1
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Zhuang T, Abuzeid AMI, Chen X, Zhu S, Li G. In vitro immunoregulatory role of recombinant Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2024; 62:75-84. [PMID: 38443772 PMCID: PMC10915272 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic soil-derived nematode that parasitizes the intestines of humans and animals (dogs and cats), leading to malnutrition and iron-deficiency anemia. Helminth parasites secrete calreticulin (CRT), which regulates or blocks the host's immune response. However, no data on A. ceylanicum calreticulin (Ace-CRT) are available. We investigated the biological function of recombinant Ace-CRT (rAce-CRT). rAce-CRT showed reliable antigenicity and stimulated the proliferation of mouse splenocytes and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assays revealed that rAce-CRT primarily promoted the expression of T helper 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, in canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. rAce-CRT inhibited complement-mediated sheep erythrocyte hemolysis in vitro. Our findings indicate that Ace-CRT plays an immunomodulatory role and may be a promising candidate molecule for a hookworm vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
| | - Asmaa M. I. Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522,
Egypt
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
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2
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Tang W, Xie H, Ye Z, Eick-Cost AA, Scheckelhoff M, Gustin CE, Bream JH, Plant EP. Post-vaccination serum cytokines levels correlate with breakthrough influenza infections. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1174. [PMID: 36670200 PMCID: PMC9857916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-vaccination cytokine levels from 256 young adults who subsequently suffered breakthrough influenza infections were compared with matched controls. Modulation within the immune system is important for eliciting a protective response, and the optimal response differs according to vaccine formulation and delivery. For both inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) lower levels of IL-8 were observed in post-vaccination sera. Post-vaccination antibody levels were higher and IFN-γ levels were lower in IIV sera compared to LAIV sera. Subjects who suffered breakthrough infections after IIV vaccination had higher levels of sCD25 compared to the control group. There were differences in LAIV post-vaccination interleukin levels for subjects who subsequently suffered breakthrough infections, but these differences were masked in subjects who received concomitant vaccines. Wide variances, sex-based differences and confounders such as concomitant vaccines thwart the establishment of specific cytokine responses as a correlate of protection, but our results provide real world evidence that the status of the immune system following vaccination is important for successful vaccination and subsequent protection against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Tang
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Angelia A Eick-Cost
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mark Scheckelhoff
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Courtney E Gustin
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ewan P Plant
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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3
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Zhuang T, Abuzeid AMI, Hu J, Zhu S, Lu J, Zhou X, Chen X, Li G. Eukaryotic expression and immunogenicity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102633. [PMID: 35872299 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic soil-derived nematode that parasitizes human and animal intestines, causing malnutrition and iron-deficiency anemia. Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein involved in all stages of parasitic infection. Studies have found that parasites can secret calreticulin to regulate the host's immune response. To explore the immunogenicity of the eukaryotic expression plasmid of Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin (Ace-CRT), we constructed a recombinant Ace-CRT eukaryotic expression plasmid (pEGFP-N3-Ace-CRT). Successful expression of the target protein in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 T cells was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. BALB/c mice were immunized with pEGFP-N3-Ace-CRT plasmid. Measuring IgG antibody levels in immunized mice sera by ELISA showed that the recombinant plasmid stimulated IgG antibody production in mice. Spleen lymphocytes were collected from vaccinated mice to determine the proportion of T cell subsets and the expression levels of cytokines. Flow cytometry revealed that the percentage of CD3 + CD4+ and CD3 + CD8+ T cells in mice spleen in the immunization group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Recombinant plasmid immunization increased IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 expression while decreasing IL-5, IL-6, and INF-γ in mice spleens. These results indicate that the eukaryotic plasmid constructed in this study had good immunogenicity and mainly induced a T helper 2 response in the host, laying a foundation for screening candidate molecules for anti-hookworm vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Junjing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Jinmiao Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China.
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4
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He L, Abuzeid AMI, Zhuang T, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Chen X, Liu J, Li X, Li G. Expression and biological functions of Ancylostoma ceylanicum saposin-like protein. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3805-3813. [PMID: 34546437 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a common zoonotic nematode that inhabits the small intestine of humans, dogs, and cats. Saposin-like proteins (SLPs) have hemolytic and antibacterial activities and could be used as diagnostic or vaccine candidates. To explore the biological functions of Ancylostoma ceylanicum SLP (Ace-SLP-1), cDNA-encoding Ace-SLP-1 mature peptide was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to induce expression. After incubation of canine red blood cell suspension with different concentrations of recombinant Ace-SLP-1, the supernatant was separated to measure OD value and calculate the hemolysis rate. The different concentrations of recombinant protein were co-cultured with E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis, and colony-forming units (CFU) were determined by the plate counting method. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy dogs were incubated with different concentrations of recombinant Ace-SLP-1, and the cytokine expression was evaluated by relative quantitative PCR. Our results showed that the hemolytic activity of Ace-SLP-1 increased with the increase in protein concentration from 25 to 100 μg/mL. The recombinant protein had no antibacterial activity against the two kinds of bacteria but could stimulate the secretion of cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13) in canine PBMCs. These data suggest that Ace-SLP-1 is involved in hookworm blood-feeding and survival and has good immunogenicity, supporting its potential as a diagnostic and vaccine target molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Jumei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China.
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Yang J, Zhang J, Fan R, Zhao W, Han T, Duan K, Li X, Zeng P, Deng J, Zhang J, Yang X. Identifying Potential Candidate Hub Genes and Functionally Enriched Pathways in the Immune Responses to Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in the Elderly Through Co-Expression Network Analysis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603337. [PMID: 33343577 PMCID: PMC7746648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the potential candidate hub genes may facilitate the generation of safe and effective immunity against seasonal influenza as well as the development of personalized influenza vaccines for the elderly at high risk of influenza virus infection. This study aimed to identify the potential hub genes related to the immune induction process of the 2018/19 seasonal quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (QIVs) in the elderly ≥60 years by using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). From 63 whole blood samples from16 elderly individuals, a total of 13,345 genes were obtained and divided into eight co-expression modules, with two modules being significantly correlated with vaccine-induced immune responses. After functional enrichment analysis, genes under GO terms of vaccine-associated immunity were used to construct the sub-network for identification and functional validation of hub genes. MCEMP1 and SPARC were confirmed as the hub genes with an obvious effect on QIVs-induced immunity. The MCEMP1 expression was shown to be negatively correlated with the QIVs-associated reactogenicity within 7 days after vaccination, which could be suppressed by the CXCL 8/IL-8 and exacerbated by the Granzyme-B cytotoxic mediator. Meanwhile, the SPARC expression was found to increase the immune responses to the QIVs and contribute to the persistence of protective humoral antibody titers. These two genes can be used to predict QIVs-induced adverse reaction, the intensity of immune responses, and the persistence of humoral antibody against influenza. This work has shed light on further research on the development of personalized QIVs with appropriate immune responses and long-lasting immunity against the forthcoming seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- National Institute of Engineering Technology Research in Combination Vaccine, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- National Institute of Engineering Technology Research in Combination Vaccine, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Renfeng Fan
- Guangdong Province Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- National Institute of Engineering Technology Research in Combination Vaccine, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Han
- National Institute of Engineering Technology Research in Combination Vaccine, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Duan
- National Institute of Engineering Technology Research in Combination Vaccine, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- National Institute of Engineering Technology Research in Combination Vaccine, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyu Zeng
- Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maoming City, China
| | - Jinglong Deng
- Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maoming City, China
| | - Jikai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Institute of Engineering Technology Research in Combination Vaccine, Wuhan, China.,China Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Peking, China
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6
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Martin JM, Avula R, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Horne WT, Chandran UR, Nagg JP, Zimmerman RK, Cole KS, Alcorn JF. Inflammatory Mediator Expression Associated With Antibody Response Induced by Live Attenuated vs Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine in Children. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy277. [PMID: 30515427 PMCID: PMC6262113 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reasons for differences in vaccine effectiveness between live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) are not clear. METHODS Blood samples were obtained before vaccination and at days 7 and 21 postvaccination with 2015-2016 quadrivalent IIV or LAIV. Serologic response to the vaccine was measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Targeted RNA sequencing and serum cytokine analysis were performed. Paired analyses were used to determine gene expression and were compared between IIV and LAIV recipients. Classification And Regression Trees analysis (CART) identified the strongest associations with vaccine response. RESULTS Forty-six enrollees received IIV, and 25 received LAIV. The mean age was 11.5 (±3.7) years. Seroconversion with IIV was associated with changes in expression of PRKRA and IFI6. Nonseroconversion for both IIV and LAIV was characterized by increased interferon-stimulated gene expression. Seroprotection with both vaccines was associated with altered expression of CXCL2 and CD36. For LAIV, CART showed that changes in expression of CD80, CXCL2, and CASP1 were associated with seroprotection. Serum cytokines showed that IIV seroconversion was associated with decreased CCL3. LAIV seroprotection tracked with decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. CONCLUSIONS Distinct markers of seroconversion and seroprotection against IIV and LAIV were identified using immunophenotyping and CART analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raghunandan Avula
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chyongchiou Jeng Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William T Horne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer P Nagg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly S Cole
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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7
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Talaat KR, Halsey NA, Cox AB, Coles CL, Durbin AP, Ramakrishnan A, Bream JH. Rapid changes in serum cytokines and chemokines in response to inactivated influenza vaccination. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:202-210. [PMID: 28991404 PMCID: PMC5820426 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timing of host cytokine responses to influenza vaccination is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We examined serum cytokine kinetics following inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) to better understand potential relationships between markers of inflammation and TIV-related side effects. PATIENTS/METHODS Twenty healthy adult subjects received TIV. Cytokines/chemokines were assessed in intervals from 3 hours to 14 days. Antibody titers were measured at baseline and Day 14. RESULTS Serum cytokine responses to TIV were evident as early as 3 hours post-immunization. Compared to baseline, IFN-γ and IP-10 were significantly elevated 7 hours after TIV administration. Both remained elevated and peaked between 16 and 24 hours before returning to baseline by 44 hours post-vaccination. Although IL-8 levels were variable between subjects during the first 24 hours after TIV, by 44 hours, IL-8 was significantly lower compared to baseline. Interestingly, IL-8 levels remained significantly lower for up to 2 weeks after receiving TIV. Fifteen of 20 subjects reported mild adverse events. The one subject who reported moderate myalgias and injection site pain after vaccination displayed a distinctive, early cytokine response profile which included IL-6, IL-2, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, TARC, and MCP-4. CONCLUSIONS Serum cytokines changed rapidly following TIV and generally peaked at 24 hours. Trivalent influenza vaccine-induced reductions in IL-8 occurred later (44 hours) and were sustained for 2 weeks. An outlier response coincided with the only moderate side effects to the vaccine. These data suggest that early cytokine/chemokine responses may provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of adverse events and immune reactivity to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawsar R. Talaat
- Center for Immunization Research (CIR)Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
- Institute for Vaccine SafetyDepartment of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Neal A. Halsey
- Institute for Vaccine SafetyDepartment of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Amber B. Cox
- Center for Immunization Research (CIR)Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Christian L. Coles
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research ProgramUniformed Services University of the HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Anna P. Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research (CIR)Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Amritha Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jay H. Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
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8
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Tang DCC. Noninvasive vaccination as a casus belli to redeem vaccine value in the face of anti-vaccine movements. INTEGRATIVE MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2017; 4. [PMID: 29104760 DOI: 10.15761/imm.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Formidable anti-vaccine movements have been growing as a menace to disrupt beneficial vaccine programs. Although the vaccination-associated adverse effects commonly perceived by vaccine resisters usually represent over-reactions to rare manifestations, converging evidence shows that vaccination-associated health threats could be pervasive when systemic inflammation is considered as a side effect that oozes over time. An anti-vaccine movement thus may not be so unfounded even though the myriad cascades triggered by systemic inflammation have not been brought to a clear focus during any anti-vaccine campaign. Since both pro- and anti-vaccine groups are acting on the same primal impulse - "keep people healthy," reconciliation between the two warring factions should be achievable on a palatable trend that fosters the development of noninvasive vaccines which tend to induce local and transient inflammation along the interface with diminished potential to percolate through internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Chu C Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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9
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Giarola-Silva S, Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Mourão MM, Campi-Azevedo AC, Nakagaki Silva EE, Luiza-Silva M, Martins MA, Silveira-Cassette ACDO, Batista MA, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Antonelli LRDV, Leite Ribeiro JG, Elói-Santos SM, Machado AV, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Araújo MSS. Distinct patterns of cellular immune response elicited by influenza non-adjuvanted and AS03-adjuvanted monovalent H1N1(pdm09) vaccine. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:70-82. [PMID: 28549970 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at identifying biomarkers of immune response elicited by non-adjuvanted-(NAV) and adjuvanted-(AV) H1N1(pdm09) vaccines. The results showed that despite both vaccines elicited similar levels of anti-H1N1 antibodies at day30 after vaccination, higher reactivity was observed in AV at day180. While AV induced early changes in cell-surface molecules on monocytes, CD4+, CD8+ T-cells and B-cells, NAV triggered minor changes, starting later on at day3. Furthermore, AV induced a late and persistent increase in TLR gene expression after day3, except for tlr4, while NAV displayed earlier but transient tlr3/4/7/9 up-regulation. Contrasting with NAV, prominent chemokine gene expression (cxcl8,cxcl9,ccl5) and a broad spectrum up-regulation of plasmatic biomarkers (CXCL8,IL-6,IL-1β,IL-12,IL-10) was evident in AV, which showed a major involvement of TNF and IL-10. Similarly, AV induced a robust IL-10-modulated proinflammatory storm, with early and persistent involvement of TNF-α/IL-12/IFN-γ axis derived from NK-cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells along with promiscuous production of IL-4/IL-5/IL-13. Conversely, NAV promotes a concise and restricted intracytoplasmic chemokine/cytokine response, essentially mediated by TNF-α and IL-4, with late IL-10 production by CD8+ T-cells. Systems biology approach underscored that AV guided the formation of an imbricate network characterized by a progressive increase in the number of neighborhood connections amongst innate and adaptive immunity. In AV, the early cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity, followed by the triad NK/CD4+/CD8+ T-cells at day3, sponsored a later/robust biomarker network. These findings indicate the relevance of adjuvanted vaccination to orchestrate broad, balanced and multifactorial cellular immune events that lead ultimately to a stronger H1N1 humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Giarola-Silva
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jordana G A Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Moraes Mourão
- Grupo Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erick E Nakagaki Silva
- Grupo Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza-Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Angela Martins
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Azevedo Batista
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lis Ribeiro do Valle Antonelli
- Biologia e Imunologia Parasitária, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Silvana Maria Elói-Santos
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Vieira Machado
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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10
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Comparative analysis of influenza A(H3N2) virus hemagglutinin specific IgG subclass and IgA responses in children and adults after influenza vaccination. Vaccine 2017; 35:191-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Halsey NA, Talaat KR, Greenbaum A, Mensah E, Dudley MZ, Proveaux T, Salmon DA. The safety of influenza vaccines in children: An Institute for Vaccine Safety white paper. Vaccine 2016; 33 Suppl 5:F1-F67. [PMID: 26822822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Most influenza vaccines are generally safe, but influenza vaccines can cause rare serious adverse events. Some adverse events, such as fever and febrile seizures, are more common in children than adults. There can be differences in the safety of vaccines in different populations due to underlying differences in genetic predisposition to the adverse event. Live attenuated vaccines have not been studied adequately in children under 2 years of age to determine the risks of adverse events; more studies are needed to address this and several other priority safety issues with all influenza vaccines in children. All vaccines intended for use in children require safety testing in the target age group, especially in young children. Safety of one influenza vaccine in children should not be extrapolated to assumed safety of all influenza vaccines in children. The low rates of adverse events from influenza vaccines should not be a deterrent to the use of influenza vaccines because of the overwhelming evidence of the burden of disease due to influenza in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal A Halsey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adena Greenbaum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Mensah
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Z Dudley
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tina Proveaux
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Kosek MN, Mduma E, Kosek PS, Lee GO, Svensen E, Pan WKY, Olortegui MP, Bream JH, Patil C, Asayag CR, Sanchez GM, Caulfield LE, Gratz J, Yori PP. Plasma Tryptophan and the Kynurenine-Tryptophan Ratio are Associated with the Acquisition of Statural Growth Deficits and Oral Vaccine Underperformance in Populations with Environmental Enteropathy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:928-937. [PMID: 27503512 PMCID: PMC5062803 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood enteric infections have adverse impacts on child growth and can inhibit normal mucosal responses to oral vaccines, two critical components of environmental enteropathy. To evaluate the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity and its relationship with these outcomes, we measured tryptophan and the kynurenine–tryptophan ratio (KTR) in two longitudinal birth cohorts with a high prevalence of stunting. Children in rural Peru and Tanzania (N = 494) contributed 1,251 plasma samples at 3, 7, 15, and 24 months of age and monthly anthropometrics from 0 to 36 months of age. Tryptophan concentrations were directly associated with linear growth from 1 to 8 months after biomarker assessment. A 1-SD increase in tryptophan concentration was associated with a gain in length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) of 0.17 over the next 6 months in Peru (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11–0.23, P < 0.001) and a gain in LAZ of 0.13 Z-scores in Tanzania (95% CI = 0.03–0.22, P = 0.009). Vaccine responsiveness data were available for Peru only. An increase in kynurenine by 1 μM was associated with a 1.63 (95% CI = 1.13–2.34) increase in the odds of failure to poliovirus type 1, but there was no association with tetanus vaccine response. A KTR of 52 was 76% sensitive and 50% specific in predicting failure of response to serotype 1 of the oral polio vaccine. KTR was associated with systemic markers of inflammation, but also interleukin-10, supporting the association between IDO1 activity and immunotolerance. These results strongly suggest that the activity of IDO1 is implicated in the pathophysiology of environmental enteropathy, and demonstrates the utility of tryptophan and kynurenine as biomarkers for this syndrome, particularly in identifying those at risk for hyporesponsivity to oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret N Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Estomih Mduma
- Global Health Research Center, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara, Tanzania
| | | | - Gwenyth O Lee
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - William K Y Pan
- Duke Global Health Institute, Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maribel Paredes Olortegui
- Asociacion Benefica Proyectos de Informática, Salud, Medicina, y Agricultura (PRISMA), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Crystal Patil
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Laura E Caulfield
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jean Gratz
- Center for Global Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Stein CR, Ge Y, Wolff MS, Ye X, Calafat AM, Kraus T, Moran TM. Perfluoroalkyl substance serum concentrations and immune response to FluMist vaccination among healthy adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:171-178. [PMID: 27208468 PMCID: PMC4907856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were shown to be immunotoxic in laboratory animals. There is some epidemiological evidence that PFAS exposure is inversely associated with vaccine-induced antibody concentration. We examined immune response to vaccination with FluMist intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine in relation to four PFAS (perfluorooctanoate, perfluorononanoate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate) serum concentrations among 78 healthy adults vaccinated during the 2010-2011 influenza season. We measured anti-A H1N1 antibody response and cytokine and chemokine concentrations in serum pre-vaccination, 3 days post-vaccination, and 30 days post-vaccination. We measured cytokine, chemokine, and mucosal IgA concentration in nasal secretions 3 days post-vaccination and 30 days post-vaccination. Adults with higher PFAS concentrations were more likely to seroconvert after FluMist vaccination as compared to adults with lower PFAS concentrations. The associations, however, were imprecise and few participants seroconverted as measured either by hemagglutination inhibition (9%) or immunohistochemical staining (25%). We observed no readily discernable or consistent pattern between PFAS concentration and baseline cytokine, chemokine, or mucosal IgA concentration, or between PFAS concentration and change in these immune markers between baseline and FluMist-response states. The results of this study do not support a reduced immune response to FluMist vaccination among healthy adults in relation to serum PFAS concentration. Given the study's many limitations, however, it does not rule out impaired vaccine response to other vaccines or vaccine components in either children or adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl R Stein
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Thomas M Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Chakraborty S, Harro C, DeNearing B, Bream J, Bauers N, Dally L, Flores J, Van de Verg L, Sack DA, Walker R. Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Oral, Inactivated Whole-Cell Shigella flexneri 2a Vaccine in Healthy Adult Subjects. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:315-25. [PMID: 26865592 PMCID: PMC4820506 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00608-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shigella causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide, but there is no licensed vaccine for shigellosis yet. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a formalin-inactivated whole-cell Shigella flexneri2a vaccine, Sf2aWC, given orally to adult volunteers. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 82 subjects were randomized to receive three doses of vaccine in dose escalation (2.6 ± 0.8 × 10(8), × 10(9), × 10(10), and × 10(11)vaccine particles/ml). Vaccine safety was actively monitored, and antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses were determined in serum, antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS), and fecal samples. Cytokines were measured in the serum. Sf2aWC was well tolerated and generally safe at all four dose levels. The vaccine resulted in a dose-dependent immune response. At the highest dose, the vaccine induced robust responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both serum and ALS samples. The highest magnitude and frequency of responses occurred after the first dose in almost all samples but was delayed for IgG in serum. Fifty percent of the vaccinees had a >4-fold increase in anti-LPS fecal antibody titers. Responses to invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa) were low. The levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-2, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10 were increased, and IL-8 was decreased immediately after first dose, but these changes were very transient. This phase I trial demonstrated that the Sf2aWC vaccine, a relatively simple vaccine concept, was safe and immunogenic. The vaccine elicited immune responses which were comparable to those induced by a live, attenuated Shigella vaccine that was protective in prior human challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clayton Harro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara DeNearing
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Len Dally
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Fernández-Ruiz M, Humar A, Baluch A, Keshwani S, Husain S, Kumar D. Baseline serum interleukin-6 to interleukin-2 ratio is associated with the response to seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients. Vaccine 2015; 33:7176-7182. [PMID: 26555352 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of pre- and post-vaccination B-cell-associated cytokines might be useful in predicting the immunogenicity of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. METHODS We performed a subanalysis of a clinical trial that compared the safety and efficacy of high-dose intradermal (ID) versus intramuscular (IM) TIV in SOT recipients. Serum levels of selected cytokines (interferon [IFN]-γ, interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-21, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were measured pre- and one month post-vaccination in 155 patients (with 84 and 71 receiving the ID and IM vaccines, respectively). Cytokine profiles were compared according to vaccine response (seroconversion [≥4-fold increase in hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers] to ≥1 influenza vaccine antigen). RESULTS Mean baseline IL-6 levels were higher (1.20 versus 0.65pg/mL; P-value=0.021) and IL-2 levels were lower (0.01 versus 0.50pg/mL; P-value=0.051) in patients achieving vaccine response. After adjusting for clinical variables, baseline IL-6/IL-2 ratio remained predictive of vaccine response (odds ratio per 10-unit increment: 1.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.10; P-value=0.002). Vaccination induced an increase in TNF-α (P-value <0.0001) and a decrease in IL-5 levels (P-value=0.0007). There were no significant differences in cytokine kinetics between vaccine responders and non-responders. Mean baseline TNF-α levels were higher in patients experiencing moderate-to-severe adverse events after vaccination (1.93 versus 1.72pg/mL; P-value=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Baseline serum IL-6 and IL-2 levels, two cytokines that modulate the role of CD4(+) T follicular helper cells and the terminal differentiation of B-cells, predict vaccine response in SOT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Atul Humar
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aliyah Baluch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Shanil Keshwani
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahid Husain
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Loison E, Gougeon ML. Thimerosal compromises human dendritic cell maturation, IL-12 production, chemokine release, and T-helper polarization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2328-35. [PMID: 25424939 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thimerosal is a preservative used in multidose vials of vaccine formulations to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination. We recently reported that nanomolar concentrations of thimerosal induce cell cycle arrest of human T cells activated via the TCR and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production, thus interfering with T-cell functions. Given the essential role of dendritic cells (DCs) in T-cell polarization and vaccine immunity, we studied the influence of non-toxic concentrations of thimerosal on DC maturation and functions. Ex-vivo exposure of human monocyte-derived DCs to nanomolar concentrations of thimerosal prevented LPS-induced DC maturation, as evidenced by the inhibition of morphological changes and a decreased expression of the maturation markers CD86 and HLA-DR. In addition thimerosal dampened their proinflammatory response, in particular the production of the Th1 polarizing cytokine IL-12, as well as TNF-α and IL-6. DC-dependent T helper polarization was altered, leading to a decreased production of IFN-γ IP10 and GM-CSF and increased levels of IL-8, IL-9, and MIP-1α. Although multi-dose vials of vaccines containing thimerosal remain important for vaccine delivery, our results alert about the ex-vivo immunomodulatory effects of thimerosal on DCs, a key player for the induction of an adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Loison
- a Institut Pasteur; Antiviral Immunity Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit; Infection and Epidemiology Department; Paris, France
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17
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Xu Y, Yuen PW, Lam JKW. Intranasal DNA Vaccine for Protection against Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Delivery Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2014; 6:378-415. [PMID: 25014738 PMCID: PMC4190526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics6030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal delivery of DNA vaccines has become a popular research area recently. It offers some distinguished advantages over parenteral and other routes of vaccine administration. Nasal mucosa as site of vaccine administration can stimulate respiratory mucosal immunity by interacting with the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). Different kinds of DNA vaccines are investigated to provide protection against respiratory infectious diseases including tuberculosis, coronavirus, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) etc. DNA vaccines have several attractive development potential, such as producing cross-protection towards different virus subtypes, enabling the possibility of mass manufacture in a relatively short time and a better safety profile. The biggest obstacle to DNA vaccines is low immunogenicity. One of the approaches to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccine is to improve DNA delivery efficiency. This review provides insight on the development of intranasal DNA vaccine for respiratory infections, with special attention paid to the strategies to improve the delivery of DNA vaccines using non-viral delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Pak-Wai Yuen
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jenny Ka-Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Riese P, Sakthivel P, Trittel S, Guzmán CA. Intranasal formulations: promising strategy to deliver vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1619-34. [PMID: 24962722 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.931936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of new diseases and the lack of efficient vaccines against numerous non-treatable pathogens require the development of novel vaccination strategies. To date, only a few mucosal vaccines have been approved for humans. This was in part due to i) the use of live attenuated vaccines, which are not suitable for certain groups of individuals, ii) safety concerns derived from implementation in humans of some mucosal vaccines, iii) the poor stability, absorption and immunogenicity of antigens delivered by the mucosal route and iv) the limited number of available technologies to overcome the bottlenecks associated with mucosal antigen delivery. Recent advances make feasible the development of efficacious mucosal vaccines with adequate safety profile. Thus, currently intranasal vaccines represent an attractive and valid alternative to conventional vaccines. AREAS COVERED The present review is focused on the potentials and limitations of market-approved intranasal vaccines and promising candidates undergoing clinical investigations. Furthermore, emerging strategies to overcome main bottlenecks including efficient breaching of the mucosal barrier and safety concerns by implementation of new adjuvants and delivery systems are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The rational design of intranasal vaccines requires an in-depth understanding of the anatomic, physicochemical and barrier properties of the nasal mucosa, as well as the molecular mechanisms governing the activation of the local innate and adaptive immune system. This would provide the critical knowledge to establish effective approaches to deliver vaccine antigens across the mucosal barrier, supporting the stimulation of a long-lasting protective response at both mucosal and systemic levels. Current developments in the area of adjuvants, nanotechnologies and mucosal immunology, together with the identification of surface receptors that can be exploited for cell targeting and manipulating their physiological properties, will become instrumental for developing a new generation of more effective intranasal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Riese
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology , Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
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Tang DCC, Nguyen HH. The Yin-Yang arms of vaccines: disease-fighting power versus tissue-destructive inflammation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:417-27. [PMID: 24502690 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.882775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The disease-fighting power of vaccines has defeated many pathogens and has been credited with global reduction of mortality and morbidity. However, most vaccine developments focus on the enhancement of effector responses with systemic inflammation and the consequences overlooked. Recent evidence shows that systemic inflammatory phenotypes, acute or chronic, are both detrimental and should be avoided if possible. Since noninvasive vaccination by painless delivery of nasal vaccines and skin patch vaccines could elicit potent protective immunity without inducing systemic inflammation, it can be predicted that vaccinology will increasingly see the abandonment of the 'needle-injection' paradigm for vaccine development. The findings that specific viral particles could rapidly remodel the tissue environment postinfection in favor of some pathogens with the capacity to suppress others illustrate the pressing need for a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms in order to unlock the full potential of immunological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Chu Christopher Tang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742 , Korea
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Characteristics of vaccine failures in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of inactivated influenza vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:e63-6. [PMID: 24061274 PMCID: PMC3947204 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections occurring among vaccinated persons (vaccine failures) are known to occur in vaccines with imperfect efficacy. Failures among vaccinated children who were infected with vaccine-matched influenza B virus strain have not been adequately characterized. METHODS Taking advantage of a randomized controlled trial of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (TIV), the viral shedding and clinical symptoms associated with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-confirmed influenza B infection and serum hemaggluttination inhibiting antibody response to vaccine were compared between children 6 and 17 years receiving TIV and placebo. RESULTS Vaccine failures were observed to show lower antibody response to TIV compared with other vaccine recipients. We did not find any evidence that vaccination reduced the severity or duration of clinical symptoms of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-confirmed vaccine-matched influenza B infections. Vaccination was not observed to alter viral load or shedding duration. CONCLUSIONS TIV was not observed to ameliorate clinical symptoms or viral shedding among vaccine failures compared with infected placebo recipients. Lower antibody response might have explained vaccine failure and also lack of effect in reducing clinical symptoms and viral shedding upon infection. Our results are based on a randomized controlled trial of split virus inactivated vaccine and may not be applicable to other vaccine types. Further studies in vaccine failure among children will be important in future vaccine development.
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Pathogen replication, host inflammation, and disease in the upper respiratory tract. Infect Immun 2013; 81:625-8. [PMID: 23319561 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01460-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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