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Zhou X, Wang J, Yu L, Qiao G, Qin D, Yuen-Kwan Law B, Ren F, Wu J, Wu A. Mitophagy and cGAS-STING crosstalk in neuroinflammation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:3327-3361. [PMID: 39220869 PMCID: PMC11365416 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, essential for mitochondrial health, selectively degrades damaged mitochondria. It is intricately linked to the cGAS-STING pathway, which is crucial for innate immunity. This pathway responds to mitochondrial DNA and is associated with cellular stress response. Our review explores the molecular details and regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy and the cGAS-STING pathway. We critically evaluate the literature demonstrating how dysfunctional mitophagy leads to neuroinflammatory conditions, primarily through the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which activates the cGAS-STING pathway. This activation prompts the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating neuroinflammation. This review emphasizes the interaction between mitophagy and the cGAS-STING pathways. Effective mitophagy may suppress the cGAS-STING pathway, offering protection against neuroinflammation. Conversely, impaired mitophagy may activate the cGAS-STING pathway, leading to chronic neuroinflammation. Additionally, we explored how this interaction influences neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting a common mechanism underlying these diseases. In conclusion, there is a need for additional targeted research to unravel the complexities of mitophagy-cGAS-STING interactions and their role in neurodegeneration. This review highlights potential therapies targeting these pathways, potentially leading to new treatments for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. This synthesis enhances our understanding of the cellular and molecular foundations of neuroinflammation and opens new therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Gan Qiao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Dalian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Fang Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Zhang B, Song C, Tang X, Tian M, Liu Y, Yan Z, Duan R, Liu Y. Type 2 diabetes microenvironment promotes the development of Parkinson's disease by activating microglial cell inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1422746. [PMID: 39050892 PMCID: PMC11266050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1422746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and PD are influenced by common genetic and environmental factors. Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation are common pathogenic mechanisms of both diseases. However, the close association between PD and T2DM and the specific relationship between them are not yet clear. This study aimed to reveal the specific connection between the two diseases by establishing a mouse model of comorbid PD and T2DM, as well as a Bv2 cell model. Methods C57BL/6 mouse were used to construct a model of PD with T2DM using streptozotocin and rotenone, while Bv2 cells were used to simulate the microenvironment of PD and T2DM using rotenone and palmitate. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess any differences in motor and cognitive functions in mouse. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of mouse. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of TH, P-NFκB, NFκB, Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) proteins in the substantia nigra region of mouse and Bv2 cells. qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of IL1β, IL6, and TNF-α. Seahorse technology was used to assess mitochondrial function in Bv2 cells. Results T2DM exacerbated the motor and cognitive symptoms in mouse with PD. This effect may be mediated by disrupting mitochondrial function in microglial cells, leading to damaged mtDNA leakage into the cytoplasm, subsequently activating the cGAS-STING pathway and downstream P-NFκB/NFκB proteins, triggering an inflammatory response in microglial cells. Microglial cells release inflammatory factors such as IL1β, IL6, and TNF-α, exacerbating neuronal damage caused by PD. Conclusion Our study results suggest that T2DM may exacerbate the progression of PD by damaging mitochondrial function, and activating microglial cell inflammation. The detrimental effects on Parkinson's disease may be achieved through the activating of the cGAS-STING protein pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruonan Duan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ramos A, Bizri N, Novak E, Mollen K, Khan S. The role of cGAS in epithelial dysregulation in inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal malignancies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1409683. [PMID: 39050748 PMCID: PMC11266671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1409683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is lined by an epithelial monolayer responsible for selective permeability and absorption, as well as protection against harmful luminal contents. Recognition of foreign or aberrant DNA within these epithelial cells is, in part, regulated by pattern recognition receptors such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). cGAS binds double-stranded DNA from exogenous and endogenous sources, resulting in the activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and a type 1 interferon response. cGAS is also implicated in non-canonical pathways involving the suppression of DNA repair and the upregulation of autophagy via interactions with PARP1 and Beclin-1, respectively. The importance of cGAS activation in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal cancers has been and continues to be explored. This review delves into the intricacies of the complex role of cGAS in intestinal epithelial inflammation and gastrointestinal malignancies, as well as recent therapeutic advances targeting cGAS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ramos
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nazih Bizri
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kevin Mollen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sidrah Khan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Lu R, Qu Y, Wang Z, He Z, Xu S, Cheng P, Lv Z, You H, Guo F, Chen A, Zhang J, Liang S. TBK1 pharmacological inhibition mitigates osteoarthritis through attenuating inflammation and cellular senescence in chondrocytes. J Orthop Translat 2024; 47:207-222. [PMID: 39040492 PMCID: PMC11260960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is pivotal in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, yet its role in osteoarthritis (OA) remains elusive. This study sought to elucidate the effect of the TBK1 inhibitor BX795 on OA and to delineate the underlying mechanism by which it mitigates OA. Methods Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) was utilized to simulate inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix degradation in vitro. In vivo, OA was induced in 8-week-old mice through destabilization of the medial meniscus surgery. The impact of BX795 on OA was evaluated using histological analysis, X-ray, micro-CT, and the von Frey test. Additionally, Western blot, RT-qPCR, and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of BX795. Results Phosphorylated TBK1 (P-TBK1) levels were found to be elevated in OA knee cartilage of both human and mice. Furthermore, intra-articular injection of BX795 ameliorated cartilage degeneration and alleviated OA-associated pain. BX795 also counteracted the suppression of anabolic processes and the augmentation of catabolic activity, inflammation, and senescence observed in the OA mice. In vitro studies revealed that BX795 reduced P-TBK1 levels and reversed the effects of anabolism inhibition, catabolism promotion, and senescence induction triggered by IL-1β. Mechanistically, BX795 inhibited the IL-1β-induced activation of the cGAS-STING and TLR3-TRIF signaling pathways in chondrocytes. Conclusions Pharmacological inhibition of TBK1 with BX795 protects articular cartilage by inhibiting the activation of the cGAS-STING and TLR3-TRIF signaling pathways. This action attenuates inflammatory responses and cellular senescence, positioning BX795 as a promising therapeutic candidate for OA treatment. The translational potential of this article This study furnishes experimental evidence and offers a potential mechanistic explanation supporting the efficacy of BX795 as a promising candidate for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yunkun Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhenggang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shimeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhengtao Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongbo You
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Anmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Bai G, Zeng X, Zhang L, Wang Y, Ma B. Computational investigation of the inhibitory interaction of IRF3 and SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein ORF3b. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 712-713:149945. [PMID: 38640732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
ORF3b is one of the SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins. Previous experimental study suggested that ORF3b prevents IRF3 translocating to nucleus. However, the biophysical mechanism of ORF3b-IRF3 interaction is elusive. Here, we explored the conformation ensemble of ORF3b using all-atom replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation. Disordered ORF3b has mixed α-helix, β-turn and loop conformers. The potential ORF3b-IRF3 binding modes were searched by docking representative ORF3b conformers with IRF3, and 50 ORF3b-IRF3 complex poses were screened using molecular dynamics simulations ranging from 500 to 1000 ns. We found that ORF3b binds IRF3 predominantly on its CBP binding and phosphorylated pLxIS motifs, with CBP binding site has the highest binding affinity. The ORF3b-IRF3 binding residues are highly conserved in SARS-CoV-2. Our results provided biophysics insights into ORF3b-IRF3 interaction and explained its interferon antagonism mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xincheng Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Linghao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanjing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Buyong Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Liu W, Yang L, Di C, Sun J, Liu P, Liu H. Nonstructural Protein A238L of the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Enhances Antiviral Immune Responses by Activating the TBK1-IRF3 Pathway. Vet Sci 2024; 11:252. [PMID: 38921999 PMCID: PMC11209439 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope. ASFV has almost the largest genome among all DNA viruses, and its mechanisms of immune evasion are complex. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ASFV genes will improve vaccine design. A238L, a nonstructural protein of ASFV, inhibits NF-κB activation by suppressing the HAT activity of p300. Whether A238L also affects the transcriptional activity of IRF3 remains unexplored. Here we first confirmed the ability of A238L to suppress NF-κB-activity in L929 cells. A238L inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes. In contrast, A238L increased the phosphorylation levels of TBK1 and IRF3 in three different cell lines. A238L increases the IRF3-driven promoter activity and induces IRF3 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, A238L enhanced innate antiviral immunity in the absence or presence of poly d (A:T) or poly (I:C) stimulation, or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or Sendai virus (SeV) infection. This study reveals a previously unrecognized role of A238L in promoting antiviral immune responses by TBK1-IRF3 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Chuanyuan Di
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Penggang Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Lo Cigno I, Calati F, Girone C, Catozzo M, Gariglio M. High-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and their interplay with the innate immune response: Uncovering mechanisms of immune evasion and therapeutic prospects. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29685. [PMID: 38783790 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tumor viruses causally associated with 5% of human cancers, comprising both anogenital and upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPVs continue to pose a significant global health challenge, primarily due to inadequate vaccine access and coverage. These viruses can establish persistent infections by evading both the intrinsic defenses of infected tissues and the extrinsic defenses provided by professional innate immune cells. Crucial for their evasion strategies is their unique intraepithelial life cycle, which effectively shields them from host detection. Thus, strategies aimed at reactivating the innate immune response within infected or transformed epithelial cells, particularly through the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and lymphocyte-recruiting chemokines, are considered viable solutions to counteract the adverse effects of persistent infections by these oncogenic viruses. This review focuses on the complex interplay between the high-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and the innate immune response in epithelial cells and HPV-associated cancers. In particular, it details the molecular mechanisms by which E6 and E7 modulate the innate immune response, highlighting significant progress in our comprehension of these processes. It also examines forward-looking strategies that exploit the innate immune system to ameliorate existing anticancer therapies, thereby providing crucial insights into future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lo Cigno
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Calati
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Girone
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Catozzo
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
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Heyward FD, Liu N, Jacobs C, Machado NLS, Ivison R, Uner A, Srinivasan H, Patel SJ, Gulko A, Sermersheim T, Tsai L, Rosen ED. AgRP neuron cis-regulatory analysis across hunger states reveals that IRF3 mediates leptin's acute effects. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4646. [PMID: 38821928 PMCID: PMC11143326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) coordinate homeostatic changes in appetite associated with fluctuations in food availability and leptin signaling. Identifying the relevant transcriptional regulatory pathways in these neurons has been a priority, yet such attempts have been stymied due to their low abundance and the rich cellular diversity of the ARC. Here we generated AgRP neuron-specific transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiles from male mice during three distinct hunger states of satiety, fasting-induced hunger, and leptin-induced hunger suppression. Cis-regulatory analysis of these integrated datasets enabled the identification of 18 putative hunger-promoting and 29 putative hunger-suppressing transcriptional regulators in AgRP neurons, 16 of which were predicted to be transcriptional effectors of leptin. Within our dataset, Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) emerged as a leading candidate mediator of leptin-induced hunger-suppression. Measures of IRF3 activation in vitro and in vivo reveal an increase in IRF3 nuclear occupancy following leptin administration. Finally, gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vivo confirm the role of IRF3 in mediating the acute satiety-evoking effects of leptin in AgRP neurons. Thus, our findings identify IRF3 as a key mediator of the acute hunger-suppressing effects of leptin in AgRP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie D Heyward
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Nan Liu
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Christopher Jacobs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Natalia L S Machado
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachael Ivison
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aykut Uner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Harini Srinivasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Suraj J Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition and Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical, Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anton Gulko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Sermersheim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linus Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Gao F, Deng S, Liu Y, Wu P, Huang L, Zhu F, Wei C, Yuan Y, Gui Y, Tian Y, Fan H, Wu H. Compound sophora decoction alleviates ulcerative colitis by regulating macrophage polarization through cGAS inhibition: network pharmacology and experimental validation. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:6921-6936. [PMID: 38613801 PMCID: PMC11087132 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a refractory disease with complex pathogenesis, and its pathogenesis is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the potential target and related mechanism of Compound Sophora Decoction (CSD) in treating UC. METHODS A network pharmacology approach predicted the components and targets of CSD to treat UC, and cell and animal experiments confirmed the findings of the approach and a new target for CSD treatment of UC. RESULTS A total of 155 potential targets were identified for CSD treatment of UC, with some related to macrophage polarization, such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), also known as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that oxidative stress response and multiple inflammatory signaling pathways such as TNF-α may play a significant role. In vitro experiments revealed that Interferon-stimulated DNA (ISD) interference can cause polarization imbalances in Raw 264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Flow cytometry demonstrated that polarization of macrophages in the intestine, spleen, and lymph nodes in vivo was also unbalanced after dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) modeling with pathological intestinal injury. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that after inducing inflammation, the levels of macrophage polarization-related markers (iNOS and Arg1) and inflammation-related factors (CCL17, IL10, TNF-α, and CXCL10) changed, accompanied by increased expression of cGAS. However, CSD treatment based on inflammation can inhibit the expression of cGAS protein and mRNA, lower the level of inflammatory factors, promote the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, and regulate macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION We concluded that CSD alleviated DSS-induced UC by inhibiting cGAS, thus regulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuangjiao Deng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yujin Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lifen Huang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chunzhu Wei
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuyi Yuan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Gui
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yushi Tian
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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10
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Chen X, Xu Z, Li T, Thakur A, Wen Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Liang Q, Liu W, Qin JJ, Yan Y. Nanomaterial-encapsulated STING agonists for immune modulation in cancer therapy. Biomark Res 2024; 12:2. [PMID: 38185685 PMCID: PMC10773049 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling pathway has emerged as a critical mediator of innate immune responses, playing a crucial role in improving antitumor immunity through immune effector responses. Targeting the cGAS-STING pathway holds promise for overcoming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME) and promoting effective tumor elimination. However, systemic administration of current STING agonists faces challenges related to low bioavailability and potential adverse effects, thus limiting their clinical applicability. Recently, nanotechnology-based strategies have been developed to modulate TMEs for robust immunotherapeutic responses. The encapsulation and delivery of STING agonists within nanoparticles (STING-NPs) present an attractive avenue for antitumor immunotherapy. This review explores a range of nanoparticles designed to encapsulate STING agonists, highlighting their benefits, including favorable biocompatibility, improved tumor penetration, and efficient intracellular delivery of STING agonists. The review also summarizes the immunomodulatory impacts of STING-NPs on the TME, including enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, dendritic cell activation, cytotoxic T cell priming, macrophage re-education, and vasculature normalization. Furthermore, the review offers insights into co-delivered nanoplatforms involving STING agonists alongside antitumor agents such as chemotherapeutic compounds, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antigen peptides, and other immune adjuvants. These platforms demonstrate remarkable versatility in inducing immunogenic responses within the TME, ultimately amplifying the potential for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tongfei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Wen
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Furong Laboratory, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wangrui Liu
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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11
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Chen W, Lee GE, Jeung D, Byun J, Juan W, Cho YY. Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase in Cancer Prevention. J Cancer Prev 2023; 28:143-196. [PMID: 38205362 PMCID: PMC10774482 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2023.28.4.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), synthesized by cGAMP synthase (cGAS), serves as a secondary messenger that modulates various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell death, immune response, and inflammation. cGAS is activated upon detecting cytoplasmic DNA, which may originate from damaged genomic and mitochondrial DNA or from viral and bacterial infections. The presence of DNA in the cytoplasm can trigger a substantial inflammatory reaction and cytokine production via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Consequently, specific inhibitors targeting this pathway hold significant potential as chemopreventive agents. In this review, we explore the potential effectiveness of modulating cGAS activity. We discuss the role of cGAMP, the mechanism of action for distinguishing between self and foreign DNA, and the possible functions of cGAS within the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chen
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Dohyun Jeung
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jiin Byun
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Wu Juan
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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12
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Low LE, Kong CK, Yap WH, Siva SP, Gan SH, Siew WS, Ming LC, Lai-Foenander AS, Chang SK, Lee WL, Wu Y, Khaw KY, Ong YS, Tey BT, Singh SK, Dua K, Chellappan DK, Goh BH. Hydroxychloroquine: Key therapeutic advances and emerging nanotechnological landscape for cancer mitigation. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110750. [PMID: 37839513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a unique class of medications that has been widely utilized for the treatment of cancer. HCQ plays a dichotomous role by inhibiting autophagy induced by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Preclinical studies support the use of HCQ for anti-cancer therapy, especially in combination with conventional anti-cancer treatments since they sensitize tumor cells to drugs, potentiating the therapeutic activity. However, clinical evidence has suggested poor outcomes for HCQ due to various obstacles, including non-specific distribution, low aqueous solubility and low bioavailability at target sites, transport across tissue barriers, and retinal toxicity. These issues are addressable via the integration of HCQ with nanotechnology to produce HCQ-conjugated nanomedicines. This review aims to discuss the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and antitumor properties of HCQ. Furthermore, the antitumor performance of the nanoformulated HCQ is also reviewed thoroughly, aiming to serve as a guide for the HCQ-based enhanced treatment of cancers. The nanoencapsulation or nanoconjugation of HCQ with nanoassemblies appears to be a promising method for reducing the toxicity and improving the antitumor efficacy of HCQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ee Low
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Monash-Industry Plant Oils Research Laboratory (MIPO), Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Kei Kong
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wei-Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Sangeetaprivya P Siva
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Wei Sheng Siew
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ashley Sean Lai-Foenander
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Wai-Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China.
| | - Kooi-Yeong Khaw
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Yong Sze Ong
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Beng Ti Tey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), 57000 Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China; Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia.
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13
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Dubowsky M, Theunissen F, Carr JM, Rogers ML. The Molecular Link Between TDP-43, Endogenous Retroviruses and Inflammatory Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a Potential Target for Triumeq, an Antiretroviral Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6330-6345. [PMID: 37450244 PMCID: PMC10533598 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a progressive neurological disorder, characterised by the death of upper and lower motor neurons. The aetiology of ALS remains unknown, and treatment options are limited. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), specifically human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K), have been proposed to be involved in the propagation of neurodegeneration in ALS. ERVs are genomic remnants of ancient viral infection events, with most being inactive and not retaining the capacity to encode a fully infectious virus. However, some ERVs retain the ability to be activated and transcribed, and ERV transcripts have been found to be elevated within the brain tissue of MND patients. A hallmark of ALS pathology is altered localisation of the transactive response (TAR) DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43), which is normally found within the nucleus of neuronal and glial cells and is involved in RNA regulation. In ALS, TDP-43 aggregates within the cytoplasm and facilitates neurodegeneration. The involvement of ERVs in ALS pathology is thought to occur through TDP-43 and neuroinflammatory mediators. In this review, the proposed involvement of TDP-43, HERV-K and immune regulators on the onset and progression of ALS will be discussed. Furthermore, the evidence supporting a therapy based on targeting ERVs in ALS will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Dubowsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
| | - Frances Theunissen
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise Rogers
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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14
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Chilosi M, Doglioni C, Ravaglia C, Piciucchi S, Dubini A, Stefanizzi L, Poletti V. COVID-19. Biology, pathophysiology, and immunology: a pathologist view. Pathologica 2023; 115:248-256. [PMID: 38054899 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even if the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been declared over, several risks and clinical problems remain to be faced, including long-COVID sequelae and possible outbreaks of pathogenic variants. Intense research on COVID-19 has provided in these few years a striking amount of data covering different fields and disciplines, which can help to provide a knowledge shield against new potential infective spreads, and may also potentially be applied to other fields of medicine, including oncology and neurology. Nevertheless, areas of uncertainty still remain regarding the pathogenic mechanisms that subtend the multifaceted manifestations of the disease. To better clarify the pathogenesis of the disease, a systematic multidisciplinary evaluation of the many mechanisms involved in COVID-19 is mandatory, including clinical, physiological, radiological, immunological and pathological studies. In COVID-19 syndrome the pathological studies have been mainly performed on autopsy cases, and only a few studies are available on biopsies. Nevertheless, these studies have provided relevant information that can substantially contribute to decipher the complex scenario characterizing the different forms of COVID-19 and long-COVID-19. In this review the data provided by pathological investigations are recapitulated and discussed, in the light of different hypothesis and data provided by clinical, physiological and immunological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chilosi
- Department of Pathology, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Department of Pathology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute. Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Ravaglia
- Department of Diseases of the Thorax, Ospedale GB Morgagni, Forlì, Italy
| | - Sara Piciucchi
- Department of Diseases of the Thorax, Ospedale GB Morgagni, Forlì, Italy
| | | | | | - Venerino Poletti
- Department of Diseases of the Thorax, Ospedale GB Morgagni, Forlì, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale GB Morgagni, Forlì, Italy
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15
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Xiang Y, Mou C, Shi K, Chen X, Meng X, Bao W, Chen Z. SADS-CoV nsp1 inhibits the IFN-β production by preventing TBK1 phosphorylation and inducing CBP degradation. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29104. [PMID: 37721411 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS) is first reported in January 2017 in Southern China. It subsequently causes widespread outbreaks in multiple pig farms, leading to economic losses. Therefore, it is an urgent to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and immune evasion of Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Our research discovered that SADS-CoV inhibited the production of interferon-β (IFN-β) during viral infection. The nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) prevented the phosphorylation of TBK1 by obstructing the interaction between TBK1 and Ub protein. Moreover, nsp1 induced the degradation of CREB-binding protein (CBP) through the proteasome-dependent pathway, thereby disrupting the IFN-β enhancer and inhibiting IFN transcription. Finally, we identified nsp1-Phe39 as the critical amino acid that downregulated IFN production. In conclusion, our findings described two mechanisms in nsp1 that inhibited IFN production and provided new insights into the evasion strategy adopted by SADS-CoV to evade host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety,The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety,The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Schmitz CRR, Maurmann RM, Guma FTCR, Bauer ME, Barbé-Tuana FM. cGAS-STING pathway as a potential trigger of immunosenescence and inflammaging. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132653. [PMID: 36926349 PMCID: PMC10011111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases, despite the progressive decline of immune responses (immunosenescence). This apparent paradox can be explained by the age-related chronic low-grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging) and progressive dysregulation of innate signaling. During cellular aging, there is an accumulation of damaged DNA in the cell's cytoplasm, which serves as ubiquitous danger-associated molecule, promptly recognized by DNA sensors. For instance, the free cytoplasmic DNA can be recognized, by DNA-sensing molecules like cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase linked to a stimulator of interferon genes), triggering transcriptional factors involved in the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, the contribution of this pathway to the aging immune system remains largely unknown. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding the biology of the cGAS-STING pathway, its influence on the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and its modulation of the immune system during sterile inflammation. We propose that this important stress sensor of DNA damage is also a trigger of immunosenescence and inflammaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Raquel Richter Schmitz
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moura Maurmann
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fatima T C R Guma
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Moisés Evandro Bauer
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia Biomédica, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Florencia Maria Barbé-Tuana
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular da Escola de Ciências da Saúde da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pediatria e Saúde da Criança da Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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17
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Liu R, Gao L, Yang F, Li X, Liu C, Qi X, Cui H, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Gao Y, Li K. Duck Enteritis Virus Protein Kinase US3 Inhibits DNA Sensing Signaling by Phosphorylating Interferon Regulatory Factor 7. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0229922. [PMID: 36287016 PMCID: PMC9769898 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02299-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic DNA sensing pathway mediates innate immune defense against infection by many DNA viruses; however, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade the host immune response. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality in waterfowl. The mechanisms employed by DEV to block the DNA sensing pathway are not well understood. Here, we sought to investigate the role of DEV US3, a serine/threonine protein kinase, in the inhibition of DNA sensing. We found that ectopic expression of DEV US3 significantly inhibited the production of IFN-β and expression of interferon-stimulated genes induced by interferon-stimulatory DNA and poly(dA-dT). US3 also inhibited viral DNA-triggered IFN-β activation and promoted DEV replication in duck embryo fibroblasts, while knockdown of US3 during DEV infection enhances the IFN-β response and suppresses viral replication. US3 inhibited the DNA-sensing signaling pathway by targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), and the kinase activity of US3 was indispensable for its inhibitory function. Furthermore, we found that US3 interacts with the activation domain of IRF7, phosphorylating IRF7, blocking its dimerization and nuclear translocation, and finally leading to the inhibition of IFN-β production. These findings expand our knowledge on DNA sensing in ducks and reveal a novel mechanism whereby DEV evades host antiviral immunity. IMPORTANCE Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality, resulting in substantial economic losses in the commercial waterfowl industry. The evasion of DNA-sensing pathway-mediated antiviral innate immunity is essential for the persistent infection and replication for many DNA viruses. However, the strategies used by DEV to block the DNA-sensing pathway are not well understood. In this study, DEV US3 protein kinase was demonstrated to inhibit the DNA-sensing signaling via binding to the activation domain of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), which induced the hyperphosphorylation of IRF7 and abolished IRF7 dimerization and nuclear translocation. Our findings provide insights into how duck herpesviral kinase counteracts host antiviral innate immunity to ensure viral replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fuchun Yang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Suyan Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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18
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Duck Enteritis Virus Inhibits the cGAS-STING DNA-Sensing Pathway To Evade the Innate Immune Response. J Virol 2022; 96:e0157822. [PMID: 36448809 PMCID: PMC9769366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a key DNA sensor, detects cytosolic viral DNA and activates the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to initiate interferon (IFN) production and host innate antiviral responses. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality in waterfowl. In the present study, we found that DEV inhibits host innate immune responses during the late phase of viral infection. Furthermore, we screened DEV proteins for their ability to inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway and identified multiple viral proteins, including UL41, US3, UL28, UL53, and UL24, which block IFN-β activation through this pathway. The DEV tegument protein UL41, which exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, selectively downregulated the expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) by reducing its mRNA accumulation, thereby inhibiting the DNA-sensing pathway. Ectopic expression of UL41 markedly reduced viral DNA-triggered IFN-β production and promoted viral replication, whereas deficiency of UL41 in the context of DEV infection increased the IFN-β response to DEV and suppressed viral replication. In addition, ectopic expression of IRF7 inhibited the replication of the UL41-deficient virus, whereas IRF7 knockdown facilitated its replication. This study is the first report identifying multiple viral proteins encoded by a duck DNA virus, which inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. These findings expand our knowledge of DNA sensing in ducks and reveal a mechanism through which DEV antagonizes the host innate immune response. IMPORTANCE Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality, resulting in substantial economic losses in the commercial waterfowl industry. The evasion of DNA-sensing pathway-mediated antiviral innate immunity is essential for the persistent infection and replication of many DNA viruses. However, the mechanisms used by DEV to modulate the DNA-sensing pathway remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that DEV encodes multiple viral proteins to inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. The DEV tegument protein UL41 selectively diminished the accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) mRNA, thereby inhibiting the DNA-sensing pathway. Loss of UL41 potently enhanced the IFN-β response to DEV and impaired viral replication in ducks. These findings provide insights into the host-virus interaction during DEV infection and help develop new live attenuated vaccines against DEV.
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19
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Liu X, Xi D, Xu A, Wang Y, Song T, Ma T, Ye H, Li L, Xu F, Zheng H, Li J, Sun F. Chicken anemia virus VP1 negatively regulates type I interferon via targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 of the DNA-sensing pathway. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102291. [PMID: 36402044 PMCID: PMC9676400 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays a vital role in sensing viral DNA in the cytosol, stimulating type I interferon (IFN) production and triggering the innate immune response against DNA virus infection. However, viruses have evolved effective inhibitors to impede this sensing pathway. Chicken anemia virus (CAV), a nonenveloped ssDNA virus, is a ubiquitous pathogen causing great economic losses to the poultry industry globally. CAV infection is reported to downregulate type I IFN induction. However, whether the cGAS-STING signal axis is used by CAV to regulate type I IFN remains unclear. Our results demonstrate that CAV infection significantly elevates the expression of cGAS and STING at the mRNA level, whereas IFN-β levels are reduced. Furthermore, IFN-β activation was completely blocked by the structural protein VP1 of CAV in interferon stimulatory DNA (ISD) or STING-stimulated cells. VP1 was further confirmed as an inhibitor by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) by binding its C-terminal 143-492 aa region. IRF7 dimerization induced by TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) could be inhibited by VP1 in a dose-dependent manner. Together, our study demonstrates that CAV VP1 is an effective inhibitor that interacts with IRF7 and antagonizes cGAS-STING pathway-mediated IFN-β activation. These findings reveal a new mechanism of immune evasion by CAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dexian Xi
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Aiyun Xu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Song
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Ye
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Li
- Animal-derived food safety innovation team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fazhi Xu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinnian Li
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Animal-derived food safety innovation team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,Corresponding author:
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20
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Lei B, Song H, Xu F, Wei Q, Wang F, Tan G, Ma H. When does hepatitis B virus meet long-stranded noncoding RNAs? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:962186. [PMID: 36118202 PMCID: PMC9479684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.962186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans and its associated diseases are long-standing problems. HBV can produce a large number of non-self-molecules during its life cycle, which acts as targets for innate immune recognition and initiation. Among these, interferon and its large number of downstream interferon-stimulated gene molecules are important early antiviral factors. However, the development of an effective antiviral immune response is not simple and depends not only on the delicate regulation of the immune response but also on the various mechanisms of virus-related immune escape and immune tolerance. Therefore, despite there being a relatively well-established consensus on the major pathways of the antiviral response and their component molecules, the complete clearance of HBV remains a challenge in both basic and clinical research. Long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are generally >200 bp in length and perform different functions in the RNA strand encoding the protein. As an important part of the IFN-inducible genes, interferon-stimulated lncRNAs are involved in the regulation of several HBV infection-related pathways. This review traces the basic elements of such pathways and characterizes the various recent targets of lncRNAs, which not only complement the regulatory mechanisms of pathways related to chronic HBV infection, fibrosis, and cancer promotion but also present with new potential therapeutic targets for controlling HBV infection and the malignant transformation of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fengchao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyun Tan,
| | - Haichun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Haichun Ma,
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21
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Zhang J, Li S, Zhang J, Zhang W, Jiang J, Wu H, Wu E, Feng Y, Yang L, Li Z. Docetaxel resistance-derived LINC01085 contributes to the immunotherapy of hormone-independent prostate cancer by activating the STING/MAVS signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2022; 545:215829. [PMID: 35868534 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acquired docetaxel (doc) resistance, one of the major reasons for unfavorable prognosis in patients with aggressive hormone-independent prostate cancer (HIPC), is a major obstacle for patient treatment. Dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs promotes or suppresses chemoresistance in multiple cancers; however, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying HIPC remain unknown. In this study, we found that the LINC01085, as a tumor-suppressor, which showed significant clinically relevant in HIPC patients with doc-resistance. Mechanistically, in docetaxel-sensitive cells, LINC01085 could specifically bind to both TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and higher LINC01085 RNA levels could inhibit TBK1 dimerization. Whereas, in doc-resistant cells, lower LINC01085 RNA level lost the strong binding with both, meanwhile, the interaction between TBK1 and GSK3β enhanced which accelerated TBK1 phosphorylation at the Ser-172 site, resulting in decreased expression levels of PD-L1 and NF-κB as well as the secretion of type I/III interferons. Thus, Overexpression of LINC01085 combined with immune checkpoint blockade is an effective strategy for the treatment of HIPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Shengli Li
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiawen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Enjiang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yutao Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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22
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McEntee CM, LaRocca TJ. Commentary: Type I Interferon Response Is Mediated by NLRX1-cGAS-STING Signaling in Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:947542. [PMID: 35832396 PMCID: PMC9271850 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.947542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cali M. McEntee
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Thomas J. LaRocca
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas J. LaRocca
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23
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Liu Q, Kausar S, Tang Y, Huang W, Tang B, Abbas MN, Dai L. The Emerging Role of STING in Insect Innate Immune Responses and Pathogen Evasion Strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874605. [PMID: 35619707 PMCID: PMC9127187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals that the stimulator of the interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in insects and other animal cells helps them to sense and effectively respond to infection caused by numerous types of microbial pathogens. Recent studies have shown that genomic material from microbial pathogens induces the STING signaling pathway for the production of immune factors to attenuate infection. In contrast, microbial pathogens are equipped with various factors that assist them in evading the STING signaling cascade. Here we discuss the STING signaling pathway different animal groups compared to human and then focus on its crucial biological roles and application in the microbial infection of insects. In addition, we examine the negative and positive modulators of the STING signaling cascade. Finally, we describe the microbial pathogen strategies to evade this signaling cascade for successful invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingyu Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lishang Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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24
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I226R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Is a Suppressor of Innate Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030575. [PMID: 35336982 PMCID: PMC8951476 DOI: 10.3390/v14030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is one of the most devastating swine diseases caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Although ASFV encodes more than 160 viral proteins, the implication of a majority of ASFV proteins in regulating host immunity is yet to be explored, and the mechanisms of immune evasion by ASFV proteins are largely unknown. Here, we report that the I226R protein of ASFV significantly suppressed innate immune responses. The ectopic expression of ASFV I226R in 293T cells significantly inhibited the activation of interferon-stimulated response element promoters triggered by Sendai virus (SeV), poly(I:C), or cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/STING. The I226R protein caused a significant decrease in the expression of interferons and interferon-stimulating genes in cells infected with SeV. Similar results were obtained from experiments using I226R-overexpressed PK15 and 3D4/21 cells stimulated with vesicular stomatitis virus. We observed that I226R inhibited the activation of both nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Furthermore, it was shown that overexpression of I226R suppressed IRF3 activation and caused the degradation of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) protein. The I226R-induced NEMO degradation could be prevented by treatment with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. Together, these results reveal that the ASFV I226R protein impairs antiviral responses, likely through multiple mechanisms including the suppression of NF-κB and IRF3 activation, to counteract innate immune responses during the viral infection.
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25
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Du X, Zhou D, Zhou J, Xue J, Wang G, Cheng Z. Marek’s disease virus serine/threonine kinase Us3 facilitates viral replication by targeting IRF7 to block IFN-β production. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Ke X, Hu T, Jiang M. cGAS-STING signaling pathway in gastrointestinal inflammatory disease and cancers. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22029. [PMID: 34907606 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101199r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has emerged as a key DNA-sensing machinery in innate immunity. Activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway mediates the production of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Although cGAS-STING signaling pathway shows critical function in the maintenance of gut homeostasis, overactive cGAS-STING signaling pathway leads to gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation. Harnessing the effect and mechanism of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway could be beneficial for the development of novel strategies for the treatment of GI diseases. This review presents recent advances regarding the role of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in GI inflammatory disease and cancers and describes perspective therapeutic strategies targeting the signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ke
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Hu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Saito-Tarashima N, Kinoshita M, Igata Y, Kashiwabara Y, Minakawa N. Replacement of oxygen with sulfur on the furanose ring of cyclic dinucleotides enhances the immunostimulatory effect via STING activation. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1519-1524. [PMID: 34671735 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are secondary messengers composed of two purine nucleotides linked via two phosphodiester linkages: c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, 3',3'-cGAMP, and 2',3'-cGAMP. CDNs activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and trigger immune responses in mammalian species. CDNs are thus fascinating molecules as drug candidates, and chemically stable CDN analogues that act as STING agonists are highly desired at present. We herein report the practical synthesis of 4'-thiomodified c-di-AMP analogues, which have sulfur atoms at the 4'-position on the furanose ring instead of oxygen atoms, using simple phosphoramidite chemistry. The resulting 4'-thiomodified c-di-AMP analogues acted as potent STING agonists with long-term activity. Our results show that replacing O4' on CDNs with sulfur can lead to enhanced immunostimulatory effects via STING activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Saito-Tarashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
| | - Mao Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
| | - Yosuke Igata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
| | - Yuta Kashiwabara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University Shomachi 1-78-1 Tokushima 770-8505 Japan +81 88 633 7288 +81 88 633 9539
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28
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Yan H, Chen W. The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:917. [PMID: 34452042 PMCID: PMC8402453 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health and Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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29
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Lauriano ER, Aragona M, Alesci A, Lo Cascio P, Pergolizzi S. Toll-like receptor 2 and α-Smooth Muscle Actin expressed in the tunica of a urochordate, Styela plicata. Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101584. [PMID: 34224967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tunicate, Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823) present an open circulator system with a tubular heart and blood flowing in lacunae among organs, bathing the tissues directly. Blood vascular lacunae are present in the tunica that is situated outside the epidermis and present a fibrous structure. The cells of the tunic are in straight contact with the blood vessels or are highly mobile. Ascidians are considered model organisms in comparative immunology of the chordate, and hold an important phylogenetic position as sister group of vertebrates. In recent years, numerous studies have reported the presence of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the genome of non-mammalian organisms including invertebrates. Two TLRs, designated Ci-TLR1 and Ci-TLR2 were expressed in the stomach, intestine and in numerous hemocytes of Ciona intestinalis, demonstrating that these key transmembrane proteins are evolutionarily conserved in ascidians. In this study for the first time, hemocytes aggregates were identified by confocal immunofluorescence techniques, using TLR2 antibody in the tunica of Styela plicata; furthermore, α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) expression has been shown in the cells lining the vessels of the tunic. Our results support the view that the TLR-mediated innate immune functions are conserved in ascidian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
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30
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Johnson MB, Chandler M, Afonin KA. Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) as molecular tools to direct desirable and avoid undesirable immunological effects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:427-438. [PMID: 33857556 PMCID: PMC8178219 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) represent a highly versatile molecular platform for the targeted delivery of various therapeutics. However, despite their promise, further clinical translation of this innovative technology can be hindered by immunological off-target effects. All human cells are equipped with an arsenal of receptors that recognize molecular patterns specific to foreign nucleic acids and understanding the rules that guide this recognition offer the key rationale for the development of therapeutic NANPs with tunable immune stimulation. Numerous recent studies have provided increasing evidence that in addition to NANPs' physicochemical properties and therapeutic effects, their interactions with cells of the immune system can be regulated through multiple independently programmable architectural parameters. The results further suggest that defined immunomodulation by NANPs can either support their immunoquiescent delivery or be used for conditional stimulation of beneficial immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brittany Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Morgan Chandler
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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31
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Kocabas BB, Almacioglu K, Bulut EA, Gucluler G, Tincer G, Bayik D, Gursel M, Gursel I. Dual-adjuvant effect of pH-sensitive liposomes loaded with STING and TLR9 agonists regress tumor development by enhancing Th1 immune response. J Control Release 2020; 328:587-595. [PMID: 32971199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based pattern recognition receptor agonists are effective adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents. Rather than single applications, ligand combinations could synergistically potentiate immune responses by elevating cytokine and chemokine production via triggering multiple signaling pathways. However, short half-lives of such labile ligands due to nuclease attack and limited cellular uptake due to their structure significantly hamper their in vivo performances. More importantly, simultaneous delivery and activity presentation of protein antigen and nucleic acid ligands critically limit the clinical development of these constructs. In this work, we approached this problem by co-encapsulating a model antigen ovalbumin along with TLR9 and STING ligands within liposomes, a well-established drug delivery system that enables payload stability and enhanced cellular activity upon internalization. Moreover, by loading dual ligands we postulated to achieve heightened Th-1 immune response that would yield pronounced protective vaccine efficacy. We show that, pH-sensitive liposomes co-encapsulating CpG ODN and cGAMP induced synergistic innate immune response by elevating type I and type II interferon levels. Most importantly, this vaccine formulation led to ~70% regression of established melanoma tumor. pH-sensitive liposomal vaccine administration elevated IgG2c/IgG1 antibody ratio, indicative of augmented OVA-specific Th1-biased immunity. Importantly, while the frequency of tumor-specific IFN-γ producing CD8+ T-cells was significantly increased, the M2-type anti-inflammatory macrophage levels were decreased in the tumor bed. In conclusion, our strategy induces reversal of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, while enhancing effective anti-tumor immune-response. We propose that this could be coupled with standard therapies during combating tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Bayyurt Kocabas
- Thorlab. Therapeutic ODN Research Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kubra Almacioglu
- Thorlab. Therapeutic ODN Research Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esin Alpdundar Bulut
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gozde Gucluler
- Thorlab. Therapeutic ODN Research Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tincer
- Thorlab. Therapeutic ODN Research Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Defne Bayik
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mayda Gursel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Thorlab. Therapeutic ODN Research Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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32
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Zhu T, Fernandez-Sesma A. Innate Immune DNA Sensing of Flaviviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090979. [PMID: 32899347 PMCID: PMC7552040 DOI: 10.3390/v12090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne RNA viruses that have been used extensively to study host antiviral responses. Often selected just to represent standard single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses in early studies, the Flavivirus genus over time has taught us how truly unique it is in its remarkable ability to target not just the RNA sensory pathways but also the cytosolic DNA sensing system for its successful replication inside the host cell. This review summarizes the main developments on the unexpected antagonistic strategies utilized by different flaviviruses, with RNA genomes, against the host cyclic GAMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) cytosolic DNA sensing pathway in mammalian systems. On the basis of the recent advancements on this topic, we hypothesize that the mechanisms of viral sensing and innate immunity are much more fluid than what we had anticipated, and both viral and host factors will continue to be found as important factors contributing to the host innate immune system in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-241-5182
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Jing T, Zhao B, Xu P, Gao X, Chi L, Han H, Sankaran B, Li P. The Structural Basis of IRF-3 Activation upon Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1886-1896. [PMID: 32826280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections. The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by the RIG-I-like receptors, TLRs, and cGAS leads to the induction of IFN-I by activating the transcription factor IRF-3. Although the mechanism of IRF-3 activation has been extensively studied, the structural basis of IRF-3 activation upon phosphorylation is not fully understood. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of phosphorylated human and mouse IRF-3 bound to CREB-binding protein (CBP), which reveal that phosphorylated IRF-3 forms a dimer via pSer386 (pSer379 in mouse IRF-3) and a downstream pLxIS motif. Size-exclusion chromatography and cell-based studies show that mutations of key residues interacting with pSer386 severely impair IRF-3 activation and IFN-β induction. By contrast, phosphorylation of Ser396 within the pLxIS motif of human IRF-3 only plays a moderate role in IRF-3 activation. The mouse IRF-3/CBP complex structure reveals that the mechanism of mouse IRF-3 activation is similar but distinct from human IRF-3. These structural and functional studies reveal the detailed mechanism of IRF-3 activation upon phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Pengbiao Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Xinsheng Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Lei Chi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.,School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; and
| | - Huajun Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
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Li X, Wang Y, Agostinis P, Rabson A, Melino G, Carafoli E, Shi Y, Sun E. Is hydroxychloroquine beneficial for COVID-19 patients? Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:512. [PMID: 32641681 PMCID: PMC7341710 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019. As similar cases rapidly emerged around the world1-3, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 and pronounced the rapidly spreading coronavirus outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 20204. The virus has reached almost all countries of the globe. As of June 3, 2020, the accumulated confirmed cases reached 6,479,405 with more than 383,013 deaths worldwide. The urgent and emergency care of COVID-19 patients calls for effective drugs, in addition to the beneficial effects of remdesivir5, to control the disease and halt the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 183, Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Arnold Rabson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gerry Melino
- TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Carafoli
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China.
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 183, Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (the First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), 528000, Guangdong, China.
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James CD, Das D, Bristol ML, Morgan IM. Activating the DNA Damage Response and Suppressing Innate Immunity: Human Papillomaviruses Walk the Line. Pathogens 2020; 9:E467. [PMID: 32545729 PMCID: PMC7350329 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) by external agents can result in DNA fragments entering the cytoplasm and activating innate immune signaling pathways, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. The consequences of this activation can result in alterations in the cell cycle including the induction of cellular senescence, as well as boost the adaptive immune response following interferon production. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents in a host of human cancers including cervical and oropharyngeal; HPV are responsible for around 5% of all cancers. During infection, HPV replication activates the DDR in order to promote the viral life cycle. A striking feature of HPV-infected cells is their ability to continue to proliferate in the presence of an active DDR. Simultaneously, HPV suppress the innate immune response using a number of different mechanisms. The activation of the DDR and suppression of the innate immune response are essential for the progression of the viral life cycle. Here, we describe the mechanisms HPV use to turn on the DDR, while simultaneously suppressing the innate immune response. Pushing HPV from this fine line and tipping the balance towards activation of the innate immune response would be therapeutically beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D. James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (C.D.J.); (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Dipon Das
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (C.D.J.); (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Molly L. Bristol
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (C.D.J.); (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (C.D.J.); (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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36
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Jeffries AM, Truman AW, Marriott I. The intracellular DNA sensors cGAS and IFI16 do not mediate effective antiviral immune responses to HSV-1 in human microglial cells. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:544-555. [PMID: 32488842 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glia play a key role in immunosurveillance within the central nervous system (CNS) and can recognize a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) via members of multiple pattern recognition receptor (PRR) families. Of these, the expression of cytosolic/nuclear RNA and DNA sensors by glial cells is of particular interest as their ability to interact with intracellular nucleic acids suggests a critical role in the detection of viral pathogens. The recently discovered DNA sensors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) have been reported to be important for the recognition of DNA pathogens such as herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) in peripheral human cell types, and we have recently demonstrated that human glia express cGAS and its downstream adaptor molecule stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Here, we have demonstrated that human microglial cells functionally express cGAS and exhibit robust constitutive IFI16 expression. While cGAS serves as a significant component in IRF3 activation and IFN-β production by human microglial cells in response to foreign intracellular DNA, IFI16 is not required for such responses. Surprisingly, neither of these sensors mediate effective antiviral responses to HSV-1 in microglia, and this may be due, at least in part, to viral suppression of cGAS and/or IFI16 expression. As such, this ability may represent an important HSV immune evasion strategy in glial cells, and approaches that mitigate such suppression might represent a novel strategy to limit HSV-1-associated neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
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37
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The role of the adaptor molecule STING during Schistosoma mansoni infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7901. [PMID: 32404867 PMCID: PMC7220917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a human parasitic disease responsible for serious consequences for public health, as well as severe socioeconomic impacts in developing countries. Here, we provide evidence that the adaptor molecule STING plays an important role in Schistosoma mansoni infection. S. mansoni DNA is sensed by cGAS leading to STING activation in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Sting-/- and C57BL/6 (WT) mice were infected with schistosome cercariae in order to assess parasite burden and liver pathology. Sting-/- mice showed worm burden reduction but no change in the number of eggs or granuloma numbers and area when compared to WT animals. Immunologically, a significant increase in IFN-γ production by the spleen cells was observed in Sting-/- animals. Surprisingly, Sting-/- mice presented an elevated percentage of neutrophils in lungs, bronchoalveolar lavage, and spleens. Moreover, Sting-/- neutrophils exhibited increased survival rate, but similar ability to kill schistosomula in vitro when stimulated with IFN-γ when compared to WT cells. Finally, microbiota composition was altered in Sting-/- mice, revealing a more inflammatory profile when compared to WT animals. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that STING signaling pathway is important for S. mansoni DNA sensing and the lack of this adaptor molecule leads to enhanced resistance to infection.
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38
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Subversion of Host Innate Immunity by Human Papillomavirus Oncoproteins. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040292. [PMID: 32316236 PMCID: PMC7238203 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of human papillomavirus (HPV)-transformed cells depends on the ability of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, especially those from high-risk HPV16/18, to manipulate the signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, cell death, and innate immunity. Emerging evidence indicates that E6/E7 inhibition reactivates the host innate immune response, reversing what until then was an unresponsive cellular state suitable for viral persistence and tumorigenesis. Given that the disruption of distinct mechanisms of immune evasion is an attractive strategy for cancer therapy, the race is on to gain a better understanding of E6/E7-induced immune escape and cancer progression. Here, we review recent literature on the interplay between E6/E7 and the innate immune signaling pathways cGAS/STING/TBK1, RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The overall emerging picture is that E6 and E7 have evolved broad-spectrum mechanisms allowing for the simultaneous depletion of multiple rather than single innate immunity effectors. The cGAS/STING/TBK1 pathway appears to be the most heavily impacted, whereas the RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1, still partially functional in HPV-transformed cells, can be activated by the powerful RIG-I agonist M8, triggering the massive production of type I and III interferons (IFNs), which potentiates chemotherapy-mediated cell killing. Overall, the identification of novel therapeutic targets to restore the innate immune response in HPV-transformed cells could transform the way HPV-associated cancers are treated.
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Liu Z, Ji J, Jiang X, Shao T, Fan D, Jiang X, Lin A, Xiang L, Shao J. Characterization of cGAS homologs in innate and adaptive mucosal immunities in zebrafish gives evolutionary insights into cGAS‐STING pathway. FASEB J 2020; 34:7786-7809. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902833r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐fei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐fei Ji
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shao
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Dong‐dong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xin‐hang Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ai‐fu Lin
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Li‐xin Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐zhong Shao
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao People's Republic of China
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Basit A, Cho MG, Kim EY, Kwon D, Kang SJ, Lee JH. The cGAS/STING/TBK1/IRF3 innate immunity pathway maintains chromosomal stability through regulation of p21 levels. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:643-657. [PMID: 32284536 PMCID: PMC7210884 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) in cancer cells has been reported to activate the cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway via micronuclei formation, thus affecting tumor immunity and tumor progression. However, adverse effects of the cGAS/STING pathway as they relate to CIN have not yet been investigated. We addressed this issue using knockdown and add-back approaches to analyze each component of the cGAS/STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway, and we monitored the extent of CIN by measuring micronuclei formation after release from nocodazole-induced mitotic arrest. Interestingly, knockdown of cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) along with induction of mitotic arrest in HeLa and U2OS cancer cells clearly resulted in increased micronuclei formation and chromosome missegregation. Knockdown of STING (stimulator of interferon genes), TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase-1), or IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3) also resulted in increased micronuclei formation. Moreover, transfection with cGAMP, the product of cGAS enzymatic activity, as well as add-back of cGAS WT (but not catalytic-dead mutant cGAS), or WT or constitutively active STING (but not an inactive STING mutant) rescued the micronuclei phenotype, demonstrating that all components of the cGAS/STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway play a role in preventing CIN. Moreover, p21 levels were decreased in cGAS-, STING-, TBK1-, and IRF3-knockdown cells, which was accompanied by the precocious G2/M transition of cells and the enhanced micronuclei phenotype. Overexpression of p21 or inhibition of CDK1 in cGAS-depleted cells reduced micronuclei formation and abrogated the precocious G2/M transition, indicating that the decrease in p21 and the subsequent precocious G2/M transition is the main mechanism underlying the induction of CIN through disruption of cGAS/STING signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea
| | - Min-Guk Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Eui-Yun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea
| | - Dohyeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Medytox Gwangkyo R&D Center, Medytox, Inc., Suwon, 16506, South Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea.
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721, South Korea.
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can be responsible for life-threatening HSV encephalitis (HSE). The mortality rate of patients with HSE who do not receive antiviral treatment is 70%, with most survivors suffering from permanent neurological sequelae. The use of intravenous acyclovir together with improved diagnostic technologies such as PCR and magnetic resonance imaging has resulted in a reduction in the mortality rate to close to 20%. However, 70% of surviving patients still do not recover complete neurological functions. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatments for a better clinical outcome. It is well recognized that cerebral damage resulting from HSE is caused by viral replication together with an overzealous inflammatory response. Both of these processes constitute potential targets for the development of innovative therapies against HSE. In this review, we discuss recent progress in therapy that may be used to ameliorate the outcome of patients with HSE, with a particular emphasis on immunomodulatory agents. Ideally, the administration of adjunctive immunomodulatory drugs should be initiated during the rise of the inflammatory response, and its duration should be limited in time to reduce undesired effects. This critical time frame should be optimized by the identification of reliable biomarkers of inflammation.
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Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:155-166. [PMID: 32034323 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread clinical use of antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases, insights into the mechanism of action of these drugs are still emerging. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are weak bases and have a characteristic 'deep' volume of distribution and a half-life of around 50 days. These drugs interfere with lysosomal activity and autophagy, interact with membrane stability and alter signalling pathways and transcriptional activity, which can result in inhibition of cytokine production and modulation of certain co-stimulatory molecules. These modes of action, together with the drug's chemical properties, might explain the clinical efficacy and well-known adverse effects (such as retinopathy) of these drugs. The unknown dose-response relationships of these drugs and the lack of definitions of the minimum dose needed for clinical efficacy and what doses are toxic pose challenges to clinical practice. Further challenges include patient non-adherence and possible context-dependent variations in blood drug levels. Available mechanistic data give insights into the immunomodulatory potency of hydroxychloroquine and provide the rationale to search for more potent and/or selective inhibitors.
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Hong C, Tijhuis AE, Foijer F. The cGAS Paradox: Contrasting Roles for cGAS-STING Pathway in Chromosomal Instability. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101228. [PMID: 31658669 PMCID: PMC6830079 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is an intricate phenomenon that is often found in human cancer, characterized by persisting errors in chromosome segregation. This ongoing chromosome mis-segregation results in structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities that have been widely described to promote tumor evolution. In addition to being a driver of tumor evolution, recent evidence demonstrates CIN to be the central node of the crosstalk between a tumor and its surrounding microenvironment, as mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway. The role that cGAS-STING signaling exerts on CIN tumors is both complex and paradoxical. On one hand, the cGAS-STING axis promotes the clearance of CIN tumors through recruitment of immune cells, thus suppressing tumor progression. On the other hand, the cGAS-STING pathway has been described to be the major regulator in the promotion of metastasis of CIN tumors. Here, we review this dual role of the cGAS-STING pathway in the context of chromosomal instability and discuss the potential therapeutic implications of cGAS-STING signaling for targeting CIN tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Hong
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea E Tijhuis
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
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Marek's Disease Virus RLORF4 Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Antagonizing NF-κB Activation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01037-19. [PMID: 31243133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01037-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), which causes T cell lymphomas in chickens, is economically important and has contributed to knowledge of herpesvirus-associated oncogenicity. The DNA-sensing pathway induces innate immune responses against DNA virus infection, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling is critical for the establishment of innate immunity. Here, we report that RLORF4, an MDV-specific protein directly involved in viral attenuation, is an inhibitor of the DNA-sensing pathway. The results showed that ectopically expressed RLORF4 blocked beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activation induced by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). RLORF4 selectively inhibited the activation of NF-κB but not IFN-regulatory factor 7. RLORF4 was found to bind the endogenous NF-κB subunits p65 and p50, and it also bound to the Rel homology domains of these subunits. Furthermore, RLORF4 suppressed the nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon-stimulatory DNA. Finally, deletion of RLORF4 from the MDV genome promoted IFN-β and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in vitro and in vivo In the absence of RLORF4, the host cellular immunity was significantly increased, and reduced viral titers were observed during infection of chickens. Our results suggest that the RLORF4-mediated suppression of the host antiviral innate immunity might play an important role in MDV pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Marek's disease virus (MDV) RLORF4 has been shown to be directly involved in the attenuation of MDV upon serial passages in vitro; however, the exact function of this protein during viral infection was not well characterized. This study demonstrated that RLORF4 significantly inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated NF-κB activation by binding to the Rel homology domains of the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50, interrupting their translocation to the nuclei and thereby inhibiting IFN-β production. Furthermore, RLORF4 deficiency promoted the induction of IFN-β and downstream IFN-stimulated genes during MDV infection in chickens. Our results suggest that the contribution of RLORF4 to MDV virulence may stem from its inhibition of viral DNA-triggered IFN-β responses.
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Martin-Gayo E, Yu XG. Role of Dendritic Cells in Natural Immune Control of HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1306. [PMID: 31244850 PMCID: PMC6563724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens. Proportions of these cells are markedly decreased in the blood of untreated HIV-1-infected individuals, suggesting they might be intrinsically involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis. However, despite several decades of active research, the precise role and contribution of these cells to protective or detrimental host responses against HIV-1 are still remarkably unclear. Recent studies have shown that DCs possess a fine-tuned machinery to recognize HIV-1 replication products through a variety of innate pathogen sensing mechanisms, which may be instrumental for generating both cellular and humoral protective immune responses in persons who naturally control HIV-1 replication. Yet, dysregulated and abnormal activation of DCs might also contribute to sustained inflammation and immune activation accelerating disease progression during chronic progressive infection. Emerging data also suggest that DCs can influence the induction of potent broadly-neutralizing antibodies, and may, for this reason, have to be considered as important components of future HIV-1 vaccination strategies. Apart from their involvement in antiviral host immunity, at least a subgroup of DCs seem intrinsically susceptible to HIV-1 infection and may serve as a viral target cell population. Indeed recent studies suggest that specific DC subpopulations residing in the genital mucosa are preferentially infected by HIV-1 and play an active role in sexual transmission; therefore, DCs may contribute to viral dissemination and possible persistence of the viral reservoirs through either direct or indirect mechanisms. Here, we analyze the distinct and partially opposing roles of DCs during HIV-1 disease pathogenesis, with a focus on implications of DC biology natural immune control and HIV cure research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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46
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A SNP upstream of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) gene protects from relapse and extra-pulmonary TB and relates to BCG vaccination status in an Indian cohort. Genes Immun 2019; 21:13-26. [PMID: 31118495 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a major health care threat worldwide causing over a million deaths annually. Host-pathogen interaction is complex, and a strong genetic contribution to disease susceptibility has been proposed. We have investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within cGAS/STING in Indian TB patients and healthy cohorts from India and Germany by Lightcycler®480 genotyping technique. The cGAS/STING pathway is an essential defense pathway within the cytosol after M.tb is internalized and mycobacterial DNA is released inducing the production of type I IFNs. We found that the rs311686 SNP upstream of cGAS provides protection from getting TB overall and is differently distributed in pulmonary TB patients compared with extra-pulmonary and particularly relapse cases. This SNP furthermore differs in distribution when comparing individuals with respect to BCG vaccination status. Taken together, our results show that the presence of the rs311686 SNP influences the course of TB significantly. However, structural conformation changes were found only for the cGAS rs610913 SNP. These findings underscore the importance of M.tb DNA recognition for TB pathogenesis and may eventually help in risk stratification of individuals. This may ultimately help in prevention of disease and aid in developing new vaccination and treatment strategies.
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47
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Kumar V. A STING to inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:171-185. [PMID: 30990921 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mir1018-397rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize cytosolic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a cytosolic PRR, recognizes cytosolic nucleic acids including dsDNAs. The recognition of dsDNA by cGAS generates cyclic GMP-AMP (GAMP). The cGAMP is then recognized by STING generating type 1 IFNs and NF-κB-mediated generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and molecules. Thus, cGAS-STING signaling mediated recognition of cytosolic dsDNA causing the induction of type 1 IFNs plays a crucial role in innate immunity against cytosolic pathogens, PAMPs, and DAMPs. The overactivation of this system may lead to the development of autoinflammation and autoimmune diseases. The article opens with the introduction of different PRRs involved in the intracellular recognition of dsDNA and gives a brief introduction of cGAS-STING signaling. The second section briefly describes cGAS as intracellular PRR required to recognize intracellular nucleic acids (dsDNA and CDNs) and the formation of cGAMP. The cGAMP acts as a second messenger to activate STING- and TANK-binding kinase 1-mediated generation of type 1 IFNs and the activation of NF-κB. The third section of the article describes the role of cGAS-STING signaling in the induction of autoinflammation and various autoimmune diseases. The subsequent fourth section describes both chemical compounds developed and the endogenous negative regulators of cGAS-STING signaling required for its regulation. Therapeutic targeting of cGAS-STING signaling could offer new ways to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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48
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Characterization of circulating DNA in plasma of patients after allogeneic bone grafting. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:4243-4253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Gao L, Li K, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu C, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Qi X, Cui H, Wang Y, Wang X. Inhibition of DNA-Sensing Pathway by Marek's Disease Virus VP23 Protein through Suppression of Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Activation. J Virol 2019; 93:e01934-18. [PMID: 30518647 PMCID: PMC6363996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01934-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host innate immune defense against viral infection; however, viruses have developed multiple strategies to antagonize host IFN responses for efficient infection and replication. Here, we report that Marek's disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic herpesvirus, encodes VP23 protein as a novel immune modulator to block the beta interferon (IFN-β) activation induced by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in chicken fibroblasts and macrophages. VP23 overexpression markedly reduces viral DNA-triggered IFN-β production and promotes viral replication, while knockdown of VP23 during MDV infection enhances the IFN-β response and suppresses viral replication. VP23 selectively inhibits IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) but not nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. Furthermore, we found that VP23 interacts with IRF7 and blocks its binding to TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), thereby inhibiting IRF7 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, resulting in reduced IFN-β production. These findings expand our knowledge of DNA sensing in chickens and reveal a mechanism through which MDV antagonizes the host IFN response.IMPORTANCE Despite widespread vaccination, Marek's disease (MD) continues to pose major challenges for the poultry industry worldwide. MDV causes immunosuppression and deadly lymphomas in chickens, suggesting that this virus has developed a successful immune evasion strategy. However, little is known regarding the initiation and modulation of the host innate immune response during MDV infection. This study demonstrates that the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway is critical for the induction of the IFN-β response against MDV infection in chicken fibroblasts and macrophages. An MDV protein, VP23, was found to efficiently inhibit the cGAS-STING pathway. VP23 selectively inhibits IRF7 but not NF-κB activation. VP23 interacts with IRF7 and blocks its binding to TBK1, thereby suppressing IRF7 activation and resulting in inhibition of the DNA-sensing pathway. These findings expand our knowledge of DNA sensing in chickens and reveal a mechanism through which MDV antagonizes the host IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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50
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Dialer CR, Stazzoni S, Drexler DJ, Müller FM, Veth S, Pichler A, Okamura H, Witte G, Hopfner KP, Carell T. A Click-Chemistry Linked 2'3'-cGAMP Analogue. Chemistry 2019; 25:2089-2095. [PMID: 30536650 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
2'3'-cGAMP is an uncanonical cyclic dinucleotide where one A and one G base are connected via a 3'-5' and a unique 2'-5' linkage. The molecule is produced by the cyclase cGAS in response to cytosolic DNA binding. cGAMP activates STING and hence one of the most powerful pathways of innate immunity. cGAMP analogues with uncharged linkages that feature better cellular penetrability are currently highly desired. Here, the synthesis of a cGAMP analogue with one amide and one triazole linkage is reported. The molecule is best prepared via a first CuI -catalyzed click reaction, which establishes the triazole, while the cyclization is achieved by macrolactamization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Reto Dialer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - David Jan Drexler
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Moritz Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Veth
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Pichler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Hidenori Okamura
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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