Tesla. In the present study, we replicated and extended this system in humans using 7 Tesla fMRI (N = 91), improving the precision of subgenual and pregenual anterior cingulate topography as well as brainstem nuclei mapping. We verified over 90% of the anatomical connections in the hypothesized allostatic-interoceptive system observed in non-human animal research. We also identified functional connectivity hubs verified in tract-tracing studies but not previously detected using 3 Tesla fMRI. Finally, we demonstrated that individuals with stronger fMRI connectivity between system hubs self-reported greater interoceptive awareness, building on construct validity evidence from our earlier paper. Taken together, these results strengthen evidence for the existence of a whole-brain system supporting interoception in the service of allostasis and we consider the implications for mental and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Danlei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jordan Theriault
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
| | | | - Ludger Hartley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kent M. Lee
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kieran McVeigh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Lawrence L. Wald
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
| | - Ajay B. Satpute
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Karen S. Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
| | - Marta Bianciardi
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA
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14
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Saleem AB, Busse L. Interactions between rodent visual and spatial systems during navigation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41583-023-00716-7. [PMID: 37380885 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Many behaviours that are critical for animals to survive and thrive rely on spatial navigation. Spatial navigation, in turn, relies on internal representations about one's spatial location, one's orientation or heading direction and the distance to objects in the environment. Although the importance of vision in guiding such internal representations has long been recognized, emerging evidence suggests that spatial signals can also modulate neural responses in the central visual pathway. Here, we review the bidirectional influences between visual and navigational signals in the rodent brain. Specifically, we discuss reciprocal interactions between vision and the internal representations of spatial position, explore the effects of vision on representations of an animal's heading direction and vice versa, and examine how the visual and navigational systems work together to assess the relative distances of objects and other features. Throughout, we consider how technological advances and novel ethological paradigms that probe rodent visuo-spatial behaviours allow us to advance our understanding of how brain areas of the central visual pathway and the spatial systems interact and enable complex behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman B Saleem
- UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Laura Busse
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Cheong HSJ, Boone KN, Bennett MM, Salman F, Ralston JD, Hatch K, Allen RF, Phelps AM, Cook AP, Phelps JS, Erginkaya M, Lee WCA, Card GM, Daly KC, Dacks AM. Organization of an Ascending Circuit that Conveys Flight Motor State. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544074. [PMID: 37333334 PMCID: PMC10274802 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural behaviors are a coordinated symphony of motor acts which drive self-induced or reafferent sensory activation. Single sensors only signal presence and magnitude of a sensory cue; they cannot disambiguate exafferent (externally-induced) from reafferent sources. Nevertheless, animals readily differentiate between these sources of sensory signals to make appropriate decisions and initiate adaptive behavioral outcomes. This is mediated by predictive motor signaling mechanisms, which emanate from motor control pathways to sensory processing pathways, but how predictive motor signaling circuits function at the cellular and synaptic level is poorly understood. We use a variety of techniques, including connectomics from both male and female electron microscopy volumes, transcriptomics, neuroanatomical, physiological and behavioral approaches to resolve the network architecture of two pairs of ascending histaminergic neurons (AHNs), which putatively provide predictive motor signals to several sensory and motor neuropil. Both AHN pairs receive input primarily from an overlapping population of descending neurons, many of which drive wing motor output. The two AHN pairs target almost exclusively non-overlapping downstream neural networks including those that process visual, auditory and mechanosensory information as well as networks coordinating wing, haltere, and leg motor output. These results support the conclusion that the AHN pairs multi-task, integrating a large amount of common input, then tile their output in the brain, providing predictive motor signals to non-overlapping sensory networks affecting motor control both directly and indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han S. J. Cheong
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn N. Boone
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Marryn M. Bennett
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Farzaan Salman
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Ralston
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Kaleb Hatch
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Raven F. Allen
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Alec M. Phelps
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Cook
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jasper S. Phelps
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Mert Erginkaya
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Wei-Chung A. Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Gwyneth M. Card
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, United States of America
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Daly
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
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16
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Daly KC, Dacks A. The self as part of the sensory ecology: how behavior affects sensation from the inside out. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 58:101053. [PMID: 37290318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects exhibit remarkable sensory and motor capabilities to successfully navigate their environment. As insects move, they activate sensory afferents. Hence, insects are inextricably part of their sensory ecology. Insects must correctly attribute self- versus external sources of sensory activation to make adaptive behavioral choices. This is achieved via corollary discharge circuits (CDCs), motor-to-sensory neuronal pathways providing predictive motor signals to sensory networks to coordinate sensory processing within the context of ongoing behavior. While CDCs provide predictive motor signals, their underlying mechanisms of action and functional consequences are diverse. Here, we describe inferred CDCs and identified corollary discharge interneurons (CDIs) in insects, highlighting their anatomical commonalities and our limited understanding of their synaptic integration into the nervous system. By using connectomics information, we demonstrate that the complexity with which identified CDIs integrate into the central nervous system (CNS) can be revealed.
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17
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Markkula G, Lin YS, Srinivasan AR, Billington J, Leonetti M, Kalantari AH, Yang Y, Lee YM, Madigan R, Merat N. Explaining human interactions on the road by large-scale integration of computational psychological theory. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad163. [PMID: 37346270 PMCID: PMC10281388 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
When humans share space in road traffic, as drivers or as vulnerable road users, they draw on their full range of communicative and interactive capabilities. Much remains unknown about these behaviors, but they need to be captured in models if automated vehicles are to coexist successfully with human road users. Empirical studies of human road user behavior implicate a large number of underlying cognitive mechanisms, which taken together are well beyond the scope of existing computational models. Here, we note that for all of these putative mechanisms, computational theories exist in different subdisciplines of psychology, for more constrained tasks. We demonstrate how these separate theories can be generalized from abstract laboratory paradigms and integrated into a computational framework for modeling human road user interaction, combining Bayesian perception, a theory of mind regarding others' intentions, behavioral game theory, long-term valuation of action alternatives, and evidence accumulation decision-making. We show that a model with these assumptions-but not simpler versions of the same model-can account for a number of previously unexplained phenomena in naturalistic driver-pedestrian road-crossing interactions, and successfully predicts interaction outcomes in an unseen data set. Our modeling results contribute to demonstrating the real-world value of the theories from which we draw, and address calls in psychology for cumulative theory-building, presenting human road use as a suitable setting for work of this nature. Our findings also underscore the formidable complexity of human interaction in road traffic, with strong implications for the requirements to set on development and testing of vehicle automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Markkula
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Yi-Shin Lin
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jac Billington
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Matteo Leonetti
- Department of Informatics, King’s College London, WC2B 4BG London, UK
| | | | - Yue Yang
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Yee Mun Lee
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Ruth Madigan
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Natasha Merat
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
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18
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Forsthofer M, Straka H. Homeostatic plasticity of eye movement performance in Xenopus tadpoles following prolonged visual image motion stimulation. J Neurol 2023; 270:57-70. [PMID: 35947153 PMCID: PMC9813097 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visual image motion-driven ocular motor behaviors such as the optokinetic reflex (OKR) provide sensory feedback for optimizing gaze stability during head/body motion. The performance of this visuo-motor reflex is subject to plastic alterations depending on requirements imposed by specific eco-physiological or developmental circumstances. While visuo-motor plasticity can be experimentally induced by various combinations of motion-related stimuli, the extent to which such evoked behavioral alterations contribute to the behavioral demands of an environment remains often obscure. Here, we used isolated preparations of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to assess the extent and ontogenetic dependency of visuo-motor plasticity during prolonged visual image motion. While a reliable attenuation of large OKR amplitudes can be induced already in young larvae, a robust response magnitude-dependent bidirectional plasticity is present only at older developmental stages. The possibility of older larvae to faithfully enhance small OKR amplitudes coincides with the developmental maturation of inferior olivary-Purkinje cell signal integration. This conclusion was supported by the loss of behavioral plasticity following transection of the climbing fiber pathway and by the immunohistochemical demonstration of a considerable volumetric extension of the Purkinje cell dendritic area between the two tested stages. The bidirectional behavioral alterations with different developmental onsets might functionally serve to standardize the motor output, comparable to the known differential adaptability of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in these animals. This homeostatic plasticity potentially equilibrates the working range of ocular motor behaviors during altered visuo-vestibular conditions or prolonged head/body motion to fine-tune resultant eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forsthofer
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Hans Straka
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
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19
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Straka H, Lambert FM, Simmers J. Role of locomotor efference copy in vertebrate gaze stabilization. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:1040070. [PMID: 36569798 PMCID: PMC9780284 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.1040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate locomotion presents a major challenge for maintaining visual acuity due to head movements resulting from the intimate biomechanical coupling with the propulsive musculoskeletal system. Retinal image stabilization has been traditionally ascribed to the transformation of motion-related sensory feedback into counteracting ocular motor commands. However, extensive exploration of spontaneously active semi-intact and isolated brain/spinal cord preparations of the amphibian Xenopus laevis, have revealed that efference copies (ECs) of the spinal motor program that generates axial- or limb-based propulsion directly drive compensatory eye movements. During fictive locomotion in larvae, ascending ECs from rostral spinal central pattern generating (CPG) circuitry are relayed through a defined ascending pathway to the mid- and hindbrain ocular motor nuclei to produce conjugate eye rotations during tail-based undulatory swimming in the intact animal. In post-metamorphic adult frogs, this spinal rhythmic command switches to a bilaterally-synchronous burst pattern that is appropriate for generating convergent eye movements required for maintaining image stability during limb kick-based rectilinear forward propulsion. The transition between these two fundamentally different coupling patterns is underpinned by the emergence of altered trajectories in spino-ocular motor coupling pathways that occur gradually during metamorphosis, providing a goal-specific, morpho-functional plasticity that ensures retinal image stability irrespective of locomotor mode. Although the functional impact of predictive ECs produced by the locomotory CPG matches the spatio-temporal specificity of reactive sensory-motor responses, rather than contributing additively to image stabilization, horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs) are selectively suppressed during intense locomotor CPG activity. This is achieved at least in part by an EC-mediated attenuation of mechano-electrical encoding at the vestibular sensory periphery. Thus, locomotor ECs and their potential suppressive impact on vestibular sensory-motor processing, both of which have now been reported in other vertebrates including humans, appear to play an important role in the maintenance of stable vision during active body displacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Straka
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Hans Straka,
| | - François M. Lambert
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine (INCIA), CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - John Simmers
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine (INCIA), CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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20
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Ahn MH, Alsabbagh N, Lee HJ, Kim HJ, Jung MH, Hong SK. Neurobiological Signatures of Auditory False Perception and Phantom Perception as a Consequence of Sensory Prediction Errors. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101501. [PMID: 36290405 PMCID: PMC9598671 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that top-down sensory prediction error due to peripheral hearing loss might influence sensorimotor integration using the efference copy (EC) signals as functional connections between auditory and motor brain areas. Using neurophysiological methods, we demonstrated that the auditory responses to self-generated sound were not suppressed in a group of patients with tinnitus accompanied by significant hearing impairment and in a schizophrenia group. However, the response was attenuated in a group with tinnitus accompanied by mild hearing impairment, similar to a healthy control group. The bias of attentional networks to self-generated sound was also observed in the subjects with tinnitus with significant hearing impairment compared to those with mild hearing impairment and healthy subjects, but it did not reach the notable disintegration found in those in the schizophrenia group. Even though the present study had significant constraints in that we did not include hearing loss subjects without tinnitus, these results might suggest that auditory deafferentation (hearing loss) may influence sensorimotor integration process using EC signals. However, the impaired sensorimotor integration in subjects with tinnitus with significant hearing impairment may have resulted from aberrant auditory signals due to sensory loss, not fundamental deficits in the reafference system, as the auditory attention network to self-generated sound is relatively well preserved in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Ahn
- Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
| | - Nour Alsabbagh
- Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Lee
- Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jong Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
| | - Myung-Hun Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-H.J.); (S.-K.H.); Tel.: +82-31-380-3849 (S.-K.H.)
| | - Sung-Kwang Hong
- Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-H.J.); (S.-K.H.); Tel.: +82-31-380-3849 (S.-K.H.)
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21
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Kamat A, Makled B, Norfleet J, Schwaitzberg SD, Intes X, De S, Dutta A. Directed information flow during laparoscopic surgical skill acquisition dissociated skill level and medical simulation technology. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2022; 7:19. [PMID: 36008451 PMCID: PMC9411170 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) simulator has emerged as a laparoscopic surgical skill training tool that needs validation using brain-behavior analysis. Therefore, brain network and skilled behavior relationship were evaluated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) from seven experienced right-handed surgeons and six right-handed medical students during the performance of Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) pattern of cutting tasks in a physical and a VR simulator. Multiple regression and path analysis (MRPA) found that the FLS performance score was statistically significantly related to the interregional directed functional connectivity from the right prefrontal cortex to the supplementary motor area with F (2, 114) = 9, p < 0.001, and R2 = 0.136. Additionally, a two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) found a statistically significant effect of the simulator technology on the interregional directed functional connectivity from the right prefrontal cortex to the left primary motor cortex (F (1, 15) = 6.002, p = 0.027; partial η2 = 0.286) that can be related to differential right-lateralized executive control of attention. Then, MRPA found that the coefficient of variation (CoV) of the FLS performance score was statistically significantly associated with the CoV of the interregionally directed functional connectivity from the right primary motor cortex to the left primary motor cortex and the left primary motor cortex to the left prefrontal cortex with F (2, 22) = 3.912, p = 0.035, and R2 = 0.262. This highlighted the importance of the efference copy information from the motor cortices to the prefrontal cortex for postulated left-lateralized perceptual decision-making to reduce behavioral variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kamat
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Basiel Makled
- US Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jack Norfleet
- US Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Xavier Intes
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Suvranu De
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Neuroengineering and Informatics for Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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22
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Yagyu K, Toyomaki A, Hashimoto N, Shiraishi H, Kusumi I, Murohashi H. Approach to impaired corollary discharge in patients with schizophrenia: An analysis of self-induced somatosensory evoked potentials and fields. Front Psychol 2022; 13:904995. [PMID: 36059767 PMCID: PMC9428598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Difficulty in distinguishing between self-generated actions and those generated by others is a core feature of schizophrenia. This is thought to be underpinned by the failure of corollary discharge. However, few studies have investigated these events using somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and somatosensory evoked magnetic fields (SEFs). Methods The study included 15 right-handed patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy controls. SEP and SEF were elicited by electrical stimuli to the left median nerve at intervals of 1–3 s. In the external condition, stimuli were externally induced by a machine. In the self-condition, stimuli were induced by tapping the participants’ own right index finger. Peak amplitude at C4’ in SEP and root mean square in 10 channels on the right primary somatosensory area in SEF were analyzed. Results Although there was a significant main effect of condition at N20m, and a significant main effect of condition and group at P30m, no significant interactions of condition and group were found in either N20m or P30m. The post-hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed that the peak value of P30m in the external condition was significantly higher than that in the self-condition in the healthy control group only. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the peak value of P30m in the self-condition and a positive symptom score. Conclusion In the current study, we did not find abnormalities of corollary discharge in primary sensory areas in patients with schizophrenia. Further investigations with more cases may reveal the possibility of corollary discharge disturbance in the primary sensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyori Yagyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Toyomaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
- *Correspondence: Naoki Hashimoto,
| | - Hideaki Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
| | - Harumitsu Murohashi
- Department of Human Development Sciences, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Education, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
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Rogers LS, Van Wert JC, Mensinger AF. Response of toadfish ( Opsanus tau) utricular afferents to multimodal inputs. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:364-377. [PMID: 35830608 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00483.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner ear of teleost fishes is composed of three paired multimodal otolithic end organs (saccule, utricle, and lagena), which encode auditory and vestibular inputs via the deflection of hair cells contained within the sensory epithelia of each organ. However, it remains unclear how the multimodal otolithic end organs of the teleost inner ear simultaneously integrate vestibular and auditory inputs. Therefore, microwire electrodes were chronically implanted using a 3D printed micromanipulator into the utricular nerve of oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) to determine how utricular afferents respond to conspecific mate vocalizations termed boatwhistles (180 Hz fundamental frequency) during movement. Utricular afferents were recorded while fish were passively moved using a sled system along an underwater track at variable speeds (velocity: 4.0 - 12.5 cm/s; acceleration: 0.2 - 2.6 cm/s2) and while fish freely swam (velocity: 3.5 - 18.6 cm/s; acceleration: 0.8 - 29.8 cm/s2). Afferent fiber activities (spikes/s) increased in response to the onset of passive and active movements; however, afferent fibers differentially adapted to sustained movements. Additionally, utricular afferent fibers remained sensitive to playbacks of conspecific male boatwhistle vocalizations during both passive and active movements. Here, we demonstrate in alert toadfish that utricular afferents exhibit enhanced activity levels (spikes/s) in response to behaviorally-relevant acoustic stimuli during swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loranzie S Rogers
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | | | - Allen F Mensinger
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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24
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Abstract
Fine audiovocal control is a hallmark of human speech production and depends on precisely coordinated muscle activity guided by sensory feedback. Little is known about shared audiovocal mechanisms between humans and other mammals. We hypothesized that real-time audiovocal control in bat echolocation uses the same computational principles as human speech. To test the prediction of this hypothesis, we applied state feedback control (SFC) theory to the analysis of call frequency adjustments in the echolocating bat, Hipposideros armiger. This model organism exhibits well-developed audiovocal control to sense its surroundings via echolocation. Our experimental paradigm was analogous to one implemented in human subjects. We measured the bats' vocal responses to spectrally altered echolocation calls. Individual bats exhibited highly distinct patterns of vocal compensation to these altered calls. Our findings mirror typical observations of speech control in humans listening to spectrally altered speech. Using mathematical modeling, we determined that the same computational principles of SFC apply to bat echolocation and human speech, confirming the prediction of our hypothesis.
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25
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Deshayes TA, Pancrate T, Goulet ED. Impact of dehydration on perceived exertion during endurance exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:224-235. [PMID: 35601980 PMCID: PMC9093000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the impact of stressors on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is relevant from a performance and exercise adherence/participation standpoint. Athletes and recreationally active individuals dehydrate during exercise. No attempt has been made to systematically determine the impact of exercise-induced dehydration (EID) on RPE. Objective The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of EID on RPE during endurance exercise and examine the moderating effect of potential confounders. Data analyses Performed on raw RPE values using random-effects models weighted mean effect summaries and meta-regressions with robust standard errors, and with a practical meaningful effect set at 1 point difference between euhydration (EUH) and EID. Only controlled crossover studies measuring RPE with a Borg scale in healthy adults performing ≥30 min of continuous endurance exercise while dehydrating or drinking to maintain EUH were included. Results Sixteen studies were included, representing 147 individuals. Mean body mass loss with EUH was 0.5 ± 0.4%, compared to 2.3 ± 0.5% with EID (range 1.7-3.1%). Within an EID of 0.5-3% body mass, a maximum difference in RPE of 0.81 points (95% CI: 0.36-1.27) was observed between conditions. A meta-regression revealed that RPE increases by 0.21 points for each 1% increase in EID (95% CI: 0.12-0.31). Humidity, ambient temperature and aerobic capacity did not alter the relationship between EID and RPE. Conclusion Therefore, the effect of EID on RPE is unlikely to be practically meaningful until a body mass loss of at least 3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Deshayes
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Timothée Pancrate
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Eric D.B. Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
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26
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Lunsford ET, Paz A, Keene AC, Liao JC. Evolutionary convergence of a neural mechanism in the cavefish lateral line system. eLife 2022; 11:77387. [PMID: 35708234 PMCID: PMC9246366 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can evolve dramatic sensory functions in response to environmental constraints, but little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying these changes. The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, is a leading model to study genetic, behavioral, and physiological evolution by comparing eyed surface populations and blind cave populations. We compared neurophysiological responses of posterior lateral line afferent neurons and motor neurons across A. mexicanus populations to reveal how shifts in sensory function may shape behavioral diversity. These studies indicate differences in intrinsic afferent signaling and gain control across populations. Elevated endogenous afferent activity identified a lower response threshold in the lateral line of blind cavefish relative to surface fish leading to increased evoked potentials during hair cell deflection in cavefish. We next measured the effect of inhibitory corollary discharges from hindbrain efferent neurons onto afferents during locomotion. We discovered that three independently derived cavefish populations have evolved persistent afferent activity during locomotion, suggesting for the first time that partial loss of function in the efferent system can be an evolutionary mechanism for neural adaptation of a vertebrate sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias T Lunsford
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, United States
| | - Alexandra Paz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States
| | - Alex C Keene
- Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - James C Liao
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, United States
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27
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Ali MA, Bollmann JH. Motion vision: Course control in the developing visual system. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R520-R523. [PMID: 35671725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As we move around, the image pattern on our retina is constantly changing. Nervous systems have evolved to detect such global 'optic flow' patterns. A new study reveals how optic flow is encoded in the larval zebrafish brain and could be used for the estimation of self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ahsan Ali
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johann H Bollmann
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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28
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Riedl J, Fieseler C, Zimmer M. Tyraminergic corollary discharge filters reafferent perception in a chemosensory neuron. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3048-3058.e6. [PMID: 35690069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting sensory information requires its integration with the current behavior of the animal. However, how motor-related circuits influence sensory information processing is incompletely understood. Here, we report that current locomotor state directly modulates the activity of BAG CO2 sensory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. By recording neuronal activity in animals freely navigating CO2 landscapes, we found that during reverse crawling states, BAG activity is suppressed by tyraminergic corollary discharge signaling. We provide genetic evidence that tyramine released from the RIM reversal interneurons extrasynaptically activates the inhibitory chloride channel LGC-55 in BAG. Disrupting this pathway genetically leads to excessive behavioral responses to CO2 stimuli. Moreover, we find that LGC-55 signaling cancels out perception of self-produced CO2 and O2 stimuli when animals reverse into their own gas plume in ethologically relevant aqueous environments. Our results show that sensorimotor integration involves corollary discharge signals directly modulating chemosensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Fieseler
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Zimmer
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Bacqué-Cazenave J, Courtand G, Beraneck M, Straka H, Combes D, Lambert FM. Locomotion-induced ocular motor behavior in larval Xenopus is developmentally tuned by visuo-vestibular reflexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2957. [PMID: 35618719 PMCID: PMC9135768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion in vertebrates is accompanied by retinal image-stabilizing eye movements that derive from sensory-motor transformations and predictive locomotor efference copies. During development, concurrent maturation of locomotor and ocular motor proficiency depends on the structural and neuronal capacity of the motion detection systems, the propulsive elements and the computational capability for signal integration. In developing Xenopus larvae, we demonstrate an interactive plasticity of predictive locomotor efference copies and multi-sensory motion signals to constantly elicit dynamically adequate eye movements during swimming. During ontogeny, the neuronal integration of vestibulo- and spino-ocular reflex components progressively alters as locomotion parameters change. In young larvae, spino-ocular motor coupling attenuates concurrent angular vestibulo-ocular reflexes, while older larvae express eye movements that derive from a combination of the two components. This integrative switch depends on the locomotor pattern generator frequency, represents a stage-independent gating mechanism, and appears during ontogeny when the swim frequency naturally declines with larval age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bacqué-Cazenave
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, EthoS, 14000, Caen, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)-UMR 6552, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Courtand
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Beraneck
- Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8002, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Hans Straka
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadernerstr. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Denis Combes
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - François M Lambert
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.
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30
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Walking strides direct rapid and flexible recruitment of visual circuits for course control in Drosophila. Neuron 2022; 110:2124-2138.e8. [PMID: 35525243 PMCID: PMC9275417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flexible mapping between activity in sensory systems and movement parameters is a hallmark of motor control. This flexibility depends on the continuous comparison of short-term postural dynamics and the longer-term goals of an animal, thereby necessitating neural mechanisms that can operate across multiple timescales. To understand how such body-brain interactions emerge across timescales to control movement, we performed whole-cell patch recordings from visual neurons involved in course control in Drosophila. We show that the activity of leg mechanosensory cells, propagating via specific ascending neurons, is critical for stride-by-stride steering adjustments driven by the visual circuit, and, at longer timescales, it provides information about the moving body’s state to flexibly recruit the visual circuit for course control. Thus, our findings demonstrate the presence of an elegant stride-based mechanism operating at multiple timescales for context-dependent course control. We propose that this mechanism functions as a general basis for the adaptive control of locomotion. HS cells receive stride-coupled signals via ascending neurons The stride-coupled signals reflect an internal motor context Motor context modulates HS cells at multiple timescales HS cells drive rapid steering depending on motor context
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31
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Coughlin DJ, Chrostek JD, Ellerby DJ. Intermittent propulsion in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, increases power production at low swimming speeds. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210658. [PMID: 35506239 PMCID: PMC9065977 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion dominates animal energy budgets, and selection should favour behaviours that minimize transportation costs. Recent fieldwork has altered our understanding of the preferred modes of locomotion in fishes. For instance, bluegill employ a sustainable intermittent swimming form with 2-3 tail beats alternating with short glides. Volitional swimming studies in the laboratory with bluegill suggest that the propulsive phase reflects a fixed-gear constraint on body-caudal-fin activity. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) also reportedly display intermittent swimming in the field. We examined swimming by bass in a static tank to quantify the parameters of volitional locomotion, including tailbeat frequency and glide duration, across a range of swimming speeds. We found that tailbeat frequency was not related to speed at low swimming speeds. Instead, speed was a function of glide duration between propulsive events, with glide duration decreasing as speed increased. The propulsive Strouhal number remained within the range that maximizes propulsive efficiency. We used muscle mechanics experiments to simulate power production by muscle operating under intermittent versus steady conditions. Workloop data suggest that intermittent activity allows fish to swim efficiently and avoid the drag-induced greater energetic cost of continuous swimming. The results offer support for a new perspective on fish locomotion: intermittent swimming is crucial to aerobic swimming energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Coughlin
- Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA
| | - J D Chrostek
- Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA
| | - D J Ellerby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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32
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Dietrich H, Pradhan C, Heidger F, Schniepp R, Wuehr M. Downbeat nystagmus becomes attenuated during walking compared to standing. J Neurol 2022; 269:6222-6227. [PMID: 35412151 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) is a common form of acquired fixation nystagmus related to vestibulo-cerebellar impairments and associated with impaired vision and postural imbalance. DBN intensity becomes modulated by various factors such as gaze direction, head position, daytime, and resting conditions. Further evidence suggests that locomotion attenuates postural symptoms in DBN. Here, we examined whether walking might analogously influence ocular-motor deficits in DBN. Gaze stabilization mechanisms and nystagmus frequency were examined in 10 patients with DBN and 10 age-matched healthy controls with visual fixation during standing vs. walking on a motorized treadmill. Despite their central ocular-motor deficits, linear and angular gaze stabilization in the vertical plane were functional during walking in DBN patients and comparable to controls. Notably, nystagmus frequency in patients was considerably reduced during walking compared to standing (p < 0.001). The frequency of remaining nystagmus during walking was further modulated in a manner that depended on the specific phase of the gait cycle (p = 0.015). These attenuating effects on nystagmus intensity during walking suggest that ocular-motor control disturbances are selectively suppressed during locomotion in DBN. This suppression is potentially mediated by locomotor efference copies that have been shown to selectively govern gaze stabilization during stereotyped locomotion in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haike Dietrich
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Cauchy Pradhan
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Heidger
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Schniepp
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Wuehr
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany.
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33
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Kilteni K, Ehrsson HH. Predictive attenuation of touch and tactile gating are distinct perceptual phenomena. iScience 2022; 25:104077. [PMID: 35372807 PMCID: PMC8968059 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, research on somatosensory perception has led to two important observations. First, self-generated touches that are predicted by voluntary movements become attenuated compared with externally generated touches of the same intensity (attenuation). Second, externally generated touches feel weaker and are more difficult to detect during movement than at rest (gating). At present, researchers often consider gating and attenuation the same suppression process; however, this assumption is unwarranted because, despite more than 40 years of research, no study has combined them in a single paradigm. We quantified how people perceive self-generated and externally generated touches during movement and rest. We show that whereas voluntary movement gates the precision of both self-generated and externally generated touch, the amplitude of self-generated touch is robustly attenuated compared with externally generated touch. Furthermore, attenuation and gating do not interact and are not correlated, and we conclude that they represent distinct perceptual phenomena. We tested the perception of self-generated and external touch during movement and rest The intensity of self-generated touch is reduced during movement and rest (attenuation) The precision of self-generated and external touch is reduced during movement (gating) Attenuation and gating neither interact nor correlate, and are distinct phenomena
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kilteni
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author
| | - H. Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Sato M. Motor and visual influences on auditory neural processing during speaking and listening. Cortex 2022; 152:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Le Ray D, Guayasamin M. How Does the Central Nervous System for Posture and Locomotion Cope With Damage-Induced Neural Asymmetry? Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:828532. [PMID: 35308565 PMCID: PMC8927091 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.828532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In most vertebrates, posture and locomotion are achieved by a biomechanical apparatus whose effectors are symmetrically positioned around the main body axis. Logically, motor commands to these effectors are intrinsically adapted to such anatomical symmetry, and the underlying sensory-motor neural networks are correspondingly arranged during central nervous system (CNS) development. However, many developmental and/or life accidents may alter such neural organization and acutely generate asymmetries in motor operation that are often at least partially compensated for over time. First, we briefly present the basic sensory-motor organization of posturo-locomotor networks in vertebrates. Next, we review some aspects of neural plasticity that is implemented in response to unilateral central injury or asymmetrical sensory deprivation in order to substantially restore symmetry in the control of posturo-locomotor functions. Data are finally discussed in the context of CNS structure-function relationship.
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36
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Braga A, Schönwiesner M. Neural Substrates and Models of Omission Responses and Predictive Processes. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:799581. [PMID: 35177967 PMCID: PMC8844463 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.799581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding theories argue that deviance detection phenomena, such as mismatch responses and omission responses, are generated by predictive processes with possibly overlapping neural substrates. Molecular imaging and electrophysiology studies of mismatch responses and corollary discharge in the rodent model allowed the development of mechanistic and computational models of these phenomena. These models enable translation between human and non-human animal research and help to uncover fundamental features of change-processing microcircuitry in the neocortex. This microcircuitry is characterized by stimulus-specific adaptation and feedforward inhibition of stimulus-selective populations of pyramidal neurons and interneurons, with specific contributions from different interneuron types. The overlap of the substrates of different types of responses to deviant stimuli remains to be understood. Omission responses, which are observed both in corollary discharge and mismatch response protocols in humans, are underutilized in animal research and may be pivotal in uncovering the substrates of predictive processes. Omission studies comprise a range of methods centered on the withholding of an expected stimulus. This review aims to provide an overview of omission protocols and showcase their potential to integrate and complement the different models and procedures employed to study prediction and deviance detection.This approach may reveal the biological foundations of core concepts of predictive coding, and allow an empirical test of the framework’s promise to unify theoretical models of attention and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Braga
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Plank Research School, Max Plank Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Braga
| | - Marc Schönwiesner
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- International Laboratory for Research on Brain, Music, and Sound (BRAMS), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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37
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Breathing coordinates cortico-hippocampal dynamics in mice during offline states. Nat Commun 2022; 13:467. [PMID: 35075139 PMCID: PMC8786964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Network dynamics have been proposed as a mechanistic substrate for the information transfer across cortical and hippocampal circuits. However, little is known about the mechanisms that synchronize and coordinate these processes across widespread brain regions during offline states. Here we address the hypothesis that breathing acts as an oscillatory pacemaker, persistently coupling distributed brain circuit dynamics. Using large-scale recordings from a number of cortical and subcortical brain regions in behaving mice, we uncover the presence of an intracerebral respiratory corollary discharge, that modulates neural activity across these circuits. During offline states, the respiratory modulation underlies the coupling of hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and cortical DOWN/UP state transitions, which mediates systems memory consolidation. These results highlight breathing, a perennial brain rhythm, as an oscillatory scaffold for the functional coordination of the limbic circuit that supports the segregation and integration of information flow across neuronal networks during offline states. Using large-scale recordings from cortical and subcortical brain regions in behaving mice, the authors reveal the presence of a respiratory corollary discharge in mice, that modulates neural activity across these circuits and couples hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and cortical DOWN/UP state transitions.
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38
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Odstrcil I, Petkova MD, Haesemeyer M, Boulanger-Weill J, Nikitchenko M, Gagnon JA, Oteiza P, Schalek R, Peleg A, Portugues R, Lichtman JW, Engert F. Functional and ultrastructural analysis of reafferent mechanosensation in larval zebrafish. Curr Biol 2022; 32:176-189.e5. [PMID: 34822765 PMCID: PMC8752774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
All animals need to differentiate between exafferent stimuli, which are caused by the environment, and reafferent stimuli, which are caused by their own movement. In the case of mechanosensation in aquatic animals, the exafferent inputs are water vibrations in the animal's proximity, which need to be distinguishable from the reafferent inputs arising from fluid drag due to locomotion. Both of these inputs are detected by the lateral line, a collection of mechanosensory organs distributed along the surface of the body. In this study, we characterize in detail how hair cells-the receptor cells of the lateral line-in zebrafish larvae discriminate between such reafferent and exafferent signals. Using dye labeling of the lateral line nerve, we visualize two parallel descending inputs that can influence lateral line sensitivity. We combine functional imaging with ultra-structural EM circuit reconstruction to show that cholinergic signals originating from the hindbrain transmit efference copies (copies of the motor command that cancel out self-generated reafferent stimulation during locomotion) and that dopaminergic signals from the hypothalamus may have a role in threshold modulation, both in response to locomotion and salient stimuli. We further gain direct mechanistic insight into the core components of this circuit by loss-of-function perturbations using targeted ablations and gene knockouts. We propose that this simple circuit is the core implementation of mechanosensory reafferent suppression in these young animals and that it might form the first instantiation of state-dependent modulation found at later stages in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Odstrcil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Mariela D Petkova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin Haesemeyer
- The Ohio State University, Department of Neuroscience, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan Boulanger-Weill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - James A Gagnon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Cell & Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Pablo Oteiza
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Flow Sensing Research Group, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - Richard Schalek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adi Peleg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ruben Portugues
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Research Group of Sensorimotor Control, Martinsried 82152, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Florian Engert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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39
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Sennesh E, Theriault J, Brooks D, van de Meent JW, Barrett LF, Quigley KS. Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control. Biol Psychol 2021; 167:108242. [PMID: 34942287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The brain regulates the body by anticipating its needs and attempting to meet them before they arise - a process called allostasis. Allostasis requires a model of the changing sensory conditions within the body, a process called interoception. In this paper, we examine how interoception may provide performance feedback for allostasis. We suggest studying allostasis in terms of control theory, reviewing control theory's applications to related issues in physiology, motor control, and decision making. We synthesize these by relating them to the important properties of allostatic regulation as a control problem. We then sketch a novel formalism for how the brain might perform allostatic control of the viscera by analogy to skeletomotor control, including a mathematical view on how interoception acts as performance feedback for allostasis. Finally, we suggest ways to test implications of our hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sennesh
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA , United States.
| | | | - Dana Brooks
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA , United States
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40
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França de Barros F, Bacqué-Cazenave J, Taillebuis C, Courtand G, Manuel M, Bras H, Tagliabue M, Combes D, Lambert FM, Beraneck M. Conservation of locomotion-induced oculomotor activity through evolution in mammals. Curr Biol 2021; 32:453-461.e4. [PMID: 34856124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Efference copies are neural replicas of motor outputs used to anticipate the sensory consequences of a self-generated motor action or to coordinate neural networks involved in distinct motor behaviors.1 An established example of this motor-to-motor coupling is the efference copy of the propulsive motor command, which supplements classical visuo-vestibular reflexes to ensure gaze stabilization during amphibian larval locomotion.2 Such feedforward replica of spinal pattern-generating circuits produces a spino-extraocular motor coupled activity that evokes eye movements, spatiotemporally coordinated to tail undulation independently of any sensory signal.3,4 Exploiting the developmental stages of the frog,1 studies in metamorphing Xenopus demonstrated the persistence of this spino-extraocular motor command in adults and its developmental adaptation to tetrapodal locomotion.5,6 Here, we demonstrate for the first time the existence of a comparable locomotor-to-ocular motor coupling in the mouse. In neonates, ex vivo nerve recordings of brainstem-spinal cord preparations reveal a spino-extraocular motor coupled activity similar to the one described in Xenopus. In adult mice, trans-synaptic rabies virus injections in lateral rectus eye muscle label cervical spinal cord neurons closely connected to abducens motor neurons. Finally, treadmill-elicited locomotion in decerebrated preparations7 evokes rhythmic eye movements in synchrony with the limb gait pattern. Overall, our data are evidence for the conservation of locomotor-induced eye movements in vertebrate lineages. Thus, in mammals as in amphibians, CPG-efference copy feedforward signals might interact with sensory feedback to ensure efficient gaze control during locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa França de Barros
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Julien Bacqué-Cazenave
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, INCIA CNRS UMR 5287, 33076 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Coralie Taillebuis
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006 Paris, France; Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, INCIA CNRS UMR 5287, 33076 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Courtand
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, INCIA CNRS UMR 5287, 33076 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marin Manuel
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Saints-Pères Institute for the Neurosciences, F-75006 Paris, France; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Hélène Bras
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289 CNRS-AMU, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Michele Tagliabue
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Denis Combes
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, INCIA CNRS UMR 5287, 33076 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François M Lambert
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, INCIA CNRS UMR 5287, 33076 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Mathieu Beraneck
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006 Paris, France.
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Jack BN, Chilver MR, Vickery RM, Birznieks I, Krstanoska-Blazeska K, Whitford TJ, Griffiths O. Movement Planning Determines Sensory Suppression: An Event-related Potential Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:2427-2439. [PMID: 34424986 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sensory suppression refers to the phenomenon that sensory input generated by our own actions, such as moving a finger to press a button to hear a tone, elicits smaller neural responses than sensory input generated by external agents. This observation is usually explained via the internal forward model in which an efference copy of the motor command is used to compute a corollary discharge, which acts to suppress sensory input. However, because moving a finger to press a button is accompanied by neural processes involved in preparing and performing the action, it is unclear whether sensory suppression is the result of movement planning, movement execution, or both. To investigate this, in two experiments, we compared ERPs to self-generated tones that were produced by voluntary, semivoluntary, or involuntary button-presses, with externally generated tones that were produced by a computer. In Experiment 1, the semivoluntary and involuntary button-presses were initiated by the participant or experimenter, respectively, by electrically stimulating the median nerve in the participant's forearm, and in Experiment 2, by applying manual force to the participant's finger. We found that tones produced by voluntary button-presses elicited a smaller N1 component of the ERP than externally generated tones. This is known as N1-suppression. However, tones produced by semivoluntary and involuntary button-presses did not yield significant N1-suppression. We also found that the magnitude of N1-suppression linearly decreased across the voluntary, semivoluntary, and involuntary conditions. These results suggest that movement planning is a necessary condition for producing sensory suppression. We conclude that the most parsimonious account of sensory suppression is the internal forward model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N Jack
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Miranda R Chilver
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney
| | - Richard M Vickery
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney
| | - Ingvars Birznieks
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney
| | | | | | - Oren Griffiths
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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42
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Wallach A, Melanson A, Longtin A, Maler L. Mixed selectivity coding of sensory and motor social signals in the thalamus of a weakly electric fish. Curr Biol 2021; 32:51-63.e3. [PMID: 34741807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-level neural activity often exhibits mixed selectivity to multivariate signals. How such representations arise and modulate natural behavior is poorly understood. We addressed this question in weakly electric fish, whose social behavior is relatively low dimensional and can be easily reproduced in the laboratory. We report that the preglomerular complex, a thalamic region exclusively connecting midbrain with pallium, implements a mixed selectivity strategy to encode interactions related to courtship and rivalry. We discuss how this code enables the pallial recurrent networks to control social behavior, including dominance in male-male competition and female mate selection. Notably, response latency analysis and computational modeling suggest that corollary discharge from premotor regions is implicated in flagging outgoing communications and thereby disambiguating self- versus non-self-generated signals. These findings provide new insights into the neural substrates of social behavior, multi-dimensional neural representation, and its role in perception and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Wallach
- Zuckerman Institute of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Alexandre Melanson
- Département de Physique et d'Astronomie, Université de Moncton, 18 Av. Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - André Longtin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Center for Neural Dynamics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Leonard Maler
- Center for Neural Dynamics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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43
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Rossborough J, Salles A, Stidsholt L, Madsen PT, Moss CF, Hoffman LF. Inflight head stabilization associated with wingbeat cycle and sonar emissions in the lingual echolocating Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:757-772. [PMID: 34716764 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensory processing of environmental stimuli is challenged by head movements that perturb sensorimotor coordinate frames directing behaviors. In the case of visually guided behaviors, visual gaze stabilization results from the integrated activity of the vestibuloocular reflex and motor efference copy originating within circuits driving locomotor behavior. In the present investigation, it was hypothesized that head stabilization is broadly implemented in echolocating bats during sustained flight, and is temporally associated with emitted sonar signals which would optimize acoustic gaze. Predictions from these hypotheses were evaluated by measuring head and body kinematics with motion sensors attached to the head and body of free-flying Egyptian fruit bats. These devices were integrated with ultrasonic microphones to record sonar emissions and elucidate the temporal association with periods of head stabilization. Head accelerations in the Earth-vertical axis were asymmetric with respect to wing downstroke and upstroke relative to body accelerations. This indicated that inflight head and body accelerations were uncoupled, outcomes consistent with the mechanisms that limit vertical head acceleration during wing downstroke. Furthermore, sonar emissions during stable flight occurred most often during wing downstroke and head stabilization, supporting the conclusion that head stabilization behavior optimized sonar gaze and environmental interrogation via echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Rossborough
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951624, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1624, USA
| | - Angeles Salles
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | | | - Peter T Madsen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cynthia F Moss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Larry F Hoffman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951624, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1624, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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44
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Nicholas S, Nordström K. Efference copies: Context matters when ignoring self-induced motion. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1388-R1390. [PMID: 34699803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, efference copies of neuronal motor commands are used to ensure our senses ignore stimuli generated by our own actions. New work shows that the underlying motivation for an action affects whether visual neurons are responsive to self-generated stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nicholas
- Neuroscience, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Karin Nordström
- Neuroscience, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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45
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Skandalis DA, Lunsford ET, Liao JC. Corollary discharge enables proprioception from lateral line sensory feedback. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001420. [PMID: 34634044 PMCID: PMC8530527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals modulate sensory processing in concert with motor actions. Parallel copies of motor signals, called corollary discharge (CD), prepare the nervous system to process the mixture of externally and self-generated (reafferent) feedback that arises during locomotion. Commonly, CD in the peripheral nervous system cancels reafference to protect sensors and the central nervous system from being fatigued and overwhelmed by self-generated feedback. However, cancellation also limits the feedback that contributes to an animal's awareness of its body position and motion within the environment, the sense of proprioception. We propose that, rather than cancellation, CD to the fish lateral line organ restructures reafference to maximize proprioceptive information content. Fishes' undulatory body motions induce reafferent feedback that can encode the body's instantaneous configuration with respect to fluid flows. We combined experimental and computational analyses of swimming biomechanics and hair cell physiology to develop a neuromechanical model of how fish can track peak body curvature, a key signature of axial undulatory locomotion. Without CD, this computation would be challenged by sensory adaptation, typified by decaying sensitivity and phase distortions with respect to an input stimulus. We find that CD interacts synergistically with sensor polarization to sharpen sensitivity along sensors' preferred axes. The sharpening of sensitivity regulates spiking to a narrow interval coinciding with peak reafferent stimulation, which prevents adaptation and homogenizes the otherwise variable sensor output. Our integrative model reveals a vital role of CD for ensuring precise proprioceptive feedback during undulatory locomotion, which we term external proprioception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri A. Skandalis
- Department of Biology & Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elias T. Lunsford
- Department of Biology & Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - James C. Liao
- Department of Biology & Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
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46
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Paraskevoudi N, SanMiguel I. Self-generation and sound intensity interactively modulate perceptual bias, but not perceptual sensitivity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17103. [PMID: 34429453 PMCID: PMC8385100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to distinguish self-generated stimuli from those caused by external sources is critical for all behaving organisms. Although many studies point to a sensory attenuation of self-generated stimuli, recent evidence suggests that motor actions can result in either attenuated or enhanced perceptual processing depending on the environmental context (i.e., stimulus intensity). The present study employed 2-AFC sound detection and loudness discrimination tasks to test whether sound source (self- or externally-generated) and stimulus intensity (supra- or near-threshold) interactively modulate detection ability and loudness perception. Self-generation did not affect detection and discrimination sensitivity (i.e., detection thresholds and Just Noticeable Difference, respectively). However, in the discrimination task, we observed a significant interaction between self-generation and intensity on perceptual bias (i.e. Point of Subjective Equality). Supra-threshold self-generated sounds were perceived softer than externally-generated ones, while at near-threshold intensities self-generated sounds were perceived louder than externally-generated ones. Our findings provide empirical support to recent theories on how predictions and signal intensity modulate perceptual processing, pointing to interactive effects of intensity and self-generation that seem to be driven by a biased estimate of perceived loudness, rather by changes in detection and discrimination sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Paraskevoudi
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, P. Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iria SanMiguel
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, P. Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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47
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McCarty MJ, Brumback AC. Rethinking Stereotypies in Autism. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2021; 38:100897. [PMID: 34183141 PMCID: PMC8654322 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2021.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stereotyped movements ("stereotypies") are semi-voluntary repetitive movements that are a prominent clinical feature of autism spectrum disorder. They are described in first-person accounts by people with autism as relaxing and that they help focus the mind and cope in overwhelming sensory environments. Therefore, we generally recommend against techniques that aim to suppress stereotypies in individuals with autism. Further, we hypothesize that understanding the neurobiology of stereotypies could guide development of treatments to produce the benefits of stereotypies without the need to generate repetitive motor movements. Here, we link first-person reports and clinical findings with basic neuroanatomy and physiology to produce a testable model of stereotypies. We hypothesize that stereotypies improve sensory processing and attention by regulating brain rhythms, either directly from the rhythmic motor command, or via rhythmic sensory feedback generated by the movements.
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48
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Ryu HX, Kuo AD. An optimality principle for locomotor central pattern generators. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13140. [PMID: 34162903 PMCID: PMC8222298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of neural circuits contribute to legged locomotion: central pattern generators (CPGs) that produce rhythmic motor commands (even in the absence of feedback, termed “fictive locomotion”), and reflex circuits driven by sensory feedback. Each circuit alone serves a clear purpose, and the two together are understood to cooperate during normal locomotion. The difficulty is in explaining their relative balance objectively within a control model, as there are infinite combinations that could produce the same nominal motor pattern. Here we propose that optimization in the presence of uncertainty can explain how the circuits should best be combined for locomotion. The key is to re-interpret the CPG in the context of state estimator-based control: an internal model of the limbs that predicts their state, using sensory feedback to optimally balance competing effects of environmental and sensory uncertainties. We demonstrate use of optimally predicted state to drive a simple model of bipedal, dynamic walking, which thus yields minimal energetic cost of transport and best stability. The internal model may be implemented with neural circuitry compatible with classic CPG models, except with neural parameters determined by optimal estimation principles. Fictive locomotion also emerges, but as a side effect of estimator dynamics rather than an explicit internal rhythm. Uncertainty could be key to shaping CPG behavior and governing optimal use of feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol X Ryu
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Arthur D Kuo
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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49
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Han N, Jack BN, Hughes G, Elijah RB, Whitford TJ. Sensory attenuation in the absence of movement: Differentiating motor action from sense of agency. Cortex 2021; 141:436-448. [PMID: 34146742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensory attenuation is the phenomenon that stimuli generated by willed motor actions elicit a smaller neurophysiological response than those generated by external sources. It has mostly been investigated in the auditory domain, by comparing ERPs evoked by self-initiated (active condition) and externally-generated (passive condition) sounds. The mechanistic basis of sensory attenuation has been argued to involve a duplicate of the motor command being used to predict sensory consequences of self-generated movements. An alternative possibility is that the effect is driven by between-condition differences in participants' sense of agency over the sound. In this paper, we disambiguated the effects of motor-action and sense of agency on sensory attenuation with a novel experimental paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants watched a moving, marked tickertape while EEG was recorded. In the active condition, participants chose whether to press a button by a certain mark on the tickertape. If a button-press had not occurred by the mark, then a tone would be played 1 s later. If the button was pressed prior to the mark, the tone was not played. In the passive condition, participants passively watched the animation, and were informed about whether a tone would be played on each trial. The design for Experiment 2 was identical, except that the contingencies were reversed (i.e., a button-press by the mark led to a tone). The results were consistent across the two experiments: while there were no differences in N1 amplitude between the active and passive conditions, the amplitude of the Tb component was suppressed in the active condition. The amplitude of the P2 component was enhanced in the active condition in both Experiments 1 and 2. These results suggest that motor-actions and sense of agency have differential effects on sensory attenuation to sounds and are indexed with different ERP components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Han
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia.
| | - Bradley N Jack
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gethin Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Ruth B Elijah
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia
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50
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Henschke JU, Price AT, Pakan JMP. Enhanced modulation of cell-type specific neuronal responses in mouse dorsal auditory field during locomotion. Cell Calcium 2021; 96:102390. [PMID: 33744780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As we move through the environment we experience constantly changing sensory input that must be merged with our ongoing motor behaviors - creating dynamic interactions between our sensory and motor systems. Active behaviors such as locomotion generally increase the sensory-evoked neuronal activity in visual and somatosensory cortices, but evidence suggests that locomotion largely suppresses neuronal responses in the auditory cortex. However, whether this effect is ubiquitous across different anatomical regions of the auditory cortex is largely unknown. In mice, auditory association fields such as the dorsal auditory cortex (AuD), have been shown to have different physiological response properties, protein expression patterns, and cortical as well as subcortical connections, in comparison to primary auditory regions (A1) - suggesting there may be important functional differences. Here we examined locomotion-related modulation of neuronal activity in cortical layers ⅔ of AuD and A1 using two-photon Ca2+ imaging in head-fixed behaving mice that are able to freely run on a spherical treadmill. We determined the proportion of neurons in these two auditory regions that show enhanced and suppressed sensory-evoked responses during locomotion and quantified the depth of modulation. We found that A1 shows more suppression and AuD more enhanced responses during locomotion periods. We further revealed differences in the circuitry between these auditory regions and motor cortex, and found that AuD is more highly connected to motor cortical regions. Finally, we compared the cell-type specific locomotion-evoked modulation of responses in AuD and found that, while subpopulations of PV-expressing interneurons showed heterogeneous responses, the population in general was largely suppressed during locomotion, while excitatory population responses were generally enhanced in AuD. Therefore, neurons in primary and dorsal auditory fields have distinct response properties, with dorsal regions exhibiting enhanced activity in response to movement. This functional distinction may be important for auditory processing during navigation and acoustically guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia U Henschke
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alan T Price
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; Cognitive Neurophysiology group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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