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He W, Zhou L, Xu K, Li H, Wang JJ, Chen C, Wang D. Immunopathogenesis and immunomodulatory therapy for myocarditis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2112-2137. [PMID: 37002488 PMCID: PMC10066028 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory cardiac disease characterized by the destruction of myocardial cells, infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and is becoming a major public health concern. The aetiology of myocarditis continues to broaden as new pathogens and drugs emerge. The relationship between immune checkpoint inhibitors, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vaccines against coronavirus disease-2019, and myocarditis has attracted increased attention. Immunopathological processes play an important role in the different phases of myocarditis, affecting disease occurrence, development, and prognosis. Excessive immune activation can induce severe myocardial injury and lead to fulminant myocarditis, whereas chronic inflammation can lead to cardiac remodelling and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of immunosuppressive treatments, particularly cytotoxic agents, for myocarditis, remains controversial. While reasonable and effective immunomodulatory therapy is the general trend. This review focuses on the current understanding of the aetiology and immunopathogenesis of myocarditis and offers new perspectives on immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu He
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - James Jiqi Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - DaoWen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Abstract
Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a globally reemerging respiratory pathogen that is associated with the development of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or treatments for EV-D68 infection, and there is a paucity of data related to the virus and host-specific factors that predict disease severity and progression to the neurologic syndrome. EV-D68 infection of various animal models has served as an important platform for characterization and comparison of disease pathogenesis between historic and contemporary isolates. Still, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of EV-D68 pathogenesis that constrain the development and evaluation of targeted vaccines and antiviral therapies. Continued refinement and characterization of animal models that faithfully reproduce key elements of EV-D68 infection and disease is essential for ensuring public health preparedness for future EV-D68 outbreaks.
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Immunopathology in the brain of mice following vertical transmission of Coxsackievirus B4. Microb Pathog 2020; 140:103965. [PMID: 31904449 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackie B viruses (CV-B) are associated with several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. These viruses are predominantly transmitted by fecal-oral route but vertical transmission can also occur. This work attempted to study the immune response ensuing vertical transmission of CV-B to the brain, and its eventual implementation in the brain pathogenesis. To this end, pregnant Swiss albino mice were inoculated with CV-B4 E2 or with sterile medium for control animals. At different ages after birth, brains were collected and analyzed for virus infection, histopathological changes and immune response. Infectious particles were detected in offspring's brain which demonstrates vertical transmission of the virus. This infection is persistent since the long lasting detection of viral RNA in offspring's brain. Some pathological signs including meningitis, edema and accumulation of inflammatory cells within and surrounding the inflammatory areas were observed. Immunoflorescence staining unveiled the presence of T lymphocytes and microgliosis in the sites of lesion for a long period after birth. Multiplex cytokines measurement upon supernatants of in vitro mixed brain cells and extracted mononuclear cells from offspring's brain has demonstrated an elevated secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6 and IFNα and the chemokines RANTES and MCP-1. Hence, vertical transmission of CV-B4 and its persistence within offspring's brain can lead to pathological features linked to increased and sustained immune response.
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Kikkert M. Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:4-20. [PMID: 31610541 PMCID: PMC6959104 DOI: 10.1159/000503030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant. Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseases, prophylactic vaccines or effective antiviral treatments against viral respiratory infections are either still not available, or provide only limited protection. Given the widespread prevalence, a general lack of natural sterilizing immunity, and/or high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses, this difficult situation is a genuine societal challenge. A thorough understanding of the virus-host interactions during these respiratory infections will most probably be pivotal to ultimately meet these challenges. This review attempts to provide a comparative overview of the knowledge about an important part of the interaction between respiratory viruses and their host: the arms race between host innate immunity and viral innate immune evasion. Many, if not all, viruses, including the respiratory viruses listed above, suppress innate immune responses to gain a window of opportunity for efficient virus replication and setting-up of the infection. The consequences for the host's immune response are that it is often incomplete, delayed or diminished, or displays overly strong induction (after the delay) that may cause tissue damage. The affected innate immune response also impacts subsequent adaptive responses, and therefore viral innate immune evasion often undermines fully protective immunity. In this review, innate immune responses relevant for respiratory viruses with an RNA genome will briefly be summarized, and viral innate immune evasion based on shielding viral RNA species away from cellular innate immune sensors will be discussed from different angles. Subsequently, viral enzymatic activities that suppress innate immune responses will be discussed, including activities causing host shut-off and manipulation of stress granule formation. Furthermore, viral protease-mediated immune evasion and viral manipulation of the ubiquitin system will be addressed. Finally, perspectives for use of the reviewed knowledge for the development of novel antiviral strategies will be sketched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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Aw‐Yong KL, NikNadia NMN, Tan CW, Sam I, Chan YF. Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2073. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw‐Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Nasir NikNadia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - I‐Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Good C, Wells AI, Coyne CB. Type III interferon signaling restricts enterovirus 71 infection of goblet cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau4255. [PMID: 30854425 PMCID: PMC6402847 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent worldwide outbreaks of enterovirus 71 (EV71) have caused major epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease with severe neurological complications, including acute flaccid paralysis. EV71 is transmitted by the enteral route, but little is known about the mechanisms it uses to cross the human gastrointestinal tract. Using primary human intestinal epithelial monolayers, we show that EV71 infects the epithelium from the apical surface, where it preferentially infects goblet cells. We found that EV71 infection did not alter epithelial barrier function but did reduce the expression of goblet cell-derived mucins, suggesting that it alters goblet cell function. We also show that the intestinal epithelium responds to EV71 infection through the selective induction of type III interferons (IFNs), which restrict EV71 replication. Collectively, these findings define the early events associated with EV71 infections of the human intestinal epithelium and show that host IFN signaling controls replication in an IFN-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Good
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra I. Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Richard K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Corresponding author. ,
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Luk ADW, Ni K, Wu Y, Lam KT, Chan KW, Lee PP, Tu W, Mao H, Lau YL. Type I and III Interferon Productions Are Impaired in X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Patients Toward Poliovirus but Not Influenza Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1826. [PMID: 30147693 PMCID: PMC6095995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) mutation. Patients are susceptible to severe enterovirus infections. The underlying mechanism remains unknown. BTK is involved in toll-like receptors pathway, which initiates antiviral responses including interferon (IFN) productions. Objective To demonstrate type I and III IFN productions in dendritic cells of XLA patients is decreased in response to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) but not H1N1 virus. Methods Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) were derived from nine XLA patients aged 22-32 years old and 23 buffy coats from Hong Kong Red Cross blood donors. LFM-A13 was used to inhibit BTK. OPV Sabin type 1 and H1N1 influenza virus were used to stimulate MoDCs with RPMI as mock stimulation. The antiviral cytokine productions and phenotypic maturation of MoDCs were determined 24 h post-stimulation. OPV RNA was determined at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h post-stimulation. Results Upon OPV stimulation, IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IFN-λ1 productions in MoDCs from XLA patients and BTK-inhibited MoDCs of healthy controls were significantly lower than that from healthy controls. Whereas upon H1N1 stimulation, the IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IFN-λ1 productions were similar in MoDCs from XLA patients, BTK-inhibited MoDCs of healthy controls and healthy controls. The mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II in MoDCs from XLA patients in response to OPV was similar to that in response to mock stimulation, while the MFI of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II were significantly higher in response to H1N1 stimulation than that in response to mock stimulation. Whereas, the MFI of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II in MoDCs of healthy controls were significantly higher in response to both OPV and H1N1 stimulation compared to that in response to mock stimulation. Conclusion Production of type I and III IFN in response to OPV was deficient in MoDCs from XLA patients, but was normal in response to H1N1 due to deficient BTK function. Moreover, phenotypic maturation of MoDCs from XLA patients was impaired in response to OPV but not to H1N1. These selective impairments may account for the unique susceptibility of XLA patients toward severe enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dik Wai Luk
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ke Ni
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuet Wu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Tai Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pamela P. Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huawei Mao
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Ramani S, Crawford SE, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Human organoid cultures: transformative new tools for human virus studies. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:79-86. [PMID: 29656244 PMCID: PMC5944856 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of human infectious diseases have been limited by the paucity of functional models that mimic normal human physiology and pathophysiology. Recent advances in the development of multicellular, physiologically active organotypic cultures produced from embryonic and pluripotent stem cells, as well as from stem cells isolated from biopsies and surgical specimens are allowing unprecedented new studies and discoveries about host-microbe interactions. Here, we summarize recent developments in the use of organoids for studying human viral pathogens, including intestinal infections with human rotavirus, norovirus, enteroviruses and adenoviruses (intestinal organoids and enteroids), neuronal infections with Zika virus (cerebral organoids) and respiratory infections with respiratory syncytial virus in (lung bud organoids). Biologic discovery of host-specific genetic and epigenetic factors affecting infection, and responses to infection that lead to disease are possible with the use of organoid cultures. Continued development to increase the complexity of these cultures by including components of the normal host tissue microenvironment such as immune cells, blood vessels and microbiome, will facilitate studies on human viral pathogenesis, and advance the development of platforms for pre-clinical evaluation of vaccines, antivirals and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Shen XX, Qiu FZ, Zhao HL, Yang MJ, Hong L, Xu ST, Zhou SF, Li GX, Feng ZS, Ma XJ. A novel and highly sensitive real-time nested RT-PCR assay in a single closed tube for detection of enterovirus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 90:181-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Lötzerich M, Roulin PS, Boucke K, Witte R, Georgiev O, Greber UF. Rhinovirus 3C protease suppresses apoptosis and triggers caspase-independent cell death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29449668 PMCID: PMC5833640 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and programmed necrosis (necroptosis) determine cell fate, and antagonize infection. Execution of these complementary death pathways involves the formation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) containing complexes. RIPK1 binds to adaptor proteins, such as TRIF (Toll-IL-1 receptor-domain-containing-adaptor-inducing interferon-beta factor), FADD (Fas-associated-protein with death domain), NEMO (NF-κB regulatory subunit IKKγ), SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1/p62), or RIPK3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 3), which are involved in RNA sensing, NF-κB signaling, autophagosome formation, apoptosis, and necroptosis. We report that a range of rhinoviruses impair apoptosis and necroptosis in epithelial cells late in infection. Unlike the double-strand (ds) RNA mimetic poly I:C (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid), the exposure of dsRNA to toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in rhinovirus-infected cells did not lead to apoptosis execution. Accordingly, necroptosis and the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) were not observed late in infection, when RIPK3 was absent. Instead, a virus-induced alternative necrotic cell death pathway proceeded, which led to membrane rupture, indicated by propidium iodide staining. The impairment of dsRNA-induced apoptosis late in infection was controlled by the viral 3C-protease (3Cpro), which disrupted RIPK1-TRIF/FADD /SQSTM1 immune-complexes. 3Cpro and 3C precursors were found to coimmuno-precipitate with RIPK1, cleaving the RIPK1 death-domain, and generating N-terminal RIPK1 fragments. The depletion of RIPK1 or chemical inhibition of its kinase at the N-terminus did not interfere with virus progeny formation or cell fate. The data show that rhinoviruses suppress apoptosis and necroptosis, and release progeny by an alternative cell death pathway, which is controlled by viral proteases modifying innate immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lötzerich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Pascal S Roulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Boucke
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oleg Georgiev
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Howe CL, LaFrance-Corey RG, Goddery EN, Johnson RK, Mirchia K. Neuronal CCL2 expression drives inflammatory monocyte infiltration into the brain during acute virus infection. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:238. [PMID: 29202854 PMCID: PMC5715496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral encephalitis is a dangerous compromise between the need to robustly clear pathogen from the brain and the need to protect neurons from bystander injury. Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of C57Bl/6 mice is a model of viral encephalitis in which the compromise results in hippocampal damage and permanent neurological sequelae. We previously identified brain-infiltrating inflammatory monocytes as the primary driver of this hippocampal pathology, but the mechanisms involved in recruiting these cells to the brain were unclear. Methods Chemokine expression levels in the hippocampus were assessed by microarray, ELISA, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Monocyte infiltration during acute TMEV infection was measured by flow cytometry. CCL2 levels were manipulated by immunodepletion and by specific removal from neurons in mice generated by crossing a line expressing the Cre recombinase behind the synapsin promoter to animals with floxed CCL2. Results Inoculation of the brain with TMEV induced hippocampal production of the proinflammatory chemokine CCL2 that peaked at 6 h postinfection, whereas inoculation with UV-inactivated TMEV did not elicit this response. Immunofluorescence revealed that hippocampal neurons expressed high levels of CCL2 at this timepoint. Genetic deletion of CCR2 and systemic immunodepletion of CCL2 abrogated or blunted the infiltration of inflammatory monocytes into the brain during acute infection. Specific genetic deletion of CCL2 from neurons reduced serum and hippocampal CCL2 levels and inhibited inflammatory monocyte infiltration into the brain. Conclusions We conclude that intracranial inoculation with infectious TMEV rapidly induces the expression of CCL2 in neurons, and this cellular source is necessary for CCR2-dependent infiltration of inflammatory monocytes into the brain during the most acute stage of encephalitis. These findings highlight a unique role for neuronal production of chemokines in the initiation of leukocytic infiltration into the infected central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Howe
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Reghann G LaFrance-Corey
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Renee K Johnson
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Kanish Mirchia
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
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12
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Nicaise V, Candresse T. Plum pox virus capsid protein suppresses plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:878-886. [PMID: 27301551 PMCID: PMC6638313 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by immune receptors launches defence mechanisms referred to as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Successful pathogens must suppress PTI pathways via the action of effectors to efficiently colonize their hosts. So far, plant PTI has been reported to be active against most classes of pathogens, except viruses, although this defence layer has been hypothesized recently as an active part of antiviral immunity which needs to be suppressed by viruses for infection success. Here, we report that Arabidopsis PTI genes are regulated upon infection by viruses and contribute to plant resistance to Plum pox virus (PPV). Our experiments further show that PPV suppresses two early PTI responses, the oxidative burst and marker gene expression, during Arabidopsis infection. In planta expression of PPV capsid protein (CP) was found to strongly impair these responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis, revealing its PTI suppressor activity. In summary, we provide the first clear evidence that plant viruses acquired the ability to suppress PTI mechanisms via the action of effectors, highlighting a novel strategy employed by viruses to escape plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Nicaise
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
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13
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Enteroviruses infect human enteroids and induce antiviral signaling in a cell lineage-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1672-1677. [PMID: 28137842 PMCID: PMC5320971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617363114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common viral infectious agents of humans and are primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route. However, the events associated with enterovirus infections of the human gastrointestinal tract remain largely unknown. Here, we used stem cell-derived enteroids from human small intestines to study enterovirus infections of the intestinal epithelium. We found that enteroids were susceptible to infection by diverse enteroviruses, including echovirus 11 (E11), coxsackievirus B (CVB), and enterovirus 71 (EV71), and that contrary to an immortalized intestinal cell line, enteroids induced antiviral and inflammatory signaling pathways in response to infection in a virus-specific manner. Furthermore, using the Notch inhibitor dibenzazepine (DBZ) to drive cellular differentiation into secretory cell lineages, we show that although goblet cells resist E11 infection, enteroendocrine cells are permissive, suggesting that enteroviruses infect specific cell populations in the human intestine. Taken together, our studies provide insights into enterovirus infections of the human intestine, which could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and/or strategies to prevent or treat infections by these highly clinically relevant viruses.
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14
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Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a member of the species Enterovirus D in the genus Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family. EV-D68 was first isolated in the United States in 1962 and is primarily an agent of respiratory disease. Infections with EV-D68 have been rarely reported until recently, when reports of EV-D68 associated with respiratory disease increased notably worldwide. An outbreak in 2014 in the United States, for example, involved more than 1,000 cases of severe respiratory disease that occurred across almost all states. Phylogenetic analysis of all EV-D68 sequences indicates that the circulating strains of EV-D68 can be classified into two lineages, lineage 1 and lineage 2. In contrast to the prototype Fermon strain, all circulating strains have deletions in their genomes. Respiratory illness associated with EV-D68 infection ranges from mild illness that just needs outpatient service to severe illness requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. To date, there are no specific medicines and vaccines to treat or prevent EV-D68 infection. This review provides a detailed overview about our current understanding of EV-D68-related virology, epidemiology and clinical syndromes, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Xiang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
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15
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Bochkov YA, Gern JE. Rhinoviruses and Their Receptors: Implications for Allergic Disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:30. [PMID: 26960297 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are picornaviruses that can cause a variety of illnesses including the common cold, lower respiratory tract illnesses such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and exacerbations of asthma. RVs are classified into three species, RV-A, B, and C, which include over 160 types. They utilize three major types of cellular membrane glycoproteins to gain entry into the host cell: intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (the majority of RV-A and all RV-B), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family members (12 RV-A types), and cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) (RV-C). CDHR3 is a member of cadherin superfamily of transmembrane proteins with yet unknown biological function, and there is relatively little information available about the mechanisms of RV-C interaction with CDHR3. A coding single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330) in CDHR3 could promote RV-C infections and illnesses in infancy, which could in turn adversely affect the developing lung to increase the risk of asthma. Further studies are needed to determine how RV infections contribute to pathogenesis of asthma and to develop the optimal treatment approach to control asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
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16
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2C Proteins of Enteroviruses Suppress IKKβ Phosphorylation by Recruiting Protein Phosphatase 1. J Virol 2016; 90:5141-5151. [PMID: 26962213 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03021-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The NF-κB signaling network, which is an ancient signaling pathway, plays a pivotal role in innate immunity and constitutes a first line of defense against invading pathogens, including viruses. However, numerous viruses possess evolved strategies to antagonize the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our previous study demonstrated that the nonstructural protein 2C of enterovirus 71 (EV71), which is the major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease, inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated activation of NF-κB by suppressing IκB kinase β (IKKβ) phosphorylation. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the inhibition of IKKβ phosphorylation by EV71 2C remains largely elusive. We demonstrate that EV71 2C interacts with all isoforms of the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunit (the PP1α, PP1β, and PP1γ isoforms) through PP1-docking motifs. EV71 2C has no influence on the subcellular localization of PP1. In addition, the PP1-binding-deficient EV71 2C mutant 3E3L nearly completely lost the ability to suppress IKKβ phosphorylation and NF-κB activation was markedly restored in the mutant, thereby indicating that PP1 binding is efficient for EV71 2C-mediated inhibition of IKKβ phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. We further demonstrate that 2C forms a complex with PP1 and IKKβ to dephosphorylate IKKβ. Notably, we reveal that other human enteroviruses, including poliovirus (PV), coxsackie A virus 16 (CVA16), and coxsackie B virus 3 (CVB3), use 2C proteins to recruit PP1, leading to the inhibition of IKKβ phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that enteroviruses exploit a novel mechanism to inhibit IKKβ phosphorylation by recruiting PP1 and IKKβ to form a complex through 2C proteins, which ultimately results in the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. IMPORTANCE The innate antiviral immunity system performs an essential function in recognizing and eliminating invading viruses. Enteroviruses include a number of important human pathogens, including poliovirus (PV), EV71, and coxsackieviruses (CVs). As 2C is the most conserved and complex nonstructural protein of enteroviruses, its biological function is largely unclear, whereas the 2A and 3C proteinases of enteroviruses are well characterized. We reveal that EV71 2C forms a complex with PP1 and IKKβ to maintain IKKβ in an unphosphorylated and inactive state, resulting in the inactivation of the TNF-α-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. We provide evidence that the 2C proteins of the enteroviruses PV, CVA16, and CVB3 suppress IKKβ phosphorylation through the same mechanism involving PP1. We demonstrate that enteroviruses exploit a novel mechanism involving PP1 to regulate innate antiviral immunity, and our findings may be particularly important for understanding the pathogenicity of enteroviruses.
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17
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In vitro cytokine induction by TLR-activating vaccine adjuvants in human blood varies by age and adjuvant. Cytokine 2016; 83:99-109. [PMID: 27081760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most infections occur in early life, prompting development of novel adjuvanted vaccines to protect newborns and infants. Several Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (TLRAs) are components of licensed vaccine formulations or are in development as candidate adjuvants. However, the type and magnitude of immune responses to TLRAs may vary with the TLR activated as well as age and geographic location. Most notably, in newborns, as compared to adults, the immune response to TLRAs is polarized with lower Th1 cytokine production and robust Th2 and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. The ontogeny of TLR-mediated cytokine responses in international cohorts has been reported, but no study has compared cytokine responses to TLRAs between U.S. neonates and infants at the age of 6months. Both are critical age groups for the currently pediatric vaccine schedule. In this study, we report quantitative differences in the production of a panel of 14 cytokines and chemokines after in vitro stimulation of newborn cord blood and infant and adult peripheral blood with agonists of TLR4, including monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and glucopyranosyl lipid Adjuvant aqueous formulation (GLA-AF), as well as agonists of TLR7/8 (R848) and TLR9 (CpG). Both TLR4 agonists, MPLA and GLA-AF, induced greater concentrations of Th1 cytokines CXCL10, TNF and Interleukin (IL)-12p70 in infant and adult blood compared to newborn blood. All the tested TLRAs induced greater infant IFN-α2 production compared to newborn and adult blood. In contrast, CpG induced greater IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-12p40, IL-10 and CXCL8 in newborn than in infant and adult blood. Overall, to the extent that these in vitro studies mirror responses in vivo, our study demonstrates distinct age-specific effects of TLRAs that may inform their development as candidate adjuvants for early life vaccines.
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18
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Cuevas RA, Ghosh A, Wallerath C, Hornung V, Coyne CB, Sarkar SN. MOV10 Provides Antiviral Activity against RNA Viruses by Enhancing RIG-I-MAVS-Independent IFN Induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3877-86. [PMID: 27016603 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Moloney leukemia virus 10, homolog (MOV10) is an IFN-inducible RNA helicase, associated with small RNA-induced silencing. In this article, we report that MOV10 exhibits antiviral activity, independent of its helicase function, against a number of positive- and negative-strand RNA viruses by enhancing type I IFN induction. Using a number of genome-edited knockout human cells, we show that IFN regulatory factor 3-mediated IFN induction and downstream IFN signaling through IFN receptor was necessary to inhibit virus replication by MOV10. MOV10 enhanced IFN regulatory factor 3-mediated transcription of IFN. However, this IFN induction by MOV10 was unique and independent of the known retinoic acid-inducible gene I/mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein-mediated RNA-sensing pathway. Upon virus infection, MOV10 specifically required inhibitor of κB kinase ε, not TANK-binding kinase 1, for its antiviral activity. The important role of MOV10 in mediating antiviral signaling was further supported by the finding that viral proteases from picornavirus family specifically targeted MOV10 as a possible innate immune evasion mechanism. These results establish MOV10, an evolutionary conserved protein involved in RNA silencing, as an antiviral gene against RNA viruses that uses an retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor-independent pathway to enhance IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando A Cuevas
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Arundhati Ghosh
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Christina Wallerath
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Saumendra N Sarkar
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
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19
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Krasota A, Loginovskih N, Ivanova O, Lipskaya G. Direct Identification of Enteroviruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Suspected Meningitis by Nested PCR Amplification. Viruses 2016; 8:E10. [PMID: 26751470 PMCID: PMC4728570 DOI: 10.3390/v8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, the most common human viral pathogens worldwide, have been associated with serous meningitis, encephalitis, syndrome of acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis and the onset of diabetes type 1. In the future, the rapid identification of the etiological agent would allow to adjust the therapy promptly and thereby improve the course of the disease and prognosis. We developed RT-nested PCR amplification of the genomic region coding viral structural protein VP1 for direct identification of enteroviruses in clinical specimens and compared it with the existing analogs. One-hundred-fifty-nine cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with suspected meningitis were studied. The amplification of VP1 genomic region using the new method was achieved for 86 (54.1%) patients compared with 75 (47.2%), 53 (33.3%) and 31 (19.5%) achieved with previously published methods. We identified 11 serotypes of the Enterovirus species B in 2012, including relatively rare echovirus 14 (E-14), E-15 and E-32, and eight serotypes of species B and 5 enteroviruses A71 (EV-A71) in 2013. The developed method can be useful for direct identification of enteroviruses in clinical material with the low virus loads such as CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Krasota
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow 142782, Russia.
| | - Natalia Loginovskih
- Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Omsk Region, Omsk 644116, Russia.
| | - Olga Ivanova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow 142782, Russia.
| | - Galina Lipskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
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20
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Harris KG, Coyne CB. Unc93b Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Is Cleaved by Host and Enteroviral Proteases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141383. [PMID: 26509685 PMCID: PMC4624986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Unc93b is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transmembrane protein that serves to bind and traffic toll-like receptors (TLRs) from the ER to their appropriate subcellular locations for ligand sensing. Because of its role in TLR trafficking, Unc93b is necessary for an effective innate immune response to coxsackievirus B3 (CVB), a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus belonging to the enterovirus family. Here, we show that Unc93b is cleaved by a CVB-encoded cysteine protease (3Cpro) during viral replication. Further, we define a role for Unc93b in the induction of apoptotic cell death and show that expression of wild-type Unc93b, but not a mutant incapable of binding TLRs or exiting the ER (H412R), induces apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that cellular caspases activated during apoptosis directly cleave Unc93b. Interestingly, we show that the 3Cpro- and caspase-mediated cleavage of Unc93b both occur within ten amino acids in the distal N-terminus of Unc93b. Mechanistically, neither caspase-mediated nor 3Cpro-mediated cleavage of Unc93b altered its trafficking function, inhibited its role in facilitating TLR3 or TLR8 signaling, or altered its apoptosis-inducing effects. Taken together, our studies show that Unc93b is targeted by both viral- and host cell-specific proteases and identify a function of Unc93b in the induction of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine G. Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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21
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Wen X, Cheng A, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Sun K, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen X. Recent advances from studies on the role of structural proteins in enterovirus infection. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1529-42. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a large group of small nonenveloped viruses that cause common and debilitating illnesses affecting humans and animals worldwide. The capsid composed by viral structural proteins packs the RNA genome. It is becoming apparent that structural proteins of enteroviruses play versatile roles in the virus–host interaction in the viral life cycle, more than just a shell. Furthermore, structural proteins to some extent may be associated with viral virulence and pathogenesis. Better understanding the roles of structural proteins in enterovirus infection may lead to the development of potential antiviral strategies. Here, we discuss recent advances from studies on the role of structural proteins in enterovirus infection and antiviral therapeutics targeted structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Engineering & Technology Center for Laboratory Animals of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
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22
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Harris KG, Morosky SA, Drummond CG, Patel M, Kim C, Stolz DB, Bergelson JM, Cherry S, Coyne CB. RIP3 Regulates Autophagy and Promotes Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:221-32. [PMID: 26269957 PMCID: PMC4562276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3) is an essential kinase for necroptotic cell death signaling and has been implicated in antiviral cell death signaling upon DNA virus infection. Here, we performed high-throughput RNAi screening and identified RIP3 as a positive regulator of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB) replication in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). RIP3 regulates autophagy, a process utilized by CVB for viral replication factory assembly, and depletion of RIP3 inhibits autophagic flux and leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes and amphisomes. Additionally, later in infection, RIP3 is cleaved by the CVB-encoded cysteine protease 3C(pro), which serves to abrogate RIP3-mediated necrotic signaling and induce a nonnecrotic form of cell death. Taken together, our results show that temporal targeting of RIP3 allows CVB to benefit from its roles in regulating autophagy while inhibiting the induction of necroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine G Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stefanie A Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Coyne G Drummond
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Maulik Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bergelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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23
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Sin J, Mangale V, Thienphrapa W, Gottlieb RA, Feuer R. Recent progress in understanding coxsackievirus replication, dissemination, and pathogenesis. Virology 2015; 484:288-304. [PMID: 26142496 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses (CVs) are relatively common viruses associated with a number of serious human diseases, including myocarditis and meningo-encephalitis. These viruses are considered cytolytic yet can persist for extended periods of time within certain host tissues requiring evasion from the host immune response and a greatly reduced rate of replication. A member of Picornaviridae family, CVs have been historically considered non-enveloped viruses - although recent evidence suggest that CV and other picornaviruses hijack host membranes and acquire an envelope. Acquisition of an envelope might provide distinct benefits to CV virions, such as resistance to neutralizing antibodies and efficient nonlytic viral spread. CV exhibits a unique tropism for progenitor cells in the host which may help to explain the susceptibility of the young host to infection and the establishment of chronic disease in adults. CVs have also been shown to exploit autophagy to maximize viral replication and assist in unconventional release from target cells. In this article, we review recent progress in clarifying virus replication and dissemination within the host cell, identifying determinants of tropism, and defining strategies utilized by the virus to evade the host immune response. Also, we will highlight unanswered questions and provide future perspectives regarding the potential mechanisms of CV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Sin
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vrushali Mangale
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, Cell & Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Wdee Thienphrapa
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, Cell & Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ralph Feuer
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, Cell & Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA.
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24
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Morgan NG, Richardson SJ. Enteroviruses as causative agents in type 1 diabetes: loose ends or lost cause? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:611-9. [PMID: 25175301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence implies that an enteroviral infection may accelerate or precipitate type 1 diabetes (T1D) in some individuals. However, causality is not proven. We present and critically assess evidence suggesting that islet β cells can become infected with enterovirus, and argue that this may result in one of several consequences. Occasionally, a fully lytic infection may arise and this culminates in fulminant diabetes. Alternatively, an atypical persistent infection develops which can be either benign or promote islet autoimmunity. We propose a model in which the 'strength' of the β cell response to the establishment of a persistent enteroviral infection determines the final disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
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25
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Xu C, He X, Zheng Z, Zhang Z, Wei C, Guan K, Hou L, Zhang B, Zhu L, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Ma S, Wang P, Zhang P, Xu Q, Ling Y, Yang X, Zhong H. Downregulation of microRNA miR-526a by enterovirus inhibits RIG-I-dependent innate immune response. J Virol 2014; 88:11356-68. [PMID: 25056901 PMCID: PMC4178780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01400-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is an intracellular RNA virus sensor that induces type I interferon-mediated host-protective innate immunity against viral infection. Although cylindromatosis (CYLD) has been shown to negatively regulate innate antiviral response by removing K-63-linked polyubiquitin from RIG-I, the regulation of its expression and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Here we show that RIG-I activity is regulated by inhibition of CYLD expression mediated by the microRNA miR-526a. We found that viral infection specifically upregulates miR-526a expression in macrophages via interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-dependent mechanisms. In turn, miR-526a positively regulates virus-triggered type I interferon (IFN-I) production, thus suppressing viral replication, the underlying mechanism of which is the enhancement of RIG-I K63-linked ubiquitination by miR-526a via suppression of the expression of CYLD. Remarkably, virus-induced miR-526a upregulation and CYLD downregulation are blocked by enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C protein, while ectopic miR-526a expression inhibits the replication of EV71 virus. The collective results of this study suggest a novel mechanism of the regulation of RIG-I activity during RNA virus infection by miR-526a and suggest a novel mechanism for the evasion of the innate immune response controlled by EV71. IMPORTANCE RNA virus infection upregulates the expression of miR-526a in macrophages through IRF-dependent pathways. In turn, miR-526a positively regulates virus-triggered type I IFN production and inhibits viral replication, the underlying mechanism of which is the enhancement of RIG-I K-63 ubiquitination by miR-526a via suppression of the expression of CYLD. Remarkably, virus-induced miR-526a upregulation and CYLD downregulation are blocked by enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C protein; cells with overexpressed miR-526a were highly resistant to EV71 infection. The collective results of this study suggest a novel mechanism of the regulation of RIG-I activity during RNA virus infection by miR-526a and propose a novel mechanism for the evasion of the innate immune response controlled by EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China Institute of Health Science, School of Life Sciences, AnHui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang He
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China Institute of Health Science, School of Life Sciences, AnHui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Congwen Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Buchang Zhang
- Institute of Health Science, School of Life Sciences, AnHui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Health Science, School of Life Sciences, AnHui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | - Ye Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Ma
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Penghao Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Quanbin Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Youguo Ling
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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26
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Harris KG, Coyne CB. Death waits for no man--does it wait for a virus? How enteroviruses induce and control cell death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:587-96. [PMID: 25172372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common human viral pathogens. They cause a variety of pathologies, including myocarditis and meningoencephalopathies, and have been linked to the onset of type I diabetes. These pathologies result from the death of cells in the myocardium, central nervous system, and pancreas, respectively. Understanding the role of EVs in inducing cell death is crucial to understanding the etiologies of these diverse pathologies. EVs both induce and delay host cell death, and their exquisite control of this balance is crucial for their success as human viral pathogens. Thus, EVs are tightly involved with cell death signaling pathways and interact with host cell signaling at multiple points. Here, we review the literature detailing the mechanisms of EV-induced cell death. We discuss the mechanisms by which EVs induce cell death, the signaling pathways involved in these pathways, and the strategies by which EVs antagonize cell death pathways. We also discuss the role of cell death in both the resulting pathology in the host and in the facilitation of viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine G Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
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27
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Feng Q, Langereis MA, van Kuppeveld FJM. Induction and suppression of innate antiviral responses by picornaviruses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:577-85. [PMID: 25086453 PMCID: PMC7172595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The family Picornaviridae comprises of small, non-enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses and contains many human and animal pathogens including enteroviruses (e.g. poliovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus 71 and rhinovirus), cardioviruses (e.g. encephalomyocarditis virus), hepatitis A virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. Picornavirus infections activate a cytosolic RNA sensor, MDA5, which in turn, induces a type I interferon response, a crucial component of antiviral immunity. Moreover, picornaviruses activate the formation of stress granules (SGs), large aggregates of preassembled mRNPs (messenger ribonucleoprotein particles) to temporarily store these molecules upon cellular stress. Meanwhile, picornaviruses actively suppress these antiviral responses to ensure efficient replication. In this review we provide an overview of the induction and suppression of the MDA5-mediated IFN-α/β response and the cellular stress pathway by picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Xiang Z, Li L, Lei X, Zhou H, Zhou Z, He B, Wang J. Enterovirus 68 3C protease cleaves TRIF to attenuate antiviral responses mediated by Toll-like receptor 3. J Virol 2014; 88:6650-9. [PMID: 24672048 PMCID: PMC4054379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03138-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human enterovirus 68 (EV68) is a member of the EV-D species, which belongs to the EV genus of the Picornaviridae family. Over the past several years, there have been increasingly documented outbreaks of respiratory disease associated with EV68. As a globally emerging pathogen, EV68 infects both adults and children. However, the molecular basis of EV68 pathogenesis is unknown. Here we report that EV68 inhibits Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated innate immune responses by targeting the TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing beta interferon (TRIF). In infected HeLa cells, EV68 inhibits poly(I·C)-induced interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation and beta interferon (IFN-β) expression. Further investigations revealed that TRIF, a critical adaptor downstream of TLR3, is targeted by EV68. When expressed alone, 3C(pro), an EV68-encoded protease, cleaves TRIF. 3C(pro) mediates TRIF cleavage at Q312 and Q653, which are sites in the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains, respectively. This cleavage relies on 3C(pro)'s cysteine protease activity. Cleavage of TRIF abolishes the capacity of TRIF to activate NF-κB and IFN-β signaling. These results suggest that control of TRIF by 3C(pro) may be a mechanism by which EV68 subverts host innate immune responses. IMPORTANCE EV68 is a globally emerging pathogen, but the molecular basis of EV68 pathogenesis is unclear. Here we report that EV68 inhibits TLR3-mediated innate immune responses by targeting TRIF. Further investigations revealed that TRIF is cleaved by 3C(pro). These results suggest that control of TRIF by 3C(pro) may be a mechanism by which EV68 impairs type I IFN production in response to TLR3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Xiang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Jacobs JL, Coyne CB. Mechanisms of MAVS regulation at the mitochondrial membrane. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:5009-19. [PMID: 24120683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have emerged as critical platforms for antiviral innate immune signaling. This is due in large part to the mitochondrial localization of the innate immune signaling adaptor MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), which coordinates signals received from two independent cytosolic pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) to induce antiviral genes. The existence of a shared adaptor for two central PRRs presents an ideal target by which the host cell can prevent cellular damage induced by uncontrolled inflammation through alteration of MAVS expression and/or signaling. In this review, we focus on the MAVS regulome and review the cellular factors that regulate MAVS by (1) protein-protein interactions, (2) alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, and/or (3) post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Jacobs
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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