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Zhou L, Meng G, Zhu L, Ma L, Chen K. Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as Guardians of Immunity and Beyond: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3835. [PMID: 38612644 PMCID: PMC11011964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms, not only constitute a robust defense mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens in the host but also show promising applications as effective antimicrobial agents. Notably, insects are significant reservoirs of natural AMPs. However, the complex array of variations in types, quantities, antimicrobial activities, and production pathways of AMPs, as well as evolution of AMPs across insect species, presents a significant challenge for immunity system understanding and AMP applications. This review covers insect AMP discoveries, classification, common properties, and mechanisms of action. Additionally, the types, quantities, and activities of immune-related AMPs in each model insect are also summarized. We conducted the first comprehensive investigation into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of 20 types of AMPs in model insects, employing phylogenetic analysis to describe their evolutionary relationships and shed light on conserved and distinctive AMP families. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory pathways of AMP production through classical signaling pathways and additional pathways associated with Nitric Oxide, insulin-like signaling, and hormones. This review advances our understanding of AMPs as guardians in insect immunity systems and unlocks a gateway to insect AMP resources, facilitating the use of AMPs to address food safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guanliang Meng
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Li Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030810, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
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2
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Sanniyasi E, Gopal RK, Damodharan R, Arumugam A, Sampath Kumar M, Senthilkumar N, Anbalagan M. In vitro anticancer potential of laminarin and fucoidan from Brown seaweeds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14452. [PMID: 37660108 PMCID: PMC10475116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine seaweeds are rich source of polysaccharides present in their cell wall and are cultivated and consumed in China, Japan, Korea, and South Asian countries. Brown seaweeds (Phaeophyta) are rich source of polysaccharides such as Laminarin and Fucoidan. In present study, both the laminarin and fucoidan were isolated was yielded higher in PP (Padina pavonica) (4.36%) and STM (Stoechospermum marginatum) (2.32%), respectively. The carbohydrate content in laminarin and fucoidan was 86.91% and 87.36%, whereas the sulphate content in fucoidan was 20.68%. Glucose and mannose were the major monosaccharide units in laminarin (PP), however, fucose, galactose, and xylose in fucoidan (STM). FT-IR down peaks represent the carbohydrate of laminarin and fucoidan except, for 1219 cm-1, and 843 cm-1, illustrating the sulphate groups of fucoidan. The molecular weight of laminarin was 3-5 kDa, and the same for fucoidan was 2-6 kDa, respectively. Both the Fucoidan and Laminarin showed null cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Contrastingly, the fucoidan possess cytotoxic activity on human liver cancer cells (HepG2) (IC50-24.4 ± 1.5 µg/mL). Simultaneously, laminarin also shown cytotoxicity on human colon cancer cells (HT-29) (IC50-57 ± 1.2 µg/mL). The AO/EB (Acriding Orange/Ethidium Bromide) assay significantly resulted in apoptosis and necrosis upon laminarin and fucoidan treatments, respectively. The DNA fragmentation results support necrotic cancer cell death. Therefore, laminarin and fucoidan from PP and STM were potential bioactive compounds for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Sanniyasi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India.
| | - Rajesh Kanna Gopal
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Rajesh Damodharan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Arthi Arumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | | | | | - Monisha Anbalagan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jeppiar Engineering College, Chennai, 600119, India
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3
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Duffield KR, Rosales AM, Muturi EJ, Behle RW, Ramirez JL. Increased Phenoloxidase Activity Constitutes the Main Defense Strategy of Trichoplusia ni Larvae against Fungal Entomopathogenic Infections. INSECTS 2023; 14:667. [PMID: 37623376 PMCID: PMC10455440 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni is an important agricultural pest worldwide and is frequently used as a model organism for assessing entomopathogenic fungi virulence, though few studies have measured the host response repertoire to fungal biocontrol agents. Here, we quantified the immune response of T. ni larvae following exposure to two entomopathogenic fungal species: Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps javanica. Results from our study demonstrate that T. ni larvae exposed to fungal entomopathogens had higher total phenoloxidase activity compared to controls, indicating that the melanization cascade is one of the main immune components driving defense against fungal infection and contrasting observations from other insect-fungi interaction studies. We also observed differences in host response depending on the species of entomopathogenic fungi, with significantly higher induction observed during infections with B. bassiana than with C. javanica. Larvae exposed to B. bassiana had an increased expression of genes involved in prophenoloxidase response and the Imd, JNK, and Jak/STAT immune signaling pathways. Our results indicate a notable absence of Toll pathway-related responses, further contrasting results to other insect-fungi pathosystems. Important differences were also observed in the induction of antimicrobial effectors, with B. bassiana infections eliciting three antimicrobial effectors (lysozyme, gloverin, and cecropin), while C. javanica only induced cecropin expression. These results provide insight into the host response strategies employed by T. ni for protection against entomopathogenic fungi and increase our understanding of insect-fungal entomopathogen interactions, aiding in the design of more effective microbial control strategies for this important agricultural pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R. Duffield
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | | | - Ephantus J. Muturi
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | - Robert W. Behle
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | - José L. Ramirez
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
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Admella J, Torrents E. A Straightforward Method for the Isolation and Cultivation of Galleria mellonella Hemocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13483. [PMID: 36362269 PMCID: PMC9657452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella is an alternative animal model of infection. The use of this species presents a wide range of advantages, as its maintenance and rearing are both easy and inexpensive. Moreover, its use is considered to be more ethically acceptable than other models, it is conveniently sized for manipulation, and its immune system has multiple similarities with mammalian immune systems. Hemocytes are immune cells that help encapsulate and eliminate pathogens and foreign particles. All of these reasons make this insect a promising animal model. However, cultivating G. mellonella hemocytes in vitro is not straightforward and it has many difficult challenges. Here, we present a methodologically optimized protocol to establish and maintain a G. mellonella hemocyte primary culture. These improvements open the door to easily and quickly study the toxicity of nanoparticles and the interactions of particles and materials in an in vitro environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Admella
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 643 Diagonal Ave., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Radwan MH, Alaidaroos BA, Jastaniah SD, Abu el-naga MN, El-Gohary EGE, Barakat EM, ElShafie AM, Abdou MA, Mostafa NG, El-Saadony MT, Momen SA. Evaluation of antibacterial activity induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Ent A in the hemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2892-2903. [PMID: 35531219 PMCID: PMC9073143 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of antibiotic resistance considers one of the most dangerous challenges facing the medical field. So, it is necessary to find substitutions to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a bio-functional derivative that have been observed as one of the important solutions to such upcoming crisis. Owing to their role as the first line of defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This study was conducted to induce the immune response of Spodoptera littoralis larvae by inoculation of sub lethal doses of Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxin. Since Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) considers the major causative agents of Staphylococcal food poisoning, our study oriented to purify and characterize this toxin to provoke its role in yielding AMPs with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. A great fluctuation was recorded in the biochemical properties of immunized hemolymph not only in the total protein content but also protein banding pattern. Protein bands of ∼22 kDa (attacin-like) and ∼15 kDa (lysozyme-like) were found to be common between the AMPs induced as a result of both treatments. While protein bands of molecular weight ∼70 kDa (phenoloxidase-like) and ∼14 kDa (gloverin-like) were found specific for SEA treatment. Chromatographic analysis using HPLC for the induced AMPs showed different types of amino acids appeared with differences in their quantities and velocities. These peptides exhibited noticeable antimicrobial activity against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, the antimicrobial potential of the antimicrobial peptides (AMP) induced in the larval hemolymph of S. littoralis will be a promising molecule for the development of new therapeutic alternatives.
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Eleftherianos I, Zhang W, Heryanto C, Mohamed A, Contreras G, Tettamanti G, Wink M, Bassal T. Diversity of insect antimicrobial peptides and proteins - A functional perspective: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:277-287. [PMID: 34543628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response of insects provides a robust line of defense against pathogenic microbes and eukaryotic parasites. It consists of two types of overlapping immune responses, named humoral and cellular, which share protective molecules and regulatory mechanisms that closely coordinate to prevent the spread and replication of pathogens within the compromised insect hemocoel. The major feature of the humoral part of the insect immune system involves the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides from the fat body, which is considered analogous to adipose tissue and liver in vertebrates. Previous research has identified and characterized the nature of antimicrobial peptides that are directed against various targets during the different stages of infection. Here we review this information focusing mostly on the diversity and mode of action of these host defense components, and their critical contribution to maintaining host homeostasis. Extending this knowledge is paramount for understanding the evolution of innate immune function and the physiological balance required to provide sufficient protection to the host against external enemies while avoiding overactivation signaling events that would severely undermine physiological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Gabriela Contreras
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, Varese 21100, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taha Bassal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
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Manniello MD, Moretta A, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Lucchetti D, Vogel H, Sgambato A, Falabella P. Insect antimicrobial peptides: potential weapons to counteract the antibiotic resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4259-4282. [PMID: 33595669 PMCID: PMC8164593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed in the last decades to a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance which is currently considered one of the principal threats to global public health by the World Health Organization. The aim to find alternative drugs has been demonstrated as a real challenge. Thanks to their biodiversity, insects represent the largest class of organisms in the animal kingdom. The humoral immune response includes the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are released into the insect hemolymph after microbial infection. In this review, we have focused on insect immune responses, particularly on AMP characteristics, their mechanism of action and applications, especially in the biomedical field. Furthermore, we discuss the Toll, Imd, and JAK-STAT pathways that activate genes encoding for the expression of AMPs. Moreover, we focused on strategies to improve insect peptides stability against proteolytic susceptibility such as D-amino acid substitutions, N-terminus modification, cyclization and dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Manniello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - A Moretta
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - R Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - C Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - D Lucchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - H Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - A Sgambato
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - P Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
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Wei J, Yao X, Yang S, Liu S, Zhou S, Cen J, Liu X, Du M, Tang Q, An S. Suppression of Calcineurin Enhances the Toxicity of Cry1Ac to Helicoverpa armigera. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634619. [PMID: 33643268 PMCID: PMC7904703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins has rapidly evolved with the expansion of the planting area of transgenic Bt crops. Pyramiding RNA interference (RNAi) and Bt in crops is urgently needed to counter the rapid increase in pest resistance. The ideal “pyramid” strategy simultaneously targets different action pathways that exert synergetic effects on each other. Here, we identified a dephosphatase, namely, Helicoverpa armigera calcineurin (HaCAN), which might enhance the insecticidal activity of Cry1Ac against Helicoverpa armigera by regulating immune gene expression via dephosphatase activity, but not by acting as a receptor. Notably, blocking enzyme activity or knocking down endogenous HaCAN significantly promoted the enhancement in Cry1Ac toxicity to insect larvae and cells. Correspondingly, the increase in HaCAN activity reduced the cytotoxicity of Cry1Ac as shown by the heterologous expression of HaCAN. Our results provide a probable that HaCAN is an important candidate gene for pyramiding RNAi and Cry1Ac crops to control cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaokai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjuan Cen
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Qixian, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Sheehan G, Tully L, Kavanagh KA. Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:375-385. [PMID: 32068530 PMCID: PMC7377259 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study detailed the responses of Galleria mellonella larvae to disseminated infection caused by co-infection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Doses of C. albicans (1×105 larva-1) and S. aureus (1×104 larva-1) were non-lethal in mono-infection but when combined significantly (P<0.05) reduced larval survival at 24, 48 and 72 h relative to larvae receiving S. aureus (2×104 larva-1) alone. Co-infected larvae displayed a significantly higher density of S. aureus larva-1 compared to larvae infected solely with S. aureus. Co-infection resulted in dissemination throughout the host and the appearance of large nodules. Co-infection of larvae with C. albicans and S. aureus (2×104 larva-1) resulted in an increase in the density of circulating haemocytes compared to that in larvae infected with only S. aureus. Proteomic analysis of co-infected larval haemolymph revealed increased abundance of proteins associated with immune responses to bacterial and fungal infection such as cecropin-A (+45.4-fold), recognition proteins [e.g. peptidoglycan-recognition protein LB (+14-fold)] and proteins associated with nodule formation [e.g. Hdd11 (+33.3-fold)]. A range of proteins were also decreased in abundance following co-infection, including apolipophorin (-62.4-fold), alpha-esterase 45 (-7.7-fold) and serine proteinase (-6.2-fold). Co-infection of larvae resulted in enhanced proliferation of S. aureus compared to mono-infection and an immune response showing many similarities to the innate immune response of mammals to infection. The utility of G. mellonella larvae for studying polymicrobial infection is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura Tully
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin A Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Liu FH, Lin XL, Kang ZW, Tian HG, Liu TX. Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas cedrina infecting Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21593. [PMID: 31612553 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is one of the most destructive pests worldwide and its management relies exclusively on frequent application of chemical insecticides. Resistance to common insecticides is now widespread, and novel classes of insecticides are needed. Entomopathogenic bacteria and their related products play an important role in the management of this pest. In the present work, one bacterial strain was separated from infected pupae of P. xylostella collected from field and its pathogenicity was evaluated. On the basis of the 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, BLASTN, and phylogenetic analysis, this bacterial isolate was identified as Pseudomonas cedrina. Oral administration of P. cedrina at levels above 10,000 CFU/ml gave significant mortality to P. xylostella larvae. The pathogenicity was also observed by reduced longevity and fecundity in adult females. However, when live bacterial cells were removed, the cultured broth lost any pathogenicity. In response to the bacterial infection, P. xylostella expressed antimicrobial and stress-associated genes. A mixture treatment of P. cedrina and Bacillus thuringiensis showed an additive effect on larval mortality of P. xylostella. These results indicated that P. cedrina is an opportunistic entomopathogen without secretion of toxins. Furthermore, the additive effect of P. cedrina and B. thuringiensis provide a new insight to develop new strategy for controlling P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for the Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for the Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Zibo Agro-Tech Extension Center, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for the Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Gang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for the Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for the Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Wei J, Li L, Yao S, Yang S, Zhou S, Liu X, Du M, An S. Calcineurin-Modulated Antimicrobial Peptide Expression Is Required for the Development of Helicoverpa armigera. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1312. [PMID: 31681018 PMCID: PMC6812685 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is a universal pest around the world that has been extensively used as a model organism for agricultural pests. Calcineurin (CAN) is an important Ca2+-dependent phosphatase that is participated in various biological pathways. Here, we revealed that CAN inhibition significantly arrested H. armigera larval development by reducing larvae weight, prolonging development time and reducing pupate rates. Furthermore, CAN serves as an immune activator and regulates antimicrobial peptide (AMP; cecropin D, attacin, and gloverin) expression by binding with relish transcript factor in H. armigera. This study provides a potential target to control H. armigera by using synergistic agents for pesticides or plant-mediated RNA interference technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Wang Z, Guo P, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Xu H, Zhao P. Overexpression of Gloverin2 in the Bombyx mori silk gland enhances cocoon/silk antimicrobial activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:6-12. [PMID: 30898519 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Bombyx mori cocoon/silk possesses many immune-related components, including protease inhibitors, seroins, and antimicrobial peptides, which likely help to protect the pupating larva from infection. However, the natural antimicrobial activity of the B. mori cocoon/silk is still too weak for biomedical applications. With the goal of enhancing this natural activity, we constructed a transgenic vector to overexpress the B. mori antimicrobial peptide Gloverin2 (BmGlv2) under control of the silk gland-specific Serion1 promoter. Transgenic silkworms were generated via embryo microinjection. A low level of BmGlv2 was expressed in the non-transgenic silk gland, but BmGlv2 was efficiently overexpressed and proteolytically activated in the transgenic line. Overexpressed BmGlv2 was secreted and incorporated into the silk during spanning without affecting cocoon/silk formation. Moreover, the transgenic cocoon/silk had significantly greater inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi than the non-transgenic cocoon/silk. This strategy could help enhance the antimicrobial performance and biomedical application of silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yunshi Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Gegner J, Baudach A, Mukherjee K, Halitschke R, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A. Epigenetic Mechanisms Are Involved in Sex-Specific Trans-Generational Immune Priming in the Lepidopteran Model Host Manduca sexta. Front Physiol 2019; 10:137. [PMID: 30886585 PMCID: PMC6410660 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents invest in their offspring by transmitting acquired resistance against pathogens that only the parents have encountered, a phenomenon known as trans-generational immune priming (TGIP). Examples of TGIP are widespread in the animal kingdom. Female vertebrates achieve TGIP by passing antibodies to their offspring, but the mechanisms of sex-specific TGIP in invertebrates are unclear despite increasing evidence suggesting that both male-specific and female-specific TGIP occurs in insects. We used the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) to investigate sex-specific TGIP in insects because it is a model host for the analysis of insect immunity and the complete genome sequence is available. We found that feeding larvae with non-pathogenic Escherichia coli or the entomopathogen Serratia entomophila triggered immune responses in the infected host associated with shifts in both DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Maternal TGIP was mediated by the translocation of bacterial structures from the gut lumen to the eggs, resulting in the microbe-specific transcriptional reprogramming of genes encoding immunity-related effector molecules and enzymes involved in the regulation of histone acetylation as well as DNA methylation in larvae of the F1 generation. The third-instar F1 larvae displayed sex-specific differences in the expression profiles of immunity-related genes and DNA methylation. We observed crosstalk between histone acetylation and DNA methylation, which mediated sex-specific immune responses in the F1 generation derived from parents exposed to a bacterial challenge. Multiple routes for TGIP seem to exist in M. sexta and – partially sex-specific – effects in the offspring depend on the microbial exposure history of their parents. Crucially, the entomopathogen S. entomophila appears to be capable of interfering with TGIP in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Gegner
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Arne Baudach
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Krishnendu Mukherjee
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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14
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Wang Q, Guo P, Wang Z, Liu H, Zhang Y, Jiang S, Han W, Xia Q, Zhao P. Antibacterial Mechanism of Gloverin2 from Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082275. [PMID: 30081443 PMCID: PMC6121877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gloverin is one of the glycine-rich antimicrobial peptide exclusively found in Lepidoptera insects. It is generally activated through the innate immune system in insects. In this study, recombinant Gloverin2 from Bombyx mori (BmGlv2) was synthesized using a prokaryotic expression system. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the recombinant BmGlv2 has random coil structure, which is relatively stable at the temperatures ranging from 15 to 82.5 °C. Antimicrobial activity analysis revealed that BmGlv2 significantly inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli JM109 and Pseudomonas putida, by disrupting cell integrity. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses suggested that BmGlv2 absorbed on the cell surface after incubation, which might be the first step in the antibacterial process. Our results also proved that the cell wall component lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce a conformational change in BmGlv2 from a random coil to α-helix. Subsequently, α-helical BmGlv2 would recruit more BmGlv2 and form higher aggregation state. Collectively, these findings expand our understanding of antibacterial mechanism of BmGlv2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Huawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yunshi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wenzhe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400715, China.
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15
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Mylonakis E, Podsiadlowski L, Muhammed M, Vilcinskas A. Diversity, evolution and medical applications of insect antimicrobial peptides. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0290. [PMID: 27160593 PMCID: PMC4874388 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short proteins with antimicrobial activity. A large portion of known AMPs originate from insects, and the number and diversity of these molecules in different species varies considerably. Insect AMPs represent a potential source of alternative antibiotics to address the limitation of current antibiotics, which has been caused by the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. To get more insight into AMPs, we investigated the diversity and evolution of insect AMPs by mapping their phylogenetic distribution, allowing us to predict the evolutionary origins of selected AMP families and to identify evolutionarily conserved and taxon-specific families. Furthermore, we highlight the use of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a whole-animal model in high-throughput screening methods to identify AMPs with efficacy against human pathogens, including Acinetobacter baumanii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. We also discuss the potential medical applications of AMPs, including their use as alternatives for conventional antibiotics in ectopic therapies, their combined use with antibiotics to restore the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant pathogens, and their use as templates for the rational design of peptidomimetic drugs that overcome the disadvantages of therapeutic peptides. The article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Zooecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maged Muhammed
- Division of Infectious Disease, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Characterization of a Gloverin-Like Antimicrobial Peptide Isolated from Muga Silkworm, Antheraea assamensis. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Zitzmann J, Weidner T, Czermak P. Optimized expression of the antimicrobial protein Gloverin from Galleria mellonella using stably transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:371-389. [PMID: 28132128 PMCID: PMC5366974 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are valuable as leads in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel anti-infective drugs. Here we describe the efficient heterologous expression and basic characterization of a Gloverin-family AMP derived from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Highly productive single-cell clones prepared by limiting dilution achieved a 100% increase in productivity compared to the original polyclonal Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell line. Comprehensive screening for suitable expression conditions using statistical experimental designs revealed that optimal induction was achieved using 600 µM CuSO4 at the mid-exponential growth phase. Under these conditions, 25 mg/L of the AMP was expressed at the 1-L bioreactor scale, with optimal induction and harvest times ensured by dielectric spectroscopy and the online measurement of optical density. Gloverin was purified from the supernatant by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography followed by dialysis. In growth assays, the purified protein showed specific antimicrobial activity against two different strains of Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany.
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18
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Lü D, Geng T, Hou C, Qin G, Gao K, Guo X. Expression profiling of Bombyx mori gloverin2 gene and its synergistic antifungal effect with cecropin A against Beauveria bassiana. Gene 2017; 600:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Al Souhail Q, Hiromasa Y, Rahnamaeian M, Giraldo MC, Takahashi D, Valent B, Vilcinskas A, Kanost MR. Characterization and regulation of expression of an antifungal peptide from hemolymph of an insect, Manduca sexta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:258-68. [PMID: 26976231 PMCID: PMC4866881 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Insects secrete antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immune response. Most antimicrobial peptides from insects have antibacterial but not antifungal activity. We have characterized an antifungal peptide, diapausin-1 from hemolymph of a lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). Diapausin-1 was isolated by size exclusion chromatography from hemolymph plasma of larvae that were previously injected with a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fractions containing activity against S. cerevisiae were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS/MS and found to contain a 45-residue peptide that was encoded by sequences identified in M. sexta transcriptome and genome databases. A cDNA for diapausin-1 was cloned from cDNA prepared from fat body RNA. Diapausin-1 is a member of the diapausin family of peptides, which includes members known to have antifungal activity. The M. sexta genome contains 14 genes with high similarity to diapausin-1, each with 6 conserved Cys residues. Diapausin-1 was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant diapausin-1 was active against S. cerevisiae, with IC50 of 12 μM, but had no detectable activity against bacteria. Spores of some plant fungal pathogens treated with diapausin-1 had curled germination tubes or reduced and branched hyphal growth. Diapausin-1 mRNA level in fat body strongly increased after larvae were injected with yeast or with Micrococcus luteus. In addition, diapausin-1 mRNA levels increased in midgut and fat body at the wandering larval stage prior to pupation, suggesting developmental regulation of the gene. Our results indicate that synthesis of diapausin-1 is part of an antifungal innate immune response to infection in M. sexta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Al Souhail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yasuaki Hiromasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mohammad Rahnamaeian
- LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology and Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martha C Giraldo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology and Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany; Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 39592 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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20
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Co-expression of Dorsal and Rel2 Negatively Regulates Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca sexta. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20654. [PMID: 26847920 PMCID: PMC4742911 DOI: 10.1038/srep20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) plays an essential role in regulation of innate immunity. In mammals, NF-κB factors can form homodimers and heterodimers to activate gene expression. In insects, three NF-κB factors, Dorsal, Dif and Relish, have been identified to activate antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression. However, it is not clear whether Dorsal (or Dif) and Relish can form heterodimers. Here we report the identification and functional analysis of a Dorsal homologue (MsDorsal) and two Relish short isoforms (MsRel2A and MsRel2B) from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Both MsRel2A and MsRel2B contain only a Rel homology domain (RHD) and lack the ankyrin-repeat inhibitory domain. Overexpression of the RHD domains of MsDorsal and MsRel2 in Drosophila melanogaster S2 and Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells can activate AMP gene promoters from M. sexta and D. melanogaster. We for the first time confirmed the interaction between MsDorsal-RHD and MsRel2-RHD, and suggesting that Dorsal and Rel2 may form heterodimers. More importantly, co-expression of MsDorsal-RHD with MsRel2-RHD suppressed activation of several M. sexta AMP gene promoters. Our results suggest that the short MsRel2 isoforms may form heterodimers with MsDorsal as a novel mechanism to prevent over-activation of antimicrobial peptides.
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Trauer-Kizilelma U, Hilker M. Insect parents improve the anti-parasitic and anti-bacterial defence of their offspring by priming the expression of immune-relevant genes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 64:91-99. [PMID: 26255689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Insect parents that experienced an immune challenge are known to prepare (prime) the immune activity of their offspring for improved defence. This phenomenon has intensively been studied by analysing especially immunity-related proteins. However, it is unknown how transgenerational immune priming affects transcript levels of immune-relevant genes of the offspring upon an actual threat. Here, we investigated how an immune challenge of Manduca sexta parents affects the expression of immune-related genes in their eggs that are attacked by parasitoids. Furthermore, we addressed the question whether the transgenerational immune priming of expression of genes in the eggs is still traceable in adult offspring. Our study revealed that a parental immune challenge did not affect the expression of immune-related genes in unparasitised eggs. However, immune-related genes in parasitised eggs of immune-challenged parents were upregulated to a higher level than those in parasitised eggs of unchallenged parents. Hence, this transgenerational immune priming of the eggs was detected only "on demand", i.e. upon parasitoid attack. The priming effects were also traceable in adult female progeny of immune-challenged parents which showed higher transcript levels of several immune-related genes in their ovaries than non-primed progeny. Some of the primed genes showed enhanced expression even when the progeny was left unchallenged, whereas other genes were upregulated to a greater extent in primed female progeny than non-primed ones only when the progeny itself was immune-challenged. Thus, the detection of transgenerational immune priming strongly depends on the analysed genes and the presence or absence of an actual threat for the offspring. We suggest that M. sexta eggs laid by immune-challenged parents "afford" to upregulate the transcription of immunity-related genes only upon attack, because they have the chance to be endowed by parentally directly transferred protective proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Trauer-Kizilelma
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Molecular cloning and characterization of gloverin from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. and its interaction with bacterial membrane. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1529-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Chevignon G, Cambier S, Da Silva C, Poulain J, Drezen JM, Huguet E, Moreau SJM. Transcriptomic response of Manduca sexta immune tissues to parasitization by the bracovirus associated wasp Cotesia congregata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:86-99. [PMID: 25584519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During oviposition, Cotesia congregata parasitoid wasps inject into their host, Manduca sexta, some biological factors such as venom, ovarian fluid and a symbiotic polydnavirus (PDV) named Cotesia congregata bracovirus (CcBV). During parasitism, complex interactions occur between wasp-derived factors and host targets that lead to important modifications in host physiology. In particular, the immune response leading to wasp egg encapsulation is inhibited allowing wasp survival. To date, the regulation of host genes during the interaction had only been studied for a limited number of genes. In this study, we analysed the global impact of parasitism on host gene regulation 24 h post oviposition by high throughput 454 transcriptomic analyses of two tissues known to be involved in the host immune response (hemocytes and fat body). To identify specific effects of parasitism on host transcription at this time point, transcriptomes were obtained from non-treated and parasitized larvae, and also from larvae injected with heat-killed bacteria and double stimulated larvae that were parasitized prior to bacterial challenge. Results showed that, immune challenge by bacteria leads to induction of certain antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in M. sexta larvae whether they were parasitized or not prior to bacterial challenge. These results show that at 24 h post oviposition pathways leading to expression of AMP genes are not all inactivated suggesting wasps are in an antiseptic environment. In contrast, at this time point genes involved in phenoloxidase activation and cellular immune responses were globally down-regulated after parasitism in accordance with the observed inhibition of wasp egg encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Sébastien J M Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
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24
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Xia X, Yu L, Xue M, Yu X, Vasseur L, Gurr GM, Baxter SW, Lin H, Lin J, You M. Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of immune genes in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Sci Rep 2015; 5:9877. [PMID: 25943446 PMCID: PMC4421797 DOI: 10.1038/srep09877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a destructive pest that attacks cruciferous crops worldwide. Immune responses are important for interactions between insects and pathogens and information on these underpins the development of strategies for biocontrol-based pest management. Little, however, is known about immune genes and their regulation patterns in P. xylostella. A total of 149 immune-related genes in 20 gene families were identified through comparison of P. xylostella genome with the genomes of other insects. Complete and conserved Toll, IMD and JAK-STAT signaling pathways were found in P. xylostella. Genes involved in pathogen recognition were expanded and more diversified than genes associated with intracellular signal transduction. Gene expression profiles showed that the IMD pathway may regulate expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in the midgut, and be related to an observed down-regulation of AMPs in experimental lines of insecticide-resistant P. xylostella. A bacterial feeding study demonstrated that P. xylostella could activate different AMPs in response to bacterial infection. This study has established a framework of comprehensive expression profiles that highlight cues for immune regulation in a major pest. Our work provides a foundation for further studies on the functions of P. xylostella immune genes and mechanisms of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liying Yu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minqian Xue
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of biological sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas city, Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499, USA
| | - Liette Vasseur
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales 2800, Australia
| | - Simon W. Baxter
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hailan Lin
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junhan Lin
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minsheng You
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Huang W, Xu X, Freed S, Zheng Z, Wang S, Ren S, Jin F. Molecular cloning and characterization of a β-1,3-glucan recognition protein from Plutella xylostella (L.). N Biotechnol 2015; 32:290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rao XJ, Zhong X, Lin XY, Huang XH, Yu XQ. Characterization of a novel Manduca sexta beta-1, 3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP3) with multiple functions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 52:13-22. [PMID: 24952171 PMCID: PMC4143429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogens by insect pattern recognition receptors is critical to mount effective immune responses. In this study, we reported a new member (βGRP3) of the β-1, 3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP) family from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Unlike other members of the M. sexta βGRP family proteins, which contain an N-terminal small glucan binding domain and a C-terminal large glucanase-like domain, βGRP3 is 40-45 residues shorter at the N-terminus and lacks the small glucan binding domain. The glucanase-like domain of βGRP3 is most similar to that of M. sexta microbe binding protein (MBP) with 78% identity. βGRP3 transcript was mainly expressed in the fat body, and both its mRNA and protein levels were not induced by microorganisms in larvae. Recombinant βGRP3 purified from Drosophila S2 cells could bind to several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast, as well as to laminarin (β-1, 3-glucan), mannan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan (PG), but did not bind to Lysine-type PG. Binding of βGRP3 to laminarin could be competed well by free laminarin, mannan, LPS and LTA, but almost not competed by free PGs. Recombinant βGRP3 could agglutinate Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli in a calcium-dependent manner and showed antibacterial (bacteriostatic) activity against B. cereus, novel functions that have not been reported for the βGRP family proteins before. M. sexta βGRP3 may serve as an immune surveillance receptor with multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xin-Yu Lin
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Huang
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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Liu J, Kolliopoulou A, Smagghe G, Swevers L. Modulation of the transcriptional response of innate immune and RNAi genes upon exposure to dsRNA and LPS in silkmoth-derived Bm5 cells overexpressing BmToll9-1 receptor. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 66:10-19. [PMID: 24831177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Injection or feeding of dsRNA is commonly used to induce specific gene silencing by RNAi in insects but very little research has been carried out to investigate non-specific effects on gene expression of dsRNA as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). This study focuses on the potential role of the BmToll9-1 receptor to modulate the transcriptional response of innate immune and RNAi genes to dsRNA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was used for comparison. To study this role, we took advantage of the silkmoth-derived Bm5 cell line, which does not express BmToll9-1 endogenously, and engineered a transformed cell line that permanently expresses BmToll9-1. Quantitative mRNA expression studies showed that BmToll9-1 can significantly alter the transcriptional response to dsRNA and LPS: (1) BmToll9-1 promotes the transcriptional response of Dicer2, encoding a key component of the RNAi machinery, and, to a lesser extent, that of transcription factors in the Jak-STAT and Toll pathways; and (2) BmToll9-1 represses the transcriptional induction of the IMD and Jak-STAT pathway genes, as well as the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) effector genes, by LPS. Thus, BmToll9-1 was identified as a modulator of innate immune and RNAi machinery gene expression that could be related to its preferential expression in the larval gut, the major barrier of pathogen entry. While BmToll9-1 was found to modulate RNAi-related gene expression, a reporter-based RNAi assay established no evidence for a direct interaction of BmToll9-1 with the intracellular RNAi machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Liu
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.
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Yi HY, Chowdhury M, Huang YD, Yu XQ. Insect antimicrobial peptides and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5807-22. [PMID: 24811407 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Insects are one of the major sources of antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs). Since observation of antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of pupae from the giant silk moths Samia Cynthia and Hyalophora cecropia in 1974 and purification of first insect AMP (cecropin) from H. cecropia pupae in 1980, over 150 insect AMPs have been purified or identified. Most insect AMPs are small and cationic, and they show activities against bacteria and/or fungi, as well as some parasites and viruses. Insect AMPs can be classified into four families based on their structures or unique sequences: the α-helical peptides (cecropin and moricin), cysteine-rich peptides (insect defensin and drosomycin), proline-rich peptides (apidaecin, drosocin, and lebocin), and glycine-rich peptides/proteins (attacin and gloverin). Among insect AMPs, defensins, cecropins, proline-rich peptides, and attacins are common, while gloverins and moricins have been identified only in Lepidoptera. Most active AMPs are small peptides of 20-50 residues, which are generated from larger inactive precursor proteins or pro-proteins, but gloverins (~14 kDa) and attacins (~20 kDa) are large antimicrobial proteins. In this mini-review, we will discuss current knowledge and recent progress in several classes of insect AMPs, including insect defensins, cecropins, attacins, lebocins and other proline-rich peptides, gloverins, and moricins, with a focus on structural-functional relationships and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Casanova-Torres ÁM, Goodrich-Blair H. Immune Signaling and Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Lepidoptera. INSECTS 2013; 4:320-38. [PMID: 25861461 PMCID: PMC4386667 DOI: 10.3390/insects4030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many lepidopteran insects are agricultural pests that affect stored grains, food and fiber crops. These insects have negative ecological and economic impacts since they lower crop yield, and pesticides are expensive and can have off-target effects on beneficial arthropods. A better understanding of lepidopteran immunity will aid in identifying new targets for the development of specific insect pest management compounds. A fundamental aspect of immunity, and therefore a logical target for control, is the induction of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression. These peptides insert into and disrupt microbial membranes, thereby promoting pathogen clearance and insect survival. Pathways leading to AMP expression have been extensively studied in the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. However, Diptera are an important group of pollinators and pest management strategies that target their immune systems is not recommended. Recent advances have facilitated investigation of lepidopteran immunity, revealing both conserved and derived characteristics. Although the general pathways leading to AMP expression are conserved, specific components of these pathways, such as recognition proteins have diverged. In this review we highlight how such comparative immunology could aid in developing pest management strategies that are specific to agricultural insect pests.
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Yi HY, Deng XJ, Yang WY, Zhou CZ, Cao Y, Yu XQ. Gloverins of the silkworm Bombyx mori: structural and binding properties and activities. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:612-25. [PMID: 23567591 PMCID: PMC3760519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gloverins are basic, glycine-rich and heat-stable antibacterial proteins (∼14- kDa) in lepidopteran insects with activity against Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and a virus. Hyalophora gloveri gloverin adopts a random coil structure in aqueous solution but has α-helical structure in membrane-like environment, and it may interact with the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Manduca sexta gloverin binds to the O-specific antigen and outer core carbohydrate of LPS. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, there are four gloverins with slightly acidic to neutral isoelectric points. In this study, we investigate structural and binding properties and activities of B. mori gloverins (BmGlvs), as well as correlations between structure, binding property and activity. Recombinant BmGlv1-4 were expressed in bacteria and purified. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that all four BmGlvs mainly adopted random coli structure (>50%) in aqueous solution in regardless of pH, but contained α-helical structure in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), smooth and rough mutants (Ra, Rc and Re) of LPS and lipid A. Plate ELISA assay showed that BmGlvs at pH 5.0 bound to rough mutants of LPS and lipid A but not to smooth LPS. Antibacterial activity assay showed that positively charged BmGlvs (at pH 5.0) were active against E. coli mutant strains containing rough LPS but inactive against E. coli with smooth LPS. Our results suggest that binding to rough LPS is the prerequisite for the activity of BmGlvs against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Yi
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wan-Ying Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Corresponding author. (Y. Cao),
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 816 235 6379; fax: +1 816 235 1503. (X.-Q. Yu)
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Etebari K, Asgari S. Conserved microRNA miR-8 blocks activation of the Toll pathway by upregulating Serpin 27 transcripts. RNA Biol 2013; 10:1356-64. [PMID: 23806890 DOI: 10.4161/rna.25481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) play significant regulatory roles in gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. This includes modulating processes such as development, immunity, cancer, and host-pathogen interactions. It was recently shown that the phylogenetically deeply conserved miRNA, miR-8, plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis of immunity by suppressing the production of anti-microbial peptides. In this study, we show that miR-8 from the insect Plutella xylostella positively regulates the transcript levels of the serine protease inhibitor Serpin 27, which has been shown to regulate activation of the Toll pathway and prophenoloxidase involved in the melanization response in insects. Interestingly, miR-8 is downregulated following parasitization by Diadegma semiclausum leading to significant declines in Serpin 27 transcript levels. This allows upregulation of antimicrobial peptides, such as gloverin, that are controlled by the Toll pathway and activation of proteolytic cascades essential for humoral immune responses to foreign invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia, QLD Australia
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Dubovskiy IM, Whitten MMA, Kryukov VY, Yaroslavtseva ON, Grizanova EV, Greig C, Mukherjee K, Vilcinskas A, Mitkovets PV, Glupov VV, Butt TM. More than a colour change: insect melanism, disease resistance and fecundity. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130584. [PMID: 23698007 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A 'dark morph' melanic strain of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, was studied for its atypical, heightened resistance to infection with the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. We show that these insects exhibit multiple intraspecific immunity and physiological traits that distinguish them from a non-melanic, fungus-susceptible morph. The melanic and non-melanic morphs were geographical variants that had evolved different, independent defence strategies. Melanic morphs exhibit a thickened cuticle, higher basal expression of immunity- and stress-management-related genes, higher numbers of circulating haemocytes, upregulated cuticle phenoloxidase (PO) activity concomitant with conidial invasion, and an enhanced capacity to encapsulate fungal particles. These insects prioritize specific augmentations to those frontline defences that are most likely to encounter invading pathogens or to sustain damage. Other immune responses that target late-stage infection, such as haemolymph lysozyme and PO activities, do not contribute to fungal tolerance. The net effect is increased larval survival times, retarded cuticular fungal penetration and a lower propensity to develop haemolymph infections when challenged naturally (topically) and by injection. In the absence of fungal infection, however, the heavy defence investments made by melanic insects result in a lower biomass, decreased longevity and lower fecundity in comparison with their non-melanic counterparts. Although melanism is clearly correlated with increased fungal resistance, the costly mechanisms enabling this protective trait constitute more than just a colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Dubovskiy
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
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Dubovskiy IM, Whitten MMA, Yaroslavtseva ON, Greig C, Kryukov VY, Grizanova EV, Mukherjee K, Vilcinskas A, Glupov VV, Butt TM. Can insects develop resistance to insect pathogenic fungi? PLoS One 2013; 8:e60248. [PMID: 23560083 PMCID: PMC3613352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microevolutionary adaptations and mechanisms of fungal pathogen resistance were explored in a melanic population of the Greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Under constant selective pressure from the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, 25th generation larvae exhibited significantly enhanced resistance, which was specific to this pathogen and not to another insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Defense and stress management strategies of selected (resistant) and non-selected (susceptible) insect lines were compared to uncover mechanisms underpinning resistance, and the possible cost of those survival strategies. We hypothesize that the insects developed a transgenerationally primed resistance to the fungus B. bassiana, a costly trait that was achieved not by compromising life-history traits but rather by prioritizing and re-allocating pathogen-species-specific augmentations to integumental front-line defenses that are most likely to be encountered by invading fungi. Specifically during B. bassiana infection, systemic immune defenses are suppressed in favour of a more limited but targeted repertoire of enhanced responses in the cuticle and epidermis of the integument (e.g. expression of the fungal enzyme inhibitor IMPI, and cuticular phenoloxidase activity). A range of putative stress-management factors (e.g. antioxidants) is also activated during the specific response of selected insects to B. bassiana but not M. anisopliae. This too occurs primarily in the integument, and probably contributes to antifungal defense and/or helps ameliorate the damage inflicted by the fungus or the host’s own immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Miranda M. A. Whitten
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Olga N. Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Carolyn Greig
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim Y. Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V. Grizanova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Krishnendu Mukherjee
- Institut für Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie, Abteilung Angewandte Entomologie, Gießen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institut für Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie, Abteilung Angewandte Entomologie, Gießen, Germany
| | - Viktor V. Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tariq M. Butt
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Optimization of Insect Cell Based Protein Production Processes - Online Monitoring, Expression Systems, Scale Up. YELLOW BIOTECHNOLOGY II 2013; 136:65-100. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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