1
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Rößler DC, Klein BA. More sleep for behavioral ecologists. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39034483 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
From jellyfish to parrot fish and roundworms to homeotherms, all animals are thought to sleep. Despite its presumed universality, sleep is a poorly understood behavior, varying significantly in its expression across, and even within, animal lineages. There is still no consensus about the origin, architecture, ecology of sleep, or even its defining characters. The field of behavioral ecology has the potential to extend our knowledge of sleep behavior to nontraditional models and in ecologically relevant settings. Here, we highlight current efforts in diversifying the field to generate stronger synergies between historically human-focused sleep research and behavioral ecology. Our primary aim is for behavioral ecology to enhance sleep research by contributing crucial observations as well as by creating novel comparative and evolutionary frameworks. At the same time, sleep research can enhance behavioral ecology by exposing the relevance of sleep to wakeful behaviors. Nikolaas Tinbergen's four levels of analysis have served as a foundation for comprehensively addressing questions in behavior, and we introduce some Tinbergian approaches to examine the interplay between sleep and wake under ecologically meaningful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Rößler
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Barrett A Klein
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, USA
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2
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Mahon S. Variation and convergence in the morpho-functional properties of the mammalian neocortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2024; 18:1413780. [PMID: 38966330 PMCID: PMC11222651 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2024.1413780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Man's natural inclination to classify and hierarchize the living world has prompted neurophysiologists to explore possible differences in brain organisation between mammals, with the aim of understanding the diversity of their behavioural repertoires. But what really distinguishes the human brain from that of a platypus, an opossum or a rodent? In this review, we compare the structural and electrical properties of neocortical neurons in the main mammalian radiations and examine their impact on the functioning of the networks they form. We discuss variations in overall brain size, number of neurons, length of their dendritic trees and density of spines, acknowledging their increase in humans as in most large-brained species. Our comparative analysis also highlights a remarkable consistency, particularly pronounced in marsupial and placental mammals, in the cell typology, intrinsic and synaptic electrical properties of pyramidal neuron subtypes, and in their organisation into functional circuits. These shared cellular and network characteristics contribute to the emergence of strikingly similar large-scale physiological and pathological brain dynamics across a wide range of species. These findings support the existence of a core set of neural principles and processes conserved throughout mammalian evolution, from which a number of species-specific adaptations appear, likely allowing distinct functional needs to be met in a variety of environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Mahon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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3
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Yano J, Nave C, Larratt K, Honey P, Roberts M, Jingco C, Fung ML, Trotter D, He X, Elezi G, Whitelegge JP, Wasserman S, Donlea JM. Elevated sleep quota in a stress-resilient Drosophila species. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2487-2501.e3. [PMID: 38772361 PMCID: PMC11163955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is broadly conserved across the animal kingdom but can vary widely between species. It is currently unclear which selective pressures and regulatory mechanisms influence differences in sleep between species. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a successful model system for examining sleep regulation and function, but little is known about the sleep patterns in many related fly species. Here, we find that fly species with adaptations to extreme desert environments, including D. mojavensis, exhibit strong increases in baseline sleep compared with D. melanogaster. Long-sleeping D. mojavensis show intact homeostasis, indicating that desert flies carry an elevated drive for sleep. In addition, D. mojavensis exhibit altered abundance or distribution of several sleep/wake-related neuromodulators and neuropeptides that are consistent with their reduced locomotor activity and increased sleep. Finally, we find that in a nutrient-deprived environment, the sleep patterns of individual D. mojavensis are strongly correlated with their survival time and that disrupting sleep via constant light stimulation renders D. mojavensis more sensitive to starvation. Our results demonstrate that D. mojavensis is a novel model for studying organisms with high sleep drive and for exploring sleep strategies that provide resilience in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ceazar Nave
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Larratt
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Phia Honey
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Makayla Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cassandra Jingco
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melanie L Fung
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damion Trotter
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gazmend Elezi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sara Wasserman
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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4
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Lyamin OI, Borshchenko VD, Siegel JM. A 108-h total sleep deprivation did not impair fur seal performance in delayed matching to sample task. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:315-333. [PMID: 37596419 PMCID: PMC11296610 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
While the majority of studies have concluded that sleep deprivation causes detrimental effects on various cognitive processes, some studies reported conflicting results. We examined the effects of a 108-h total sleep deprivation (TSD) on working memory in the northern fur seal, an animal with unusual sleep phenomenology and long-range annual migrations. The performance of fur seals was evaluated in a two-choice visual delayed matching to sample (DMTS) task, which is commonly used to evaluate working memory. In baseline conditions, the performance of fur seals in a DMTS task based on the percentage of errors was somewhat comparable with that in nonhuman primates at similar delays. We have determined that a 108-h TSD did not affect fur seals' performance in a visual DMTS task as measured by overall percentage of errors and response latencies. On the contrary, all fur seals improved task performance over the study, including the baseline, TSD and recovery conditions. In addition, TSD did not change the direction and strength of the pattern of behavioral lateralization in fur seals. We conclude that a 108-h TSD did not interfere with working memory in a DMTS test in northern fur seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Lyamin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Center for Sleep Research, 16111 Plummer St, North Hills, Los Angeles, CA, 91343, USA.
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vasilisa D Borshchenko
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Center for Sleep Research, 16111 Plummer St, North Hills, Los Angeles, CA, 91343, USA
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5
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Rattenborg NC. Sleep is dangerous: historic hunting targeting fur seals sleeping unihemispherically at sea. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae026. [PMID: 38346101 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Seewiesen, Germany
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6
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Lyamin OI, Siegel JM. Sleep: Giving it up to get it on. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R213-R216. [PMID: 38471454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A new study presents evidence of sex-related sleep reduction in males of two marsupial mice species but not in females. The growing experimental data suggest that seasonal sleep reduction, linked to migrations and reproductive periods, is common among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Lyamin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Center for Sleep Research, North Hills, CA 91343, USA; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Center for Sleep Research, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
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7
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Wang Z, Li S, Zuo C, Qin J, Wu D. Correlation Between Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Duration and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2023:1455613231214653. [PMID: 37997618 DOI: 10.1177/01455613231214653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: In all, 99 patients with OSA were enrolled in this study, and the correlation between REM sleep duration and the severity of LPR was analyzed after the polysomnography (PSG) and reflux symptom index (RSI) scores were completed. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed to further clarify the factors affecting LPR. Results: Partial correlation analysis showed that the REM sleep duration was positively correlated with the RSI scores (r = 0.236, P = .022) after controlling for apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), body mass index (BMI), lowest oxygen saturation (LSO2), age, and sex. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that only REM sleep duration was a factor influencing LPR (t = 2.330, P = .022). Conclusions: Our study found a correlation between REM sleep duration and LPR in OSA patients. The shorter the REM sleep duration, the less severe the LPR symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University in the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengcheng Zuo
- Department of Otolaryngology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Postgraduate Training Base of Dalian Medical University in the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dahai Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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8
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Kendall-Bar J. Lessons from sleep in the deep. Science 2023; 382:780. [PMID: 37972170 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Records of seal sleep at sea reveal extreme sleep duration flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kendall-Bar
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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9
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Buguet A, Reis J, Radomski MW. Sleep and global warming: How will we sleep when the Earth is hotter? J Neurol Sci 2023; 454:120859. [PMID: 37922827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Societal concern about climate change and global warming has grown worldwide along with the concomitant awareness that health will be impacted deeply. Among living beings, humans have quite large capacities for adaptation to varied temperature conditions. Despite their tropical origin, they live under all Earth climates, such as polar, temperate, altitude, arid, and tropical climates, using a wide range of behavioral and physiological adaptive responses. We address the adaptive abilities of human sleep-wake regulation and its interplay with thermoregulation under different natural climates. Sleep represents one-third of our living time and is also a major determinant of morbidity and mortality; shortening sleep duration increases mortality and multimorbidity. In addition, major advances in sleep neurology have occurred in the last decades. Some have been extensively reviewed, notably comparative sleep physiology among animals, allowing one to hypothesize about the functions of the different sleep states, as well as their relation to cognitive neuroscience or body biorhythms. However, the question of the sleep adaptive capacity of humans to global warming has barely been addressed. We examine "normal" sleep and thermoregulation in young adults residing in temperate conditions. We then review the sleep and thermoregulatory reactions under various climatic conditions, demonstrating the role of sleep changes as potent adaptive responses to living under natural hot climatic conditions. As a result, we show that humans are well-equipped to adapt to severe climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Buguet
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jacques Reis
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Association RISE, 3 rue du Loir, 67205 Oberhausbergen, France
| | - Manny W Radomski
- Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto, Apt n° 2501, 2010 Islington Avenue, Toronto, ON, M9P3S8, Canada
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10
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Siegel JM. REM sleep function: Mythology vs. reality. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:643-648. [PMID: 37625974 PMCID: PMC10725301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep in 1953, misconceptions have arisen as to the evidence for its adaptive function and its relation to dreams. Eye movements recorded during REM sleep have not been consistently reported to mirror the eye movements predicted by dream reports. But evidence on eye movement and somatic motor expression from patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is consistent with dream enacting behavior. The assumption that dreaming occurs only in REM sleep is incorrect, with numerous reports of nonREM dreaming. However, there may be qualitative differences between REM and nonREM dreams. Early studies that suggested a vital role for REM sleep in psychological well-being are refuted by studies of pharmacologically induced partial or complete REM sleep suppression. Studies of sleep across species show that the primitive monotreme mammals, platypus and echidna, have far more REM sleep than any other homeotherm group, whereas birds have far less REM sleep than any other homeotherm group. Human REM sleep amounts are not unusual, are correlated with nonREM sleep durations but are not correlated with intelligence. Across groups of homeotherms, REM sleep time is highly and inversely correlated (r=-0.975, P=0.02) with average core body temperature, suggesting that REM sleep cycles with nonREM sleep to regulate brain temperature during sleep. Cetacean mammals (dolphins and whales) do not have REM sleep despite their very large brain sizes and impressive cognitive abilities. Reports of "REM sleep-like states" in arachnids, cephalopods and in zebrafish larvae are lacking critical evidence that the observed behaviors are occurring during sleep and that the behaviors are homologous to mammalian REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Siegel
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Center for Sleep Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Neurobiology Research 151A3, North Hills, CA 91343, United States.
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11
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Verga L, Kotz SA, Ravignani A. The evolution of social timing. Phys Life Rev 2023; 46:131-151. [PMID: 37419011 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Sociality and timing are tightly interrelated in human interaction as seen in turn-taking or synchronised dance movements. Sociality and timing also show in communicative acts of other species that might be pleasurable, but also necessary for survival. Sociality and timing often co-occur, but their shared phylogenetic trajectory is unknown: How, when, and why did they become so tightly linked? Answering these questions is complicated by several constraints; these include the use of divergent operational definitions across fields and species, the focus on diverse mechanistic explanations (e.g., physiological, neural, or cognitive), and the frequent adoption of anthropocentric theories and methodologies in comparative research. These limitations hinder the development of an integrative framework on the evolutionary trajectory of social timing and make comparative studies not as fruitful as they could be. Here, we outline a theoretical and empirical framework to test contrasting hypotheses on the evolution of social timing with species-appropriate paradigms and consistent definitions. To facilitate future research, we introduce an initial set of representative species and empirical hypotheses. The proposed framework aims at building and contrasting evolutionary trees of social timing toward and beyond the crucial branch represented by our own lineage. Given the integration of cross-species and quantitative approaches, this research line might lead to an integrated empirical-theoretical paradigm and, as a long-term goal, explain why humans are such socially coordinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Verga
- Comparative Bioacoustic Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ravignani
- Comparative Bioacoustic Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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12
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Rattenborg NC. Diverse sleep strategies at sea. Science 2023; 381:486-487. [PMID: 37535738 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Findings in marine mammals and birds provide opportunities to explore sleep's functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Seewiesen, Germany
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13
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Libourel PA, Lesku JA. Sleep: Hemispheres fight for dominance. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R729-R732. [PMID: 37433277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
A new study shows that bearded dragons have a peculiar way to coordinate sleep state changes between brain hemispheres. The hemisphere that acts first imposes its activity on the other during their REM sleep-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, SLEEP Team, F-69500, Bron, France.
| | - John A Lesku
- Sleep Ecophysiology Group, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
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14
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Nir Y, de Lecea L. Sleep and vigilance states: Embracing spatiotemporal dynamics. Neuron 2023; 111:1998-2011. [PMID: 37148873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The classic view of sleep and vigilance states is a global stationary perspective driven by the interaction between neuromodulators and thalamocortical systems. However, recent data are challenging this view by demonstrating that vigilance states are highly dynamic and regionally complex. Spatially, sleep- and wake-like states often co-occur across distinct brain regions, as in unihemispheric sleep, local sleep in wakefulness, and during development. Temporally, dynamic switching prevails around state transitions, during extended wakefulness, and in fragmented sleep. This knowledge, together with methods monitoring brain activity across multiple regions simultaneously at millisecond resolution with cell-type specificity, is rapidly shifting how we consider vigilance states. A new perspective incorporating multiple spatial and temporal scales may have important implications for considering the governing neuromodulatory mechanisms, the functional roles of vigilance states, and their behavioral manifestations. A modular and dynamic view highlights novel avenues for finer spatiotemporal interventions to improve sleep function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Nir
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Sieratzki-Sagol Center for Sleep Medicine, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel.
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Yano J, Nave C, Larratt K, Honey P, Jingco C, Roberts M, Trotter D, He X, Elezi G, Whitelegge JP, Wasserman S, Donlea JM. Elevated sleep need in a stress-resilient Drosophila species. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.27.542279. [PMID: 37292829 PMCID: PMC10245952 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.27.542279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is broadly conserved across the animal kingdom, but can vary widely between species. It is currently unclear which types of selective pressures and sleep regulatory mechanisms influence differences in sleep between species. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a successful model system for examining sleep regulation and function, but little is known about the sleep patterns and need for sleep in many related fly species. Here, we find that Drosophila mojavensis, a fly species that has adapted to extreme desert environments, exhibits strong increases in sleep compared to D. melanogaster. Long-sleeping D. mojavensis show intact sleep homeostasis, indicating that these flies carry an elevated need for sleep. In addition, D. mojavensis exhibit altered abundance or distribution of several sleep/wake related neuromodulators and neuropeptides that are consistent with their reduced locomotor activity, and increased sleep. Finally, we find that in a nutrient-deprived environment, the sleep responses of individual D. mojavensis are correlated with their survival time. Our results demonstrate that D. mojavensis is a novel model for studying organisms with high sleep need, and for exploring sleep strategies that provide resilience in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ceazar Nave
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Larratt
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Phia Honey
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Cassandra Jingco
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Makayla Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damion Trotter
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gazmend Elezi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sara Wasserman
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Kendall-Bar JM, Williams TM, Mukherji R, Lozano DA, Pitman JK, Holser RR, Keates T, Beltran RS, Robinson PW, Crocker DE, Adachi T, Lyamin OI, Vyssotski AL, Costa DP. Brain activity of diving seals reveals short sleep cycles at depth. Science 2023; 380:260-265. [PMID: 37079694 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a crucial part of the daily activity patterns of mammals. However, in marine species that spend months or entire lifetimes at sea, the location, timing, and duration of sleep may be constrained. To understand how marine mammals satisfy their daily sleep requirements while at sea, we monitored electroencephalographic activity in wild northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) diving in Monterey Bay, California. Brain-wave patterns showed that seals took short (less than 20 minutes) naps while diving (maximum depth 377 meters; 104 sleeping dives). Linking these patterns to accelerometry and the time-depth profiles of 334 free-ranging seals (514,406 sleeping dives) revealed a North Pacific sleepscape in which seals averaged only 2 hours of sleep per day for 7 months, rivaling the record for the least sleep among all mammals, which is currently held by the African elephant (about 2 hours per day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Kendall-Bar
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Terrie M Williams
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ritika Mukherji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel A Lozano
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachel R Holser
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Keates
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Roxanne S Beltran
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Patrick W Robinson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - Taiki Adachi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Oleg I Lyamin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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17
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van Hasselt SJ, Epifani L, Zantinge D, Vitkute K, Kas MJH, Allocca G, Meerlo P. A Study on REM Sleep Homeostasis in the Day-Active Tree Shrew ( Tupaia belangeri): Cold-Induced Suppression of REM Sleep Is Not Followed by a Rebound. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040614. [PMID: 37106815 PMCID: PMC10136224 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The function and regulation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is a topic of ongoing debate. It is often assumed that REM sleep is a homeostatically regulated process and that a need for REM sleep builds up, either during prior wakefulness or during preceding slow wave sleep. In the current study, we tested this hypothesis in six diurnal tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri), small mammals closely related to primates. All animals were individually housed and kept under a 12:12 light-dark cycle with an ambient temperature of 24 °C. We recorded sleep and temperature in the tree shrews for 3 consecutive 24 h days. During the second night, we exposed the animals to a low ambient temperature of 4 °C, a procedure that is known to suppress REM sleep. Cold exposure caused a significant drop in brain temperature and body temperature and also resulted in a strong and selective suppression of REM sleep by 64.9%. However, contrary to our expectation, the loss of REM sleep was not recovered during the subsequent day and night. These findings in a diurnal mammal confirm that the expression of REM sleep is highly sensitive to environmental temperature but do not support the view that REM sleep is homeostatically regulated in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Epifani
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danique Zantinge
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kornelija Vitkute
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Allocca
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Somnivore Pty. Ltd., Bacchus Marsh, VIC 3340, Australia
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Rial RV, Akaârir M, Canellas F, Barceló P, Rubiño JA, Martín-Reina A, Gamundí A, Nicolau MC. Mammalian NREM and REM sleep: Why, when and how. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105041. [PMID: 36646258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This report proposes that fish use the spinal-rhombencephalic regions of their brain to support their activities while awake. Instead, the brainstem-diencephalic regions support the wakefulness in amphibians and reptiles. Lastly, mammals developed the telencephalic cortex to attain the highest degree of wakefulness, the cortical wakefulness. However, a paralyzed form of spinal-rhombencephalic wakefulness remains in mammals in the form of REMS, whose phasic signs are highly efficient in promoting maternal care to mammalian litter. Therefore, the phasic REMS is highly adaptive. However, their importance is low for singletons, in which it is a neutral trait, devoid of adaptive value for adults, and is mal-adaptive for marine mammals. Therefore, they lost it. The spinal-rhombencephalic and cortical wakeful states disregard the homeostasis: animals only attend their most immediate needs: foraging defense and reproduction. However, these activities generate allostatic loads that must be recovered during NREMS, that is a paralyzed form of the amphibian-reptilian subcortical wakefulness. Regarding the regulation of tonic REMS, it depends on a hypothalamic switch. Instead, the phasic REMS depends on an independent proportional pontine control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén V Rial
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Mourad Akaârir
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Francesca Canellas
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut; Hospital Son Espases, 07120, Palma de Mallorca (España).
| | - Pere Barceló
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - José A Rubiño
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut; Hospital Son Espases, 07120, Palma de Mallorca (España).
| | - Aida Martín-Reina
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Antoni Gamundí
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - M Cristina Nicolau
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
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19
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Watanabe YY, Papastamatiou YP. Biologging and Biotelemetry: Tools for Understanding the Lives and Environments of Marine Animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2023; 11:247-267. [PMID: 36790885 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-050322-073657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Addressing important questions in animal ecology, physiology, and environmental science often requires in situ information from wild animals. This difficulty is being overcome by biologging and biotelemetry, or the use of miniaturized animal-borne sensors. Although early studies recorded only simple parameters of animal movement, advanced devices and analytical methods can now provide rich information on individual and group behavior, internal states, and the surrounding environment of free-ranging animals, especially those in marine systems. We summarize the history of technologies used to track marine animals. We then identify seven major research categories of marine biologging and biotelemetry and explain significant achievements, as well as future opportunities. Big data approaches via international collaborations will be key to tackling global environmental issues (e.g., climate change impacts), and curiosity about the secret lives of marine animals will also remain a major driver of biologging and biotelemetry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Y Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan; .,Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA
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20
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Fifel K, Yanagisawa M, Deboer T. Mechanisms of Sleep/Wake Regulation under Hypodopaminergic State: Insights from MitoPark Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203170. [PMID: 36515271 PMCID: PMC9929135 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sleep/wake alterations are predominant in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders involving dopamine dysfunction. Unfortunately, specific, mechanisms-based therapies for these debilitating sleep problems are currently lacking. The pathophysiological mechanisms of sleep/wake alterations within a hypodopaminergic MitoPark mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) are investigated. MitoPark mice replicate most PD-related sleep alterations, including sleep fragmentation, hypersomnia, and daytime sleepiness. Surprisingly, these alterations are not accounted for by a dysfunction in the circadian or homeostatic regulatory processes of sleep, nor by acute masking effects of light or darkness. Rather, the sleep phenotype is linked with the impairment of instrumental arousal and sleep modulation by behavioral valence. These alterations correlate with changes in high-theta (8-11.5 Hz) electroencephalogram power density during motivationally-charged wakefulness. These results demonstrate that sleep/wake alterations induced by dopamine dysfunction are mediated by impaired modulation of sleep by motivational valence and provide translational insights into sleep problems associated with disorders linked to dopamine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fifel
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of Tsukuba1‐1‐1 TennodaiTsukubaIbaraki305–8575Japan
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyLeiden University Medical CenterP.O. Box 9600Leiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of Tsukuba1‐1‐1 TennodaiTsukubaIbaraki305–8575Japan
| | - Tom Deboer
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyLeiden University Medical CenterP.O. Box 9600Leiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
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21
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Rattenborg NC, Ungurean G. The evolution and diversification of sleep. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:156-170. [PMID: 36411158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of sleep and its sub-states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, found in mammals and birds, remain a mystery. Although the discovery of a single type of sleep in jellyfish suggests that sleep evolved much earlier than previously thought, it is unclear when and why sleep diversified into multiple types of sleep. Intriguingly, multiple types of sleep have recently been found in animals ranging from non-avian reptiles to arthropods to cephalopods. Although there are similarities between these states and those found in mammals and birds, notable differences also exist. The diversity in the way sleep is expressed confounds attempts to trace the evolution of sleep states, but also serves as a rich resource for exploring the functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Seewiesen, Germany.
| | - Gianina Ungurean
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Seewiesen, Germany
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22
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Siegel JM. Sleep function: an evolutionary perspective. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:937-946. [PMID: 36115365 PMCID: PMC9670796 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies in industrial societies indicate that 7 h of sleep per night in people aged 18 years or older is optimum, with higher and lower amounts of sleep predicting a shorter lifespan. Humans living a hunter-gatherer lifestyle (eg, tribal groups) sleep for 6-8 h per night, with the longest sleep durations in winter. The prevalence of insomnia in hunter-gatherer populations is low (around 2%) compared with the prevalence of insomnia in industrial societies (around 10-30%). Sleep deprivation studies, which are done to gain insights into sleep function, are often confounded by the effects of stress. Consideration of the duration of spontaneous daily sleep across species of mammals, which ranges from 2 h to 20 h, can provide important insights into sleep function without the stress of deprivation. Sleep duration is not related to brain size or cognitive ability. Rather, sleep duration across species is associated with their ecological niche and feeding requirements, indicating a role for wake-sleep balance in food acquisition and energy conservation. Brain temperature drops from waking levels during non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and rises during REM sleep. Average daily REM sleep time of homeotherm orders is negatively correlated with average body and brain temperature, with the largest amount of REM sleep in egg laying (monotreme) mammals, moderate amounts in pouched (marsupial) mammals, lower amounts in placental mammals, and the lowest amounts in birds. REM sleep might, therefore, have a key role in the regulation of temperature and metabolism of the brain during sleep and in the facilitation of alert awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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23
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Aime M, Adamantidis AR. Sleep to Survive Predators. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1114-1116. [PMID: 35570232 PMCID: PMC9468192 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Aime
- Department of Neurology, Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antoine R Adamantidis
- Department of Neurology, Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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24
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Regularly occurring bouts of retinal movements suggest an REM sleep-like state in jumping spiders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204754119. [PMID: 35939710 PMCID: PMC9388130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204754119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and sleep-like states are present across the animal kingdom, with recent studies convincingly demonstrating sleep-like states in arthropods, nematodes, and even cnidarians. However, the existence of different sleep phases across taxa is as yet unclear. In particular, the study of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is still largely centered on terrestrial vertebrates, particularly mammals and birds. The most salient indicator of REM sleep is the movement of eyes during this phase. Movable eyes, however, have evolved only in a limited number of lineages-an adaptation notably absent in insects and most terrestrial arthropods-restricting cross-species comparisons. Jumping spiders, however, possess movable retinal tubes to redirect gaze, and in newly emerged spiderlings, these movements can be directly observed through their temporarily translucent exoskeleton. Here, we report evidence for an REM sleep-like state in a terrestrial invertebrate: periodic bouts of retinal movements coupled with limb twitching and stereotyped leg curling behaviors during nocturnal resting in a jumping spider. Observed retinal movement bouts were consistent, including regular durations and intervals, with both increasing over the course of the night. That these characteristic REM sleep-like behaviors exist in a highly visual, long-diverged lineage further challenges our understanding of this sleep state. Comparisons across such long-diverged lineages likely hold important questions and answers about the visual brain as well as the origin, evolution, and function of REM sleep.
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25
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Zaid E, Vyssotski AL, Lesku JA. Sleep architecture and regulation of male dusky antechinus, an Australian marsupial. Sleep 2022; 45:6585950. [PMID: 35567787 PMCID: PMC9366648 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
In this study, we (1) describe sleep behavior and architecture, and (2) explore how sleep is regulated in dusky antechinus (Antechinus swainsonii), a small insectivorous marsupial. Our aim is to provide the first investigation into sleep homeostasis in a marsupial.
Methods
Wild-caught male dusky antechinus (n = 4) were individually housed in large indoor cages under a natural photoperiod of 10.5 h light/13.5 h dark. Continuous recordings of EEG, EMG, and tri-axial accelerometry were performed under baseline conditions and following 4-h of extended wakefulness.
Results
Antechinus engage in SWS and REM sleep. Some aspects of these states are mammal-like, including a high amount (23%) of REM sleep, but other features are reminiscent of birds, notably, hundreds of short sleep episodes (SWS mean: 34 s; REM sleep: 10 s). Antechinus are cathemeral and sleep equally during the night and day. Immediately after the sleep deprivation ended, the animals engaged in more SWS, longer SWS episodes, and greater SWS SWA. The animals did not recover lost REM sleep.
Conclusions
Sleep architecture in dusky antechinus was broadly similar to that observed in eutherian and marsupial mammals, but with interesting peculiarities. We also provided the first evidence of SWS homeostasis in a marsupial mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zaid
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
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26
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Fifel K, El Farissi A, Cherasse Y, Yanagisawa M. Motivational and Valence-Related Modulation of Sleep/Wake Behavior are Mediated by Midbrain Dopamine and Uncoupled from the Homeostatic and Circadian Processes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200640. [PMID: 35794435 PMCID: PMC9403635 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motivation and its hedonic valence are powerful modulators of sleep/wake behavior, yet its underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. Given the well-established role of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons in encoding motivation and emotional valence, here, neuronal mechanisms mediating sleep/wake regulation are systematically investigated by DA neurotransmission. It is discovered that mDA mediates the strong modulation of sleep/wake states by motivational valence. Surprisingly, this modulation can be uncoupled from the classically employed measures of circadian and homeostatic processes of sleep regulation. These results establish the experimental foundation for an additional new factor of sleep regulation. Furthermore, an electroencephalographic marker during wakefulness at the theta range is identified that can be used to reliably track valence-related modulation of sleep. Taken together, this study identifies mDA signaling as an important neural substrate mediating sleep modulation by motivational valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fifel
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8577Japan
| | - Amina El Farissi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8577Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8577Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8577Japan
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27
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Smeltzer EA, Stead SM, Li MF, Samson D, Kumpan LT, Teichroeb JA. Social sleepers: The effects of social status on sleep in terrestrial mammals. Horm Behav 2022; 143:105181. [PMID: 35594742 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social status among group-living mammals can impact access to resources, such as water, food, social support, and mating opportunities, and this differential access to resources can have fitness consequences. Here, we propose that an animal's social status impacts their access to sleep opportunities, as social status may predict when an animal sleeps, where they sleep, who they sleep with, and how well they sleep. Our review of terrestrial mammals examines how sleep architecture and intensity may be impacted by (1) sleeping conditions and (2) the social experience during wakefulness. Sleeping positions vary in thermoregulatory properties, protection from predators, and exposure to parasites. Thus, if dominant individuals have priority of access to sleeping positions, they may benefit from higher quality sleeping conditions and, in turn, better sleep. With respect to waking experiences, we discuss the impacts of stress on sleep, as it has been established that specific social statuses can be characterized by stress-related physiological profiles. While much research has focused on how dominance hierarchies impact access to resources like food and mating opportunities, differential access to sleep opportunities among mammals has been largely ignored despite its potential fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Smeltzer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - S M Stead
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - M F Li
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - D Samson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - L T Kumpan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - J A Teichroeb
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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28
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Loftus JC, Harel R, Núñez CL, Crofoot MC. Ecological and social pressures interfere with homeostatic sleep regulation in the wild. eLife 2022; 11:73695. [PMID: 35229719 PMCID: PMC8887896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is fundamental to the health and fitness of all animals. The physiological importance of sleep is underscored by the central role of homeostasis in determining sleep investment – following periods of sleep deprivation, individuals experience longer and more intense sleep bouts. Yet, most sleep research has been conducted in highly controlled settings, removed from evolutionarily relevant contexts that may hinder the maintenance of sleep homeostasis. Using triaxial accelerometry and GPS to track the sleep patterns of a group of wild baboons (Papio anubis), we found that ecological and social pressures indeed interfere with homeostatic sleep regulation. Baboons sacrificed time spent sleeping when in less familiar locations and when sleeping in proximity to more group-mates, regardless of how long they had slept the prior night or how much they had physically exerted themselves the preceding day. Further, they did not appear to compensate for lost sleep via more intense sleep bouts. We found that the collective dynamics characteristic of social animal groups persist into the sleep period, as baboons exhibited synchronized patterns of waking throughout the night, particularly with nearby group-mates. Thus, for animals whose fitness depends critically on avoiding predation and developing social relationships, maintaining sleep homeostasis may be only secondary to remaining vigilant when sleeping in risky habitats and interacting with group-mates during the night. Our results highlight the importance of studying sleep in ecologically relevant contexts, where the adaptive function of sleep patterns directly reflects the complex trade-offs that have guided its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carter Loftus
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Roi Harel
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Chase L Núñez
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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29
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Torday JS. Morphological forms arising from the evolutionary process are topologies. Biosystems 2022; 214:104646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Weiss JT, Donlea JM. Roles for Sleep in Neural and Behavioral Plasticity: Reviewing Variation in the Consequences of Sleep Loss. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:777799. [PMID: 35126067 PMCID: PMC8810646 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.777799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital physiological state that has been broadly conserved across the evolution of animal species. While the precise functions of sleep remain poorly understood, a large body of research has examined the negative consequences of sleep loss on neural and behavioral plasticity. While sleep disruption generally results in degraded neural plasticity and cognitive function, the impact of sleep loss can vary widely with age, between individuals, and across physiological contexts. Additionally, several recent studies indicate that sleep loss differentially impacts distinct neuronal populations within memory-encoding circuitry. These findings indicate that the negative consequences of sleep loss are not universally shared, and that identifying conditions that influence the resilience of an organism (or neuron type) to sleep loss might open future opportunities to examine sleep's core functions in the brain. Here, we discuss the functional roles for sleep in adaptive plasticity and review factors that can contribute to individual variations in sleep behavior and responses to sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T. Weiss
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey M. Donlea
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Abstract
Purpose of Review I review the current status of the hypothesis that sleep is critically involved in memory consolidation and conclude that there are major methodological problems with the studies used to support this hypothesis. Recent Findings Memory consolidation is similar in quiet waking and sleep (Humiston GB, Tucker MA, Summer T, Wamsley EJ. Sci Rep 18;9(1):19345, 2019), and suppression of REM sleep for long periods is compatible with learning and highly adaptive behavior (Lyamin OI, Korneva SM, Obukhova ED, Mukhametov LM, Siegel JM. Dokl Biol Sci 463:211-4, 2015; Lyamin OI, Kosenko PO, Korneva SM, Vyssotski AL, Mukhametov LM, Siegel JM. Current Biology 28(12):2000-5, 2018); despite their considerable abilities to navigate and remember, African elephants have very small amount of sleep, and learning interference effects have not been adequately controlled for in studies purporting to show sleep-dependent memory consolidation (Sosic-Vasic Z, Hille K, Kroner J, Spitzer M, Kornmeier J. Frontiers in psychology 9:82, 2018; Yonelinas AP, Ranganath C, Ekstrom AD, Wiltgen BJ. Nat Rev Neurosci 20(6):364-75, 2019). Summary Memory consolidation clearly occurs in both sleep and waking. Whether, and the extent to which, consolidation might differ in these two states has not been conclusively determined.
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Johnsson RD, Connelly F, Vyssotski AL, Roth TC, Lesku JA. Homeostatic regulation of NREM sleep, but not REM sleep, in Australian magpies. Sleep 2021; 45:6357668. [PMID: 34432054 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We explore NREM and REM sleep homeostasis in Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen tyrannica). We predicted that magpies would recover lost sleep by spending more time in NREM and REM sleep, and by engaging in more intense NREM sleep as indicated by increased slow-wave activity (SWA). METHODS Continuous 72-h recordings of EEG, EMG and tri-axial accelerometry, along with EEG spectral analyses, were performed on wild-caught Australian magpies housed in indoor aviaries. Australian magpies were subjected to two protocols of night-time sleep deprivation: full 12-h night (n = 8) and first 6-h half of the night (n = 5), which were preceded by a 36-h baseline recording and followed by a 24-h recovery period. RESULTS Australian magpies recovered lost NREM sleep by sleeping more, with increased NREM sleep consolidation, and increased SWA during recovery sleep. Following 12-h of night-time sleep loss, magpies also showed reduced SWA the following night after napping more during the recovery day. Surprisingly, the magpies did not recover any lost REM sleep. CONCLUSIONS Only NREM sleep is homeostatically regulated in Australian magpies with the level of SWA reflecting prior sleep/wake history. The significance of emerging patterns on the apparent absence of REM sleep homeostasis, now observed in multiple species, remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Johnsson
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Farley Connelly
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Timothy C Roth
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Psychology, Lancaster, USA
| | - John A Lesku
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
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33
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Lyamin OI, Siegel JM, Nazarenko EA, Rozhnov VV. Sleep in the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil). Sleep 2021; 45:6346614. [PMID: 34370021 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse-deer or chevrotains are the smallest of the ungulates and ruminants. They are characterized by a number of traits which are considered plesiomorphic for the Artiodactyla order. The objective of this study was to examine sleep in the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil), which is the smallest in this group (body mass <2.2 kg). Electroencephalogram, nuchal electromyogram, electrooculogram and body acceleration were recorded in 4 adult mouse-deer females using a telemetry system in Bu Gia Map National Park in Vietnam. The mouse-deer spent on average 49.7±3.0% of 24-h in NREM sleep. REM sleep occupied 1.7±0.3% of 24-h or 3.2±0.5% of total sleep time. The average duration of REM sleep episodes was 2.0±0.2 min, the average maximum was 5.1±1.1 min, and the longest episodes lasted 8 min. NREM sleep occurred in sternal recumbency with the head heals above the ground while 64.7+6.4% of REM sleep occurred with the head resting on the ground. The eyes were open throughout most of the NREM sleep period. The mouse-deer displayed polyphasic sleep and crepuscular peaks in activity (04:00-06:00 and 18:00-19:00). The largest amounts of NREM occurred in the morning (06:00-09:00) and the smallest before dusk (at 04:00-06:00). REM sleep occurred throughout most of the daylight hours (08:00-16:00) and in the first half of the night (19:00-02:00). We suggest that the pattern and timing of sleep in the lesser mouse-deer is adapted to the survival of a small herbivorous animal, subject to predation, living in high environmental temperatures in tropical forest undergrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Lyamin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Joint Russian- Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evgeny A Nazarenko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Joint Russian- Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Viatcheslav V Rozhnov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Joint Russian- Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam
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34
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Hawkes LA, Fahlman A, Sato K. Introduction to the theme issue: Measuring physiology in free-living animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200210. [PMID: 34121463 PMCID: PMC8200652 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By describing where animals go, biologging technologies (i.e. animal attached logging of biological variables with small electronic devices) have been used to document the remarkable athletic feats of wild animals since the 1940s. The rapid development and miniaturization of physiologging (i.e. logging of physiological variables such as heart rate, blood oxygen content, lactate, breathing frequency and tidal volume on devices attached to animals) technologies in recent times (e.g. devices that weigh less than 2 g mass that can measure electrical biopotentials for days to weeks) has provided astonishing insights into the physiology of free-living animals to document how and why wild animals undertake these extreme feats. Now, physiologging, which was traditionally hindered by technological limitations, device size, ethics and logistics, is poised to benefit enormously from the on-going developments in biomedical and sports wearables technologies. Such technologies are already improving animal welfare and yield in agriculture and aquaculture, but may also reveal future pathways for therapeutic interventions in human health by shedding light on the physiological mechanisms with which free-living animals undertake some of the most extreme and impressive performances on earth. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Hawkes
- Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - A. Fahlman
- Global Diving Research Inc, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valencia, Valencia, 46005 Spain
| | - K. Sato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8564, Japan
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35
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Simor P, Szalárdy O, Gombos F, Ujma PP, Jordán Z, Halász L, Erőss L, Fabó D, Bódizs R. REM Sleep Microstates in the Human Anterior Thalamus. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5677-5686. [PMID: 33863786 PMCID: PMC8244978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1899-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is an elusive neural state that is associated with a variety of functions from physiological regulatory mechanisms to complex cognitive processing. REM periods consist of the alternation of phasic and tonic REM microstates that differ in spontaneous and evoked neural activity. Although previous studies indicate, that cortical and thalamocortical activity differs across phasic and tonic microstates, the characterization of neural activity, particularly in subcortical structures that are critical in the initiation and maintenance of REM sleep is still limited in humans. Here, we examined electric activity patterns of the anterior nuclei of the thalamus as well as their functional connectivity with scalp EEG recordings during REM microstates and wakefulness in a group of epilepsy patients (N = 12, 7 females). Anterothalamic local field potentials (LFPs) showed increased high-α and β frequency power in tonic compared with phasic REM, emerging as an intermediate state between phasic REM and wakefulness. Moreover, we observed increased thalamocortical synchronization in phasic compared with tonic REM sleep, especially in the slow and fast frequency ranges. Wake-like activity in tonic REM sleep may index the regulation of arousal and vigilance facilitating environmental alertness. On the other hand, increased thalamocortical synchronization may reflect the intrinsic activity of frontolimbic networks supporting emotional and memory processes during phasic REM sleep. In sum, our findings highlight that the heterogeneity of phasic and tonic REM sleep is not limited to cortical activity, but is also manifested by anterothalamic LFPs and thalamocortical synchronization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT REM sleep is a heterogeneous sleep state that features the alternation of two microstates, phasic and tonic rapid eye movement (REM). These states differ in sensory processing, awakening thresholds, and cortical activity. Nevertheless, the characterization of these microstates, particularly in subcortical structures is still limited in humans. We had the unique opportunity to examine electric activity patterns of the anterior nuclei of the thalamus (ANTs) as well as their functional connectivity with scalp EEG recordings during REM microstates and wakefulness. Our findings show that the heterogeneity of phasic and tonic REM sleep is not limited to cortical activity, but is also manifested in the level of the thalamus and thalamocortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1064, Hungary
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1089, Hungary
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Orsolya Szalárdy
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1089, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- MTA-PPKE, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Adolescent Development Research Group, Budapest 1088, Hungary
| | - Péter Przemyslaw Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1089, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest 1145, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Jordán
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest 1145, Hungary
| | - László Halász
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest 1145, Hungary
| | - Loránd Erőss
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest 1145, Hungary
| | - Dániel Fabó
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest 1145, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1089, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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36
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Yamazaki R, Toda H, Libourel PA, Hayashi Y, Vogt KE, Sakurai T. Evolutionary Origin of Distinct NREM and REM Sleep. Front Psychol 2021; 11:567618. [PMID: 33381062 PMCID: PMC7767968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is mandatory in most animals that have the nervous system and is universally observed in model organisms ranging from the nematodes, zebrafish, to mammals. However, it is unclear whether different sleep states fulfill common functions and are driven by shared mechanisms in these different animal species. Mammals and birds exhibit two obviously distinct states of sleep, i.e., non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but it is unknown why sleep should be so segregated. Studying sleep in other animal models might give us clues that help solve this puzzle. Recent studies suggest that REM sleep, or ancestral forms of REM sleep might be found in non-mammalian or -avian species such as reptiles. These observations suggest that REM sleep and NREM sleep evolved earlier than previously thought. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary origin of the distinct REM/NREM sleep states to gain insight into the mechanistic and functional reason for these two different types of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Yamazaki
- CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Hirofumi Toda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Yu Hayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaspar E Vogt
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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37
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Manger PR, Siegel JM. Do all mammals dream? J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:3198-3204. [PMID: 31960424 PMCID: PMC8211436 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of dreams in human sleep, especially in REM sleep, and the detection of physiologically similar states in mammals has led many to ponder whether animals experience similar sleep mentation. Recent advances in our understanding of the anatomical and physiological correlates of sleep stages, and thus dreaming, allow a better understanding of the possibility of dream mentation in nonhuman mammals. Here, we explore the potential for dream mentation, in both non-REM and REM sleep across mammals. If we take a hard-stance, that dream mentation only occurs during REM sleep, we conclude that it is unlikely that monotremes, cetaceans, and otariid seals while at sea, have the potential to experience dream mentation. Atypical REM sleep in other species, such as African elephants and Arabian oryx, may alter their potential to experience REM dream mentation. Alternatively, evidence that dream mentation occurs during both non-REM and REM sleep, indicates that all mammals have the potential to experience dream mentation. This non-REM dream mentation may be different in the species where non-REM is atypical, such as during unihemispheric sleep in aquatic mammals (cetaceans, sirens, and Otariid seals). In both scenarios, the cetaceans are the least likely mammalian group to experience vivid dream mentation due to the morphophysiological independence of their cerebral hemispheres. The application of techniques revealing dream mentation in humans to other mammals, specifically those that exhibit unusual sleep states, may lead to advances in our understanding of the neural underpinnings of dreams and conscious experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jerome M. Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Brain Research Institute, Neurobiology Research, Sepulveda VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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38
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Connelly F, Johnsson RD, Aulsebrook AE, Mulder RA, Hall ML, Vyssotski AL, Lesku JA. Urban noise restricts, fragments, and lightens sleep in Australian magpies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115484. [PMID: 32882458 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas are inherently noisy, and this noise can disrupt biological processes as diverse as communication, migration, and reproduction. We investigated how exposure to urban noise affects sleep, a process critical to optimal biological functioning, in Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen). Eight magpies experimentally exposed to noise in captivity for 24-h spent more time awake, and less time in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) and REM sleep at night than under quiet conditions. Sleep was also fragmented, with more frequent interruptions by wakefulness, shorter sleep episode durations, and less intense non-REM sleep. REM sleep was particularly sensitive to urban noise. Following exposure to noise, magpies recovered lost sleep by engaging in more, and more intense, non-REM sleep. In contrast, REM sleep showed no rebound. This might indicate a long-term cost to REM sleep loss mediated by noise, or contest hypotheses regarding the functional value of this state. Overall, urban noise has extensive, disruptive impacts on sleep composition, architecture, and intensity in magpies. Future work should consider whether noise-induced sleep restriction and fragmentation have long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farley Connelly
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Robin D Johnsson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Anne E Aulsebrook
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Raoul A Mulder
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Hall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Bush Heritage Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia; Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Comparative Perspectives that Challenge Brain Warming as the Primary Function of REM Sleep. iScience 2020; 23:101696. [PMID: 33196022 PMCID: PMC7644584 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a paradoxical state of wake-like brain activity occurring after non-REM (NREM) sleep in mammals and birds. In mammals, brain cooling during NREM sleep is followed by warming during REM sleep, potentially preparing the brain to perform adaptively upon awakening. If brain warming is the primary function of REM sleep, then it should occur in other animals with similar states. We measured cortical temperature in pigeons and bearded dragons, lizards that exhibit NREM-like sleep and REM-like sleep with brain activity resembling wakefulness. In pigeons, cortical temperature decreased during NREM sleep and increased during REM sleep. However, brain temperature did not increase when dragons switched from NREM-like to REM-like sleep. Our findings indicate that brain warming is not a universal outcome of sleep states characterized by wake-like activity, challenging the hypothesis that their primary function is to warm the brain in preparation for wakefulness. In many mammals, the brain cools during non-REM sleep and warms during REM sleep Pigeons exhibit similar changes in cortical temperature during non-REM and REM sleep Brain temperature does not increase during REM-like sleep in bearded dragon lizards Brain warming is not a universal outcome of sleep states with wake-like brain activity
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40
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Wen Y, Lv Y, Niu J, Xin C, Cui L, Vetrivelan R, Lu J. Roles of motor and cortical activity in sleep rebound in rat. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4100-4114. [PMID: 32588491 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep pressure that builds up gradually during the extended wakefulness results in sleep rebound. Several lines of evidence, however, suggest that wake per se may not be sufficient to drive sleep rebound and that rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep rebound may be differentially regulated. In this study, we investigated the relative contribution of brain versus physical activities in REM and NREM sleep rebound by four sets of experiments. First, we forced locomotion in rats in a rotating wheel for 4 hr and examined subsequent sleep rebound. Second, we exposed the rats lacking homeostatic sleep response after prolonged quiet wakefulness and arousal brain activity induced by chemoactivation of parabrachial nucleus to the same rotating wheel paradigm and tested if physical activity could rescue the sleep homeostasis. Third, we varied motor activity levels while concurrently inhibiting the cortical activity by administering ketamine or xylazine (motor inhibitor), or ketamine + xylazine mixture and investigated if motor activity in the absence of activated cortex can cause NREM sleep rebound. Fourth and finally, we manipulated cortical activity by administering ketamine (that induced active wakefulness and waking brain) alone or in combination with atropine (that selectively inhibits the cortex) and studied if cortical inhibition irrespective of motor activity levels can block REM sleep rebound. Our results demonstrate that motor activity but not cortical activity determines NREM sleep rebound whereas cortical activity but not motor activity determines REM sleep rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yudan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Christopher Xin
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Simor P, van der Wijk G, Nobili L, Peigneux P. The microstructure of REM sleep: Why phasic and tonic? Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Aulsebrook AE, Connelly F, Johnsson RD, Jones TM, Mulder RA, Hall ML, Vyssotski AL, Lesku JA. White and Amber Light at Night Disrupt Sleep Physiology in Birds. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3657-3663.e5. [PMID: 32707063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artificial light at night can disrupt sleep in humans [1-4] and other animals [5-10]. A key mechanism for light to affect sleep is via non-visual photoreceptors that are most sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) light [11]. To minimize effects of artificial light on sleep, many electronic devices shift from white (blue-rich) to amber (blue-reduced) light in the evening. Switching outdoor lighting from white to amber might also benefit wildlife [12]. However, whether these two colors of light affect sleep similarly in different animals remains poorly understood. Here we show, by measuring brain activity, that both white and amber lighting disrupt sleep in birds but that the magnitude of these effects differs between species. When experimentally exposed to light at night at intensities typical of urban areas, domestic pigeons (Columba livia) and wild-caught Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen tyrannica) slept less, favored non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep over REM sleep, slept less intensely, and had more fragmented sleep compared to when lights were switched off. In pigeons, these disruptive effects on sleep were similar for white and amber lighting. For magpies, however, amber light had less impact on sleep. Our results demonstrate that amber lighting can minimize sleep disruption in some birds but that this benefit may not be universal. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Aulsebrook
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Farley Connelly
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Robin D Johnsson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Therésa M Jones
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Raoul A Mulder
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Hall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Bush Heritage Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Ungurean G, van der Meij J, Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA. Evolution and plasticity of sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Reinhardt KD. Wild primate sleep: understanding sleep in an ecological context. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Horne J. REM sleep vs exploratory wakefulness: Alternatives within adult ‘sleep debt’? Sleep Med Rev 2020; 50:101252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Siegel JM. Sleep under evolutionarily relevant conditions. Sleep Med 2020; 67:244-245. [PMID: 32035745 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome M Siegel
- Semel Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111 Plummer St, Los Angeles 91343, USA.
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Abstract
For many decades, sleep researchers have sought to determine which species 'have' rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In doing so, they relied predominantly on a template derived from the expression of REM sleep in the adults of a small number of mammalian species. Here, we argue for a different approach that focuses less on a binary decision about haves and have nots, and more on the diverse expression of REM sleep components over development and across species. By focusing on the components of REM sleep and discouraging continued reliance on a restricted template, we aim to promote a richer and more biologically grounded developmental-comparative approach that spans behavioral, physiological, neural, and ecological domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Neurocampus, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 BRON, France
| | - Markus H Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute, 4975 Bradenton Avenue, Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Haus 5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany.
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48
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Hill VM, O’Connor RM, Shirasu-Hiza M. Tired and stressed: Examining the need for sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:494-508. [PMID: 30295966 PMCID: PMC6453762 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of circadian rhythms is the sleep/wake cycle. Sleep causes reduced responsiveness to the environment, which puts animals in a particularly vulnerable state; yet sleep has been conserved throughout evolution, indicating that it fulfils a vital purpose. A core function of sleep across species has not been identified, but substantial advances in sleep research have been made in recent years using the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. This review describes the universality of sleep, the regulation of sleep, and current theories on the function of sleep, highlighting a historical and often overlooked theory called the Free Radical Flux Theory of Sleep. Additionally, we summarize our recent work with short-sleeping Drosophila mutants and other genetic and pharmacological tools for manipulating sleep which supports an antioxidant theory of sleep and demonstrates a bi-directional relationship between sleep and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Hill
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Reed M. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
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Reinhardt KD, Vyazovskiy VV, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Imron MA, Nekaris KAI. Environment shapes sleep patterns in a wild nocturnal primate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9939. [PMID: 31289296 PMCID: PMC6616475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Among primates, the suborder Haplorhini is considered to have evolved a consolidated monophasic sleep pattern, with diurnal species requiring a shorter sleep duration than nocturnal species. Only a few primate species have been systematically studied in their natural habitat where environmental variables, including temperature and light, have a major influence on sleep and activity patterns. Here we report the first sleep study on a nocturnal primate performed in the wild. We fitted seven wild Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus) in West Java, Indonesia with accelerometers that collected activity data, and installed climate loggers in each individual’s home range to collect ambient temperature readings (over 321 days in total). All individuals showed a strictly nocturnal pattern of activity and displayed a striking synchronisation of onset and cessation of activity in relation to sunset and sunrise. The longest consolidated rest episodes were typically clustered near the beginning and towards the end of the light period, and this pattern was inversely related to daily fluctuations of the ambient temperature. The striking relationship between daily activity patterns, light levels and temperature suggests a major role of the environment in shaping the daily architecture of waking and sleep. We concluded that well-known phenotypic variability in daily sleep amount and architecture across species may represent an adaptation to changes in the environment. Our data suggest that the consolidated monophasic sleep patterns shaped by environmental pressures observed in slow lorises represent phylogenetic inertia in the evolution of sleep patterns in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Reinhardt
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom. .,Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - R Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Social Psychologyand Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - K Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Lyamin
- University of California, Los Angeles/VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- University of California, Los Angeles/VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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