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Ravala SK, Tesmer JJG. New Mechanisms Underlying Oncogenesis in Dbl Family Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors. Mol Pharmacol 2024; 106:117-128. [PMID: 38902036 PMCID: PMC11331503 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.124.000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane signaling is a critical process by which changes in the extracellular environment are relayed to intracellular systems that induce changes in homeostasis. One family of intracellular systems are the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which catalyze the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to inactive guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins). The resulting active G proteins then interact with downstream targets that control cell proliferation, growth, shape, migration, adhesion, and transcription. Dysregulation of any of these processes is a hallmark of cancer. The Dbl family of GEFs activates Rho family G proteins, which, in turn, alter the actin cytoskeleton and promote gene transcription. Although they have a common catalytic mechanism exercised by their highly conserved Dbl homology (DH) domains, Dbl GEFs are regulated in diverse ways, often involving the release of autoinhibition imposed by accessory domains. Among these domains, the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is the most commonly observed and found immediately C-terminal to the DH domain. The domain has been associated with both positive and negative regulation. Recently, some atomic structures of Dbl GEFs have been determined that reemphasize the complex and central role that the PH domain can play in orchestrating regulation of the DH domain. Here, we discuss these newer structures, put them into context by cataloging the various ways that PH domains are known to contribute to signaling across the Dbl family, and discuss how the PH domain might be exploited to achieve selective inhibition of Dbl family RhoGEFs by small-molecule therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Dysregulation via overexpression or mutation of Dbl family Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) contributes to cancer and neurodegeneration. Targeting the Dbl homology catalytic domain by small-molecule therapeutics has been challenging due to its high conservation and the lack of a discrete binding pocket. By evaluating some new autoinhibitory mechanisms in the Dbl family, we demonstrate the great diversity of roles played by the regulatory domains, in particular the PH domain, and how this holds tremendous potential for the development of selective therapeutics that modulate GEF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Ravala
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (S.K.R., J.J.G.T.) and Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research (J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (S.K.R., J.J.G.T.) and Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research (J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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2
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Chen XY, Cheng AY, Wang ZY, Jin JM, Lin JY, Wang B, Guan YY, Zhang H, Jiang YX, Luan X, Zhang LJ. Dbl family RhoGEFs in cancer: different roles and targeting strategies. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116141. [PMID: 38499108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Small Ras homologous guanosine triphosphatase (Rho GTPase) family proteins are highly associated with tumorigenesis and development. As intrinsic exchange activity regulators of Rho GTPases, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) have been demonstrated to be closely involved in tumor development and received increasing attention. They mainly contain two families: the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) family and the dedicator of cytokinesis (Dock) family. More and more emphasis has been paid to the Dbl family members for their abnormally high expression in various cancers and their correlation to poor prognosis. In this review, the common and distinctive structures of Dbl family members are discussed, and their roles in cancer are summarized with a focus on Ect2, Tiam1/2, P-Rex1/2, Vav1/2/3, Trio, KALRN, and LARG. Significantly, the strategies targeting Dbl family RhoGEFs are highlighted as novel therapeutic opportunities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ao-Yu Cheng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science&Technology, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jin-Mei Jin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Yun Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Xin Jiang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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3
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Lim J, Hwang YS, Yoon HR, Yoo J, Yoon SR, Jung H, Cho HJ, Lee HG. PLK1 phosphorylates RhoGDI1 and promotes cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:73. [PMID: 38355643 PMCID: PMC10865702 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 1 (RhoGDI1) plays an important role in diverse cellular processes by regulating Rho guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ases activity. RhoGDI1 phosphorylation regulates the spatiotemporal activation of Rho GTPases during cell migration. In this study, we identified polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a novel kinase of RhoGDI1 and investigated the molecular mechanism by which the interaction between RhoGDI1 and PLK1 regulates cancer cell migration. METHODS Immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down assay, and proximity ligation assay (PLA) were performed to analyze the interaction between RhoGDI1 and PLK1. In vitro kinase assay and immunoprecipitation were performed with Phospho-(Ser/Thr) antibody. We evaluated RhoA activation using RhoGTPases activity assay. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by transwell assays. RESULTS GST pull-down assays and PLA showed that PLK1 directly interacted with RhoGDI1 in vitro and in vivo. Truncation mutagenesis revealed that aa 90-111 of RhoGDI1 are critical for interacting with PLK1. We also showed that PLK1 phosphorylated RhoGDI1 at Thr7 and Thr91, which induces cell motility. Overexpression of the GFP-tagged RhoGDI1 truncated mutant (aa 90-111) inhibited the interaction of PLK1 with RhoGDI1 and attenuated RhoA activation by PLK1. Furthermore, the overexpression of the RhoGDI1 truncated mutant reduced cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and suppressed lung metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of RhoGDI1 by PLK1 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion through RhoA activation. This study connects the interaction between PLK1 and RhoGDI1 to the promotion of cancer cell behavior associated with malignant progression, thereby providing opportunities for cancer therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Lim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Sep Hwang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Hsu CR, Sangha G, Fan W, Zheng J, Sugioka K. Contractile ring mechanosensation and its anillin-dependent tuning during early embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8138. [PMID: 38065974 PMCID: PMC10709429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis plays crucial roles in morphogenesis. Previous studies have examined how tissue mechanics influences the position and closure direction of the contractile ring. However, the mechanisms by which the ring senses tissue mechanics remain largely elusive. Here, we show the mechanism of contractile ring mechanosensation and its tuning during asymmetric ring closure of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Integrative analysis of ring closure and cell cortex dynamics revealed that mechanical suppression of the ring-directed cortical flow is associated with asymmetric ring closure. Consistently, artificial obstruction of ring-directed cortical flow induces asymmetric ring closure in otherwise symmetrically dividing cells. Anillin is vital for mechanosensation. Our genetic analysis suggests that the positive feedback loop among ring-directed cortical flow, myosin enrichment, and ring constriction constitutes a mechanosensitive pathway driving asymmetric ring closure. These findings and developed tools should advance the 4D mechanobiology of cytokinesis in more complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rou Hsu
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Gaganpreet Sangha
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Wayne Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Joey Zheng
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
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5
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Halász H, Szatmári Z, Kovács K, Koppán M, Papp S, Szabó-Meleg E, Szatmári D. Changes of Ex Vivo Cervical Epithelial Cells Due to Electroporation with JMY. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16863. [PMID: 38069185 PMCID: PMC10706833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ionic environment within the nucleoplasm might diverge from the conditions found in the cytoplasm, potentially playing a role in the cellular stress response. As a result, it is conceivable that interactions of nuclear actin and actin-binding proteins (ABPs) with apoptosis factors may differ in the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. The primary intracellular stress response is Ca2+ influx. The junctional mediating and regulating Y protein (JMY) is an actin-binding protein and has the capability to interact with the apoptosis factor p53 in a Ca2+-dependent manner, forming complexes that play a regulatory role in cytoskeletal remodelling and motility. JMY's presence is observed in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Here, we show that ex vivo ectocervical squamous cells subjected to electroporation with JMY protein exhibited varying morphological alterations. Specifically, the highly differentiated superficial and intermediate cells displayed reduced nuclear size. In inflamed samples, nuclear enlargement and simultaneous cytoplasmic reduction were observable and showed signs of apoptotic processes. In contrast, the less differentiated parabasal and metaplastic cells showed increased cytoplasmic activity and the formation of membrane protrusions. Surprisingly, in severe inflammation, vaginosis or ASC-US (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance), JMY appears to influence only the nuclear and perinuclear irregularities of differentiated cells, and cytoplasmic abnormalities still existed after the electroporation. Our observations can provide an appropriate basis for the exploration of the relationship between cytopathologically relevant morphological changes of epithelial cells and the function of ABPs. This is particularly important since ABPs are considered potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for both cancers and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Halász
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (H.H.); (E.S.-M.)
| | | | - Krisztina Kovács
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | | | - Szilárd Papp
- DaVinci Clinics, 7635 Pécs, Hungary; (M.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (H.H.); (E.S.-M.)
| | - Dávid Szatmári
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (H.H.); (E.S.-M.)
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6
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Peña-Guerrero J, Fernández-Rubio C, García-Sosa AT, Nguewa PA. BRCT Domains: Structure, Functions, and Implications in Disease-New Therapeutic Targets for Innovative Drug Discovery against Infections. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1839. [PMID: 37514027 PMCID: PMC10386641 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new therapeutic targets and their implications in drug development remains an emerging scientific topic. BRCT-bearing proteins are found in Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, and viruses. They are traditionally involved in DNA repair, recombination, and cell cycle control. To carry out these functions, BRCT domains are able to interact with DNA and proteins. Moreover, such domains are also implicated in several pathogenic processes and malignancies including breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. Although these domains exhibit moderately conserved folding, their sequences show very low conservation. Interestingly, sequence variations among species are considered positive traits in the search for suitable therapeutic targets, since non-specific drug interactions might be reduced. These main characteristics of BRCT, as well as its critical implications in key biological processes in the cell, have prompted the study of these domains as therapeutic targets. This review explores the possible roles of BRCT domains as therapeutic targets for drug discovery. We describe their common structural features and relevant interactions and pathways, as well as their implications in pathologic processes. Drugs commonly used to target these domains are also presented. Finally, based on their structures, we describe new drug design possibilities using modern and innovative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Peña-Guerrero
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), E-31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Celia Fernández-Rubio
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), E-31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Alfonso T García-Sosa
- Chair of Molecular Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul A Nguewa
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), E-31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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7
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Houston J, Ohta M, Gómez-Cavazos JS, Deep A, Corbett KD, Oegema K, Lara-Gonzalez P, Kim T, Desai A. BUB-1-bound PLK-1 directs CDC-20 kinetochore recruitment to ensure timely embryonic mitoses. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2291-2299.e10. [PMID: 37137308 PMCID: PMC10270731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosomes assemble kinetochores to dynamically couple with spindle microtubules.1,2 Kinetochores also function as signaling hubs directing mitotic progression by recruiting and controlling the fate of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activator CDC-20.3,4,5 Kinetochores either incorporate CDC-20 into checkpoint complexes that inhibit the APC/C or dephosphorylate CDC-20, which allows it to interact with and activate the APC/C.4,6 The importance of these two CDC-20 fates likely depends on the biological context. In human somatic cells, the major mechanism controlling mitotic progression is the spindle checkpoint. By contrast, progression through mitosis during the cell cycles of early embryos is largely checkpoint independent.7,8,9,10 Here, we first show that CDC-20 phosphoregulation controls mitotic duration in the C. elegans embryo and defines a checkpoint-independent temporal mitotic optimum for robust embryogenesis. CDC-20 phosphoregulation occurs at kinetochores and in the cytosol. At kinetochores, the flux of CDC-20 for local dephosphorylation requires an ABBA motif on BUB-1 that directly interfaces with the structured WD40 domain of CDC-20.6,11,12,13 We next show that a conserved "STP" motif in BUB-1 that docks the mitotic kinase PLK-114 is necessary for CDC-20 kinetochore recruitment and timely mitotic progression. The kinase activity of PLK-1 is required for CDC-20 to localize to kinetochores and phosphorylates the CDC-20-binding ABBA motif of BUB-1 to promote BUB-1-CDC-20 interaction and mitotic progression. Thus, the BUB-1-bound pool of PLK-1 ensures timely mitosis during embryonic cell cycles by promoting CDC-20 recruitment to the vicinity of kinetochore-localized phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Houston
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Midori Ohta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J Sebastián Gómez-Cavazos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amar Deep
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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8
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Montembault E, Deduyer I, Claverie MC, Bouit L, Tourasse NJ, Dupuy D, McCusker D, Royou A. Two RhoGEF isoforms with distinct localisation control furrow position during asymmetric cell division. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3209. [PMID: 37268622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis partitions cellular content between daughter cells. It relies on the formation of an acto-myosin contractile ring, whose constriction induces the ingression of the cleavage furrow between the segregated chromatids. Rho1 GTPase and its RhoGEF (Pbl) are essential for this process. However, how Rho1 is regulated to sustain furrow ingression while maintaining correct furrow position remains poorly defined. Here, we show that during asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts, Rho1 is controlled by two Pbl isoforms with distinct localisation. Spindle midzone- and furrow-enriched Pbl-A focuses Rho1 at the furrow to sustain efficient ingression, while Pbl-B pan-plasma membrane localization promotes the broadening of Rho1 activity and the subsequent enrichment of myosin on the entire cortex. This enlarged zone of Rho1 activity is critical to adjust furrow position, thereby preserving correct daughter cell size asymmetry. Our work highlights how the use of isoforms with distinct localisation makes an essential process more robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Montembault
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Irène Deduyer
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Claverie
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lou Bouit
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5297, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas J Tourasse
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, U1212, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Denis Dupuy
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, U1212, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Derek McCusker
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Royou
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France.
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France.
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9
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Taylor SJP, Bel Borja L, Soubigou F, Houston J, Cheerambathur DK, Pelisch F. BUB-1 and CENP-C recruit PLK-1 to control chromosome alignment and segregation during meiosis I in C. elegans oocytes. eLife 2023; 12:e84057. [PMID: 37067150 PMCID: PMC10156168 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification that is utilised in many biological processes for the rapid and reversible regulation of protein localisation and activity. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) is essential for both mitotic and meiotic cell divisions, with key functions being conserved in eukaryotes. The roles and regulation of PLK-1 during mitosis have been well characterised. However, the discrete roles and regulation of PLK-1 during meiosis have remained obscure. Here, we used Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes to show that PLK-1 plays distinct roles in meiotic spindle assembly and/or stability, chromosome alignment and segregation, and polar body extrusion during meiosis I. Furthermore, by a combination of live imaging and biochemical analysis we identified the chromosomal recruitment mechanisms of PLK-1 during C. elegans oocyte meiosis. The spindle assembly checkpoint kinase BUB-1 directly recruits PLK-1 to the kinetochore and midbivalent while the chromosome arm population of PLK-1 depends on a direct interaction with the centromeric-associated protein CENP-CHCP-4. We found that perturbing both BUB-1 and CENP-CHCP-4 recruitment of PLK-1 leads to severe meiotic defects, resulting in highly aneuploid oocytes. Overall, our results shed light on the roles played by PLK-1 during oocyte meiosis and provide a mechanistic understanding of PLK-1 targeting to meiotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel JP Taylor
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Bel Borja
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Flavie Soubigou
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jack Houston
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego BranchLa JollaUnited States
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Federico Pelisch
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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10
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Ozugergin I, Piekny A. Diversity is the spice of life: An overview of how cytokinesis regulation varies with cell type. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1007614. [PMID: 36420142 PMCID: PMC9676254 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to physically cleave a cell into two daughters at the end of mitosis. Decades of research have led to a comprehensive understanding of the core cytokinesis machinery and how it is regulated in animal cells, however this knowledge was generated using single cells cultured in vitro, or in early embryos before tissues develop. This raises the question of how cytokinesis is regulated in diverse animal cell types and developmental contexts. Recent studies of distinct cell types in the same organism or in similar cell types from different organisms have revealed striking differences in how cytokinesis is regulated, which includes different threshold requirements for the structural components and the mechanisms that regulate them. In this review, we highlight these differences with an emphasis on pathways that are independent of the mitotic spindle, and operate through signals associated with the cortex, kinetochores, or chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imge Ozugergin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Husser MC, Ozugergin I, Resta T, Martin VJJ, Piekny AJ. Cytokinetic diversity in mammalian cells is revealed by the characterization of endogenous anillin, Ect2 and RhoA. Open Biol 2022; 12:220247. [PMID: 36416720 PMCID: PMC9683116 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to physically separate the daughter cells at the end of mitosis. This crucial process requires the assembly and ingression of an actomyosin ring, which must occur with high fidelity to avoid aneuploidy and cell fate changes. Most of our knowledge of mammalian cytokinesis was generated using over-expressed transgenes in HeLa cells. Over-expression can introduce artefacts, while HeLa are cancerous human cells that have lost their epithelial identity, and the mechanisms controlling cytokinesis in these cells could be vastly different from other cell types. Here, we tagged endogenous anillin, Ect2 and RhoA with mNeonGreen and characterized their localization during cytokinesis for the first time in live human cells. Comparing anillin localization in multiple cell types revealed cytokinetic diversity with differences in the duration and symmetry of ring closure, and the timing of cortical recruitment. Our findings show that the breadth of anillin correlates with the rate of ring closure, and support models where cell size or ploidy affects the cortical organization, and intrinsic mechanisms control the symmetry of ring closure. This work highlights the need to study cytokinesis in more diverse cell types, which will be facilitated by the reagents generated for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imge Ozugergin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tiziana Resta
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alisa J. Piekny
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Microscopy and Cellular Imaging, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Sana S, Rajeevan A, Kotak S. Membrane compartmentalization of Ect2/Cyk4/Mklp1 and NuMA/dynein regulates cleavage furrow formation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213522. [PMID: 36197340 PMCID: PMC9539458 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal cells, spindle elongation during anaphase is temporally coupled with cleavage furrow formation. Spindle elongation during anaphase is regulated by NuMA/dynein/dynactin complexes that occupy the polar region of the cell membrane and are excluded from the equatorial membrane. How NuMA/dynein/dynactin are excluded from the equatorial membrane and the biological significance of this exclusion remains unknown. Here, we show that the centralspindlin (Cyk4/Mklp1) and its interacting partner RhoGEF Ect2 are required for NuMA/dynein/dynactin exclusion from the equatorial cell membrane. The Ect2-based (Ect2/Cyk4/Mklp1) and NuMA-based (NuMA/dynein/dynactin) complexes occupy mutually exclusive membrane surfaces during anaphase. The equatorial membrane enrichment of Ect2-based complexes is essential for NuMA/dynein/dynactin exclusion and proper spindle elongation. Conversely, NuMA-based complexes at the polar region of the cell membrane ensure spatially confined localization of Ect2-based complexes and thus RhoA. Overall, our work establishes that membrane compartmentalization of NuMA-based and Ect2-based complexes at the two distinct cell surfaces restricts dynein/dynactin and RhoA for coordinating spindle elongation with cleavage furrow formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrividya Sana
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwathi Rajeevan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India,Correspondence to Sachin Kotak:
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13
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Nussinov R, Zhang M, Maloney R, Tsai C, Yavuz BR, Tuncbag N, Jang H. Mechanism of activation and the rewired network: New drug design concepts. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:770-799. [PMID: 34693559 PMCID: PMC8837674 DOI: 10.1002/med.21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Precision oncology benefits from effective early phase drug discovery decisions. Recently, drugging inactive protein conformations has shown impressive successes, raising the cardinal questions of which targets can profit and what are the principles of the active/inactive protein pharmacology. Cancer driver mutations have been established to mimic the protein activation mechanism. We suggest that the decision whether to target an inactive (or active) conformation should largely rest on the protein mechanism of activation. We next discuss the recent identification of double (multiple) same-allele driver mutations and their impact on cell proliferation and suggest that like single driver mutations, double drivers also mimic the mechanism of activation. We further suggest that the structural perturbations of double (multiple) in cis mutations may reveal new surfaces/pockets for drug design. Finally, we underscore the preeminent role of the cellular network which is deregulated in cancer. Our structure-based review and outlook updates the traditional Mechanism of Action, informs decisions, and calls attention to the intrinsic activation mechanism of the target protein and the rewired tumor-specific network, ushering innovative considerations in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunometabolismNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunometabolismNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Ryan Maloney
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunometabolismNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Chung‐Jung Tsai
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunometabolismNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Bengi Ruken Yavuz
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of InformaticsMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Nurcan Tuncbag
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of InformaticsMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of EngineeringKoc UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, School of MedicineKoc UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunometabolismNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
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14
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Kliche J, Ivarsson Y. Orchestrating serine/threonine phosphorylation and elucidating downstream effects by short linear motifs. Biochem J 2022; 479:1-22. [PMID: 34989786 PMCID: PMC8786283 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular function is based on protein-protein interactions. A large proportion of these interactions involves the binding of short linear motifs (SLiMs) by folded globular domains. These interactions are regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, that create and break motif binding sites or tune the affinity of the interactions. In addition, motif-based interactions are involved in targeting serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases to their substrate and contribute to the specificity of the enzymatic actions regulating which sites are phosphorylated. Here, we review how SLiM-based interactions assist in determining the specificity of serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases, and how phosphorylation, in turn, affects motif-based interactions. We provide examples of SLiM-based interactions that are turned on/off, or are tuned by serine/threonine phosphorylation and exemplify how this affects SLiM-based protein complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kliche
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 576 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 576 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Koh SP, Pham NP, Piekny A. Seeing is believing: tools to study the role of Rho GTPases during cytokinesis. Small GTPases 2022; 13:211-224. [PMID: 34405757 PMCID: PMC9707540 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1957384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to cleave the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and relies on the spatiotemporal control of RhoA GTPase. Cytokinesis failure can lead to changes in cell fate or aneuploidy, which can be detrimental during development and/or can lead to cancer. However, our knowledge of the pathways that regulate RhoA during cytokinesis is limited, and the role of other Rho family GTPases is not clear. This is largely because the study of Rho GTPases presents unique challenges using traditional cell biological and biochemical methods, and they have pleiotropic functions making genetic studies difficult to interpret. The recent generation of optogenetic tools and biosensors that control and detect active Rho has overcome some of these challenges and is helping to elucidate the role of RhoA in cytokinesis. However, improvements are needed to reveal the role of other Rho GTPases in cytokinesis, and to identify the molecular mechanisms that control Rho activity. This review examines some of the outstanding questions in cytokinesis, and explores tools for the imaging and control of Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Pin Koh
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nhat Phi Pham
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada,CONTACT Alisa Piekny Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Cook DR, Kang M, Martin TD, Galanko JA, Loeza GH, Trembath DG, Justilien V, Pickering KA, Vincent DF, Jarosch A, Jurmeister P, Waters AM, Hibshman PS, Campbell AD, Ford CA, Keku TO, Yeh JJ, Lee MS, Cox AD, Fields AP, Sandler RS, Sansom OJ, Sers C, Schaefer A, Der CJ. Aberrant Expression and Subcellular Localization of ECT2 Drives Colorectal Cancer Progression and Growth. Cancer Res 2022; 82:90-104. [PMID: 34737214 PMCID: PMC9056178 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ECT2 is an activator of RHO GTPases that is essential for cytokinesis. In addition, ECT2 was identified as an oncoprotein when expressed ectopically in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. However, oncogenic activation of ECT2 resulted from N-terminal truncation, and such truncated ECT2 proteins have not been found in patients with cancer. In this study, we observed elevated expression of full-length ECT2 protein in preneoplastic colon adenomas, driven by increased ECT2 mRNA abundance and associated with APC tumor-suppressor loss. Elevated ECT2 levels were detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus of colorectal cancer tissue, suggesting cytoplasmic mislocalization as one mechanism of early oncogenic ECT2 activation. Importantly, elevated nuclear ECT2 correlated with poorly differentiated tumors, and a low cytoplasmic:nuclear ratio of ECT2 protein correlated with poor patient survival, suggesting that nuclear and cytoplasmic ECT2 play distinct roles in colorectal cancer. Depletion of ECT2 reduced anchorage-independent cancer cell growth and invasion independent of its function in cytokinesis, and loss of Ect2 extended survival in a Kras G12D Apc-null colon cancer mouse model. Expression of ECT2 variants with impaired nuclear localization or guanine nucleotide exchange catalytic activity failed to restore cancer cell growth or invasion, indicating that active, nuclear ECT2 is required to support tumor progression. Nuclear ECT2 promoted ribosomal DNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis in colorectal cancer. These results support a driver role for both cytoplasmic and nuclear ECT2 overexpression in colorectal cancer and emphasize the critical role of precise subcellular localization in dictating ECT2 function in neoplastic cells. SIGNIFICANCE: ECT2 overexpression and mislocalization support its role as a driver in colon cancer that is independent from its function in normal cell cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Cook
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melissa Kang
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Timothy D Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph A Galanko
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gabriela H Loeza
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dimitri G Trembath
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - David F Vincent
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Armin Jarosch
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Jurmeister
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew M Waters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Priya S Hibshman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Catriona A Ford
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Temitope O Keku
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael S Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Robert S Sandler
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Sers
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Channing J Der
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Sugioka K. Symmetry-breaking of animal cytokinesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:100-109. [PMID: 34955355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is a mechanism that separates dividing cells via constriction of a supramolecular structure, the contractile ring. In animal cells, three modes of symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis result in unilateral cytokinesis, asymmetric cell division, and oriented cell division. Each mode of cytokinesis plays a significant role in tissue patterning and morphogenesis by the mechanisms that control the orientation and position of the contractile ring relative to the body axis. Despite its significance, the mechanisms involved in the symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis remain unclear in many cell types. Classical embryologists have identified that the geometric relationship between the mitotic spindle and cell cortex induces cytokinesis asymmetry; however, emerging evidence suggests that a concerted flow of compressional cell-cortex materials (cortical flow) is a spindle-independent driving force in spatial cytokinesis control. This review provides an overview of both classical and emerging mechanisms of cytokinesis asymmetry and their roles in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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18
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Mechanistic insights into central spindle assembly mediated by the centralspindlin complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112039118. [PMID: 34588311 PMCID: PMC8501884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112039118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin bundles microtubules to assemble the central spindle, being essential for cytokinesis of the cell. It is a heterotetramer formed by ZEN-4 and CYK-4 in a 2:2 manner. We determined the crystal structures of centralspindlin, which revealed the detailed mechanism of complex formation. We found that centralspindlin clustered to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which depended on the complementary charged residues located at ZEN-4 and CYK-4, respectively, explaining the synergy of the two subunits for the function. The LLPS of centralspindlin is critical for the microtubule bundling activity in vitro and the assembly of the central spindle in vivo. Together, our study provides angstrom-to-micron mechanistic insights into central spindle assembly mediated by the centralspindlin complex. The central spindle spatially and temporally regulates the formation of division plane during cytokinesis in animal cells. The heterotetrameric centralspindlin complex bundles microtubules to assemble the central spindle, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the molecular backbone of ZEN-4/CYK-4 centralspindlin from Caenorhabditis elegans, which revealed the detailed mechanism of complex formation. The molecular backbone of centralspindlin has the intrinsic propensity to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation. The condensation of centralspindlin requires two patches of basic residues at ZEN-4 and multiple acidic residues at the intrinsically disordered region of CYK-4, explaining the synergy of the two subunits for the function. These complementary charged residues were critical for the microtubule bundling activity of centralspindlin in vitro and for the assembly of the central spindle in vivo. Together, our findings provide insights into the mechanism of central spindle assembly mediated by centralspindlin through charge-driven macromolecular condensation.
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19
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Schneid S, Wolff F, Buchner K, Bertram N, Baygün S, Barbosa P, Mangal S, Zanin E. The BRCT domains of ECT2 have distinct functions during cytokinesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108805. [PMID: 33657383 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ECT2 activates RhoA in a narrow zone at the cell equator in anaphase. ECT2 consists of three BRCT domains (BRCT0, 1, and 2), a catalytic GEF, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. How the conserved BRCT domains spatially and temporally control ECT2 activity remains unclear. We reveal that each BRCT domain makes distinct contributions to the ECT2 function. We find that BRCT0 contributes to, and BRCT1 is essential for, ECT2 activation in anaphase. BRCT2 integrates two functions: GEF inhibition and RACGAP1 binding, which together limit ECT2 activity to a narrow zone at the cell equator. BRCT2-dependent control of active RhoA zone dimension functions in addition to the inhibitory signal of the astral microtubules. Our analysis provides detailed mechanistic insights into how ECT2 activity is regulated and how that regulation ensures, together with other signaling pathways, successful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schneid
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Friederike Wolff
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Kristina Buchner
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Nils Bertram
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Seren Baygün
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Sriyash Mangal
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany.
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20
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Gan WJ, Motegi F. Mechanochemical Control of Symmetry Breaking in the Caenorhabditis elegans Zygote. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:619869. [PMID: 33537308 PMCID: PMC7848089 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.619869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is the asymmetric organization of cellular components along defined axes. A key requirement for polarization is the ability of the cell to break symmetry and achieve a spatially biased organization. Despite different triggering cues in various systems, symmetry breaking (SB) usually relies on mechanochemical modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, which allows for advected movement and reorganization of cellular components. Here, the mechanisms underlying SB in Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, one of the most popular models to study cell polarity, are reviewed. A zygote initiates SB through the centrosome, which modulates mechanics of the cell cortex to establish advective flow of cortical proteins including the actin cytoskeleton and partitioning defective (PAR) proteins. The chemical signaling underlying centrosomal control of the Aurora A kinase–mediated cascade to convert the organization of the contractile actomyosin network from an apolar to polar state is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Jun Gan
- Temasek Life-Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fumio Motegi
- Temasek Life-Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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21
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Ohta M, Zhao Z, Wu D, Wang S, Harrison JL, Gómez-Cavazos JS, Desai A, Oegema KF. Polo-like kinase 1 independently controls microtubule-nucleating capacity and size of the centrosome. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211652. [PMID: 33399854 PMCID: PMC7788462 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are composed of a centriolar core surrounded by a pericentriolar material (PCM) matrix that docks microtubule-nucleating γ-tubulin complexes. During mitotic entry, the PCM matrix increases in size and nucleating capacity in a process called centrosome maturation. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is recruited to centrosomes and phosphorylates PCM matrix proteins to drive their self-assembly, which leads to PCM expansion. Here, we show that in addition to controlling PCM expansion, PLK1 independently controls the generation of binding sites for γ-tubulin complexes on the PCM matrix. Selectively preventing the generation of PLK1-dependent γ-tubulin docking sites led to spindle defects and impaired chromosome segregation without affecting PCM expansion, highlighting the importance of phospho-regulated centrosomal γ-tubulin docking sites in spindle assembly. Inhibiting both γ-tubulin docking and PCM expansion by mutating substrate target sites recapitulated the effects of loss of centrosomal PLK1 on the ability of centrosomes to catalyze spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Ohta
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA,Midori Ohta:
| | - Zhiling Zhao
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA
| | - Di Wu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jennifer L. Harrison
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - J. Sebastián Gómez-Cavazos
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA,Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karen F. Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA,Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Correspondence to Karen Oegema:
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22
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Petronczki M, Tedeschi A. Cell Division: Switching On ECT2 in a Non-Canonical Fashion. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R947-R949. [PMID: 32810457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining the site of cell cleavage is crucial for cytokinesis and involves precise activation of the RhoGEF ECT2. A new study demonstrates how a non-canonical interaction of ECT2 with centralspindlin underlies cytokinesis in animal cells, solving a mechanistic conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Petronczki
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Tedeschi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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