1
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Sheloukhova L, Watanabe H. Evolution of glial cells: a non-bilaterian perspective. Neural Dev 2024; 19:10. [PMID: 38907299 PMCID: PMC11193209 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems of bilaterian animals generally consist of two cell types: neurons and glial cells. Despite accumulating data about the many important functions glial cells serve in bilaterian nervous systems, the evolutionary origin of this abundant cell type remains unclear. Current hypotheses regarding glial evolution are mostly based on data from model bilaterians. Non-bilaterian animals have been largely overlooked in glial studies and have been subjected only to morphological analysis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of conservation of the bilateral gliogenic genetic repertoire of non-bilaterian phyla (Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora, and Porifera). We overview molecular and functional features of bilaterian glial cell types and discuss their possible evolutionary history. We then examine which glial features are present in non-bilaterians. Of these, cnidarians show the highest degree of gliogenic program conservation and may therefore be crucial to answer questions about glial evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Sheloukhova
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
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2
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Leria M, Requin M, Le Bivic A, Pasini A. The placozoan Trichoplax. Nat Methods 2024; 21:543-545. [PMID: 38609555 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Leria
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Requin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Andrea Pasini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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3
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Robertson HE, Sebé-Pedrós A, Saudemont B, Loe-Mie Y, Zakrzewski AC, Grau-Bové X, Mailhe MP, Schiffer P, Telford MJ, Marlow H. Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights limited cell-type complexity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2469. [PMID: 38503762 PMCID: PMC10951248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses over the last two decades have united a few small, and previously orphan clades, the nematodermatids, acoels and xenoturbelids, into the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. Some phylogenetic analyses support a sister relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria (Xenambulacraria), while others suggest that Xenacoelomorpha may be sister to the rest of the Bilateria (Nephrozoa). An understanding of the cell type complements of Xenacoelomorphs is essential to assessing these alternatives as well as to our broader understanding of bilaterian cell type evolution. Employing whole organism single-cell RNA-seq in the marine xenacoelomorph worm Xenoturbella bocki, we show that Xenambulacrarian nerve nets share regulatory features and a peptidergic identity with those found in cnidarians and protostomes and more broadly share muscle and gland cell similarities with other metazoans. Taken together, these data are consistent with broad homologies of animal gland, muscle, and neurons as well as more specific affinities between Xenoturbella and acoel gut and epidermal tissues, consistent with the monophyly of Xenacoelomorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Robertson
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- (Epi)genomics of Animal Development Unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Arnau Sebé-Pedrós
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baptiste Saudemont
- (Epi)genomics of Animal Development Unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yann Loe-Mie
- (Epi)genomics of Animal Development Unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anne-C Zakrzewski
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xavier Grau-Bové
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie-Pierre Mailhe
- (Epi)genomics of Animal Development Unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philipp Schiffer
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Section Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Köln, Wormlab, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Telford
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Heather Marlow
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- (Epi)genomics of Animal Development Unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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4
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Luxmi R, King SM. Cilia Provide a Platform for the Generation, Regulated Secretion, and Reception of Peptidergic Signals. Cells 2024; 13:303. [PMID: 38391915 PMCID: PMC10886904 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based cellular projections that act as motile, sensory, and secretory organelles. These structures receive information from the environment and transmit downstream signals to the cell body. Cilia also release vesicular ectosomes that bud from the ciliary membrane and carry an array of bioactive enzymes and peptide products. Peptidergic signals represent an ancient mode of intercellular communication, and in metazoans are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and various other physiological processes and responses. Numerous peptide receptors, subtilisin-like proteases, the peptide-amidating enzyme, and bioactive amidated peptide products have been localized to these organelles. In this review, we detail how cilia serve as specialized signaling organelles and act as a platform for the regulated processing and secretion of peptidergic signals. We especially focus on the processing and trafficking pathways by which a peptide precursor from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is converted into an amidated bioactive product-a chemotactic modulator-and released from cilia in ectosomes. Biochemical dissection of this complex ciliary secretory pathway provides a paradigm for understanding cilia-based peptidergic signaling in mammals and other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M. King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA;
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5
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Romanova DY, Varoqueaux F, Eitel M, Yoshida MA, Nikitin MA, Moroz LL. Long-Term Culturing of Placozoans (Trichoplax and Hoilungia). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2757:509-529. [PMID: 38668981 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3642-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The phylum Placozoa remains one of the least explored among early-branching metazoan lineages. For over 130 years, this phylum had been represented by the single species Trichoplax adhaerens-an animal with the simplest known body plan (three cell layers without any organs) but complex behaviors. Recently, extensive sampling of placozoans across the globe and their subsequent genetic analysis have revealed incredible biodiversity with numerous cryptic species worldwide. However, only a few culture protocols are available to date, and all are for one species only. Here, we describe the breeding of four different species representing two placozoan genera: Trichoplax adhaerens, Trichoplax sp. H2, Hoilungia sp. H4, and Hoilungia hongkongensis originating from diverse biotopes. Our protocols allow to culture all species under comparable conditions. Next, we outlined various food sources and optimized strain-specific parameters enabling long-term culturing. These protocols can facilitate comparative analyses of placozoan biology and behaviors, which together will contribute to deciphering general principles of animal organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Frédérique Varoqueaux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Eitel
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Palaeontology & Geobiology, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Masa-Aki Yoshida
- Marine Biological Science Section, Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Okinoshima, Oki, Shimane, Japan
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
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6
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Romanova DY, Moroz LL. Brief History of Placozoa. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2757:103-122. [PMID: 38668963 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3642-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Placozoans are morphologically the simplest free-living animals. They represent a unique window of opportunities to understand both the origin of the animal organization and the rules of life for the system and synthetic biology of the future. However, despite more than 100 years of their investigations, we know little about their organization, natural habitats, and life strategies. Here, we introduce this unique animal phylum and highlight some directions vital to broadening the frontiers of the biomedical sciences. In particular, understanding the genomic bases of placozoan biodiversity, cell identity, connectivity, reproduction, and cellular bases of behavior are critical hot spots for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
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7
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY. Chemical cognition: chemoconnectomics and convergent evolution of integrative systems in animals. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1851-1864. [PMID: 38015282 PMCID: PMC11106658 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurons underpin cognition in animals. However, the roots of animal cognition are elusive from both mechanistic and evolutionary standpoints. Two conceptual frameworks both highlight and promise to address these challenges. First, we discuss evidence that animal neural and other integrative systems evolved more than once (convergent evolution) within basal metazoan lineages, giving us unique experiments by Nature for future studies. The most remarkable examples are neural systems in ctenophores and neuroid-like systems in placozoans and sponges. Second, in addition to classical synaptic wiring, a chemical connectome mediated by hundreds of signal molecules operates in tandem with neurons and is the most information-rich source of emerging properties and adaptability. The major gap-dynamic, multifunctional chemical micro-environments in nervous systems-is not understood well. Thus, novel tools and information are needed to establish mechanistic links between orchestrated, yet cell-specific, volume transmission and behaviors. Uniting what we call chemoconnectomics and analyses of the cellular bases of behavior in basal metazoan lineages arguably would form the foundation for deciphering the origins and early evolution of elementary cognition and intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, USA.
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Najle SR, Grau-Bové X, Elek A, Navarrete C, Cianferoni D, Chiva C, Cañas-Armenteros D, Mallabiabarrena A, Kamm K, Sabidó E, Gruber-Vodicka H, Schierwater B, Serrano L, Sebé-Pedrós A. Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution. Cell 2023; 186:4676-4693.e29. [PMID: 37729907 PMCID: PMC10580291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of the neuronal and other major cell type programs occurred early in animal evolution. We can reconstruct this process by studying non-bilaterians like placozoans. These small disc-shaped animals not only have nine morphologically described cell types and no neurons but also show coordinated behaviors triggered by peptide-secreting cells. We investigated possible neuronal affinities of these peptidergic cells using phylogenetics, chromatin profiling, and comparative single-cell genomics in four placozoans. We found conserved cell type expression programs across placozoans, including populations of transdifferentiating and cycling cells, suggestive of active cell type homeostasis. We also uncovered fourteen peptidergic cell types expressing neuronal-associated components like the pre-synaptic scaffold that derive from progenitor cells with neurogenesis signatures. In contrast, earlier-branching animals like sponges and ctenophores lacked this conserved expression. Our findings indicate that key neuronal developmental and effector gene modules evolved before the advent of cnidarian/bilaterian neurons in the context of paracrine cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián R Najle
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Grau-Bové
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anamaria Elek
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Navarrete
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damiano Cianferoni
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Chiva
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Didac Cañas-Armenteros
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arrate Mallabiabarrena
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kai Kamm
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Harald Gruber-Vodicka
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany; American Museum of Natural History, Richard Gilder Graduate School, NY, USA
| | - Luis Serrano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Sebé-Pedrós
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Brunet T. Cell contractility in early animal evolution. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R966-R985. [PMID: 37751712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue deformation mediated by collective cell contractility is a signature characteristic of animals. In most animals, fast and reversible contractions of muscle cells mediate behavior, while slow and irreversible contractions of epithelial or mesenchymal cells play a key role in morphogenesis. Animal tissue contractility relies on the activity of the actin/myosin II complex (together referred to as 'actomyosin'), an ancient and versatile molecular machinery that performs a broad range of functions in development and physiology. This review synthesizes emerging insights from morphological and molecular studies into the evolutionary history of animal contractile tissue. The most ancient functions of actomyosin are cell crawling and cytokinesis, which are found in a wide variety of unicellular eukaryotes and in individual metazoan cells. Another contractile functional module, apical constriction, is universal in metazoans and shared with choanoflagellates, their closest known living relatives. The evolution of animal contractile tissue involved two key innovations: firstly, the ability to coordinate and integrate actomyosin assembly across multiple cells, notably to generate supracellular cables, which ensure tissue integrity but also allow coordinated morphogenesis and movements at the organism scale; and secondly, the evolution of dedicated contractile cell types for adult movement, belonging to two broad categories respectively defined by the expression of the fast (striated-type) and slow (smooth/non-muscle-type) myosin II paralogs. Both contractile cell types ancestrally resembled generic contractile epithelial or mesenchymal cells and might have played a versatile role in both behavior and morphogenesis. Modern animal contractile cells span a continuum between unspecialized contractile epithelia (which underlie behavior in modern placozoans), epithelia with supracellular actomyosin cables (found in modern sponges), epitheliomuscular tissues (with a concentration of actomyosin cables in basal processes, for example in sea anemones), and specialized muscle tissue that has lost most or all epithelial properties (as in ctenophores, jellyfish and bilaterians). Recent studies in a broad range of metazoans have begun to reveal the molecular basis of these transitions, powered by the elaboration of the contractile apparatus and the evolution of 'core regulatory complexes' of transcription factors specifying contractile cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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10
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Elkhatib W, Yanez-Guerra LA, Mayorova TD, Currie MA, Singh A, Perera M, Gauberg J, Senatore A. Function and phylogeny support the independent evolution of an ASIC-like Deg/ENaC channel in the Placozoa. Commun Biol 2023; 6:951. [PMID: 37723223 PMCID: PMC10507113 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ASIC channels are bilaterian proton-gated sodium channels belonging to the large and functionally-diverse Deg/ENaC family that also includes peptide- and mechanically-gated channels. Here, we report that the non-bilaterian invertebrate Trichoplax adhaerens possesses a proton-activated Deg/ENaC channel, TadNaC2, with a unique combination of biophysical features including tachyphylaxis like ASIC1a, reduced proton sensitivity like ASIC2a, biphasic macroscopic currents like ASIC3, as well as low sensitivity to the Deg/ENaC channel blocker amiloride and Ca2+ ions. Structural modeling and mutation analyses reveal that TadNaC2 proton gating is different from ASIC channels, lacking key molecular determinants, and involving unique residues within the palm and finger regions. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that a monophyletic clade of T. adhaerens Deg/ENaC channels, which includes TadNaC2, is phylogenetically distinct from ASIC channels, instead forming a clade with BASIC channels. Altogether, this work suggests that ASIC-like channels evolved independently in T. adhaerens and its phylum Placozoa. Our phylogenetic analysis also identifies several clades of uncharacterized metazoan Deg/ENaC channels, and provides phylogenetic evidence for the existence of Deg/ENaC channels outside of Metazoa, present in the gene data of select unicellular heterokont and filasterea-related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Elkhatib
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Luis A Yanez-Guerra
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, England
| | | | - Mark A Currie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Anhadvir Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Maria Perera
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Julia Gauberg
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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11
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Zhong G, Kroo L, Prakash M. Thermotaxis in an apolar, non-neuronal animal. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230279. [PMID: 37700707 PMCID: PMC10498350 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal circuits are hallmarks of complex decision-making processes in the animal world. How animals without neurons process information and respond to environmental cues promises a new window into studying precursors of neuronal control and origin of the nervous system as we know it today. Robust decision making in animals, such as in chemotaxis or thermotaxis, often requires internal symmetry breaking (such as anterior-posterior (AP) axis) provided naturally by a given body plan of an animal. Here we report the discovery of robust thermotaxis behaviour in Trichoplax adhaerens, an early-divergent, enigmatic animal with no anterior-posterior symmetry breaking (apolar) and no known neurons or muscles. We present a quantitative and robust behavioural response assay in Placozoa, which presents an apolar flat geometry. By exposing T. adhaerens to a thermal gradient under a long-term imaging set-up, we observe robust thermotaxis that occurs over timescale of hours, independent of any circadian rhythms. We quantify that T. adhaerens can detect thermal gradients of at least 0.1°C cm-1. Positive thermotaxis is observed for a range of baseline temperatures from 17°C to 22.5°C, and distributions of momentary speeds for both thermotaxis and control conditions are well described by single exponential fits. Interestingly, the organism does not maintain a fixed orientation while performing thermotaxis. Using natural diversity in size of adult organisms (100 µm to a few millimetres), we find no apparent size-dependence in thermotaxis behaviour across an order of magnitude of organism size. Several transient receptor potential (TRP) family homologues have been previously reported to be conserved in metazoans, including in T. adhaerens. We discover naringenin, a known TRPM3 antagonist, inhibits thermotaxis in T. adhaerens. The discovery of robust thermotaxis in T. adhaerens provides a tractable handle to interrogate information processing in a brainless animal. Understanding how divergent marine animals process thermal cues is also critical due to rapid temperature rise in our oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laurel Kroo
- Department of Mechanical engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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12
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Monteagudo-Cascales E, Ortega Á, Velando F, Morel B, Matilla MA, Krell T. Study of NIT domain-containing chemoreceptors from two global phytopathogens and identification of NIT domains in eukaryotes. Mol Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37186477 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial signal transduction systems are typically activated by the binding of signal molecules to receptor ligand binding domains (LBDs), such as the NIT LBD. We report here the identification of the NIT domain in more than 15,000 receptors that were present in 30 bacterial phyla, but also in 19 eukaryotic phyla, expanding its known phylogenetic distribution. The NIT domain formed part of seven receptor families that either control transcription, mediate chemotaxis or regulate second messenger levels. We have produced the NIT domains from chemoreceptors of the bacterial phytopathogens Pectobacterium atrosepticum (PacN) and Pseudomonas savastanoi (PscN) as individual purified proteins. High-throughput ligand screening using compound libraries revealed a specificity for nitrate and nitrite binding. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed that PacN-LBD bound preferentially nitrate ( K D = 1.9 μM), whereas the affinity of PscN-LBD for nitrite ( K D = 2.1 μM) was 22 times higher than that for nitrate. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments indicated that PscN-LBD is monomeric in the presence and absence of ligands. The R182A mutant of PscN did not bind nitrate or nitrite. This residue is not conserved in the NIT domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chemoreceptor PA4520, which may be related to its failure to bind nitrate/nitrite. The magnitude of P. atrosepticum chemotaxis towards nitrate was significantly greater than that of nitrite and pacN deletion almost abolished responses to both compounds. This study highlights the important role of nitrate and nitrite as signal molecules in life and advances our knowledge on the NIT domain as universal nitrate/nitrite sensor module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabet Monteagudo-Cascales
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 'B' and Immunology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - Félix Velando
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Bertrand Morel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Matilla
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Tino Krell
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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13
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Thoma V, Sakai S, Nagata K, Ishii Y, Maruyama S, Abe A, Kondo S, Kawata M, Hamada S, Deguchi R, Tanimoto H. On the origin of appetite: GLWamide in jellyfish represents an ancestral satiety neuropeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221493120. [PMID: 37011192 PMCID: PMC10104569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221493120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake is regulated by internal state. This function is mediated by hormones and neuropeptides, which are best characterized in popular model species. However, the evolutionary origins of such feeding-regulating neuropeptides are poorly understood. We used the jellyfish Cladonema to address this question. Our combined transcriptomic, behavioral, and anatomical approaches identified GLWamide as a feeding-suppressing peptide that selectively inhibits tentacle contraction in this jellyfish. In the fruit fly Drosophila, myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) is a related satiety peptide. Surprisingly, we found that GLWamide and MIP were fully interchangeable in these evolutionarily distant species for feeding suppression. Our results suggest that the satiety signaling systems of diverse animals share an ancient origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimiros Thoma
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-0845, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Koki Nagata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuu Ishii
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-0845, Japan
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Maruyama
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai980-8578, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo112-8610, Japan
| | - Ayako Abe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Shu Kondo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo125-8585, Japan
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka411-8540, Japan
| | - Masakado Kawata
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai980-8578, Japan
| | - Shun Hamada
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka813-8529, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Deguchi
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-0845, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
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14
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Kraus A, Garcia B, Ma J, Herrera KJ, Zwaka H, Harpaz R, Wong RY, Engert F, Salinas I. Olfactory detection of viruses shapes brain immunity and behavior in zebrafish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533129. [PMID: 37034630 PMCID: PMC10081220 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are constantly exposed to pathogens, including viruses. However, serious brain infection via the olfactory route rarely occurs. When OSNs detect a virus, they coordinate local antiviral immune responses to stop virus progression to the brain. Despite effective immune control in the olfactory periphery, pathogen-triggered neuronal signals reach the CNS via the olfactory bulb (OB). We hypothesized that neuronal detection of a virus by OSNs initiates neuroimmune responses in the OB that prevent pathogen invasion. Using zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as a model, we demonstrate viral-specific neuronal activation of OSNs projecting into the OB, indicating that OSNs are electrically activated by viruses. Further, behavioral changes are seen in both adult and larval zebrafish after viral exposure. By profiling the transcription of single cells in the OB after OSNs are exposed to virus, we found that both microglia and neurons enter a protective state. Microglia and macrophage populations in the OB respond within minutes of nasal viral delivery followed decreased expression of neuronal differentiation factors and enrichment of genes in the neuropeptide signaling pathway in neuronal clusters. Pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide ( pacap ), a known antimicrobial, was especially enriched in a neuronal cluster. We confirm that PACAP is antiviral in vitro and that PACAP expression increases in the OB 1 day post-viral treatment. Our work reveals how encounters with viruses in the olfactory periphery shape the vertebrate brain by inducing antimicrobial programs in neurons and by altering host behavior.
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15
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Nikitin MA, Romanova DY, Borman SI, Moroz LL. Amino acids integrate behaviors in nerveless placozoans. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1125624. [PMID: 37123368 PMCID: PMC10133484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1125624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Placozoans are the simplest known free-living animals without recognized neurons and muscles but a complex behavioral repertoire. However, mechanisms and cellular bases of behavioral coordination are unknown. Here, using Trichoplax adhaerens as a model, we described 0.02-0.002 Hz oscillations in locomotory and feeding patterns as evidence of complex multicellular integration; and showed their dependence on the endogenous secretion of signal molecules. Evolutionary conserved low-molecular-weight transmitters (glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA, and ATP) acted as coordinators of distinct locomotory and feeding patterns. Specifically, L-glutamate induced and partially mimicked endogenous feeding cycles, whereas glycine and GABA suppressed feeding. ATP-modified feeding is complex, first causing feeding-like cycles and then suppressing feeding. Trichoplax locomotion was modulated by glycine, GABA, and, surprisingly, by animals' own mucus trails. Mucus triples locomotory speed compared to clean substrates. Glycine and GABA increased the frequency of turns. The effects of the amino acids are likely mediated by numerous receptors (R), including those from ionotropic GluRs, metabotropic GluRs, and GABA-BR families. Eighty-five of these receptors are encoded in the Trichoplax genome, more than in any other animal sequenced. Phylogenetic reconstructions illuminate massive lineage-specific expansions of amino acid receptors in Placozoa, Cnidaria, and Porifera and parallel evolution of nutritional sensing. Furthermore, we view the integration of feeding behaviors in nerveless animals by amino acids as ancestral exaptations that pave the way for co-options of glutamate, glycine, GABA, and ATP as classical neurotransmitters in eumetazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simkha I. Borman
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Leonid L. Moroz,
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16
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Hayakawa E, Guzman C, Horiguchi O, Kawano C, Shiraishi A, Mohri K, Lin MF, Nakamura R, Nakamura R, Kawai E, Komoto S, Jokura K, Shiba K, Shigenobu S, Satake H, Inaba K, Watanabe H. Mass spectrometry of short peptides reveals common features of metazoan peptidergic neurons. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1438-1448. [PMID: 35941202 PMCID: PMC9525235 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of neurons remain unknown. Although recent genome data of extant early-branching animals have shown that neural genes existed in the common ancestor of animals, the physiological and genetic properties of neurons in the early evolutionary phase are still unclear. Here, we performed a mass spectrometry-based comprehensive survey of short peptides from early-branching lineages Cnidaria, Porifera and Ctenophora. We identified a number of mature ctenophore neuropeptides that are expressed in neurons associated with sensory, muscular and digestive systems. The ctenophore peptides are stored in vesicles in cell bodies and neurites, suggesting volume transmission similar to that of cnidarian and bilaterian peptidergic systems. A comparison of genetic characteristics revealed that the peptide-expressing cells of Cnidaria and Ctenophora express the vast majority of genes that have pivotal roles in maturation, secretion and degradation of neuropeptides in Bilateria. Functional analysis of neuropeptides and prediction of receptors with machine learning demonstrated peptide regulation of a wide range of target effector cells, including cells of muscular systems. The striking parallels between the peptidergic neuronal properties of Cnidaria and Bilateria and those of Ctenophora, the most basal neuron-bearing animals, suggest a common evolutionary origin of metazoan peptidergic nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Hayakawa
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Christine Guzman
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Horiguchi
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kawano
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kurato Mohri
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mei-Fang Lin
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamura
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Erina Kawai
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Komoto
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Imaging Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kei Jokura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Center for the Development of New Model Organisms, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
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17
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Hauser F, Koch TL, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP. Review: The evolution of peptidergic signaling in Cnidaria and Placozoa, including a comparison with Bilateria. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:973862. [PMID: 36213267 PMCID: PMC9545775 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.973862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateria have bilateral symmetry and are subdivided into Deuterostomia (animals like vertebrates) and Protostomia (animals like insects and mollusks). Neuropeptides occur in both Proto- and Deuterostomia and they are frequently structurally related across these two lineages. For example, peptides belonging to the oxytocin/vasopressin family exist in both clades. The same is true for the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of these peptides. These observations suggest that these neuropeptides and their GPCRs were already present in the common ancestor of Proto- and Deuterostomia, which lived about 700 million years ago (MYA). Furthermore, neuropeptides and their GPCRs occur in two early-branching phyla that diverged before the emergence of Bilateria: Cnidaria (animals like corals and sea anemones), and Placozoa (small disk-like animals, feeding on algae). The sequences of these neuropeptides and their GPCRs, however, are not closely related to those from Bilateria. In addition, cnidarian neuropeptides and their receptors are not closely related to those from Placozoa. We propose that the divergence times between Cnidaria, Placozoa, and Bilateria might be too long for recognizing sequence identities. Leucine-rich repeats-containing GPCRs (LGRs) are a special class of GPCRs that are characterized by a long N-terminus containing 10-20 leucine-rich domains, which are used for ligand binding. Among the ligands for LGRs are dimeric glycoprotein hormones, and insulin-like peptides, such as relaxin. LGRs have been found not only in Proto- and Deuterostomia, but also in early emerging phyla, such as Cnidaria and Placozoa. Humans have eight LGRs. In our current review, we have revisited the annotations of LGRs from the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens. We identified 13 sea anemone LGRs and no less than 46 LGRs from T. adhaerens. All eight human LGRs appear to have orthologues in sea anemones and placozoans. LGRs and their ligands, therefore, have a long evolutionary history, going back to the common ancestor of Cnidaria and Placozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hauser
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Koch
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Luxmi R, King SM. Cilia-derived vesicles: An ancient route for intercellular communication. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:82-92. [PMID: 35346578 PMCID: PMC9378432 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a mechanism for intercellular communication that transports complex signals in membrane delimited structures between cells, tissues and organisms. Cells secrete EVs of various subtypes defined by the pathway leading to release and by the pathological condition of the cell. Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that can act as sensory structures surveilling the extracellular environment. Here we discuss the secretory functions of cilia and their biological implications. Studies in multiple species - from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the chlorophyte alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to mammals - have revealed that cilia shed bioactive EVs (ciliary EVs or ectosomes) by outward budding of the ciliary membrane. The content of ciliary EVs is distinct from that of other vesicles released by cells. Peptides regulate numerous aspects of metazoan physiology and development through evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Intriguingly, cilia-derived vesicles have recently been found to mediate peptidergic signaling. C. reinhardtii releases the peptide α-amidating enzyme (PAM), bioactive amidated products and components of the peptidergic signaling machinery in ciliary EVs in a developmentally regulated manner. Considering the origin of cilia in early eukaryotes, it is likely that release of peptidergic signals in ciliary EVs represents an alternative and ancient mode of regulated secretion that cells can utilize in the absence of dedicated secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Luxmi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA.
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Neuropeptides are a diverse class of signaling molecules in metazoans. They occur in all animals with a nervous system and also in neuron-less placozoans. However, their origin has remained unclear because no neuropeptide shows deep homology across lineages, and none have been found in sponges. Here, we identify two neuropeptide precursors, phoenixin (PNX) and nesfatin, with broad evolutionary conservation. By database searches, sequence alignments, and gene-structure comparisons, we show that both precursors are present in bilaterians, cnidarians, ctenophores, and sponges. We also found PNX and a secreted nesfatin precursor homolog in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. PNX, in particular, is highly conserved, including its cleavage sites, suggesting that prohormone processing occurs also in choanoflagellates. In addition, based on phyletic patterns and negative pharmacological assays, we question the originally proposed GPR-173 (SREB3) as a PNX receptor. Our findings revealed that secreted neuropeptide homologs derived from longer precursors have premetazoan origins and thus evolved before neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Thiel
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
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20
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Romanova DY, Nikitin MA, Shchenkov SV, Moroz LL. Expanding of Life Strategies in Placozoa: Insights From Long-Term Culturing of Trichoplax and Hoilungia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:823283. [PMID: 35223848 PMCID: PMC8864292 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.823283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Placozoans are essential reference species for understanding the origins and evolution of animal organization. However, little is known about their life strategies in natural habitats. Here, by maintaining long-term culturing for four species of Trichoplax and Hoilungia, we extend our knowledge about feeding and reproductive adaptations relevant to the diversity of life forms and immune mechanisms. Three modes of population dynamics depended upon feeding sources, including induction of social behaviors, morphogenesis, and reproductive strategies. In addition to fission, representatives of all species produced “swarmers” (a separate vegetative reproduction stage), which could also be formed from the lower epithelium with greater cell-type diversity. We monitored the formation of specialized spheroid structures from the upper cell layer in aging culture. These “spheres” could be transformed into juvenile animals under favorable conditions. We hypothesize that spheroid structures represent a component of the innate immune defense response with the involvement of fiber cells. Finally, we showed that regeneration could be a part of the adaptive reproductive strategies in placozoans and a unique experimental model for regenerative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y. Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Daria Y. Romanova, ; Leonid L. Moroz,
| | - Mikhail A. Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Daria Y. Romanova, ; Leonid L. Moroz,
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21
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Mayorova TD, Hammar K, Jung JH, Aronova MA, Zhang G, Winters CA, Reese TS, Smith CL. Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23343. [PMID: 34857844 PMCID: PMC8639732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Placozoa is a phylum of non-bilaterian marine animals. These small, flat organisms adhere to the substrate via their densely ciliated ventral epithelium, which mediates mucociliary locomotion and nutrient uptake. They have only six morphological cell types, including one, fiber cells, for which functional data is lacking. Fiber cells are non-epithelial cells with multiple processes. We used electron and light microscopic approaches to unravel the roles of fiber cells in Trichoplax adhaerens, a representative member of the phylum. Three-dimensional reconstructions of serial sections of Trichoplax showed that each fiber cell is in contact with several other cells. Examination of fiber cells in thin sections and observations of live dissociated fiber cells demonstrated that they phagocytose cell debris and bacteria. In situ hybridization confirmed that fiber cells express genes involved in phagocytic activity. Fiber cells also are involved in wound healing as evidenced from microsurgery experiments. Based on these observations we conclude that fiber cells are multi-purpose macrophage-like cells. Macrophage-like cells have been described in Porifera, Ctenophora, and Cnidaria and are widespread among Bilateria, but our study is the first to show that Placozoa possesses this cell type. The phylogenetic distribution of macrophage-like cells suggests that they appeared early in metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana D Mayorova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Katherine Hammar
- Central Microscopy Facility, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Jae H Jung
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria A Aronova
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine A Winters
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas S Reese
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn L Smith
- Light Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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22
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Koch TL, Hauser F, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP. An evolutionary genomics view on neuropeptide genes in Hydrozoa and Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:862. [PMID: 34847889 PMCID: PMC8638164 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The animal phylum Cnidaria consists of six classes or subphyla: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa, Anthozoa, and Endocnidozoa. Cnidarians have an early evolutionary origin, diverging before the emergence of the Bilateria. Extant members from this phylum, therefore, are important resources for understanding the evolution of the nervous system. Cnidarian nervous systems are strongly peptidergic. Using genomics, we have recently shown that three neuropeptide families (the X1PRX2amides, GRFamides, and GLWamides) are wide-spread in four (Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa, Anthozoa) out of six cnidarian classes or subphyla, suggesting that these three neuropeptide families emerged in the common cnidarian ancestor. In the current paper, we analyze the remaining cnidarian class, Hydrozoa, and the subphylum Endocnidozoa, to make firm conclusions about the evolution of neuropeptide genes in Cnidaria. RESULTS We analyzed sixteen hydrozoan species with a sequenced genome or transcriptome, using a recently developed software program for discovering neuropeptide genes. These species belonged to various hydrozoan subclasses and orders, among them the laboratory models Hydra, Hydractinia, and Clytia. We found that each species contained three to five neuropeptide families. A common feature for all hydrozoans was that they contained genes coding for (i) X1PRX2amide peptides, (ii) GRFamide peptides, and (iii) GLWamide peptides. These results support our previous conclusions that these three neuropeptide families evolved early in evolution. In addition to these three neuropeptide families, hydrozoans expressed up to two other neuropeptide gene families, which, however, were only occurring in certain animal groups. Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa) are microscopically small endoparasites, which are strongly reduced. For long, it was unknown to which phylum these parasites belonged, but recently they have been associated with cnidarians. We analyzed nine endocnidozoan species and found that two of them (Polypodium hydriforme and Buddenbrockia plumatellae) expressed neuropeptide genes. These genes coded for neuropeptides belonging to the GRFamide and GLWamide families with structures closely resembling them from hydrozoans. CONCLUSIONS We found X1PRX2amide, GRFamide, and GLWamide peptides in all species belonging to the Hydrozoa, confirming that these peptides originated in the common cnidarian ancestor. In addition, we discovered GRFamide and GLWamide peptide genes in some members of the Endocnidozoa, thereby linking these parasites to Hydrozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Koch
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Hauser
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelis J. P. Grimmelikhuijzen
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Burkhardt P, Jékely G. Evolution of synapses and neurotransmitter systems: The divide-and-conquer model for early neural cell-type evolution. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:127-138. [PMID: 34826676 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nervous systems evolved around 560 million years ago to coordinate and empower animal bodies. Ctenophores - one of the earliest-branching lineages - are thought to share a few neuronal genes with bilaterians and may have evolved neurons convergently. Here we review our current understanding of the evolution of neuronal molecules in nonbilaterians. We also reanalyse single-cell sequencing data in light of new cell-cluster identities from a ctenophore and uncover evidence supporting the homology of one ctenophore neuron-type with neurons in Bilateria. The specific coexpression of the presynaptic proteins Unc13 and RIM with voltage-gated channels, neuropeptides and homeobox genes pinpoint a spiking sensory-peptidergic cell in the ctenophore mouth. Similar Unc13-RIM neurons may have been present in the first eumetazoans to rise to dominance only in stem Bilateria. We hypothesise that the Unc13-RIM lineage ancestrally innervated the mouth and conquered other parts of the body with the rise of macrophagy and predation during the Cambrian explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Burkhardt
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
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24
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Neuropeptide repertoire and 3D anatomy of the ctenophore nervous system. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5274-5285.e6. [PMID: 34587474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ctenophores are gelatinous marine animals famous for locomotion by ciliary combs. Due to the uncertainties of the phylogenetic placement of ctenophores and the absence of some key bilaterian neuronal genes, it has been hypothesized that their neurons evolved independently. Additionally, recent whole-body, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis failed to identify ctenophore neurons using any of the known neuronal molecular markers. To reveal the molecular machinery of ctenophore neurons, we have characterized the neuropeptide repertoire of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Using the machine learning NeuroPID tool, we predicted 129 new putative neuropeptide precursors. Sixteen of them were localized to the subepithelial nerve net (SNN), sensory aboral organ (AO), and epithelial sensory cells (ESCs), providing evidence that they are neuropeptide precursors. Four of these putative neuropeptides had a behavioral effect and increased the animals' swimming speed. Intriguingly, these putative neuropeptides finally allowed us to identify neuronal cell types in single-cell transcriptomic data and reveal the molecular identity of ctenophore neurons. High-resolution electron microscopy and 3D reconstructions of the nerve net underlying the comb plates confirmed a more than 100-year-old hypothesis of anastomoses between neurites of the same cell in ctenophores and revealed that they occur through a continuous membrane. Our work demonstrates the unique ultrastructure of the peptidergic nerve net and a rich neuropeptide repertoire of ctenophores, supporting the hypothesis that the first nervous system(s) evolved as nets of peptidergic cells.
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25
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Schierwater B, Osigus HJ, Bergmann T, Blackstone NW, Hadrys H, Hauslage J, Humbert PO, Kamm K, Kvansakul M, Wysocki K, DeSalle R. The enigmatic Placozoa part 2: Exploring evolutionary controversies and promising questions on earth and in space. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100083. [PMID: 34490659 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens has been bridging gaps between research disciplines like no other animal. As outlined in part 1, placozoans have been subject of hot evolutionary debates and placozoans have challenged some fundamental evolutionary concepts. Here in part 2 we discuss the exceptional genetics of the phylum Placozoa and point out some challenging model system applications for the best known species, Trichoplax adhaerens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Neil W Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Heike Hadrys
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hauslage
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kai Kamm
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathrin Wysocki
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rob DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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26
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Schierwater B, Osigus HJ, Bergmann T, Blackstone NW, Hadrys H, Hauslage J, Humbert PO, Kamm K, Kvansakul M, Wysocki K, DeSalle R. The enigmatic Placozoa part 1: Exploring evolutionary controversies and poor ecological knowledge. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100080. [PMID: 34472126 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens is a tiny hairy plate and more simply organized than any other living metazoan. After its original description by F.E. Schulze in 1883, it attracted attention as a potential model for the ancestral state of metazoan organization, the "Urmetazoon". Trichoplax lacks any kind of symmetry, organs, nerve cells, muscle cells, basal lamina, and extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the placozoan genome is the smallest (not secondarily reduced) genome of all metazoan genomes. It harbors a remarkably rich diversity of genes and has been considered the best living surrogate for a metazoan ancestor genome. The phylum Placozoa presently harbors three formally described species, while several dozen "cryptic" species are yet awaiting their description. The phylogenetic position of placozoans has recently become a contested arena for modern phylogenetic analyses and view-driven claims. Trichoplax offers unique prospects for understanding the minimal requirements of metazoan animal organization and their corresponding malfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Neil W Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Heike Hadrys
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hauslage
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kai Kamm
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kathrin Wysocki
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rob DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Romanova DY, Varoqueaux F, Daraspe J, Nikitin MA, Eitel M, Fasshauer D, Moroz LL. Hidden cell diversity in Placozoa: ultrastructural insights from Hoilungia hongkongensis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:623-637. [PMID: 33876313 PMCID: PMC8523601 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
From a morphological point of view, placozoans are among the most simple free-living animals. This enigmatic phylum is critical for our understanding of the evolution of animals and their cell types. Their millimeter-sized, disc-like bodies consist of only three cell layers that are shaped by roughly seven major cell types. Placozoans lack muscle cells and neurons but are able to move using their ciliated lower surface and take up food in a highly coordinated manner. Intriguingly, the genome of Trichoplax adhaerens, the founding member of the enigmatic phylum, has disclosed a surprising level of genetic complexity. Moreover, recent molecular and functional investigations have uncovered a much larger, so-far hidden cell-type diversity. Here, we have extended the microanatomical characterization of a recently described placozoan species-Hoilungia hongkongensis. In H. hongkongensis, we recognized the established canonical three-layered placozoan body plan but also came across several morphologically distinct and potentially novel cell types, among them novel gland cells and "shiny spheres"-bearing cells at the upper epithelium. Thus, the diversity of cell types in placozoans is indeed higher than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y Romanova
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
| | - Frédérique Varoqueaux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - Michael Eitel
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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28
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY. Selective Advantages of Synapses in Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726563. [PMID: 34490275 PMCID: PMC8417881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Lab of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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29
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Moroz LL, Nikitin MA, Poličar PG, Kohn AB, Romanova DY. Evolution of glutamatergic signaling and synapses. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108740. [PMID: 34343611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate as a signaling molecule in the first place. Here, we used comparative metabolomics and genomic data to reconstruct the genealogy of glutamatergic signaling. The origin of Glu-mediated communications might be traced to primordial nitrogen and carbon metabolic pathways. The versatile chemistry of L-Glu placed this molecule at the crossroad of cellular biochemistry as one of the most abundant metabolites. From there, innovations multiplied. Many stress factors or injuries could increase extracellular glutamate concentration, which led to the development of modular molecular systems for its rapid sensing in bacteria and archaea. More than 20 evolutionarily distinct families of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) have been identified in eukaryotes. The domain compositions of iGluRs correlate with the origins of multicellularity in eukaryotes. Although L-Glu was recruited as a neuro-muscular transmitter in the early-branching metazoans, it was predominantly a non-neuronal messenger, with a possibility that glutamatergic synapses evolved more than once. Furthermore, the molecular secretory complexity of glutamatergic synapses in invertebrates (e.g., Aplysia) can exceed their vertebrate counterparts. Comparative genomics also revealed 15+ subfamilies of iGluRs across Metazoa. However, most of this ancestral diversity had been lost in the vertebrate lineage, preserving AMPA, Kainate, Delta, and NMDA receptors. The widespread expansion of glutamate synapses in the cortical areas might be associated with the enhanced metabolic demands of the complex brain and compartmentalization of Glu signaling within modular neuronal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - Pavlin G Poličar
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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30
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Glycine as a signaling molecule and chemoattractant in Trichoplax (Placozoa): insights into the early evolution of neurotransmitters. Neuroreport 2021; 31:490-497. [PMID: 32243353 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origin and early evolution of neurotransmitter signaling in animals are unclear due to limited comparative information, primarily about prebilaterian animals. Here, we performed the comparative survey of signal molecules in placozoans - the simplest known free-living animals without canonical synapses, but with complex behaviors. First, using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection, we performed microchemical analyses of transmitter candidates in Trichoplax adhaerens - the classical reference species in comparative biology. We showed that the endogenous level of glycine (about 3 mM) was significantly higher than for other candidates such as L-glutamate, L-aspartate, or gamma-aminobutyric acid. Neither serotonin nor dopamine were detected. The absolute glycine concentrations in Trichoplax were even higher than we measured in ctenophores (Beroe) and cnidarians (Aequorea). We found that at millimolar concentrations of glycine (similar to the endogenous level), induced muscle-like contractions in free behaving animals. But after long incubation (24 h), 10 M of glycine could induce cytotoxicity and cell dissociation. In contrast, micromolar concentrations (10-10 M) increased Trichoplax ciliated locomotion, suggesting that glycine might act as an endogenous signal molecule. However, we showed than glycine (10 M) can also be a chemoattractant (a guiding factor for food sources), and therefore, act as the exogenous signal. These findings provide an evolutionary base for the origin of transmitters as a result of the interplay between exogenous and endogenous signaling systems early in animal evolution.
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31
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Bäck N, Mains RE, Eipper BA. PAM: diverse roles in neuroendocrine cells, cardiomyocytes, and green algae. FEBS J 2021; 289:4470-4496. [PMID: 34089560 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the ways in which peptides are used for communication in the nervous and endocrine systems began with the identification of oxytocin, vasopressin, and insulin, each of which is stored in electron-dense granules, ready for release in response to an appropriate stimulus. For each of these peptides, entry of its newly synthesized precursor into the ER lumen is followed by transport through the secretory pathway, exposing the precursor to a sequence of environments and enzymes that produce the bioactive products stored in mature granules. A final step in the biosynthesis of many peptides is C-terminal amidation by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an ascorbate- and copper-dependent membrane enzyme that enters secretory granules along with its soluble substrates. Biochemical and cell biological studies elucidated the highly conserved mechanism for amidated peptide production and raised many questions about PAM trafficking and the effects of PAM on cytoskeletal organization and gene expression. Phylogenetic studies and the discovery of active PAM in the ciliary membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green alga lacking secretory granules, suggested that a PAM-like enzyme was present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. While the catalytic features of human and C. reinhardtii PAM are strikingly similar, the trafficking of PAM in C. reinhardtii and neuroendocrine cells and secretion of its amidated products differ. A comparison of PAM function in neuroendocrine cells, atrial myocytes, and C. reinhardtii reveals multiple ways in which altered trafficking allows PAM to accomplish different tasks in different species and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Bäck
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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32
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Huber R, Jacobson DA. The Phylogenetic Roots of Addiction: Compulsive Drug Seeking, Natural and Drug-Sensitive Reward, and the Acquisition of Learned Habits. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:217-221. [PMID: 34082419 DOI: 10.1159/000517121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Huber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel A Jacobson
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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33
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Kuznetsov AV, Vainer VI, Volkova YM, Kartashov LE. Motility disorders and disintegration into separate cells of Trichoplax sp. H2 in the presence of Zn 2+ ions and L-cysteine molecules: A systems approach. Biosystems 2021; 206:104444. [PMID: 34023485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Placozoa remain an ancient multicellular system with a dynamic body structure where calcium ions carry out a primary role in maintaining the integrity of the entire animal. Zinc ions can compete with calcium ions adsorption. We studied the effect of zinc ions and l-cysteine molecules on the interaction of Trichoplax sp. H2 cells. The regularity of formless motion was diminished in the presence of 20-25 μM of Zn2+ ions leading to the formation of branching animal forms. Locomotor ciliated cells moved chaotically and independently of each other leaving the Trichoplax body and opening a network of fiber cells. Application of 100 μM cysteine resulted in dissociation of the plate into separate cells. The combined chemical treatment shifted the effect in a random sample of animals toward disintegration, i.e. initially leading to disorder of collective cell movement and then to total body fragmentation. Two dissociation patterns of Trichoplax plate as "expanding ring" and "bicycle wheel" were revealed. Analysis of the interaction of Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions with cadherin showed that more than half (54%) of the amino acid residues with which Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions bind are common. The contact interaction of cells covered by the cadherin molecules is important for the coordinated movements of Trichoplax organism, while zinc ions are capable to break junctions between the cells. The involvement of other players, for example, l-cysteine in the regulation of Ca2+-dependent adhesion may be critical leading to the typical dissociation of Trichoplax body like in a calcium-free environment. A hypothesis about the essential role of calcium ions in the emergence of Metazoa ancestor is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kuznetsov
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - V I Vainer
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu M Volkova
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L E Kartashov
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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34
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Tanay A, Sebé-Pedrós A. Evolutionary Cell Type Mapping with Single-Cell Genomics. Trends Genet 2021; 37:919-932. [PMID: 34020820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental characteristic of animal multicellularity is the spatial coexistence of functionally specialized cell types that are all encoded by a single genome sequence. Cell type transcriptional programs are deployed and maintained by regulatory mechanisms that control the asymmetric, differential access to genomic information in each cell. This genome regulation ultimately results in specific cellular phenotypes. However, the emergence, diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of animal cell types remain almost completely unexplored beyond a few species. Single-cell genomics is emerging as a powerful tool to build comprehensive catalogs of cell types and their associated gene regulatory programs in non-traditional model species. We review the current state of sampling efforts across the animal tree of life and challenges ahead for the comparative study of cell type programs. We also discuss how the phylogenetic integration of cell atlases can lead to the development of models of cell type evolution and a phylogenetic taxonomy of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Tanay
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Arnau Sebé-Pedrós
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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35
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Kraus A, Buckley KM, Salinas I. Sensing the world and its dangers: An evolutionary perspective in neuroimmunology. eLife 2021; 10:66706. [PMID: 33900197 PMCID: PMC8075586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting danger is key to the survival and success of all species. Animal nervous and immune systems cooperate to optimize danger detection. Preceding studies have highlighted the benefits of bringing neurons into the defense game, including regulation of immune responses, wound healing, pathogen control, and survival. Here, we summarize the body of knowledge in neuroimmune communication and assert that neuronal participation in the immune response is deeply beneficial in each step of combating infection, from inception to resolution. Despite the documented tight association between the immune and nervous systems in mammals or invertebrate model organisms, interdependence of these two systems is largely unexplored across metazoans. This review brings a phylogenetic perspective of the nervous and immune systems in the context of danger detection and advocates for the use of non-model organisms to diversify the field of neuroimmunology. We identify key taxa that are ripe for investigation due to the emergence of key evolutionary innovations in their immune and nervous systems. This novel perspective will help define the primordial principles that govern neuroimmune communication across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Kraus
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | | | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
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36
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Abstract
The evolutionary origin of the nervous system has been a matter of long-standing debate. This is due to the different perspectives taken. Earlier studies addressed nervous system origins at the cellular level. They focused on the selective advantage of the first neuron in its local context, and considered vertical sensory-motor reflex arcs the first nervous system. Later studies emphasized the value of the nervous system at the tissue level. Rather than acting locally, early neurons were seen as part of an elementary nerve net that enabled the horizontal coordination of tissue movements. Opinions have also differed on the nature of effector cells. While most authors have favoured contractile systems, others see the key output of the incipient nervous system in the coordination of motile cilia, or the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. I will discuss these divergent views and explore how they can be validated by molecular and single-cell data. From this survey, possible consensus emerges: (i) the first manifestation of the nervous system likely was a nerve net, whereas specialized local circuits evolved later; (ii) different nerve nets may have evolved for the coordination of contractile or cilia-driven movements; (iii) all evolving nerve nets facilitated new forms of animal behaviour with increasing body size. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY, Kohn AB. Neural versus alternative integrative systems: molecular insights into origins of neurotransmitters. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190762. [PMID: 33550949 PMCID: PMC7935107 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and functions of neurotransmitter systems in basal metazoans as well as outline hypotheses of their origins. We explore the scenario that neurons arose from genetically different populations of secretory cells capable of volume chemical transmission and integration of behaviours without canonical synapses. The closest representation of this primordial organization is currently found in Placozoa, disk-like animals with the simplest known cell composition but complex behaviours. We propose that injury-related signalling was the evolutionary predecessor for integrative functions of early transmitters such as nitric oxide, ATP, protons, glutamate and small peptides. By contrast, acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, octopamine, serotonin and histamine were recruited as canonical neurotransmitters relatively later in animal evolution, only in bilaterians. Ligand-gated ion channels often preceded the establishment of novel neurotransmitter systems. Moreover, lineage-specific diversification of neurotransmitter receptors occurred in parallel within Cnidaria and several bilaterian lineages, including acoels. In summary, ancestral diversification of secretory signal molecules provides unique chemical microenvironments for behaviour-driven innovations that pave the way to complex brain functions and elementary cognition. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 5A Butlerova Street, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Andrea B. Kohn
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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38
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Jékely G. The chemical brain hypothesis for the origin of nervous systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190761. [PMID: 33550946 PMCID: PMC7935135 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In nervous systems, there are two main modes of transmission for the propagation of activity between cells. Synaptic transmission relies on close contact at chemical or electrical synapses while volume transmission is mediated by diffusible chemical signals and does not require direct contact. It is possible to wire complex neuronal networks by both chemical and synaptic transmission. Both types of networks are ubiquitous in nervous systems, leading to the question which of the two appeared first in evolution. This paper explores a scenario where chemically organized cellular networks appeared before synapses in evolution, a possibility supported by the presence of complex peptidergic signalling in all animals except sponges. Small peptides are ideally suited to link up cells into chemical networks. They have unlimited diversity, high diffusivity and high copy numbers derived from repetitive precursors. But chemical signalling is diffusion limited and becomes inefficient in larger bodies. To overcome this, peptidergic cells may have developed projections and formed synaptically connected networks tiling body surfaces and displaying synchronized activity with pulsatile peptide release. The advent of circulatory systems and neurohemal organs further reduced the constraint imposed on chemical signalling by diffusion. This could have contributed to the explosive radiation of peptidergic signalling systems in stem bilaterians. Neurosecretory centres in extant nervous systems are still predominantly chemically wired and coexist with the synaptic brain. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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39
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Jékely G, Budd GE. Animal Phylogeny: Resolving the Slugfest of Ctenophores, Sponges and Acoels? Curr Biol 2021; 31:R202-R204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Smith CL, Mayorova TD, Winters CA, Reese TS, Leys SP, Heyland A. Microscopy Studies of Placozoans. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2219:99-118. [PMID: 33074536 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0974-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Trichoplax adhaerens is an enigmatic animal with an extraordinarily simple morphology and a cellular organization, which are the focus of current research. Protocols outlined here provide detailed descriptions of advanced techniques for light and electron microscopic studies of Trichoplax. Studies using these techniques have enhanced our understanding of cell type diversity and function in placozoans and have provided insight into the evolution, development, and physiology of this little understood group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Smith
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tatiana D Mayorova
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine A Winters
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas S Reese
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andreas Heyland
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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41
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Gauberg J, Senatore A, Heyland A. Functional Studies of Trichoplax adhaerens Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2219:277-288. [PMID: 33074548 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0974-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichoplax adhaerens is a member of the phylum Placozoa, an enigmatic group of benthic animals with remarkably simple morphology. While initial work on these organisms has primarily focused on their morphology and the development of genomic resources, Trichoplax has received increased attention as a model for studying the evolution of nervous and sensory systems. This work is motivated by the fact that Trichoplax features distinct behaviours and responses to environmental stimuli. Therefore, much progress has been made in recent years on the molecular, cellular, and behavioral understanding of this organism. Methods outlined here provide hands-on approaches to cutting edge molecular and cellular techniques to record cellular activities in Trichoplax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauberg
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Andreas Heyland
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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42
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Gauberg J, Abdallah S, Elkhatib W, Harracksingh AN, Piekut T, Stanley EF, Senatore A. Conserved biophysical features of the Ca V2 presynaptic Ca 2+ channel homologue from the early-diverging animal Trichoplax adhaerens. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18553-18578. [PMID: 33097592 PMCID: PMC7939481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominant role of CaV2 voltage-gated calcium channels for driving neurotransmitter release is broadly conserved. Given the overlapping functional properties of CaV2 and CaV1 channels, and less so CaV3 channels, it is unclear why there have not been major shifts toward dependence on other CaV channels for synaptic transmission. Here, we provide a structural and functional profile of the CaV2 channel cloned from the early-diverging animal Trichoplax adhaerens, which lacks a nervous system but possesses single gene homologues for CaV1-CaV3 channels. Remarkably, the highly divergent channel possesses similar features as human CaV2.1 and other CaV2 channels, including high voltage-activated currents that are larger in external Ba2+ than in Ca2+; voltage-dependent kinetics of activation, inactivation, and deactivation; and bimodal recovery from inactivation. Altogether, the functional profile of Trichoplax CaV2 suggests that the core features of presynaptic CaV2 channels were established early during animal evolution, after CaV1 and CaV2 channels emerged via proposed gene duplication from an ancestral CaV1/2 type channel. The Trichoplax channel was relatively insensitive to mammalian CaV2 channel blockers ω-agatoxin-IVA and ω-conotoxin-GVIA and to metal cation blockers Cd2+ and Ni2+ Also absent was the capacity for voltage-dependent G-protein inhibition by co-expressed Trichoplax Gβγ subunits, which nevertheless inhibited the human CaV2.1 channel, suggesting that this modulatory capacity evolved via changes in channel sequence/structure, and not G proteins. Last, the Trichoplax channel was immunolocalized in cells that express an endomorphin-like peptide implicated in cell signaling and locomotive behavior and other likely secretory cells, suggesting contributions to regulated exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauberg
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salsabil Abdallah
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wassim Elkhatib
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicia N Harracksingh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Piekut
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elise F Stanley
- Laboratory of Synaptic Transmission, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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43
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY, Nikitin MA, Sohn D, Kohn AB, Neveu E, Varoqueaux F, Fasshauer D. The diversification and lineage-specific expansion of nitric oxide signaling in Placozoa: insights in the evolution of gaseous transmission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13020. [PMID: 32747709 PMCID: PMC7400543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gaseous messenger, but we know little about its early evolution. Here, we analyzed NO synthases (NOS) in four different species of placozoans-one of the early-branching animal lineages. In contrast to other invertebrates studied, Trichoplax and Hoilungia have three distinct NOS genes, including PDZ domain-containing NOS. Using ultra-sensitive capillary electrophoresis assays, we quantified nitrites (products of NO oxidation) and L-citrulline (co-product of NO synthesis from L-arginine), which were affected by NOS inhibitors confirming the presence of functional enzymes in Trichoplax. Using fluorescent single-molecule in situ hybridization, we showed that distinct NOSs are expressed in different subpopulations of cells, with a noticeable distribution close to the edge regions of Trichoplax. These data suggest both the compartmentalized release of NO and a greater diversity of cell types in placozoans than anticipated. NO receptor machinery includes both canonical and novel NIT-domain containing soluble guanylate cyclases as putative NO/nitrite/nitrate sensors. Thus, although Trichoplax and Hoilungia exemplify the morphologically simplest free-living animals, the complexity of NO-cGMP-mediated signaling in Placozoa is greater to those in vertebrates. This situation illuminates multiple lineage-specific diversifications of NOSs and NO/nitrite/nitrate sensors from the common ancestor of Metazoa and the preservation of conservative NOS architecture from prokaryotic ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine and Gainesville, FL, 32080, USA.
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dosung Sohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine and Gainesville, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine and Gainesville, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Emilie Neveu
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frederique Varoqueaux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
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44
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Kuznetsov AV, Kuleshova ON, Pronozin AY, Krivenko OV, Zavyalova OS. Effects of low frequency rectangular electric pulses on Trichoplax (Placozoa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2020.05.2.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on plants and animals including humans is quite a contentious issue. Little is known about ELF-EMF effect on hydrobionts, too. We studied the effect of square voltage waves of various amplitude, duration, and duty cycle, passed through seawater, on Trichoplax organisms as a possible test laboratory model. Three Placozoa strains, such as Trichoplax adhaerens (H1), Trichoplax sp. (H2), and Hoilungia hongkongensis (H13), were used in experiments. They were picked at the stationary growth phase. Arduino Uno electronics platform was used to generate a sequence of rectangular pulses of given duration and duty cycle with a frequency up to 2 kHz. Average voltage up to 500 mV was regulated by voltage divider circuit. Amlodipine, an inhibitor of calcium channel activity, was used to check the specificity of electrical pulse effect on voltage-gated calcium channels in Trichoplax. Experimental animals were investigated under a stereo microscope and stimulated by current-carrying electrodes placed close to a Trichoplax body. Variations in behavior and morphological characteristics of Trichoplax plate were studied. Stimulating and suppressing effects were identified. Experimental observations were recorded using photo and video techniques. Motion trajectories of individual animals were tracked. Increasing voltage pulses with fixed frequency of 20 Hz caused H2 haplotype individuals to leave “electrode zone” within several minutes at a voltage of 25 mV. They lost mobility in proportion to voltage rise and were paralyzed at a voltage of 500 mV. Therefore, a voltage of 50 mV was used in further experiments. An animal had more chance to move in various directions in experiments with two electrodes located on one side instead of both sides of Trichoplax. Direction of motion was used as a characteristic feature. Trichoplax were observed to migrate to areas with low density of electric field lines, which are far from electrodes or behind them. Animals from old culture were less sensitive to electrical stimulus. H2 strain was more reactive than H1 strain and especially than H13 strain; it demonstrated stronger physiological responses at frequencies of 2 Hz and 2 kHz with a voltage of 50 mV. Motion patterns and animal morphology depended on the duration of rectangular stimulation pulses, their number, amplitude, and frequency. Effects observed varied over a wide range: from direct or stochastic migration of animals to the anode or the cathode or away from it to their immobility, an increase of optical density around and in the middle of Trichoplax plate, and finally to Trichoplax folding and detach from the substrate. Additional experiments on Trichoplax sp. H2 with pulse duration of 35 ms and pulse delay of 1 ms to 10 s showed that the fraction of paralyzed animals increased up to 80 % with minimum delay. Nevertheless, in the presence of amlodipine with a concentration of 25 nM, almost all Trichoplax remained fast-moving for several minutes despite exposure to voltage waves. Experimental animals showed a total discoordination of motion and could not leave an “electrode trap”, when amlodipine with a concentration of 250 nM was used. Further, Trichoplax plate became rigid, which appeared in animal shape invariability during motion. Finally, amlodipine with a concentration of 50 μM caused a rapid folding of animal plate-like body into a pan in the ventral-dorsal direction and subsequent dissociation of Trichoplax plate into individual cells. In general, the electrical exposure applied demonstrated a cumulative but a reversible physiological effect, which, as expected, is associated with activity of voltage-gated calcium channels. Amlodipine at high concentration (50 μM) caused Trichoplax disintegration; at moderate concentration (250 nM), it disrupted the propagation of activation waves that led to discoordination of animal motion; at low concentration (25 nM), it prevented an electric shock.
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Brunet T, Larson BT, Linden TA, Vermeij MJA, McDonald K, King N. Light-regulated collective contractility in a multicellular choanoflagellate. Science 2020; 366:326-334. [PMID: 31624206 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell contractions that generate global tissue deformations are a signature feature of animal movement and morphogenesis. However, the origin of collective contractility in animals remains unclear. While surveying the Caribbean island of Curaçao for choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, we isolated a previously undescribed species (here named Choanoeca flexa sp. nov.) that forms multicellular cup-shaped colonies. The colonies rapidly invert their curvature in response to changing light levels, which they detect through a rhodopsin-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Inversion requires actomyosin-mediated apical contractility and allows alternation between feeding and swimming behavior. C. flexa thus rapidly converts sensory inputs directly into multicellular contractions. These findings may inform reconstructions of hypothesized animal ancestors that existed before the evolution of specialized sensory and contractile cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ben T Larson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tess A Linden
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark J A Vermeij
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, CARMABI, Piscaderabaai z/n Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Kent McDonald
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicole King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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46
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Leys SP, Mah JL, McGill PR, Hamonic L, De Leo FC, Kahn AS. Sponge Behavior and the Chemical Basis of Responses: A Post-Genomic View. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:751-764. [PMID: 31268144 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges perceive and respond to a range of stimuli. How they do this is still difficult to pin down despite now having transcriptomes and genomes of an array of species. Here we evaluate the current understanding of sponge behavior and present new observations on sponge activity in situ. We also explore biosynthesis pathways available to sponges from data in genomes/transcriptomes of sponges and other non-bilaterians with a focus on exploring the role of chemical signaling pathways mediating sponge behavior and how such chemical signal pathways may have evolved. Sponge larvae respond to light but opsins are not used, nor is there a common photoreceptor molecule or mechanism used across sponge groups. Other cues are gravity and chemicals. In situ recordings of behavior show that both shallow and deep-water sponges move a lot over minutes and hours, and correlation of behavior with temperature, pressure, oxygen, and water movement suggests that at least one sponge responds to changes in atmospheric pressure. The sensors for these cues as far as we know are individual cells and, except in the case of electrical signaling in Hexactinellida, these most likely act as independent effectors, generating a whole-body reaction by the global reach of the stimulus to all parts of the animal. We found no evidence for use of conventional neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. Intriguingly, some chemicals synthesized by symbiont microbes could mean other more complex signaling occurs, but how that interplay might happen is not understood. Our review suggests chemical signaling pathways found in sponges do not reflect loss of a more complex set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Jasmine L Mah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Paul R McGill
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Laura Hamonic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Fabio C De Leo
- Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria, Queenswood Campus 100-2474 Arbutus Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8N 1V8.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3080, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2
| | - Amanda S Kahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9.,Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.,Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
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47
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Marinković M, Berger J, Jékely G. Neuronal coordination of motile cilia in locomotion and feeding. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190165. [PMID: 31884921 PMCID: PMC7017327 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient ciliary locomotion and transport require the coordination of motile cilia. Short-range coordination of ciliary beats can occur by biophysical mechanisms. Long-range coordination across large or disjointed ciliated fields often requires nervous system control and innervation of ciliated cells by ciliomotor neurons. The neuronal control of cilia is best understood in invertebrate ciliated microswimmers, but similar mechanisms may operate in the vertebrate body. Here, we review how the study of aquatic invertebrates contributed to our understanding of the neuronal control of cilia. We summarize the anatomy of ciliomotor systems and the physiological mechanisms that can alter ciliary activity. We also discuss the most well-characterized ciliomotor system, that of the larval annelid Platynereis. Here, pacemaker neurons drive the rhythmic activation of cholinergic and serotonergic ciliomotor neurons to induce ciliary arrests and beating. The Platynereis ciliomotor neurons form a distinct part of the larval nervous system. Similar ciliomotor systems likely operate in other ciliated larvae, such as mollusc veligers. We discuss the possible ancestry and conservation of ciliomotor circuits and highlight how comparative experimental approaches could contribute to a better understanding of the evolution and function of ciliary systems. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Marinković
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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48
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Abstract
During sleep, animals do not eat, reproduce or forage. Sleeping animals are vulnerable to predation. Yet, the persistence of sleep despite evolutionary pressures, and the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation, indicate that sleep serves a function or functions that cannot easily be bypassed. Recent research demonstrates sleep to be phylogenetically far more pervasive than previously appreciated; it is possible that the very first animals slept. Here, we give an overview of sleep across various species, with the aim of determining its original purpose. Sleep exists in animals without cephalized nervous systems and can be influenced by non-neuronal signals, including those associated with metabolic rhythms. Together, these observations support the notion that sleep serves metabolic functions in neural and non-neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Anafi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology and the Program for Chronobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology and the Program for Chronobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Raizen
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology and the Program for Chronobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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49
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Luxmi R, Kumar D, Mains RE, King SM, Eipper BA. Cilia-based peptidergic signaling. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000566. [PMID: 31809498 PMCID: PMC6919629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based intercellular communication is a ubiquitous and ancient process that predates evolution of the nervous system. Cilia are essential signaling centers that both receive information from the environment and secrete bioactive extracellular vesicles (ectosomes). However, the nature of these secreted signals and their biological functions remain poorly understood. Here, we report the developmentally regulated release of the peptide amidating enzyme, peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), and the presence of peptidergic signaling machinery (including propeptide precursors, subtilisin-like prohormone convertases, amidated products, and receptors) in ciliary ectosomes from the green alga Chlamydomonas. One identified amidated PAM product serves as a chemoattractant for mating-type minus gametes but repels plus gametes. Thus, cilia provide a previously unappreciated route for the secretion of amidated signaling peptides. Our study in Chlamydomonas and the presence of PAM in mammalian cilia suggest that ciliary ectosome-mediated peptidergic signaling dates to the early eukaryotes and plays key roles in metazoan physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Luxmi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Betty A. Eipper
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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50
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Kamm K, Osigus HJ, Stadler PF, DeSalle R, Schierwater B. Genome analyses of a placozoan rickettsial endosymbiont show a combination of mutualistic and parasitic traits. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17561. [PMID: 31772223 PMCID: PMC6879607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54037-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships between eukaryotic hosts and bacteria range from parasitism to mutualism and may deeply influence both partners' fitness. The presence of intracellular bacteria in the metazoan phylum Placozoa has been reported several times, but without any knowledge about the nature of this relationship and possible implications for the placozoan holobiont. This information may be of crucial significance since little is known about placozoan ecology and how different species adapt to different environmental conditions, despite being almost invariable at the morphological level. We here report on the novel genome of the rickettsial endosymbiont of Trichoplax sp. H2 (strain "Panama"). The combination of eliminated and retained metabolic pathways of the bacterium indicates a potential for a mutualistic as well as for a parasitic relationship, whose outcome could depend on the environmental context. In particular we show that the endosymbiont is dependent on the host for growth and reproduction and that the latter could benefit from a supply with essential amino acids and important cofactors. These findings call for further studies to clarify the actual benefit for the placozoan host and to investigate a possible role of the endosymbiont for ecological separation between placozoan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kamm
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute of Animal Ecology, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute of Animal Ecology, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute of Animal Ecology, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.
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