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Chatterjee P, Garcia MA, Cote JA, Yun K, Legerme GP, Habib R, Tripepi M, Young C, Kulp D, Dyall-Smith M, Pohlschroder M. Involvement of ArlI, ArlJ, and CirA in archaeal type IV pilin-mediated motility regulation. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0008924. [PMID: 38819156 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00089-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Many prokaryotes use swimming motility to move toward favorable conditions and escape adverse surroundings. Regulatory mechanisms governing bacterial flagella-driven motility are well-established; however, little is yet known about the regulation underlying swimming motility propelled by the archaeal cell surface structure, the archaella. Previous research showed that the deletion of the adhesion pilins (PilA1-6), subunits of the type IV pili cell surface structure, renders the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii non-motile. In this study, we used ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis and a motility assay to identify motile suppressors of the ∆pilA[1-6] strain. Of the eight suppressors identified, six contain missense mutations in archaella biosynthesis genes, arlI and arlJ. In trans expression of arlI and arlJ mutant constructs in the respective multi-deletion strains ∆pilA[1-6]∆arlI and ∆pilA[1-6]∆arlJ confirmed their role in suppressing the ∆pilA[1-6] motility defect. Additionally, three suppressors harbor co-occurring disruptive missense and nonsense mutations in cirA, a gene encoding a proposed regulatory protein. A deletion of cirA resulted in hypermotility, while cirA expression in trans in wild-type cells led to decreased motility. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that in wild-type cells, higher expression levels of arlI, arlJ, and the archaellin gene arlA1 were observed in motile early-log phase rod-shaped cells compared to non-motile mid-log phase disk-shaped cells. Conversely, ∆cirA cells, which form rods during both early- and mid-log phases, exhibited similar expression levels of arl genes in both growth phases. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing archaeal motility, highlighting the involvement of ArlI, ArlJ, and CirA in pilin-mediated motility regulation.IMPORTANCEArchaea are close relatives of eukaryotes and play crucial ecological roles. Certain behaviors, such as swimming motility, are thought to be important for archaeal environmental adaptation. Archaella, the archaeal motility appendages, are evolutionarily distinct from bacterial flagella, and the regulatory mechanisms driving archaeal motility are largely unknown. Previous research has linked the loss of type IV pili subunits to archaeal motility suppression. This study reveals three Haloferax volcanii proteins involved in pilin-mediated motility regulation, offering a deeper understanding of motility regulation in this understudied domain while also paving the way for uncovering novel mechanisms that govern archaeal motility. Understanding archaeal cellular processes will help elucidate the ecological roles of archaea as well as the evolution of these processes across domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chatterjee
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marco A Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob A Cote
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kun Yun
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georgio P Legerme
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rumi Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manuela Tripepi
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Criston Young
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Kulp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mike Dyall-Smith
- Computational Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mecky Pohlschroder
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Elahi Y, Baker MAB. Light Control in Microbial Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4001. [PMID: 38612810 PMCID: PMC11011852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Light is a key environmental component influencing many biological processes, particularly in prokaryotes such as archaea and bacteria. Light control techniques have revolutionized precise manipulation at molecular and cellular levels in recent years. Bacteria, with adaptability and genetic tractability, are promising candidates for light control studies. This review investigates the mechanisms underlying light activation in bacteria and discusses recent advancements focusing on light control methods and techniques for controlling bacteria. We delve into the mechanisms by which bacteria sense and transduce light signals, including engineered photoreceptors and light-sensitive actuators, and various strategies employed to modulate gene expression, protein function, and bacterial motility. Furthermore, we highlight recent developments in light-integrated methods of controlling microbial responses, such as upconversion nanoparticles and optical tweezers, which can enhance the spatial and temporal control of bacteria and open new horizons for biomedical applications.
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Chatterjee P, Garcia MA, Cote JA, Yun K, Legerme GP, Habib R, Tripepi M, Young C, Kulp D, Dyall-Smith M, Pohlschroder M. Involvement of ArlI, ArlJ, and CirA in Archaeal Type-IV Pilin-Mediated Motility Regulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583388. [PMID: 38562816 PMCID: PMC10983859 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Many prokaryotes use swimming motility to move toward favorable conditions and escape adverse surroundings. Regulatory mechanisms governing bacterial flagella-driven motility are well-established, however, little is yet known about the regulation underlying swimming motility propelled by the archaeal cell surface structure, the archaella. Previous research showed that deletion of the adhesion pilins (PilA1-6), subunits of the type IV pili cell surface structure, renders the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii non-motile. In this study, we used EMS mutagenesis and a motility assay to identify motile suppressors of the ΔpilA[1-6] strain. Of the eight suppressors identified, six contain missense mutations in archaella biosynthesis genes, arlI and arlJ. Overexpression of these arlI and arlJ mutant constructs in the respective multi-deletion strains ΔpilA[1-6]ΔarlI and ΔpilA[1-6]ΔarlJ confirmed their role in suppressing the ΔpilA[1-6] motility defect. Additionally, three suppressors harbor co-occurring disruptive missense and nonsense mutations in cirA, a gene encoding a proposed regulatory protein. A deletion of cirA resulted in hypermotility, while cirA overexpression in wild-type cells led to decreased motility. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that in wild-type cells, higher expression levels of arlI, arlJ, and the archaellin gene arlA1 were observed in motile early-log phase rod-shaped cells compared to non-motile mid-log phase disk-shaped cells. Conversely, ΔcirA cells, which form rods during both early and mid-log phases, exhibited similar expression levels of arl genes in both growth phases. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing archaeal motility, highlighting the involvement of ArlI, ArlJ, and CirA in pilin-mediated motility regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chatterjee
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Marco A. Garcia
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Jacob A. Cote
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Kun Yun
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | | | - Rumi Habib
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Manuela Tripepi
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Criston Young
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Daniel Kulp
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Mike Dyall-Smith
- Computational Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsreid, Germany
- Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Hanafiah A, Sukri A, Yusoff H, Chan CS, Hazrin-Chong NH, Salleh SA, Neoh HM. Insights into the Microbiome and Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Hospital Environmental Surfaces: A Prime Source of Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38391513 PMCID: PMC10885873 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hospital environmental surfaces are potential reservoirs for transmitting hospital-associated pathogens. This study aimed to profile microbiomes and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from hospital environmental surfaces using 16S rRNA amplicon and metagenomic sequencing at a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. Samples were collected from patient sinks and healthcare staff counters at surgery and orthopaedic wards. The samples' DNA were subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon and shotgun sequencing to identify bacterial taxonomic profiles, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence factor pathways. The bacterial richness was more diverse in the samples collected from patient sinks than those collected from staff counters. Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia dominated at the phylum level, while Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter dominated at the genus level. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were prevalent on sinks while Bacillus cereus dominated the counter samples. The highest counts of ARGs to beta-lactam were detected, followed by ARGs against fosfomycin and cephalosporin. We report the detection of mcr-10.1 that confers resistance to colistin at a hospital setting in Malaysia. The virulence gene pathways that aid in antibiotic resistance gene transfer between bacteria were identified. Environmental surfaces serve as potential reservoirs for nosocomial infections and require mitigation strategies to control the spread of antibiotic resistance bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfizah Hanafiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Asif Sukri
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Hamidah Yusoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Hazlin Hazrin-Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Azura Salleh
- Infection Control Unit, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Min Neoh
- UKM Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Lind AL, McDonald NA, Gerrick ER, Bhatt AS, Pollard KS. Hybrid assemblies of microbiome Blastocystis protists reveal evolutionary diversification reflecting host ecology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567959. [PMID: 38045412 PMCID: PMC10690189 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent microbial eukaryote in the human gut is Blastocystis , an obligate commensal protist also common in many other vertebrates. Blastocystis is descended from free-living stramenopile ancestors; how it has adapted to thrive within humans and a wide range of hosts is unclear. Here, we cultivated six Blastocystis strains spanning the diversity of the genus and generated highly contiguous, annotated genomes with long-read DNA-seq, Hi-C, and RNA-seq. Comparative genomics between these strains and two closely related stramenopiles with different lifestyles, the lizard gut symbiont Proteromonas lacertae and the free-living marine flagellate Cafeteria burkhardae , reveal the evolutionary history of the Blastocystis genus. We find substantial gene content variability between Blastocystis strains. Blastocystis isolated from an herbivorous tortoise has many plant carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, some horizontally acquired from bacteria, likely reflecting fermentation within the host gut. In contrast, human- isolated Blastocystis have gained many heat shock proteins, and we find numerous subtype- specific expansions of host-interfacing genes, including cell adhesion and cell surface glycan genes. In addition, we observe that human-isolated Blastocystis have substantial changes in gene structure, including shortened introns and intergenic regions, as well as genes lacking canonical termination codons. Finally, our data indicate that the common ancestor of Blastocystis lost nearly all ancestral genes for heterokont flagella morphology, including cilia proteins, microtubule motor proteins, and ion channel proteins. Together, these findings underscore the huge functional variability within the Blastocystis genus and provide candidate genes for the adaptations these lineages have undergone to thrive in the gut microbiomes of diverse vertebrates.
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Stöckl R, Nißl L, Reichelt R, Rachel R, Grohmann D, Grünberger F. The transcriptional regulator EarA and intergenic terminator sequences modulate archaellation in Pyrococcus furiosus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1241399. [PMID: 38029142 PMCID: PMC10665913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of archaellation, the formation of archaeal-specific cell appendages called archaella, is crucial for the motility, adhesion, and survival of archaeal organisms. Although the heavily archaellated and highly motile Pyrococcus furiosus is a key model organism for understanding the production and function of archaella in Euryarchaea, the transcriptional regulation of archaellum assembly is so far unknown. Here we show that the transcription factor EarA is the master regulator of the archaellum (arl) operon transcription, which is further modulated by intergenic transcription termination signals. EarA deletion or overexpression strains demonstrate that EarA is essential for archaellation in P. furiosus and governs the degree of archaellation. Providing a single-molecule update on the transcriptional landscape of the arl operon in P. furiosus, we identify sequence motifs for EarA binding upstream of the arl operon and intergenic terminator sequences as critical elements for fine-tuning the expression of the multicistronic arl cluster. Furthermore, transcriptome re-analysis across different Thermococcales species demonstrated a heterogeneous production of major archaellins, suggesting a more diverse composition of archaella than previously recognized. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the transcriptional regulation of archaellation and highlights the essential role of EarA in Pyrococcus furiosus. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms governing archaellation and have implications for the functional diversity of archaella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stöckl
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Nißl
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Reichelt
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Centre for Electron Microscopy, Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dina Grohmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Grünberger
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Nelson G, Strain A, Isu A, Rahnama A, Wakabayashi KI, Melvin AT, Kato N. Cells collectively migrate during ammonium chemotaxis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10781. [PMID: 37402785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms governing chemotaxis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are largely unknown compared to those regulating phototaxis despite equal importance on the migratory response in the ciliated microalga. To study chemotaxis, we made a simple modification to a conventional Petri dish assay. Using the assay, a novel mechanism governing Chlamydomonas ammonium chemotaxis was revealed. First, we found that light exposure enhances the chemotactic response of wild-type Chlamydomonas strains, yet phototaxis-incompetent mutant strains, eye3-2 and ptx1, exhibit normal chemotaxis. This suggests that Chlamydomonas transduces the light signal pathway in chemotaxis differently from that in phototaxis. Second, we found that Chlamydomonas collectively migrate during chemotaxis but not phototaxis. Collective migration during chemotaxis is not clearly observed when the assay is conducted in the dark. Third, the Chlamydomonas strain CC-124 carrying agg1-, the AGGREGATE1 gene (AGG1) null mutation, exhibited a more robust collective migratory response than strains carrying the wild-type AGG1 gene. The expression of a recombinant AGG1 protein in the CC-124 strain suppressed this collective migration during chemotaxis. Altogether, these findings suggest a unique mechanism; ammonium chemotaxis in Chlamydomonas is mainly driven by collective cell migration. Furthermore, it is proposed that collective migration is enhanced by light and suppressed by the AGG1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabela Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Alexis Strain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Atsuko Isu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alireza Rahnama
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Naohiro Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Walther-Antonio M, Schulze-Makuch D. The Hypothesis of a "Living Pulse" in Cells. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1506. [PMID: 37511881 PMCID: PMC10381587 DOI: 10.3390/life13071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Motility is a great biosignature and its pattern is characteristic for specific microbes. However, motion does also occur within the cell by the myriads of ongoing processes within the cell and the exchange of gases and nutrients with the outside environment. Here, we propose that the sum of these processes in a microbial cell is equivalent to a pulse in complex organisms and suggest a first approach to measure the "living pulse" in microorganisms. We emphasize that if a "living pulse" can be shown to exist, it would have far-reaching applications, such as for finding life in extreme environments on Earth and in extraterrestrial locations, as well as making sure that life is not present where it should not be, such as during medical procedures and in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Walther-Antonio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- Astrobiology Group, Center of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Section Geomicrobiology, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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9
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Rossi IV, Ramirez MI. Learning the language of pathogens. eLife 2023; 12:e89264. [PMID: 37318983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites can use extracellular vesicles and cellular projections called cytonemes to communicate with one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izadora Volpato Rossi
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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10
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Manoj KM, Jacob VD, Kavdia M, Tamagawa H, Jaeken L, Soman V. Questioning rotary functionality in the bacterial flagellar system and proposing a murburn model for motility. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15691-15714. [PMID: 36970840 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellar system (BFS) was the primary example of a purported 'rotary-motor' functionality in a natural assembly. This mandates the translation of a circular motion of components inside into a linear displacement of the cell body outside, which is supposedly orchestrated with the following features of the BFS: (i) A chemical/electrical differential generates proton motive force (pmf, including a trans-membrane potential, TMP), which is electro-mechanically transduced by inward movement of protons via BFS. (ii) Membrane-bound proteins of BFS serve as stators and the slender filament acts as an external propeller, culminating into a hook-rod that pierces the membrane to connect to a 'broader assembly of deterministically movable rotor'. We had disclaimed the purported pmf/TMP-based respiratory/photosynthetic physiology involving Complex V, which was also perceived as a 'rotary machine' earlier. We pointed out that the murburn redox logic was operative therein. We pursue the following similar perspectives in BFS-context: (i) Low probability for the evolutionary attainment of an ordered/synchronized teaming of about two dozen types of proteins (assembled across five-seven distinct phases) towards the singular agendum of rotary motility. (ii) Vital redox activity (not the gambit of pmf/TMP!) powers the molecular and macroscopic activities of cells, including flagella. (iii) Flagellar movement is noted even in ambiances lacking/countering the directionality mandates sought by pmf/TMP. (iv) Structural features of BFS lack component(s) capable of harnessing/achieving pmf/TMP and functional rotation. A viable murburn model for conversion of molecular/biochemical activity into macroscopic/mechanical outcomes is proposed herein for understanding BFS-assisted motility. HIGHLIGHTSThe motor-like functionalism of bacterial flagellar system (BFS) is analyzedProton/Ion-differential based powering of BFS is unviable in bacteriaUncouplers-sponsored effects were misinterpreted, resulting in a detour in BFS researchThese findings mandate new explanation for nano-bio-mechanical movements in BFSA minimalist murburn model for the bacterial flagella-aided movement is proposedCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Satyamjayatu, The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Vivian David Jacob
- Satyamjayatu, The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hirohisa Tamagawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Laurent Jaeken
- Department of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Karel de Grote-Hogeschool, Antwerp University Association, Belgium
| | - Vidhu Soman
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay (& DSS Imagetech Pvt. Ltd), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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11
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Rabiasz A, Ziętkiewicz E. Schmidtea mediterranea as a Model Organism to Study the Molecular Background of Human Motile Ciliopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054472. [PMID: 36901899 PMCID: PMC10002865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are evolutionarily conserved organelles that form protrusions on the surface of many growth-arrested or differentiated eukaryotic cells. Due to the structural and functional differences, cilia can be roughly classified as motile and non-motile (primary). Genetically determined dysfunction of motile cilia is the basis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a heterogeneous ciliopathy affecting respiratory airways, fertility, and laterality. In the face of the still incomplete knowledge of PCD genetics and phenotype-genotype relations in PCD and the spectrum of PCD-like diseases, a continuous search for new causative genes is required. The use of model organisms has been a great part of the advances in understanding molecular mechanisms and the genetic basis of human diseases; the PCD spectrum is not different in this respect. The planarian model (Schmidtea mediterranea) has been intensely used to study regeneration processes, and-in the context of cilia-their evolution, assembly, and role in cell signaling. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the use of this simple and accessible model for studying the genetics of PCD and related diseases. The recent rapid development of the available planarian databases with detailed genomic and functional annotations prompted us to review the potential of the S. mediterranea model for studying human motile ciliopathies.
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12
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Park K, Leroux MR. Composition, organization and mechanisms of the transition zone, a gate for the cilium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55420. [PMID: 36408840 PMCID: PMC9724682 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium evolved to provide the ancestral eukaryote with the ability to move and sense its environment. Acquiring these functions required the compartmentalization of a dynein-based motility apparatus and signaling proteins within a discrete subcellular organelle contiguous with the cytosol. Here, we explore the potential molecular mechanisms for how the proximal-most region of the cilium, termed transition zone (TZ), acts as a diffusion barrier for both membrane and soluble proteins and helps to ensure ciliary autonomy and homeostasis. These include a unique complement and spatial organization of proteins that span from the microtubule-based axoneme to the ciliary membrane; a protein picket fence; a specialized lipid microdomain; differential membrane curvature and thickness; and lastly, a size-selective molecular sieve. In addition, the TZ must be permissive for, and functionally integrates with, ciliary trafficking systems (including intraflagellar transport) that cross the barrier and make the ciliary compartment dynamic. The quest to understand the TZ continues and promises to not only illuminate essential aspects of human cell signaling, physiology, and development, but also to unravel how TZ dysfunction contributes to ciliopathies that affect multiple organ systems, including eyes, kidney, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangjin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Present address:
Terry Fox LaboratoryBC CancerVancouverBCCanada
- Present address:
Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
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13
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Comparative Genomic Insights into Chemoreceptor Diversity and Habitat Adaptation of Archaea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0157422. [DOI: 10.1128/aem.01574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaea are capable of sensing and responding to environmental changes by several signal transduction systems with different mechanisms. Much attention is paid to model organisms with complex signaling networks to understand their composition and function, but general principles regarding how an archaeal species organizes its chemoreceptor diversity and habitat adaptation are poorly understood.
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14
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Kreutzberger MAB, Sonani RR, Liu J, Chatterjee S, Wang F, Sebastian AL, Biswas P, Ewing C, Zheng W, Poly F, Frankel G, Luisi BF, Calladine CR, Krupovic M, Scharf BE, Egelman EH. Convergent evolution in the supercoiling of prokaryotic flagellar filaments. Cell 2022; 185:3487-3500.e14. [PMID: 36057255 PMCID: PMC9500442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The supercoiling of bacterial and archaeal flagellar filaments is required for motility. Archaeal flagellar filaments have no homology to their bacterial counterparts and are instead homologs of bacterial type IV pili. How these prokaryotic flagellar filaments, each composed of thousands of copies of identical subunits, can form stable supercoils under torsional stress is a fascinating puzzle for which structural insights have been elusive. Advances in cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) make it now possible to directly visualize the basis for supercoiling, and here, we show the atomic structures of supercoiled bacterial and archaeal flagellar filaments. For the bacterial flagellar filament, we identify 11 distinct protofilament conformations with three broad classes of inter-protomer interface. For the archaeal flagellar filament, 10 protofilaments form a supercoil geometry supported by 10 distinct conformations, with one inter-protomer discontinuity creating a seam inside of the curve. Our results suggest that convergent evolution has yielded stable superhelical geometries that enable microbial locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A B Kreutzberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ravi R Sonani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sharanya Chatterjee
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fengbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Amanda L Sebastian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Priyanka Biswas
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cheryl Ewing
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Weili Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B F Luisi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Chris R Calladine
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Birgit E Scharf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Edward H Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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15
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Xie H, Li M, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhao C. Zebrafish: an important model for understanding scoliosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:506. [PMID: 36059018 PMCID: PMC9441191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a common spinal deformity that considerably affects the physical and psychological health of patients. Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in scoliosis. However, its etiopathogenesis remain unclear, partially because of the genetic heterogeneity of scoliosis and the lack of appropriate model systems. Recently, the development of efficient gene editing methods and high-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms of scoliosis. Owing to their susceptibility for developing scoliosis and high genetic homology with human, zebrafish are increasingly being used as a model for scoliosis in developmental biology, genetics, and clinical medicine. Here, we summarize the recent advances in scoliosis research on zebrafish and discuss the prospects of using zebrafish as a scoliosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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16
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Abstract
Cilium formation and regeneration requires new protein synthesis, but the underlying cytosolic translational reprogramming remains largely unknown. Using ribosome footprinting, we performed global translatome profiling during cilia regeneration in Chlamydomonas and uncovered that flagellar genes undergo an early transcriptional activation but late translational repression. This pattern guided our identification of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes, including serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), as essential regulators for ciliogenesis. Cryo-electron tomography showed that ceramide loss abnormally increased the membrane-axoneme distance and generated bulged cilia. We found that ceramides interact with intraflagellar transport (IFT) particle proteins that IFT motors transport along axoneme microtubules (MTs), suggesting that ceramide-IFT particle-IFT motor-MT interactions connect the ciliary membrane with the axoneme to form rod-shaped cilia. SPT-deficient vertebrate cells were defective in ciliogenesis, and SPT mutations from patients with hereditary sensory neuropathy disrupted cilia, which could be restored by sphingolipid supplementation. These results reveal a conserved role of sphingolipid in cilium formation and link compromised sphingolipid production with ciliopathies.
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17
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Schavemaker PE, Lynch M. Flagellar energy costs across the tree of life. eLife 2022; 11:77266. [PMID: 35881430 PMCID: PMC9323006 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellar-driven motility grants unicellular organisms the ability to gather more food and avoid predators, but the energetic costs of construction and operation of flagella are considerable. Paths of flagellar evolution depend on the deviations between fitness gains and energy costs. Using structural data available for all three major flagellar types (bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic), flagellar construction costs were determined for Escherichia coli, Pyrococcus furiosus, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Estimates of cell volumes, flagella numbers, and flagellum lengths from the literature yield flagellar costs for another ~200 species. The benefits of flagellar investment were analysed in terms of swimming speed, nutrient collection, and growth rate; showing, among other things, that the cost-effectiveness of bacterial and eukaryotic flagella follows a common trend. However, a comparison of whole-cell costs and flagellum costs across the Tree of Life reveals that only cells with larger cell volumes than the typical bacterium could evolve the more expensive eukaryotic flagellum. These findings provide insight into the unsolved evolutionary question of why the three domains of life each carry their own type of flagellum. Most creatures on Earth are single cell organisms. The tree of life comprises three domains, two of which – bacteria and archaea – are formed exclusively of creatures that spend their existence as independent cells. Yet even eukaryotes, the domain which include animals and plants, feature single cell species such as yeasts and algae. Regardless of which group they belong to, all single-celled organisms must find food in their environment. For this, many are equipped with flagella, whip-like structures that protrude from the cell and allow it to swim. In fact, archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes have all independently evolved these structures. However, flagella are also expensive for an organism to build, maintain and operate. They are only worth having if the advantages they bring to the cell compensate for their cost; many single-cell species do not carry flagella and obtain their food without having to swim. To explore this trade-off, Schavemaker and Lynch calculated the cost of building and using flagella for about 200 species across the tree of life. The analysis show that the amount of energy spent on flagella varied between 0.1% and 40% of the entire cell budget. This investment is only worthwhile if the cell is above a certain size. Smaller than this, and the organism is better off obtaining its food passively. The results also show that while eukaryotic flagella are much bigger and quite different than their bacterial counterpart, both appendages share the same patterns of cost effectiveness. However only eukaryotic cells, which are on average larger than bacteria, can afford to evolve such sizable and complex structures; making just one would cost more than the entire energy budget of a bacterial cell. Many single-cell species which are critical for the health of the planet are equipped with flagella, such as the microorganisms which recycle matter in the oceans and release carbon dioxide. Understanding the costs and benefits of flagella could explain more about this aspect of the carbon cycle, and therefore global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Schavemaker
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
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18
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Han L, Rao Q, Yang R, Wang Y, Chai P, Xiong Y, Zhang K. Cryo-EM structure of an active central apparatus. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:472-482. [PMID: 35578022 PMCID: PMC9113940 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurately regulated ciliary beating in time and space is critical for diverse cellular activities, which impact the survival and development of nearly all eukaryotic species. An essential beating regulator is the conserved central apparatus (CA) of motile cilia, composed of a pair of microtubules (C1 and C2) associated with hundreds of protein subunits per repeating unit. It is largely unclear how the CA plays its regulatory roles in ciliary motility. Here, we present high-resolution structures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CA by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and its dynamic conformational behavior at multiple scales. The structures show how functionally related projection proteins of CA are clustered onto a spring-shaped scaffold of armadillo-repeat proteins, facilitated by elongated rachis-like proteins. The two halves of the CA are brought together by elastic chain-like bridge proteins to achieve coordinated activities. We captured an array of kinesin-like protein (KLP1) in two different stepping states, which are actively correlated with beating wave propagation of cilia. These findings establish a structural framework for understanding the role of the CA in cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Han
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qinhui Rao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renbin Yang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pengxin Chai
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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19
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Niziolek M, Bicka M, Osinka A, Samsel Z, Sekretarska J, Poprzeczko M, Bazan R, Fabczak H, Joachimiak E, Wloga D. PCD Genes-From Patients to Model Organisms and Back to Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031749. [PMID: 35163666 PMCID: PMC8836003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a hereditary genetic disorder caused by the lack of motile cilia or the assembxly of dysfunctional ones. This rare human disease affects 1 out of 10,000-20,000 individuals and is caused by mutations in at least 50 genes. The past twenty years brought significant progress in the identification of PCD-causative genes and in our understanding of the connections between causative mutations and ciliary defects observed in affected individuals. These scientific advances have been achieved, among others, due to the extensive motile cilia-related research conducted using several model organisms, ranging from protists to mammals. These are unicellular organisms such as the green alga Chlamydomonas, the parasitic protist Trypanosoma, and free-living ciliates, Tetrahymena and Paramecium, the invertebrate Schmidtea, and vertebrates such as zebrafish, Xenopus, and mouse. Establishing such evolutionarily distant experimental models with different levels of cell or body complexity was possible because both basic motile cilia ultrastructure and protein composition are highly conserved throughout evolution. Here, we characterize model organisms commonly used to study PCD-related genes, highlight their pros and cons, and summarize experimental data collected using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Niziolek
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Marta Bicka
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Osinka
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Zuzanna Samsel
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Justyna Sekretarska
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Martyna Poprzeczko
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Bazan
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (D.W.); Tel.: +48-22-58-92-338 (E.J. & D.W.)
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (D.W.); Tel.: +48-22-58-92-338 (E.J. & D.W.)
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20
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Lesser MP. Eutrophication on Coral Reefs: What Is the Evidence for Phase Shifts, Nutrient Limitation and Coral Bleaching. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Coral reefs continue to experience extreme environmental pressure from climate change stressors, but many coral reefs are also exposed to eutrophication. It has been proposed that changes in the stoichiometry of ambient nutrients increase the mortality of corals, whereas eutrophication may facilitate phase shifts to macroalgae-dominated coral reefs when herbivory is low or absent. But are corals ever nutrient limited, and can eutrophication destabilize the coral symbiosis making it more sensitive to environmental stress because of climate change? The effects of eutrophication are confounded not just by the effects of climate change but by the presence of chemical pollutants in industrial, urban, and agricultural wastes. Because of these confounding effects, the increases in nutrients or changes in their stoichiometry in coastal environments, although they are important at the organismal and community level, cannot currently be disentangled from each other or from the more significant effects of climate change stressors on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Lesser
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States
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21
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Abstract
The origin of eukaryotes has been defined as the major evolutionary transition since the origin of life itself. Most hallmark traits of eukaryotes, such as their intricate intracellular organization, can be traced back to a putative common ancestor that predated the broad diversity of extant eukaryotes. However, little is known about the nature and relative order of events that occurred in the path from preexisting prokaryotes to this already sophisticated ancestor. The origin of mitochondria from the endosymbiosis of an alphaproteobacterium is one of the few robustly established events to which most hypotheses on the origin of eukaryotes are anchored, but the debate is still open regarding the time of this acquisition, the nature of the host, and the ecological and metabolic interactions between the symbiotic partners. After the acquisition of mitochondria, eukaryotes underwent a fast radiation into several major clades whose phylogenetic relationships have been largely elusive. Recent progress in the comparative analyses of a growing number of genomes is shedding light on the early events of eukaryotic evolution as well as on the root and branching patterns of the tree of eukaryotes. Here I discuss current knowledge and debates on the origin and early evolution of eukaryotes. I focus particularly on how phylogenomic analyses have challenged some of the early assumptions about eukaryotic evolution, including the widespread idea that mitochondrial symbiosis in an archaeal host was the earliest event in eukaryogenesis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BCS-CNS), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; .,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Kumar V, Umair Z, Kumar S, Goutam RS, Park S, Kim J. The regulatory roles of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:31. [PMID: 34233705 PMCID: PMC8261947 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultra-filtrated colorless brain fluid that circulates within brain spaces like the ventricular cavities, subarachnoid space, and the spine. Its continuous flow serves many primary functions, including nourishment, brain protection, and waste removal. Main body The abnormal accumulation of CSF in brain cavities triggers severe hydrocephalus. Accumulating evidence had indicated that synchronized beats of motile cilia (cilia from multiciliated cells or the ependymal lining in brain ventricles) provide forceful pressure to generate and restrain CSF flow and maintain overall CSF circulation within brain spaces. In humans, the disorders caused by defective primary and/or motile cilia are generally referred to as ciliopathies. The key role of CSF circulation in brain development and its functioning has not been fully elucidated. Conclusions In this review, we briefly discuss the underlying role of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. We have reviewed cilia and ciliated cells in the brain and the existing evidence for the regulatory role of functional cilia in CSF circulation in the brain. We further discuss the findings obtained for defective cilia and their potential involvement in hydrocephalus. Furthermore, this review will reinforce the idea of motile cilia as master regulators of CSF movements, brain development, and neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Zobia Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiv Kumar
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Mary's Quad, South Street. St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Jarrell KF, Albers SV, Machado JNDS. A comprehensive history of motility and Archaellation in Archaea. FEMS MICROBES 2021; 2:xtab002. [PMID: 37334237 PMCID: PMC10117864 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Each of the three Domains of life, Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea, have swimming structures that were all originally called flagella, despite the fact that none were evolutionarily related to either of the other two. Surprisingly, this was true even in the two prokaryotic Domains of Bacteria and Archaea. Beginning in the 1980s, evidence gradually accumulated that convincingly demonstrated that the motility organelle in Archaea was unrelated to that found in Bacteria, but surprisingly shared significant similarities to type IV pili. This information culminated in the proposal, in 2012, that the 'archaeal flagellum' be assigned a new name, the archaellum. In this review, we provide a historical overview on archaella and motility research in Archaea, beginning with the first simple observations of motile extreme halophilic archaea a century ago up to state-of-the-art cryo-tomography of the archaellum motor complex and filament observed today. In addition to structural and biochemical data which revealed the archaellum to be a type IV pilus-like structure repurposed as a rotating nanomachine (Beeby et al. 2020), we also review the initial discoveries and subsequent advances using a wide variety of approaches to reveal: complex regulatory events that lead to the assembly of the archaellum filaments (archaellation); the roles of the various archaellum proteins; key post-translational modifications of the archaellum structural subunits; evolutionary relationships; functions of archaella other than motility and the biotechnological potential of this fascinating structure. The progress made in understanding the structure and assembly of the archaellum is highlighted by comparing early models to what is known today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken F Jarrell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Institute for Biology II- Microbiology, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - J Nuno de Sousa Machado
- Institute for Biology II- Microbiology, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Leung MR, Roelofs MC, Ravi RT, Maitan P, Henning H, Zhang M, Bromfield EG, Howes SC, Gadella BM, Bloomfield-Gadêlha H, Zeev-Ben-Mordehai T. The multi-scale architecture of mammalian sperm flagella and implications for ciliary motility. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107410. [PMID: 33694216 PMCID: PMC8013824 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are molecular machines used by a myriad of eukaryotic cells to swim through fluid environments. However, available molecular structures represent only a handful of cell types, limiting our understanding of how cilia are modified to support motility in diverse media. Here, we use cryo‐focused ion beam milling‐enabled cryo‐electron tomography to image sperm flagella from three mammalian species. We resolve in‐cell structures of centrioles, axonemal doublets, central pair apparatus, and endpiece singlets, revealing novel protofilament‐bridging microtubule inner proteins throughout the flagellum. We present native structures of the flagellar base, which is crucial for shaping the flagellar beat. We show that outer dense fibers are directly coupled to microtubule doublets in the principal piece but not in the midpiece. Thus, mammalian sperm flagella are ornamented across scales, from protofilament‐bracing structures reinforcing microtubules at the nano‐scale to accessory structures that impose micron‐scale asymmetries on the entire assembly. Our structures provide vital foundations for linking molecular structure to ciliary motility and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ricardo Leung
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,The Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc C Roelofs
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ravi Teja Ravi
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Maitan
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Heiko Henning
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Farm & Animal Health and Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth G Bromfield
- Department of Farm & Animal Health and Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart C Howes
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Gadella
- Department of Farm & Animal Health and Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tzviya Zeev-Ben-Mordehai
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,The Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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25
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Tong F, Kitagawa D, Bushnak I, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Light-Powered Autonomous Flagella-Like Motion of Molecular Crystal Microwires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2414-2423. [PMID: 33185017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to exhibit life-like oscillatory motion fueled by light represents a new capability for stimuli-responsive materials. Although this capability has been demonstrated in soft materials like polymers, it has never been observed in molecular crystals, which are not generally regarded as dynamic objects. In this work, it is shown that molecular crystalline microwires composed of (Z)-2-(3-(anthracen-9-yl)allylidene)malononitrile ((Z)-DVAM) can be continuously actuated when exposed to a combination of ultraviolet and visible light. The photo-induced motion mimics the oscillatory behavior of biological flagella and enables propagation of microwires across a surface and through liquids, with translational speeds up to 7 μm s-1 . This is the first example of molecular crystals that show complex oscillatory behavior under continuous irradiation. A model that relates the rotation of the transition dipole moment between reversible E→Z photoisomerization to the microscopic torque can qualitatively reproduce how the rotational frequency depends on light intensity and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Current Address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ibraheem Bushnak
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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26
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Zhang Z. Some thoughts about intraflagellar transport in reproduction. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:115-118. [PMID: 33507597 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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27
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Tong F, Kitagawa D, Bushnak I, Al‐Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Light‐Powered Autonomous Flagella‐Like Motion of Molecular Crystal Microwires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Current Address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Ibraheem Bushnak
- College of Science and Health Professions King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine) Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O. Al‐Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine) Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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28
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Sha Y, Sha Y, Liu W, Zhu X, Weng M, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhou H. Biallelic mutations of CFAP58 are associated with multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella. Clin Genet 2020; 99:443-448. [PMID: 33314088 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a severe type of teratozoospermia. In this study, whole-exome sequencing was conducted on 55 patients with MMAF, and biallelic mutations of CFAP58 were identified in two patients. The variants are rare and pathogenic, and CFAP58 was absent in the CFAP58-mutated sperm. The F037/II:1 couple benefited from intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). This study further indicated that CFAP58 is a pathogenic gene associated with MMAF and ICSI is an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Sha
- General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Sha
- Department of Andrology, United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, School of Public Health & Women and Children's Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingshen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingxiang Weng
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinzong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics (Family Planning Research Institute of Guangdong Province), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiliang Zhou
- Department of Andrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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29
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Spatial and morphological reorganization of endosymbiosis during metamorphosis accommodates adult metabolic requirements in a weevil. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19347-19358. [PMID: 32723830 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007151117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial intracellular symbiosis (endosymbiosis) is widespread in nature and impacts many biological processes. In holometabolous symbiotic insects, metamorphosis entails a complete and abrupt internal reorganization that creates a constraint for endosymbiont transmission from larvae to adults. To assess how endosymbiosis copes-and potentially evolves-throughout this major host-tissue reorganization, we used the association between the cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae and the bacterium Sodalis pierantonius as a model system. S. pierantonius are contained inside specialized host cells, the bacteriocytes, that group into an organ, the bacteriome. Cereal weevils require metabolic inputs from their endosymbiont, particularly during adult cuticle synthesis, when endosymbiont load increases dramatically. By combining dual RNA-sequencing analyses and cell imaging, we show that the larval bacteriome dissociates at the onset of metamorphosis and releases bacteriocytes that undergo endosymbiosis-dependent transcriptomic changes affecting cell motility, cell adhesion, and cytoskeleton organization. Remarkably, bacteriocytes turn into spindle cells and migrate along the midgut epithelium, thereby conveying endosymbionts to midgut sites where future mesenteric caeca will develop. Concomitantly, endosymbiont genes encoding a type III secretion system and a flagellum apparatus are transiently up-regulated while endosymbionts infect putative stem cells and enter their nuclei. Infected cells then turn into new differentiated bacteriocytes and form multiple new bacteriomes in adults. These findings show that endosymbiosis reorganization in a holometabolous insect relies on a synchronized host-symbiont molecular and cellular "choreography" and illustrates an adaptive feature that promotes bacteriome multiplication to match increased metabolic requirements in emerging adults.
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30
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Singhi D, Srivastava P. Role of Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Other Apparatuses in Cell Communication. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:158. [PMID: 32766280 PMCID: PMC7378377 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cytoskeleton is crucial for sensing the external environment and plays a major role in cell to cell communication. There are several other apparatuses such as conjugation tubes, membrane vesicles, and nanotubes used by bacterial cells for communication. The present review article describes the various bacterial cytoskeletal proteins and other apparatuses, the physical structures they form and their role in sensing environmental stress. The implications of this cellular communication in pathogenicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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31
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Arslanhan MD, Gulensoy D, Firat-Karalar EN. A Proximity Mapping Journey into the Biology of the Mammalian Centrosome/Cilium Complex. Cells 2020; 9:E1390. [PMID: 32503249 PMCID: PMC7348975 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian centrosome/cilium complex is composed of the centrosome, the primary cilium and the centriolar satellites, which together regulate cell polarity, signaling, proliferation and motility in cells and thereby development and homeostasis in organisms. Accordingly, deregulation of its structure and functions is implicated in various human diseases including cancer, developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. To better understand these disease connections, the molecular underpinnings of the assembly, maintenance and dynamic adaptations of the centrosome/cilium complex need to be uncovered with exquisite detail. Application of proximity-based labeling methods to the centrosome/cilium complex generated spatial and temporal interaction maps for its components and provided key insights into these questions. In this review, we first describe the structure and cell cycle-linked regulation of the centrosome/cilium complex. Next, we explain the inherent biochemical and temporal limitations in probing the structure and function of the centrosome/cilium complex and describe how proximity-based labeling approaches have addressed them. Finally, we explore current insights into the knowledge we gained from the proximity mapping studies as it pertains to centrosome and cilium biogenesis and systematic characterization of the centrosome, cilium and centriolar satellite interactomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey; (M.D.A.); (D.G.)
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32
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Khan S. The Architectural Dynamics of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor Switch. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E833. [PMID: 32486003 PMCID: PMC7355467 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rotary bacterial flagellar motor is remarkable in biochemistry for its highly synchronized operation and amplification during switching of rotation sense. The motor is part of the flagellar basal body, a complex multi-protein assembly. Sensory and energy transduction depends on a core of six proteins that are adapted in different species to adjust torque and produce diverse switches. Motor response to chemotactic and environmental stimuli is driven by interactions of the core with small signal proteins. The initial protein interactions are propagated across a multi-subunit cytoplasmic ring to switch torque. Torque reversal triggers structural transitions in the flagellar filament to change motile behavior. Subtle variations in the core components invert or block switch operation. The mechanics of the flagellar switch have been studied with multiple approaches, from protein dynamics to single molecule and cell biophysics. The architecture, driven by recent advances in electron cryo-microscopy, is available for several species. Computational methods have correlated structure with genetic and biochemical databases. The design principles underlying the basis of switch ultra-sensitivity and its dependence on motor torque remain elusive, but tantalizing clues have emerged. This review aims to consolidate recent knowledge into a unified platform that can inspire new research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Khan
- Molecular Biology Consortium, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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33
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34
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Xie C, Li L, Li M, Shao W, Zuo Q, Huang X, Chen R, Li W, Brunnbauer M, Ökten Z, Chen L, Ou G. Optimal sidestepping of intraflagellar transport kinesins regulates structure and function of sensory cilia. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103955. [PMID: 32338401 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal-based molecular motors produce force perpendicular to their direction of movement. However, it remains unknown whether and why motor proteins generate sidesteps movement along their filamentous tracks in vivo. Using Hessian structured illumination microscopy, we located green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles inside sensory cilia of live Caenorhabditis elegans with 3-6-nanometer accuracy and 3.4-ms resolution. We found that IFT particles took sidesteps along axoneme microtubules, demonstrating that IFT motors generate torque in a living animal. Kinesin-II and OSM-3-kinesin collaboratively drive anterograde IFT. We showed that the deletion of kinesin-II, a torque-generating motor protein, reduced sidesteps, whereas the increase of neck flexibility of OSM-3-kinesin upregulated sidesteps. Either increase or decrease of sidesteps of IFT kinesins allowed ciliogenesis to the regular length, but changed IFT speeds, disrupted axonemal ninefold symmetry, and inhibited sensory cilia-dependent animal behaviors. Thus, an optimum level of IFT kinesin sidestepping is associated with the structural and functional fidelity of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Zuo
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Riwang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Melanie Brunnbauer
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Zeynep Ökten
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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35
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Bioinspired reorientation strategies for application in micro/nanorobotic control. JOURNAL OF MICRO-BIO ROBOTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12213-020-00130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEngineers have recently been inspired by swimming methodologies of microorganisms in creating micro-/nanorobots for biomedical applications. Future medicine may be revolutionized by the application of these small machines in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating diseases. Studies over the past decade have often concentrated on propulsion generation. However, there are many other challenges to address before the practical use of robots at the micro-/nanoscale. The control and reorientation ability of such robots remain as some of these challenges. This paper reviews the strategies of swimming microorganisms for reorientation, including tumbling, reverse and flick, direction control of helical-path swimmers, by speed modulation, using complex flagella, and the help of mastigonemes. Then, inspired by direction change in microorganisms, methods for orientation control for microrobots and possible directions for future studies are discussed. Further, the effects of solid boundaries on the swimming trajectories of microorganisms and microrobots are examined. In addition to propulsion systems for artificial microswimmers, swimming microorganisms are promising sources of control methodologies at the micro-/nanoscale.
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36
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Narita K, Nagatomo H, Kozuka-Hata H, Oyama M, Takeda S. Discovery of a Vertebrate-Specific Factor that Processes Flagellar Glycolytic Enolase during Motile Ciliogenesis. iScience 2020; 23:100992. [PMID: 32248064 PMCID: PMC7132099 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella require ATP for their formation and function. Although glycolytic enzymes are components of flagellar proteomes, how they translocate to flagella is unknown. Here we show that the expression pattern of the functionally nonannotated gene 4833427G06Rik (C11orf88), which is found only in vertebrates and is designated here as Hoatzin (Hoatz), suggests a functional association of its product with motile cilia and flagella. Hoatz knockout (KO) mice developed hydrocephalus and male infertility in an autosomal recessive manner, and the ependymal cilia frequently showed disorganized axonemes, reducing motility associated with collapsed spermatid flagella during cytodifferentiation. HOATZ was associated with certain proteins, including the flagellar glycolytic enzyme ENO4. In the testes of the Hoatz KO mice, the immature form of ENO4 accumulated in abnormal cytoplasmic puncta of developing spermatids. These data indicate that HOATZ is required for motile ciliogenesis and flagellar genesis in vertebrates by mediating the maturation of ENO4. Knockout of Hoatz causes hydrocephalus and oligo-astheno-terato-zoospermia Motile cilia are variably affected by the Hoatz mutation depending on tissue type Candidate HOATZ-interacting proteins including ENO4 are identified Knockout of Hoatz alters the western blot profile of ENO4
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Narita
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Nagatomo
- Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kozuka-Hata
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oyama
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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37
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Abstract
The bacterial cell envelope is essential for viability, the environmental gatekeeper and first line of defense against external stresses. For most bacteria, the envelope biosynthesis is also the site of action of some of the most important groups of antibiotics. It is a complex, often multicomponent structure, able to withstand the internally generated turgor pressure. Thus, elucidating the architecture and dynamics of the cell envelope is important, to unravel not only the complexities of cell morphology and maintenance of integrity but also how interventions such as antibiotics lead to death. To address these questions requires the capacity to visualize the cell envelope in situ via high-spatial resolution approaches. In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has brought novel molecular insights into the assembly, dynamics, and functions of bacterial cell envelopes. The ultrafine resolution and physical sensitivity of the technique have revealed a wealth of ultrastructural features that are invisible to traditional optical microscopy techniques or imperceptible in their true physiological state by electron microscopy. Here, we discuss recent progress in our use of AFM imaging for understanding the architecture and dynamics of the bacterial envelope. We survey recent studies that demonstrate the power of the technique to observe isolated membranes and live cells at (sub)nanometer resolution and under physiological conditions and to track in vitro structural dynamics in response to growth or to drugs.
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38
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39
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Imhof S, Zhang J, Wang H, Bui KH, Nguyen H, Atanasov I, Hui WH, Yang SK, Zhou ZH, Hill KL. Cryo electron tomography with volta phase plate reveals novel structural foundations of the 96-nm axonemal repeat in the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. eLife 2019; 8:e52058. [PMID: 31710293 PMCID: PMC6974359 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 96-nm axonemal repeat includes dynein motors and accessory structures as the foundation for motility of eukaryotic flagella and cilia. However, high-resolution 3D axoneme structures are unavailable for organisms among the Excavates, which include pathogens of medical and economic importance. Here we report cryo electron tomography structures of the 96-nm repeat from Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite in the Excavate lineage that causes African trypanosomiasis. We examined bloodstream and procyclic life cycle stages, and a knockdown lacking DRC11/CMF22 of the nexin dynein regulatory complex (NDRC). Sub-tomogram averaging yields a resolution of 21.8 Å for the 96-nm repeat. We discovered several lineage-specific structures, including novel inter-doublet linkages and microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). We establish that DRC11/CMF22 is required for the NDRC proximal lobe that binds the adjacent doublet microtubule. We propose that lineage-specific elaboration of axoneme structure in T. brucei reflects adaptations to support unique motility needs in diverse host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Imhof
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealUnited States
| | - Hoangkim Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ivo Atanasov
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Wong H Hui
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shun Kai Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealUnited States
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kent L Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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A 2-dimensional ratchet model describes assembly initiation of a specialized bacterial cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21789-21799. [PMID: 31597735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907397116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spores are dormant cells that are encased in a thick protein shell, the "coat," which participates in protecting the organism's DNA from environmental insults. The coat is composed of dozens of proteins that assemble in an orchestrated fashion during sporulation. In Bacillus subtilis, 2 proteins initiate coat assembly: SpoVM, which preferentially binds to micron-scale convex membranes and marks the surface of the developing spore as the site for coat assembly; and SpoIVA, a structural protein recruited by SpoVM that uses ATP hydrolysis to drive its irreversible polymerization around the developing spore. Here, we describe the initiation of coat assembly by SpoVM and SpoIVA. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy in vivo in sporulating cells and in vitro on synthetic spores, we report that SpoVM's localization is primarily driven by a lower off-rate on membranes of preferred curvature in the absence of other coat proteins. Recruitment and polymerization of SpoIVA results in the entrapment of SpoVM on the forespore surface. Using experimentally derived reaction parameters, we show that a 2-dimensional ratchet model can describe the interdependent localization dynamics of SpoVM and SpoIVA, wherein SpoVM displays a longer residence time on the forespore surface, which favors recruitment of SpoIVA to that location. Localized SpoIVA polymerization in turn prevents further sampling of other membranes by prelocalized SpoVM molecules. Our model therefore describes the dynamics of structural proteins as they localize and assemble at the correct place and time within a cell to form a supramolecular complex.
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Burute M, Kapitein LC. Cellular Logistics: Unraveling the Interplay Between Microtubule Organization and Intracellular Transport. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:29-54. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the cytoskeleton and serve as tracks for motor protein–based intracellular transport. Microtubule networks are highly diverse across different cell types and are believed to adapt to cell type–specific transport demands. Here we review how the spatial organization of different subsets of microtubules into higher-order networks determines the traffic rules for motor-based transport in different animal cell types. We describe the interplay between microtubule network organization and motor-based transport within epithelial cells, oocytes, neurons, cilia, and the spindle apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jia R, Li D, Li M, Chai Y, Liu Y, Xie Z, Shao W, Xie C, Li L, Huang X, Chen L, Li W, Ou G. Spectrin-based membrane skeleton supports ciliogenesis. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000369. [PMID: 31299042 PMCID: PMC6655744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are remarkable cellular devices that power cell motility and transduce extracellular signals. To assemble a cilium, a cylindrical array of 9 doublet microtubules push out an extension of the plasma membrane. Membrane tension regulates cilium formation; however, molecular pathways that link mechanical stimuli to ciliogenesis are unclear. Using genome editing, we introduced hereditary elliptocytosis (HE)- and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)-associated mutations into the Caenorhabditis elegans membrane skeletal protein spectrin. We show that these mutations impair mechanical support for the plasma membrane and change cell shape. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses of spectrin-mutant animals uncovered a global down-regulation of ciliary gene expression, prompting us to investigate whether spectrin participates in ciliogenesis. Spectrin mutations affect intraflagellar transport (IFT), disrupt axonemal microtubules, and inhibit cilium formation, and the endogenous spectrin periodically distributes along cilia. Mammalian spectrin also localizes in cilia and regulates ciliogenesis. These results define a previously unrecognized yet conserved role of spectrin-based mechanical support for cilium biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyun Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Daum B, Gold V. Twitch or swim: towards the understanding of prokaryotic motion based on the type IV pilus blueprint. Biol Chem 2019; 399:799-808. [PMID: 29894297 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and archaea are evolutionarily distinct prokaryotes that diverged from a common ancestor billions of years ago. However, both bacteria and archaea assemble long, helical protein filaments on their surface through a machinery that is conserved at its core. In both domains of life, the filaments are required for a diverse array of important cellular processes including cell motility, adhesion, communication and biofilm formation. In this review, we highlight the recent structures of both the type IV pilus machinery and the archaellum determined in situ. We describe the current level of functional understanding and discuss how this relates to the pressures facing bacteria and archaea throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Daum
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.,College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Vicki Gold
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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F5-peptide enhances the efficacy of the non-hormonal male contraceptive adjudin. Contraception 2019; 99:350-356. [PMID: 30763581 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The bioavailability of the non-hormonal male contraceptive adjudin is low in rats due to the blood-testis barrier (BTB). This study was designed to examine if F5-peptide, an endogenously produced reversible BTB modifier, could enhance the bioavailability of adjudin to affect spermatogenesis and provide a contraceptive effect in rats while reducing systemic toxicity. STUDY DESIGN We overexpressed F5-peptide in adult male rats (n=10 rats; with 3 or 4 rats for each of the three different experiments noted in the three regimens) by intratesticular injection of a mammalian expression vector pCI-neo (pCI-neo/F5-peptide) vs. empty vector alone (pCI-neo/Ctrl) to be followed by treatment with adjudin by oral gavage at a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg. The status of spermatogenesis was assessed by histological analysis and dual-labeled immunofluorescence analysis on Day 16. To assess fertility, we allowed treated males (n=3-4 rats) to mate with mature female rats (n=3-4) individually, and assessed the number of pups on Days 23, 36 and 82 to assess fertility and reversibility. RESULTS All 4 treated rats overexpressed with F5-peptide and low-dose adjudin were infertile by Day 36, and half of these rats were fertile by Day 82, illustrating reversibility. However, overexpression of F5-peptide alone (or low-dose adjudin alone) had no effects on fertility in n=3 rats. These findings were consistent with the histology data that illustrated the BTB modifier F5-peptide promoted the action of adjudin to induce germ cell exfoliation, mediated by changes in cytoskeletal organization of F-actin and microtubules across the epithelium, thereby reducing the systemic toxicity of adjudin. CONCLUSION In this proof-of-concept study, it was shown that overexpression of the F5-peptide prior to administration of adjudin to rats at a low (and ineffective dose by itself) was found to induce reversible male infertility. IMPLICATIONS Overexpression of F5-peptide, an endogenously produced biomolecule in the testis known to induce BTB remodeling, enhanced the contraceptive effect of adjudin in rats, supporting proof of concept studies of BTB disrupters in men.
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Composition, structure and function of the eukaryotic flagellum distal tip. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:815-828. [PMID: 30464008 PMCID: PMC6281473 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are long extensions commonly found on the surface of eukaryotic cells. In fact, most human cells have a flagellum, and failure to correctly form cilia leads to a spectrum of diseases gathered under the name ‘ciliopathies’. The cilium distal tip is where it grows and signals. Yet, out of the flagellar regions, the distal tip is probably the least intensively studied. In this review, we will summarise the current knowledge on the diverse flagellar tip structures, the dynamicity and signalling that occurs here and the proteins localising to this important cellular region.
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Abstract
Microorganisms can move towards favorable growth conditions as a response to environmental stimuli. This process requires a motility structure and a system to direct the movement. For swimming motility, archaea employ a rotating filament, the archaellum. This archaea-specific structure is functionally equivalent, but structurally different, from the bacterial flagellum. To control the directionality of movement, some archaea make use of the chemotaxis system, which is used for the same purpose by bacteria. Over the past decades, chemotaxis has been studied in detail in several model bacteria. In contrast, archaeal chemotaxis is much less explored and largely restricted to analyses in halophilic archaea. In this review, we summarize the available information on archaeal taxis. We conclude that archaeal chemotaxis proteins function similarly as their bacterial counterparts. However, because the motility structures are fundamentally different, an archaea-specific docking mechanism is required, for which initial experimental data have only recently been obtained.
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