1
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Liu Q, Liu Z, Wang H, Yao X. Different species of Chiroptera: Immune cells and molecules. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29772. [PMID: 38949201 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The distinct composition and immune response characteristics of bats' innate and adaptive immune systems, which enable them to serve as host of numerous serious zoonotic viruses without falling ill, differ substantially from those of other mammals, it have garnered significant attention. In this article, we offer a systematic review of the names, attributes, and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells & molecules across different bat species. This includes descriptions of the differences shown by research between 71 bat species in 10 families, as well as comparisons between bats and other mammals. Studies of the immune cells & molecules of different bat species are necessary to understand the unique antiviral immunity of bats. By providing comprehensive information on these unique immune responses, it is hoped that new insights will be provided for the study of co-evolutionary dynamics between viruses and the bat immune system, as well as human antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zegang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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2
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Apoorva, Singh SK. A tale of endurance: bats, viruses and immune dynamics. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:841-856. [PMID: 38648093 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of highly zoonotic viral infections has propelled bat research forward. The viral outbreaks including Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Rabies virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV and the latest SARS-CoV-2 have been epidemiologically linked to various bat species. Bats possess unique immunological characteristics that allow them to serve as a potential viral reservoir. Bats are also known to protect themselves against viruses and maintain their immunity. Therefore, there is a need for in-depth understanding into bat-virus biology to unravel the major factors contributing to the coexistence and spread of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunit Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
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3
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Schoen A, Hölzer M, Müller MA, Wallerang KB, Drosten C, Marz M, Lamp B, Weber F. Functional comparisons of the virus sensor RIG-I from humans, the microbat Myotis daubentonii, and the megabat Rousettus aegyptiacus, and their response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0020523. [PMID: 37728614 PMCID: PMC10653997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A common hypothesis holds that bats (order Chiroptera) are outstanding reservoirs for zoonotic viruses because of a special antiviral interferon (IFN) system. However, functional studies about key components of the bat IFN system are rare. RIG-I is a cellular sensor for viral RNA signatures that activates the antiviral signaling chain to induce IFN. We cloned and functionally characterized RIG-I genes from two species of the suborders Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera. The bat RIG-Is were conserved in their sequence and domain organization, and similar to human RIG-I in (i) mediating virus- and IFN-activated gene expression, (ii) antiviral signaling, (iii) temperature dependence, and (iv) recognition of RNA ligands. Moreover, RIG-I of Rousettus aegyptiacus (suborder Yinpterochiroptera) and of humans were found to recognize SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, members of both bat suborders encode RIG-Is that are comparable to their human counterpart. The ability of bats to harbor zoonotic viruses therefore seems due to other features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schoen
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen and Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai B. Wallerang
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen and Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen and Charité, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Fu F, Shao Q, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang Z, Ma J, Yan Y, Sun J, Cheng Y. Bat STING drives IFN-beta production in anti-RNA virus innate immune response. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1232314. [PMID: 37744905 PMCID: PMC10514486 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate interferon (IFN) responses during RNA virus infection has been demonstrated in different mammalian cells. Despite being the host of numerous RNA viruses, the role of STING in bats during RNA virus infection has not been elucidated. In this study, we identified and cloned the STING gene of the Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis (T. brasiliensis) and tested its ability to induce IFN-β by overexpressing and knocking down bat STING (BatSTING) in T. brasiliensis 1 lung (TB1 Lu) cells. In addition, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) VSV-GFP as a model to detect the antiviral activity of BatSTING. The results showed that overexpression of STING in TB1 Lu cells stimulated by cGAS significantly inhibited RNA virus replication, and the antiviral activities were associated with its ability to regulate basal expression of IFN-β and some IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). We also found that BatSTING was able to be activated after stimulation by diverse RNA viruses. The results of TB1 Lu cells with STING deficiency showed that knockdown of BatSTING severely hindered the IFN-β response triggered by VSV-GFP. Based on this, we confirm that BatSTING is required to induce IFN-β expression during RNA virus infection. In conclusion, our experimental data clearly show that STING in bat hosts plays an irreplaceable role in mediating IFN-β responses and anti-RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Zhang D, Irving AT. Antiviral effects of interferon-stimulated genes in bats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1224532. [PMID: 37661999 PMCID: PMC10472940 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1224532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon pathway is the first line of defense in viral infection in all mammals, and its induction stimulates broad expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In mice and also humans, the antiviral function of ISGs has been extensively studied. As an important viral reservoir in nature, bats can coexist with a variety of pathogenic viruses without overt signs of disease, yet only limited data are available for the role of ISGs in bats. There are multiple species of bats and work has begun deciphering the differences and similarities between ISG function of human/mouse and different bat species. This review summarizes the current knowledge of conserved and bat-specific-ISGs and their known antiviral effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, China
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Infection, Immunity & Cancer, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, China
- BIMET - Biomedical and Health Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Stockmaier S. Bat behavioral immune responses in social contexts: current knowledge and future directions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232556. [PMID: 37662931 PMCID: PMC10469833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals often mount complex immune responses to infections. Aside from cellular and molecular defense mechanisms, animals can alter their behavior in response to infection by avoiding, resisting, or tolerating negative effects of pathogens. These behaviors are often connected to cellular and molecular immune responses. For instance, sickness behaviors are a set of behavioral changes triggered by the host inflammatory response (e.g., cytokines) and could aid in resisting or tolerating infection, as well as affect transmission dynamics if sick animals socially withdraw or are being avoided by others. To fully understand the group and population level transmission dynamics and consequences of pathogen infections in bats, it is not only important to consider cellular and molecular defense mechanisms, but also behavioral mechanisms, and how both interact. Although there has been increasing interest in bat immune responses due to their ability to successfully cope with viral infections, few studies have explored behavioral anti-pathogen defense mechanisms. My main objective is to explore the interaction of cellular and molecular defense mechanisms, and behavioral alterations that results from infection in bats, and to outline current knowledge and future research avenues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stockmaier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
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7
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Fu F, Shao Q, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ma J, Yan Y, Sun J, Cheng Y. Bat MAVS involved in antiviral innate immunity via regulating IFN-beta production. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 146:104724. [PMID: 37178925 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is an essential articulatory protein in immune responses against most RNA viruses. Whether bats, the natural hosts of numerous zoonotic RNA viruses, utilize conserved signaling pathways involving MAVS-mediated interferon (IFN) responses remains elusive. In this study, we performed the cloning and functional analysis of bat MAVS (BatMAVS). Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that BatMAVS was poorly conserved among species and evolutionarily closer to other mammals. Overexpression of BatMAVS significantly inhibited the replication of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged VSV (VSV-GFP) and GFP-tagged Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (NDV-GFP) by activating the type I IFN pathway, and its expression at the transcriptional level was upregulated at the late stage of VSV-GFP infection. We further demonstrated that the CARD_2 and TM domains occupy a large proportion in the ability of BatMAVS to activate IFN-β. These results suggest that BatMAVS acts as an important regulatory molecule in IFN-induction and anti-RNA viruses in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Fu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Liu Q, Zhang M, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ma J, Yan Y, Sun J, Cheng Y. Functional characterization of bat IRF1 in IFN induction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104500. [PMID: 35933044 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bats are natural hosts for various zoonotic viral diseases. However, they rarely show signs of disease infection with such viruses. During viral infection, members of the IRFs family induce the production of IFNβ and exert antiviral effects. However, the functions of bat interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) remain unclear. In this study, the Tadarida brasiliensis IRF1 (TbIRF1) gene was first cloned and a series of bioinformatics studies were conducted. Results showed that bat IRF1 protein sequence showed a low similarity with IRF1s from other species. RNA virus such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV-GFP), avian influenza virus (AIV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-GFP) infection of Tadarida brasiliensis 1 lung (TB 1 Lu) cells significantly promotes the expressions of IFNβ, PKR, and OAS1, and up-regulates the expression of TbIRF1. Overexpression of TbIRF1 markedly activates IFNβ promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Next, we constructed the TbIRF1 functional domain deletion plasmids and found that the DNA binding domain (DBD) is necessary for TbIRF1 to induce IFNβ expresison. In conclusion, the first bat IRF1 gene was cloned, and its functions in IFN induction were preliminarily identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menglu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Abstract
Bats perform important ecological roles in our ecosystem. However, recent studies have demonstrated that bats are reservoirs of emerging viruses that have spilled over into humans and agricultural animals to cause severe diseases. These viruses include Hendra and Nipah paramyxoviruses, Ebola and Marburg filoviruses, and coronaviruses that are closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2. Intriguingly, bats that are naturally or experimentally infected with these viruses do not show clinical signs of disease. Here we have reviewed ecological, behavioral, and molecular factors that may influence the ability of bats to harbor viruses. We have summarized known zoonotic potential of bat-borne viruses and stress on the need for further studies to better understand the evolutionary relationship between bats and their viruses, along with discovering the intrinsic and external factors that facilitate the successful spillover of viruses from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gonzalez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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10
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Jones S, Bell T, Coleman CM, Harris D, Woodward G, Worledge L, Roberts H, McElhinney L, Aegerter J, Ransome E, Savolainen V. Testing bats in rehabilitation for SARS-CoV-2 before release into the wild. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022; 4:e12707. [PMID: 35935171 PMCID: PMC9347622 DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested SARS-CoV-2 originated from a viral ancestor in bats, but whether transmission occurred directly or via an intermediary host to humans remains unknown. Concerns of spillover of SARS-CoV-2 into wild bat populations are hindering bat rehabilitation and conservation efforts in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Current protocols state that animals cared for by individuals who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 cannot be released into the wild and must be isolated to reduce the risk of transmission to wild populations. Here, we propose a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based protocol for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, using fecal sampling. Bats from the United Kingdom were tested following suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and tested negative for the virus. With current UK and international legislation, the identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection in wild animals is becoming increasingly important, and protocols such as the one developed here will help improve understanding and mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Danielle Harris
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Guy Woodward
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lisa Worledge
- Bat Conservation Trust, Cloisters Business CentreLondonUK
| | - Helen Roberts
- Department for EnvironmentFood & Rural Affairs (Defra)LondonUK
| | | | - James Aegerter
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal and Plant Health AgencyYorkUK
| | - Emma Ransome
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Vincent Savolainen
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
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11
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Wang J, Lin Z, Liu Q, Fu F, Wang Z, Ma J, Wang H, Yan Y, Cheng Y, Sun J. Bat Employs a Conserved MDA5 Gene to Trigger Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904481. [PMID: 35677039 PMCID: PMC9168228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are important hosts for various zoonotic viral diseases. However, they rarely show signs of disease infection with such viruses. As the first line for virus control, the innate immune system of bats attracted our full attention. In this study, the Tadarida brasiliensis MDA5 gene (batMDA5), a major sensor for anti-RNA viral infection, was first cloned, and its biological functions in antiviral innate immunity were identified. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the amino acid sequence of batMDA5 is poorly conserved among species, and it is evolutionarily closer to humans. The mRNA of batMDA5 was significantly upregulated in Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected bat TB 1 Lu cells. Overexpression of batMDA5 could activate IFNβ and inhibit vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-GFP) replication in TB 1 Lu cells, while knockdown of batMDA5 yielded the opposite result. In addition, we found that the CARD domain was essential for MDA5 to activate IFNβ by constructing MDA5 domain mutant plasmids. These results indicated that bat employs a conserved MDA5 gene to trigger anti-RNA virus innate immune response. This study helps understand the biological role of MDA5 in innate immunity during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianhe Sun
- *Correspondence: Jianhe Sun, ; Yuqiang Cheng,
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12
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Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050936. [PMID: 35632678 PMCID: PMC9146692 DOI: 10.3390/v14050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah henipavirus (NiV) and Hendra henipavirus (HeV) are zoonotic emerging paramyxoviruses causing severe disease outbreaks in humans and livestock, mostly in Australia, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Both are bat-borne viruses and in humans, their mortality rates can reach 60% in the case of HeV and 92% for NiV, thus being two of the deadliest viruses known for humans. Several factors, including a large cellular tropism and a wide zoonotic potential, con-tribute to their high pathogenicity. This review provides an overview of HeV and NiV pathogenicity mechanisms and provides a summary of their interactions with the immune systems of their different host species, including their natural hosts bats, spillover-hosts pigs, horses, and humans, as well as in experimental animal models. A better understanding of the interactions between henipaviruses and their hosts could facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and vaccine measures against these re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Centre (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
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13
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Chazal N. Coronavirus, the King Who Wanted More Than a Crown: From Common to the Highly Pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, Is the Key in the Accessory Genes? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682603. [PMID: 34335504 PMCID: PMC8317507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that emerged in late 2019, is the etiologic agent of the current "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) pandemic, which has serious health implications and a significant global economic impact. Of the seven human coronaviruses, all of which have a zoonotic origin, the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, is the third emerging coronavirus, in the 21st century, highly pathogenic to the human population. Previous human coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) have already provided several valuable information on some of the common molecular and cellular mechanisms of coronavirus infections as well as their origin. However, to meet the new challenge caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a detailed understanding of the biological specificities, as well as knowledge of the origin are crucial to provide information on viral pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology, and to enable strategies for therapeutic interventions and drug discovery. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current advances in SARS-CoV-2 knowledges, in light of pre-existing information of other recently emerging coronaviruses. We depict the specificity of the immune response of wild bats and discuss current knowledge of the genetic diversity of bat-hosted coronaviruses that promotes viral genome expansion (accessory gene acquisition). In addition, we describe the basic virology of coronaviruses with a special focus SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we highlight, in detail, the current knowledge of genes and accessory proteins which we postulate to be the major keys to promote virus adaptation to specific hosts (bat and human), to contribute to the suppression of immune responses, as well as to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Clayton E, Munir M. Fundamental Characteristics of Bat Interferon Systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:527921. [PMID: 33363045 PMCID: PMC7759481 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.527921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons are an essential component of the innate arm of the immune system and are arguably one of the most important lines of defence against viruses. The human IFN system and its functionality has already been largely characterized and studied in detail. However, the IFN systems of bats have only been marginally examined to date up until the recent developments of the Bat1k project which have now opened new opportunities in research by identifying six new bat genomes to possess novel genes that are likely associated with viral tolerance exhibited in bats. Interestingly, bats have been hypothesized to possess the ability to establish a host-virus relationship where despite being infected, they exhibit limited signs of disease and still retain the ability to transmit the disease into other susceptible hosts. Bats are one of the most abundant and widespread vertebrates on the planet and host many zoonotic viruses that are highly pathogenic to humans. Several genomics, immunological, and biological features are thought to underlie novel antiviral mechanisms of bats. This review aims to explore the bat IFN system and developments in its diverse IFN features, focusing mainly on the model species, the Australian black flying fox (Pteropus alecto), while also highlighting bat innate immunity as an exciting and fruitful area of research to understand their ability to control viral-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clayton
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Tarigan R, Shimoda H, Doysabas KCC, Ken M, Iida A, Hondo E. Role of pattern recognition receptors and interferon-beta in protecting bat cell lines from encephalomyocarditis virus and Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1-7. [PMID: 32446351 PMCID: PMC7177169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bats are potential natural hosts of Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Bats appear to have some unique features in their innate immune system that inhibit viral replication causing limited clinical symptoms, and thus, contributing to the virus spill over to humans. Here, kidney epithelial cell lines derived from four bat species (Pteropus dasymallus, Rousettus leschenaultii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, and Miniopterus fuliginosus) and two non-bat species (Homo sapiens and Mesocricetus auratus) were infected with EMCV and JEV. The replication of EMCV and JEV was lower in the bat cell lines derived from R. leschenaultii, R. ferrumequinum, and M. fuliginosus with a higher expression level of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA5) and interferon-beta (IFN-β) than that in the non-bat cell lines and a bat cell line derived from P. dasymallus. The knockdown of TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA5 in Rhinolophus bat cell line using antisense RNA oligonucleotide led to decrease IFN-β expression and increased viral replication. These results suggest that TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA5 are important for antiviral response against EMCV and JEV in Rhinolophus bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Tarigan
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Karla Cristine C Doysabas
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maeda Ken
- Division of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hondo
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Zhu X, Liao H, Yang Z, Peng C, Lu W, Xing Q, Huang X, Hu J, Bao Z. Genome-wide identification, characterization of RLR genes in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and functional regulations in responses to ocean acidification. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:488-498. [PMID: 31978530 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), are crucial sensors with a conserved structure in cytoplasm, inducing the production of cytokines, chemokines and host restriction factors which mediate a variety of intracellular activities to interfere with distinct PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) for eliminating pathogens in innate immune system. Although RLR genes have been investigated in most vertebrates and some invertebrates, the systematic identification and characterization of RLR genes have not been reported in scallops. In this study, four RLR genes (PY-10413.4, PY-10413.5, PY-443.7 and PY-443.8, designated PyRLRs) were identified in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) through whole-genome scanning through in silico analysis, including two pairs of tandem duplicate genes located on the same scaffold (PY-10413.4 and PY-10413.5, PY-443.7 and PY-443.8, respectively). Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were performed to determine the identities and evolutionary relationships of these genes. The expression profiles of PyRLRs were determined in all developmental stages, in healthy adult tissues, and in mantles that simulated ocean acidification (OA) exposure (pH = 6.5 and 7.5) at different time points (3, 6, 12 and 24 h). Spatiotemporal expression patterns suggested the functional roles of PyRLRs in all stages of development and growth of the scallop. Regulation expressions revealed PY-10413.4 and PY-10413.5 with one or two CARD(s) (caspase activation and recruitment domain) were up-regulated expressed at most time points, whereas PY-443.8 and PY-10413.4 without CARD were significantly down-regulated at each time points, suggesting functional differentiations in the two pairs of PyRLRs based on the structural differences in response to OA. Collectively, this study demonstrated gene duplication of RLR family genes and provide primary analysis for versatile roles in the response of the bivalve innate immune system to OA challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huan Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zujing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wei Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Banerjee A, Baker ML, Kulcsar K, Misra V, Plowright R, Mossman K. Novel Insights Into Immune Systems of Bats. Front Immunol 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 32117225 PMCID: PMC7025585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, viruses similar to those that cause serious disease in humans and other mammals have been detected in apparently healthy bats. These include filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses that cause severe diseases such as Ebola virus disease, Marburg haemorrhagic fever and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans. The evolution of flight in bats seem to have selected for a unique set of antiviral immune responses that control virus propagation, while limiting self-damaging inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize our current understanding of antiviral immune responses in bats and discuss their ability to co-exist with emerging viruses that cause serious disease in other mammals. We highlight how this knowledge may help us to predict viral spillovers into new hosts and discuss future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle L Baker
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten Kulcsar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raina Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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The acute phase response elicited by a viral-like molecular pattern increases energy expenditure in Artibeus lituratus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li N, Li A, Zheng K, Liu X, Gao L, Liu D, Deng H, Wu W, Liu B, Zhao B, Pang Q. Identification and characterization of an atypical RIG-I encoded by planarian Dugesia japonica and its essential role in the immune response. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:72-84. [PMID: 30355517 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), an RNA sensor with a conserved structure, activates the host interferon (IFN) system to produce IFNs and cytokines for eliminating pathogens upon recognizing PAMPs. However, the biological functions and the mechanism by which RIG-I regulates the innate immunity response in invertebrates are still unknown at present. Here we identified an atypical RIG-I in planarian Dugesia japonica. Sequence analysis, 3D structure modeling and phylogenetic analysis showed that this atypical protein was clustered into a single clade at the base of the tree in invertebrates, suggesting that DjRIG-I is an ancient and unique protein of the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the DjRIG-I mRNAs were predominantly expressed in the pharynx and head of the adult and regenerative planarians. Stimulation with PAMPs induced the over-expression of DjRIG-I in planarians. The molecular simulation demonstrated that DjRIG-I formed a large hole-structure for the docking of dsRNAs, and the pull-down assay confirmed the interaction between DjRIG-I and viral analog poly(I:C). Importantly, some representative antiviral/antibacterial genes in the RIG-I-mediated IFN and P38 signaling pathway, TBK1, IRF-3, Mx, and P38, were significantly upregulated in planarians stimulated with PAMPs. Interference of the DjRIG-I expression by RNAi, inhibited the PAMPs-induced over-expression, suggesting that DjRIG-I is a key player for downstream signaling events. These results indicate that DjRIG-I triggered the intracellular signaling cascades independent of the classical CARD domains and played an essential role in the virus/bacteria-induced innate immunity of planarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Ao Li
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Dongwu Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Hongkuan Deng
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Shenzhen University of Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China.
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20
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Bats and Coronaviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010041. [PMID: 30634396 PMCID: PMC6356540 DOI: 10.3390/v11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are speculated to be reservoirs of several emerging viruses including coronaviruses (CoVs) that cause serious disease in humans and agricultural animals. These include CoVs that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) and severe acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS). Bats that are naturally infected or experimentally infected do not demonstrate clinical signs of disease. These observations have allowed researchers to speculate that bats are the likely reservoirs or ancestral hosts for several CoVs. In this review, we follow the CoV outbreaks that are speculated to have originated in bats. We review studies that have allowed researchers to identify unique adaptation in bats that may allow them to harbor CoVs without severe disease. We speculate about future studies that are critical to identify how bats can harbor multiple strains of CoVs and factors that enable these viruses to “jump” from bats to other mammals. We hope that this review will enable readers to identify gaps in knowledge that currently exist and initiate a dialogue amongst bat researchers to share resources to overcome present limitations.
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Sarkis S, Lise MC, Darcissac E, Dabo S, Falk M, Chaulet L, Neuveut C, Meurs EF, Lavergne A, Lacoste V. Development of molecular and cellular tools to decipher the type I IFN pathway of the common vampire bat. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:1-7. [PMID: 29122634 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Though the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, is known as the main rabies virus reservoir in Latin America, no tools are available to investigate its antiviral innate immune system. To characterize the IFN-I pathway, we established an immortalized cell line from a D. rotundus fetal lung named FLuDero. Then we molecularly characterized some of the Toll-like receptors (TLR3, 7, 8 and 9), the three RIG-I-like receptor members, as well as IFNα1 and IFNβ. Challenging the FLuDero cell line with poly (I:C) resulted in an up-regulation of both IFNα1 and IFNβ and the induction of expression of the different pattern recognition receptors characterized. These findings provide evidence of the intact dsRNA recognition machinery and the IFN-I signaling pathway in our cellular model. Herein, we generated a sum of insightful specific molecular and cellular tools that will serve as a useful model to study virus-host interactions of the common vampire bat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis Sarkis
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Marie-Claude Lise
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Edith Darcissac
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stéphanie Dabo
- Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marcel Falk
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Laura Chaulet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Christine Neuveut
- Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Eliane F Meurs
- Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.
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Specific Mutations in the PB2 Protein of Influenza A Virus Compensate for the Lack of Efficient Interferon Antagonism of the NS1 Protein of Bat Influenza A-Like Viruses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02021-17. [PMID: 29321309 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02021-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, two new influenza A-like viruses have been discovered in bats, A/little yellow-shouldered bat/Guatemala/060/2010 (HL17NL10) and A/flat-faced bat/Peru/033/2010 (HL18NL11). The hemagglutinin (HA)-like (HL) and neuraminidase (NA)-like (NL) proteins of these viruses lack hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities, despite their sequence and structural homologies with the HA and NA proteins of conventional influenza A viruses. We have now investigated whether the NS1 proteins of the HL17NL10 and HL18NL11 viruses can functionally replace the NS1 protein of a conventional influenza A virus. For this purpose, we generated recombinant influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) H1N1 viruses containing the NS1 protein of the PR8 wild-type, HL17NL10, and HL18NL11 viruses. These viruses (r/NS1PR8, r/NS1HL17, and r/NS1HL18, respectively) were tested for replication in bat and nonbat mammalian cells and in mice. Our results demonstrate that the r/NS1HL17 and r/NS1HL18 viruses are attenuated in vitro and in vivo However, the bat NS1 recombinant viruses showed a phenotype similar to that of the r/NS1PR8 virus in STAT1-/- human A549 cells and mice, both in vitro and in vivo systems being unable to respond to interferon (IFN). Interestingly, multiple mouse passages of the r/NS1HL17 and r/NS1HL18 viruses resulted in selection of mutant viruses containing single amino acid mutations in the viral PB2 protein. In contrast to the parental viruses, virulence and IFN antagonism were restored in the selected PB2 mutants. Our results indicate that the NS1 protein of bat influenza A-like viruses is less efficient than the NS1 protein of its conventional influenza A virus NS1 counterpart in antagonizing the IFN response and that this deficiency can be overcome by the influenza virus PB2 protein.IMPORTANCE Significant gaps in our understanding of the basic features of the recently discovered bat influenza A-like viruses HL17NL10 and HL18NL11 remain. The basic biology of these unique viruses displays both similarities to and differences from the basic biology of conventional influenza A viruses. Here, we show that recombinant influenza A viruses containing the NS1 protein from HL17NL10 and HL18NL11 are attenuated. This attenuation was mediated by their inability to antagonize the type I IFN response. However, this deficiency could be compensated for by single amino acid replacements in the PB2 gene. Our results unravel a functional divergence between the NS1 proteins of bat influenza A-like and conventional influenza A viruses and demonstrate an interplay between the viral PB2 and NS1 proteins to antagonize IFN.
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Abstract
Bats are a large and diverse group comprising approximately 20% of all living mammalian species. They are the only mammals capable of powered flight and have many unique characteristics, including long lifespans, echolocation, and hibernation, and play key roles in insect control, pollination, and seed dispersal. The role of bats as natural reservoirs of a variety of high-profile viruses that are highly pathogenic in other susceptible species yet cause no clinical disease in bats has led to a resurgence of interest in their immune systems. Equally compelling is the urgency to understand the immune mechanisms responsible for the susceptibility of bats to the fungus responsible for white syndrome, which threatens to wipe out a number of species of North American bats. In this chapter we review the current knowledge in the field of bat immunology, focusing on recent highlights and the need for further investigations in this area.
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Zhang Q, Zeng LP, Zhou P, Irving AT, Li S, Shi ZL, Wang LF. IFNAR2-dependent gene expression profile induced by IFN-α in Pteropus alecto bat cells and impact of IFNAR2 knockout on virus infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182866. [PMID: 28793350 PMCID: PMC5549907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are important reservoirs of many viruses, which are capable of infecting the host without inducing obvious clinical diseases. Interferon and the downstream interferon regulated genes (IRGs) are known to act as the first line of defense against viral infections. Little is known about the transcriptional profile of genes being induced by interferon in bats and their role in controlling virus infection. In this study, we constructed IFNAR2 knockout bat cell lines using CRISPR technology and further characterized gene expression profiles induced by the most abundant IFN-α (IFN-α3). Firstly, we demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas9 system is applicable for bat cells as this represents the first CRIPSR knockout cell line for bats. Our results showed the pleiotropic effect of IFN-α3 on the bat kidney cell line, PaKiT03. As expected, we confirmed that IFNAR2 is indispensable for IFN-a signaling pathway and plays an important role in antiviral immunity. Unexpectedly, we also identified novel IFNAR2-dependent IRGs which are enriched in pathways related to cancer. To our knowledge, this seems to be bat-specific as no such observation has been reported for other mammalian species. This study expands our knowledge about bat immunology and the cell line established can provide a powerful tool for future study into virus-bat interaction and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei-Ping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shang Li
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke–National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Evolution and Antiviral Specificities of Interferon-Induced Mx Proteins of Bats against Ebola, Influenza, and Other RNA Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00361-17. [PMID: 28490593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00361-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats serve as a reservoir for various, often zoonotic viruses, including significant human pathogens such as Ebola and influenza viruses. However, for unknown reasons, viral infections rarely cause clinical symptoms in bats. A tight control of viral replication by the host innate immune defense might contribute to this phenomenon. Transcriptomic studies revealed the presence of the interferon-induced antiviral myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins in bats, but detailed functional aspects have not been assessed. To provide evidence that bat Mx proteins might act as key factors to control viral replication we cloned Mx1 cDNAs from three bat families, Pteropodidae, Phyllostomidae, and Vespertilionidae. Phylogenetically these bat Mx1 genes cluster closely with their human ortholog MxA. Using transfected cell cultures, minireplicon systems, virus-like particles, and virus infections, we determined the antiviral potential of the bat Mx1 proteins. Bat Mx1 significantly reduced the polymerase activity of viruses circulating in bats, including Ebola and influenza A-like viruses. The related Thogoto virus, however, which is not known to infect bats, was not inhibited by bat Mx1. Further, we provide evidence for positive selection in bat Mx1 genes that might explain species-specific antiviral activities of these proteins. Together, our data suggest a role for Mx1 in controlling these viruses in their bat hosts.IMPORTANCE Bats are a natural reservoir for various viruses that rarely cause clinical symptoms in bats but are dangerous zoonotic pathogens, like Ebola or rabies virus. It has been hypothesized that the interferon system might play a key role in controlling viral replication in bats. We speculate that the interferon-induced Mx proteins might be key antiviral factors of bats and have coevolved with bat-borne viruses. This study evaluated for the first time a large set of bat Mx1 proteins spanning three major bat families for their antiviral potential, including activity against Ebola virus and bat influenza A-like virus, and we describe here their phylogenetic relationship, revealing patterns of positive selection that suggest a coevolution with viral pathogens. By understanding the molecular mechanisms of the innate resistance of bats against viral diseases, we might gain important insights into how to prevent and fight human zoonotic infections caused by bat-borne viruses.
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Lack of inflammatory gene expression in bats: a unique role for a transcription repressor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2232. [PMID: 28533548 PMCID: PMC5440382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years viruses similar to those that appear to cause no overt disease in bats have spilled-over to humans and other species causing serious disease. Since pathology in such diseases is often attributed to an over-active inflammatory response, we tested the hypothesis that bat cells respond to stimulation of their receptors for viral ligands with a strong antiviral response, but unlike in human cells, the inflammatory response is not overtly activated. We compared the response of human and bat cells to poly(I:C), a viral double-stranded RNA surrogate. We measured transcripts for several inflammatory, interferon and interferon stimulated genes using quantitative real-time PCR and observed that human and bat cells both, when stimulated with poly(I:C), contained higher levels of transcripts for interferon beta than unstimulated cells. In contrast, only human cells expressed robust amount of RNA for TNFα, a cell signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation. We examined the bat TNFα promoter and found a potential repressor (c-Rel) binding motif. We demonstrated that c-Rel binds to the putative c-Rel motif in the promoter and knocking down c-Rel transcripts significantly increased basal levels of TNFα transcripts. Our results suggest bats may have a unique mechanism to suppress inflammatory pathology.
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Enchéry F, Horvat B. Understanding the interaction between henipaviruses and their natural host, fruit bats: Paving the way toward control of highly lethal infection in humans. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:108-121. [PMID: 28060559 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2016.1255883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses, from henipavirus genus, that have emerged in late 1990s in Australia and South-East Asia, respectively. Since their initial identification, numerous outbreaks have been reported, affecting both domestic animals and humans, and multiple rounds of person-to-person NiV transmission were observed. Widely distributed fruit bats from Pteropodidae family were found to be henipavirus natural reservoir. Numerous studies have reported henipavirus seropositivity in pteropid bats, including bats in Africa, thus expanding notably the geographic distribution of these viruses. Interestingly, henipavirus infection in bats seems to be asymptomatic, in contrast to severe disease induced in numerous other mammals. Unique among the mammals by their ability to fly, these intriguing animals are natural reservoir for many other emerging and remerging viruses highly pathogenic for humans. This feature, combined with absence of clinical symptoms, has attracted the interest of scientific community to virus-bat interactions. Therefore, several bat genomes were sequenced and particularities of the bat immune system have been intensively analyzed during the last decade to understand their coexistence with viruses in the absence of disease. The peculiarities in inflammasome activation, a constitutive expression of interferon alpha, and some differences in adaptive immunity have been recently reported in fruit bats. Studies on virus-bat interactions have thus emerged as an exciting novel area of research that should shed new light on the mechanisms that regulate viral infection and may allow development of novel therapeutic approaches to control this highly lethal emerging infectious disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Enchéry
- a CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research (Immunobiology of Viral Infections Team), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France, Laboratoire d'Excellence ECOFECT , Lyon , France
| | - Branka Horvat
- a CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research (Immunobiology of Viral Infections Team), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France, Laboratoire d'Excellence ECOFECT , Lyon , France
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Feng J, Guo S, Lin P, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Yu L. Identification of a retinoic acid-inducible gene I from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and expression analysis in vivo and in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:249-256. [PMID: 27238428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene-I) is one of the key cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for the recognition of cytosolic viral nucleic acids and the production of type I interferons (IFNs). The full-length cDNA sequence of RIG-I (AjRIG-I) in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) was identified and characterized in this article. The full-length cDNA of AjRIG-I was 3468 bp, including a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 52 bp, a 3'-UTR of 617 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 2799 bp encoding a polypeptide of 933 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 106.2 kDa. NCBI CDD analysis showed that the AjRIG-I protein had the typical conserved domains, including two adjacent caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), a DEXDc domain, a HELICc domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed a broad expression for AjRIG-I in a wide range of tissues, with the predominant expression in liver, followed by the gills, spleen, kidney, intestine, skin, and the very low expression in muscle and heart. The AjRIG-I expressions in liver, spleen and kidney were significantly induced following injection with LPS, the viral mimic poly I:C, and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In vitro, the AjRIG-I transcripts of Japanese eel liver cells were significantly enhanced by poly I:C and PGN stimulation, down-regulated with CpG-DNA treatment whereas no change of the expression level was found post LPS challenge. These results collectively suggested AjRIG-I transcripts expression possibly play an important role in fish defense against viral and bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Feng
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, China.
| | - Songlin Guo
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Peng Lin
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zaipeng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Lili Yu
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, China
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Wynne JW, Woon AP, Dudek NL, Croft NP, Ng JHJ, Baker ML, Wang LF, Purcell AW. Characterization of the Antigen Processing Machinery and Endogenous Peptide Presentation of a Bat MHC Class I Molecule. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4468-76. [PMID: 27183594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bats are a major reservoir of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses, henipaviruses, and Ebola virus. Although highly pathogenic to their spillover hosts, bats harbor these viruses, and a large number of other viruses, with little or no clinical signs of disease. How bats asymptomatically coexist with these viruses is unknown. In particular, little is known about bat adaptive immunity, and the presence of functional MHC molecules is mostly inferred from recently described genomes. In this study, we used an affinity purification/mass spectrometry approach to demonstrate that a bat MHC class I molecule, Ptal-N*01:01, binds antigenic peptides and associates with peptide-loading complex components. We identified several bat MHC class I-binding partners, including calnexin, calreticulin, protein disulfide isomerase A3, tapasin, TAP1, and TAP2. Additionally, endogenous peptide ligands isolated from Ptal-N*01:01 displayed a relatively broad length distribution and an unusual preference for a C-terminal proline residue. Finally, we demonstrate that this preference for C-terminal proline residues was observed in Hendra virus-derived peptides presented by Ptal-N*01:01 on the surface of infected cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify endogenous and viral MHC class I ligands for any bat species and, as such, provides an important avenue for monitoring and development of vaccines against major bat-borne viruses both in the reservoir and spillover hosts. Additionally, it will provide a foundation to understand the role of adaptive immunity in bat antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Amanda P Woon
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Nadine L Dudek
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Nathan P Croft
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Justin H J Ng
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michelle L Baker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Republic of Singapore
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
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30
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Liang YZ, Wu LJ, Zhang Q, Zhou P, Wang MN, Yang XL, Ge XY, Wang LF, Shi ZL. Cloning, expression, and antiviral activity of interferon β from the Chinese microbat, Myotis davidii. Virol Sin 2015; 30:425-32. [PMID: 26645237 PMCID: PMC7091266 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoir hosts for many viruses that produce no clinical symptoms in bats. Therefore, bats may have evolved effective mechanisms to control viral replication. However, little information is available on bat immune responses to viral infection. Type I interferon (IFN) plays a key role in controlling viral infections. In this study, we report the cloning, expression, and biological activity of interferon β (IFNβ) from the Chinese microbat species, Myotis davidii. We demonstrated the upregulation of IFNB and IFN-stimulated genes in a kidney cell line derived from M. davidii after treatment with polyI:C or infection with Sendai virus. Furthermore, the recombinant IFNβ inhibited vesicular stomatitis virus and bat adenovirus replication in cell lines from two bat species, M. davidii and Rhinolophus sinicus. We provide the first in vitro evidence of IFNβ antiviral activity in microbats, which has important implications for virus interactions with these hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Li-Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Mei-Niang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Liu S, Liu Y, Yang S, Huang Y, Qin Q, Zhang S. Evolutionary conservation of molecular structure and antiviral function of a viral receptor, LGP2, in amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3404-16. [PMID: 26442622 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I-like (where RIG-I is retinoic acid inducible gene I) receptor LGP2 (where LGP2 is laboratory of genetics and physiology) is an important intracellular receptor that recognizes viral RNAs in innate immunity, but its origin and evolution remains unknown. Here we clearly demonstrate the presence of a RIG-I-like receptor, BjLGP2, in the basal chordate amphioxus. It is predominantly expressed in the hepatic caecum and hindgut, and is upregulated following challenge with poly(I:C). BjLGP2 is distributed in the cytoplasm of both grouper spleen and flounder gill (FG) cells, and the recombinant BjLGP2 interacts with poly(I:C). BjLGP2 can enhance the expression of IFN and IFN-inducible genes in FG cells upon poly(I:C) challenge. It also significantly induces the expression of the antiviral genes ifn-i and Mx as well as the signal transduction relevant genes MAVS, NF-κB, and IRF-3 in FG cells upon lymphocystis disease virus challenge. Moreover, BjLGP2 inhibits the replication of lymphocystis disease virus in FG cells and the gene transcription of Singapore grouper iridovirus in grouper spleen cells. This is the first report showing that a LGP2 protein in invertebrate species (amphioxus) is structurally conserved and plays an antiviral role similar to that of vertebrate LGP2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shousheng Liu
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China
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32
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Immunology of bats and their viruses: challenges and opportunities. Viruses 2015; 6:4880-901. [PMID: 25494448 PMCID: PMC4276934 DOI: 10.3390/v6124880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoir hosts of several high-impact viruses that cause significant human diseases, including Nipah virus, Marburg virus and rabies virus. They also harbor many other viruses that are thought to have caused disease in humans after spillover into intermediate hosts, including SARS and MERS coronaviruses. As is usual with reservoir hosts, these viruses apparently cause little or no pathology in bats. Despite the importance of bats as reservoir hosts of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic agents, virtually nothing is known about the host/virus relationships; principally because few colonies of bats are available for experimental infections, a lack of reagents, methods and expertise for studying bat antiviral responses and immunology, and the difficulty of conducting meaningful field work. These challenges can be addressed, in part, with new technologies that are species-independent that can provide insight into the interactions of bats and viruses, which should clarify how the viruses persist in nature, and what risk factors might facilitate transmission to humans and livestock.
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Transcriptome Profiling of the Virus-Induced Innate Immune Response in Pteropus vampyrus and Its Attenuation by Nipah Virus Interferon Antagonist Functions. J Virol 2015; 89:7550-66. [PMID: 25972557 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00302-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bats are important reservoirs for several viruses, many of which cause lethal infections in humans but have reduced pathogenicity in bats. As the innate immune response is critical for controlling viruses, the nature of this response in bats and how it may differ from that in other mammals are of great interest. Using next-generation transcriptome sequencing (mRNA-seq), we profiled the transcriptional response of Pteropus vampyrus bat kidney (PVK) cells to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus known to elicit a strong innate immune response in mammalian cells. The Pteropus genus is a known reservoir of Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV). Analysis of the 200 to 300 regulated genes showed that genes for interferon (IFN) and antiviral pathways are highly upregulated in NDV-infected PVK cells, including genes for beta IFN, RIG-I, MDA5, ISG15, and IRF1. NDV-infected cells also upregulated several genes not previously characterized to be antiviral, such as RND1, SERTAD1, CHAC1, and MORC3. In fact, we show that MORC3 is induced by both IFN and NDV infection in PVK cells but is not induced by either stimulus in human A549 cells. In contrast to NDV infection, HeV and NiV infection of PVK cells failed to induce these innate immune response genes. Likewise, an attenuated response was observed in PVK cells infected with recombinant NDVs expressing the NiV IFN antagonist proteins V and W. This study provides the first global profile of a robust virus-induced innate immune response in bats and indicates that henipavirus IFN antagonist mechanisms are likely active in bat cells. IMPORTANCE Bats are the reservoir host for many highly pathogenic human viruses, including henipaviruses, lyssaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and filoviruses, and many other viruses have also been isolated from bats. Viral infections are reportedly asymptomatic or heavily attenuated in bat populations. Despite their ecological importance to viral maintenance, research into their immune system and mechanisms for viral control has only recently begun. Nipah virus and Hendra virus are two paramyxoviruses associated with high mortality rates in humans and whose reservoir is the Pteropus genus of bats. Greater knowledge of the innate immune response of P. vampyrus bats to viral infection may elucidate how bats serve as a reservoir for so many viruses.
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Lu L, Chen Y, Wang Z, Li X, Chen W, Tao Z, Shen J, Tian Y, Wang D, Li G, Chen L, Chen F, Fang D, Yu L, Sun Y, Ma Y, Li J, Wang J. The goose genome sequence leads to insights into the evolution of waterfowl and susceptibility to fatty liver. Genome Biol 2015; 16:89. [PMID: 25943208 PMCID: PMC4419397 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Geese were domesticated over 6,000 years ago, making them one of the first domesticated poultry. Geese are capable of rapid growth, disease resistance, and high liver lipid storage capacity, and can be easily fed coarse fodder. Here, we sequence and analyze the whole-genome sequence of an economically important goose breed in China and compare it with that of terrestrial bird species. Results A draft sequence of the whole-goose genome was obtained by shotgun sequencing, and 16,150 protein-coding genes were predicted. Comparative genomics indicate that significant differences occur between the goose genome and that of other terrestrial bird species, particularly regarding major histocompatibility complex, Myxovirus resistance, Retinoic acid-inducible gene I, and other genes related to disease resistance in geese. In addition, analysis of transcriptome data further reveals a potential molecular mechanism involved in the susceptibility of geese to fatty liver disease and its associated symptoms, including high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and low levels of cholesterol. The results of this study show that deletion of the goose lep gene might be the result of positive selection, thus allowing the liver to adopt energy storage mechanisms for long-distance migration. Conclusions This is the first report describing the complete goose genome sequence and contributes to genomic resources available for studying aquatic birds. The findings in this study are useful not only for genetic breeding programs, but also for studying lipid metabolism disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0652-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Zhuo Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | | | - Weihu Chen
- Institute of Zhedong White Goose, Xianshan, China.
| | - Zhengrong Tao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junda Shen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yong Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Deqian Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guoqin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fang Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | | | - Lili Yu
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Yudong Sun
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Yong Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Jinjun Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. .,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Li J, Zhang G, Cheng D, Ren H, Qian M, Du B. Molecular characterization of RIG-I, STAT-1 and IFN-beta in the horseshoe bat. Gene 2015; 561:115-23. [PMID: 25680291 PMCID: PMC7127221 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Wild Chinese horseshoe bats have been proven to be natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. However, the molecular characterization of key proteins in bats still needs to be explored further. In this study, we used cloning and bioinformatics to analyze the sequence of RIG-I, STAT-1 and IFN-β in the immortalized cell lines from Rhinolophus affinis and Rhinolophus sinicus. Then, we treated different bat cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) and splenocytes with polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to assess and compare antiviral immune responses between bats and mice. Our results demonstrated that bat RIG-I, STAT-1 and IFN-β showed close homology with human, mouse, pig and rhesus monkey. RIG-I and STAT-1 were both highly expressed in bat spleen. Furthermore, IFN-β was induced by polyI:C and VSV in both bat and mouse cells. These findings have provided new insight into the potential characteristics of the bat innate immune system against viral infection. The genes of RIG-I, STAT-1 and IFN-β in Chinese horseshoe bats were sequenced and analyzed. The expression patterns of RIG-I, STAT-1 and IFN-β were appraised in bat tissues. The virus induced IFN-β expression is higher in bat cells than in mouse cells. The replication of invaded VSV is more in mouse cells than in bat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dalong Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang Y, Yu F, Li J, Tong Y, Zhang Y, Yu Z. The first invertebrate RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) homolog gene in the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:466-471. [PMID: 25107697 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) is a pivotal receptor that detects numerous RNA and DNA viruses and mediates the innate induction of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines upon viral infection. In the present study, we cloned and characterized the first RIG-I gene in a marine mollusk, Crassostrea gigas, and designated it as CgRIG-I. The full-length CgRIG-I cDNA is 3436 bp, including 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of 93 bp and 286 bp, respectively, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 3057 bp. The gene encodes a 1018 amino acid polypeptide with an estimated molecular mass of 116.5 kDa. SMART analysis showed that the CgRIG-I protein had the typical conserved domains, including the caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), the RNA helicase domain and the C-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CgRIG-I was grouped into the clade of its vertebrate homologs. Moreover, CgRIG-I expression could be specifically increased after stimulation by poly(I:C) rather than by other PAMPs such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLM) and heat-killed Vibrio alginolyticus (HKVA). Meanwhile, six IRF, three STAT and one NF-κB predicted sites were identified in the CgRIG-I promoter, which was consistent with its high responsiveness to poly(I:C). In summary, this report provides the first CgRIG-I sequence of a mollusk, but its function in the antiviral immune response requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Zhou P, Cowled C, Mansell A, Monaghan P, Green D, Wu L, Shi Z, Wang LF, Baker ML. IRF7 in the Australian black flying fox, Pteropus alecto: evidence for a unique expression pattern and functional conservation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103875. [PMID: 25100081 PMCID: PMC4123912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the only flying mammal, bats harbor a number of emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which cause severe diseases in humans and other mammals yet result in no clinical symptoms in bats. As the master regulator of the interferon (IFN)-dependent immune response, IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) plays a central role in innate antiviral immunity. To explore the role of bat IRF7 in the regulation of the IFN response, we performed sequence and functional analysis of IRF7 from the pteropid bat, Pteropus alecto. Our results demonstrate that bat IRF7 retains the ability to bind to MyD88 and activate the IFN response despite unique changes in the MyD88 binding domain. We also demonstrate that bat IRF7 has a unique expression pattern across both immune and non-immune related tissues and is inducible by double-strand RNA. The broad tissue distribution of IRF7 may provide bats with an enhanced ability to rapidly activate the IFN response in a wider range of tissues compared to other mammals. The importance of IRF7 in antiviral activity against the bat reovirus, Pulau virus was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of IRF7 in bat cells resulting in enhanced viral replication. Our results highlight the importance of IRF7 in innate antiviral immunity in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Monaghan
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diane Green
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lijun Wu
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Eckerle I, Lenk M, Ulrich RG. More novel hantaviruses and diversifying reservoir hosts--time for development of reservoir-derived cell culture models? Viruses 2014; 6:951-67. [PMID: 24576845 PMCID: PMC3970132 DOI: 10.3390/v6030951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to novel, improved and high-throughput detection methods, there is a plethora of newly identified viruses within the genus Hantavirus. Furthermore, reservoir host species are increasingly recognized besides representatives of the order Rodentia, now including members of the mammalian orders Soricomorpha/Eulipotyphla and Chiroptera. Despite the great interest created by emerging zoonotic viruses, there is still a gross lack of in vitro models, which reflect the exclusive host adaptation of most zoonotic viruses. The usually narrow host range and genetic diversity of hantaviruses make them an exciting candidate for studying virus-host interactions on a cellular level. To do so, well-characterized reservoir cell lines covering a wide range of bat, insectivore and rodent species are essential. Most currently available cell culture models display a heterologous virus-host relationship and are therefore only of limited value. Here, we review the recently established approaches to generate reservoir-derived cell culture models for the in vitro study of virus-host interactions. These successfully used model systems almost exclusively originate from bats and bat-borne viruses other than hantaviruses. Therefore we propose a parallel approach for research on rodent- and insectivore-borne hantaviruses, taking the generation of novel rodent and insectivore cell lines from wildlife species into account. These cell lines would be also valuable for studies on further rodent-borne viruses, such as orthopox- and arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Eckerle
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Zhou P, Cowled C, Wang LF, Baker ML. Bat Mx1 and Oas1, but not Pkr are highly induced by bat interferon and viral infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:240-247. [PMID: 23541614 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bats harbour many emerging and re-emerging viruses, several of which are highly pathogenic in other mammals but cause no diseases in bats. As the interferon (IFN) response represents a first line of defence against viral infection, the ability of bats to control viral replication may be linked to the activation of the IFN system. The three most studied antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in other mammals; Pkr, Mx1 and Oas1 were examined in our model bat species, Pteropus alecto. Our results demonstrate that the three ISGs from P. alecto are highly conserved in their functional domains and promoter elements compared to corresponding genes from other mammals. However, P. alecto Oas1 contains two IFN-stimulated response elements (ISRE) in its promoter region compared with the single ISRE present in human OAS1 which may lead to higher IFN inducibility of the bat gene. Both Oas1 and Mx1 were induced in a highly IFN-dependent manner following stimulation with IFN or synthetic double-strand RNA (dsRNA) whereas Pkr showed evidence of being induced in an IFN-independent manner. Furthermore, bat Oas1 appeared to be the most inducible of the three ISGs following either IFN stimulation or viral infection, providing evidence that Oas1 may play a more important role in antiviral activity in bats compared with Mx1 or Pkr. Our results have important implications for the different roles of ISGs in bats and provide the first step in understanding the role of these molecules in the ability of bats to coexist with viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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40
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Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:544-55. [PMID: 23770275 PMCID: PMC7126491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As exemplified by coronaviruses and influenza viruses, bats and birds are natural reservoirs for providing viral genes during evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies transmission. These warm-blooded vertebrates display high species biodiversity, roosting and migratory behavior, and a unique adaptive immune system, which are favorable characteristics for asymptomatic shedding, dissemination, and mixing of different viruses for the generation of novel mutant, recombinant, or reassortant RNA viruses. The increased intrusion of humans into wildlife habitats and overcrowding of different wildlife species in wet markets and farms have also facilitated the interspecies transmission between different animal species.
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Wan Q, Su J, Wang L, Peng L, Chen L. Correlation between grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) resistance to grass carp reovirus and the genetic insert-deletion polymorphisms in promoter and intron of RIG-I gene. Gene 2013; 516:320-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Despite being the second most species-rich and abundant group of mammals, bats are also among the least studied, with a particular paucity of information in the area of bat immunology. Although bats have a long history of association with rabies, the emergence and re-emergence of a number of viruses from bats that impact human and animal health has resulted in a resurgence of interest in bat immunology. Understanding how bats coexist with viruses in the absence of disease is essential if we are to begin to develop therapeutics to target viruses in humans and susceptible livestock and companion animals. Here, we review the current status of knowledge in the field of bat antiviral immunology including both adaptive and innate mechanisms of immune defence and highlight the need for further investigations in this area. Because data in this field are so limited, our discussion is based on both scientific discoveries and theoretical predictions. It is hoped that by provoking original, speculative or even controversial ideas or theories, this review may stimulate further research in this important field. Efforts to understand the immune systems of bats have been greatly facilitated in recent years by the availability of partial genome sequences from two species of bats, a megabat, Pteropus vampyrus, and a microbat, Myotis lucifugus, allowing the rapid identification of immune genes. Although bats appear to share most features of the immune system with other mammals, several studies have reported qualitative and quantitative differences in the immune responses of bats. These observations warrant further investigation to determine whether such differences are associated with the asymptomatic nature of viral infections in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia.
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Abstract
Bats are the second most species rich and abundant group of mammals and display an array of unique characteristics but are also among the most poorly studied mammals. They fill an important ecological niche and have diversified into a wide range of habitats. In recent years, bats have been implicated as reservoirs for some of the most highly pathogenic emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases reported to date, including SARS-like coronavirus, Ebola, Hendra and Nipah viruses. The ability of bats to harbour these viruses in the absence of clinical signs of disease has resulted in a resurgence of interest in bat biology and virus–host interactions. Interest in bats, in Australia in particular, has intensified following the identification of several novel bat-borne viruses from flying-foxes, including Hendra virus, which is capable of spillover from bats to horses and subsequently to humans with potentially fatal consequences. As we continue to encroach on the natural habitats of bats, a better understanding of bat biology, ecology and virus–host interactions has never before been so critical. In this review, we focus on the biology of Australian pteropid bats and the pathogens they harbour, summarising current knowledge of bat-borne diseases, bat ecology, ethology and immunology.
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Papenfuss AT, Baker ML, Feng ZP, Tachedjian M, Crameri G, Cowled C, Ng J, Janardhana V, Field HE, Wang LF. The immune gene repertoire of an important viral reservoir, the Australian black flying fox. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:261. [PMID: 22716473 PMCID: PMC3436859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are the natural reservoir host for a range of emerging and re-emerging viruses, including SARS-like coronaviruses, Ebola viruses, henipaviruses and Rabies viruses. However, the mechanisms responsible for the control of viral replication in bats are not understood and there is little information available on any aspect of antiviral immunity in bats. Massively parallel sequencing of the bat transcriptome provides the opportunity for rapid gene discovery. Although the genomes of one megabat and one microbat have now been sequenced to low coverage, no transcriptomic datasets have been reported from any bat species. In this study, we describe the immune transcriptome of the Australian flying fox, Pteropus alecto, providing an important resource for identification of genes involved in a range of activities including antiviral immunity. Results Towards understanding the adaptations that have allowed bats to coexist with viruses, we have de novo assembled transcriptome sequence from immune tissues and stimulated cells from P. alecto. We identified about 18,600 genes involved in a broad range of activities with the most highly expressed genes involved in cell growth and maintenance, enzyme activity, cellular components and metabolism and energy pathways. 3.5% of the bat transcribed genes corresponded to immune genes and a total of about 500 immune genes were identified, providing an overview of both innate and adaptive immunity. A small proportion of transcripts found no match with annotated sequences in any of the public databases and may represent bat-specific transcripts. Conclusions This study represents the first reported bat transcriptome dataset and provides a survey of expressed bat genes that complement existing bat genomic data. In addition, these data provide insight into genes relevant to the antiviral responses of bats, and form a basis for examining the roles of these molecules in immune response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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Janardhana V, Tachedjian M, Crameri G, Cowled C, Wang LF, Baker ML. Cloning, expression and antiviral activity of IFNγ from the Australian fruit bat, Pteropus alecto. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:610-8. [PMID: 22093696 PMCID: PMC7103211 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoir hosts to a variety of viruses, many of which cause morbidity and mortality in other mammals. Currently there is a paucity of information regarding the nature of the immune response to viral infections in bats, partly due to a lack of appropriate bat specific reagents. IFNγ plays a key role in controlling viral replication and coordinating a response for long term control of viral infection. Here we describe the cloning and expression of IFNγ from the Australian flying fox, Pteropus alecto and the generation of mouse monoclonal and chicken egg yolk antibodies specific to bat IFNγ. Our results demonstrate that P. alecto IFNγ is conserved with IFNγ from other species and is induced in bat splenocytes following stimulation with T cell mitogens. P. alecto IFNγ has antiviral activity on Semliki forest virus in cell lines from P. alecto and the microbat, Tadarida brasiliensis. Additionally recombinant bat IFNγ was able to mitigate Hendra virus infection in P. alecto cells. These results provide the first evidence for an antiviral role for bat IFNγin vitro in addition to the application of important immunological reagents for further studies of bat antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Janardhana
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Corresponding author at: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia. Tel.: +61 3 5227 5052; fax: +61 3 5227 5555.
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