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Shigematsu M, Takeda K, Matsunaga S, Sendai Y, Matsuura N, Suzuki R, Azuma T, Sasaki H, Okumura K, Sekine H, Yajima Y, Ohno T. Subgingival titanium wire implantation induces weak inflammatory responses but does not promote substantial T cell activation. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:633-640. [PMID: 37423721 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Titanium is a biocompatible material commonly used for dental treatments. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the weak biological activity of titanium has not been elucidated. We investigated both the inflammatory responses and T cell activation induced by solid titanium in the gingiva in mice. Both titanium and nickel wire implantation promoted neutrophil infiltration into the gingiva on day 2. Nickel, but not titanium, wire implantation enhanced proinflammatory cytokine expression and dendritic cell activity in gingival tissue by day 2. Nickel wire implantation enhanced the activity of T cells in draining lymph nodes on day 5. Moreover, T cell and neutrophil infiltration and elevated proinflammatory cytokine expression in the gingival tissue were still observed on day 5. However, no such augmented biological responses were observed after titanium wire implantation. These findings suggest that, unlike nickel, solid titanium does not induce sufficient inflammatory responses leading to T cell activation in gingival tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shigematsu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University
| | - Satoru Matsunaga
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Yuka Sendai
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Nobutaka Matsuura
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Reiya Suzuki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Hodaka Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Ko Okumura
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University
- Atopy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University
| | - Hideshi Sekine
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Yasutomo Yajima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Tatsukuni Ohno
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University
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Yang X, Huang W, Zhan D, Ren D, Ji H, Liu Z, Wang Q, Zhang N, Zhang Z. Biodegradability and Cytocompatibility of 3D-Printed Mg-Ti Interpenetrating Phase Composites. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:891632. [PMID: 35837550 PMCID: PMC9274132 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.891632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopedic hybrid implants combining both titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) have gained wide attraction nowadays. However, it still remains a huge challenge in the fabrication of Mg-Ti composites because of the different temperatures of Ti melting point and pure Mg volatilization point. In this study, we successfully fabricated a new Mg-Ti composite with bi-continuous interpenetrating phase architecture by infiltrating Mg melt into Ti scaffolds, which were prepared by 3D printing and subsequent acid treatment. We attempted to understand the 7-day degradation process of the Mg-Ti composite and examine the different Mg2+ concentration composite impacts on the MC3T3-E1 cells, including toxicity, morphology, apoptosis, and osteogenic activity. CCK-8 results indicated cytotoxicity and absence of the Mg-Ti composite during 7-day degradation. Moreover, the composite significantly improved the morphology, reduced the apoptosis rate, and enhanced the osteogenic activity of MC3T3-E1 cells. The favorable impacts might be attributed to the appropriate Mg2+ concentration of the extracts. The results on varying Mg2+ concentration tests indicated that Mg2+ showed no cell adverse effect under 10-mM concentration. The 8-mM group exhibited the best cell morphology, minimum apoptosis rate, and maximum osteogenic activity. This work may open a new perspective on the development and biomedical applications for Mg-Ti composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixiang Yang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanyi Huang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Desong Zhan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Dechun Ren
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibin Ji
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Zengqian Liu
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Wang, ; Ning Zhang,
| | - Ning Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Wang, ; Ning Zhang,
| | - Zhefeng Zhang
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Li L, Sun W, Yu J, Lei W, Zeng H, Shi B. Effects of titanium dioxide microparticles and nanoparticles on cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation in human gingival fibroblasts in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:644-659. [PMID: 35438207 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Titanium wear particles may participate in the etiology of peri-implantitis. However, the influence of titanium wear particles on biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in the presence of LPS is still not clear. The present study demonstrated the effects of titanium dioxide micro- and nanoparticles (TiO2 MPs and NPs) on HGF cell viability, cytoskeletal organization, adhesion, migration, and proliferation in vitro, and LPS was used to mimic the in vivo condition. METHODS Primary HGFs were treated with TiO2 MPs (primary particle size <5 μm, 0.1 mg/ml) and NPs (primary particle size <100 nm, 0.1 mg/ml) with or without 1 μg/ml LPS. The effects of TiO2 MPs and NPs on HGFs cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The proliferation of HGF was detected by Ki67 nuclear staining. The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to detect the internalization of TiO2 MPs and NPs in HGFs as well as the arrangement of F-actin, vinculin, and vimentin organization. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were performed to measure the migration of HGFs induced by TiO2 MPs and NPs. Cell adhesion was measured using fibronectin-coated plates. The relative mRNA and protein expression of adhesion relative protein such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), fibronectin (FN), and type I collagen (COL1) were measured using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test were used to analyze the statistical significance, and p < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS TiO2 NPs significantly inhibited HGF cell viability, proliferation, and migration compared with TiO2 MPs group and control group. Compared with control group (2.64 ± 0.09), the mean absorbance of the cells in 1 mg/ml TiO2 MPs group and 0.25 mg/ml TiO2 NPs group were significantly decreased to 1.93 ± 0.33 (p < .05) and 2.22 ± 0.18 (p < .01), respectively. The cytoskeleton disruption was found in TiO2 NPs group. The mRNA and protein expression were significantly downregulated by TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, both TiO2 NPs and MPs induced more adverse effects on HGFs in the presence of LPS. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that TiO2 NPs but not TiO2 MPs significantly disrupt the cytoskeletal organization and inhibited cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation of HGFs. However, in the presence of LPS, TiO2 MPs, and TiO2 NPs enhance these negative effects in HGFs. Titanium wear particles are probably involved in the initiation and progression of peri-implant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenlong Lei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Shi
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Romanos GE, Fischer GA, Rahman ZT, Delgado-Ruiz R. Spectrometric Analysis of the Wear from Metallic and Ceramic Dental Implants following Insertion: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031200. [PMID: 35161144 PMCID: PMC8838065 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Titanium wear is a growing area of interest within dental implantology. This study aimed to investigate titanium and zirconium wear from dental implants at the time of insertion using X-ray-fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and an in vitro protocol utilizing artificial bovine bone plates. Five groups were analyzed using XRF-spectrometry: groups 1–4 (titanium implants) and group 5 (zirconia implants). The implants were inserted into two bone blocks held together by a vice. The blocks were separated, and the insertion sites were analyzed for titanium (Ti) and zirconium (Zr). Statistical descriptive analyses of Ti and Zr concentrations in the coronal, middle and apical bone interface were performed. A comparative analysis confirmed differences between the implant’s surface stability and Ti accumulation within the insertion sites of the bone block. There was a direct relationship between implant length and the quantity of titanium found on the bone block. The data generally indicates greater quantities of titanium in the coronal thirds of the implants, and less in the apical thirds. The titanium and zirconium found in the bone samples where the group 5 implants were inserted was not of statistical significance when compared to control osteotomies. The results of this study confirm wear from metallic, but not ceramic, dental implants at the time of insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios E. Romanos
- Laboratory for Periodontal-Implant-Phototherapy (LA-PIP), Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (G.A.F.); (Z.T.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(631)-632-8755; Fax: +1-(631)-632-8670
| | - Gerard A. Fischer
- Laboratory for Periodontal-Implant-Phototherapy (LA-PIP), Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (G.A.F.); (Z.T.R.)
| | - Zaid T. Rahman
- Laboratory for Periodontal-Implant-Phototherapy (LA-PIP), Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (G.A.F.); (Z.T.R.)
| | - Rafael Delgado-Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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Dhein J, Haller C, Reichl FX, Milz S, Hickel R, Kollmuss M, Högg C. Intranuclear cell uptake and toxicity of titanium dioxide and zirconia particles as well as bacterial adhesion on dental titanium- and zirconia-implants. Dent Mater 2022; 38:517-528. [PMID: 34991888 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that particles can be released from dental titanium (Ti)- and zirconia (ZrO2)-implants. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)- and ZrO2-particles were compared regarding their toxicity and intranuclear cell uptake as well as the adhesion of various anaerobic bacteria on Ti- and ZrO2-implants. METHODS Cyto- and genotoxicity of TiO2-microparticles (TiO2-MPs) and TiO2-nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) in periodontal ligament (PDL)-hTERT cells were determined with XTT test and DNA damage with comet assay. Particle sizes of TiO2- and ZrO2-particles were measured with scanning electron microscope. Intranuclear uptake in PDL-hTERT cells was determined with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Adhesions of relevant anaerobic mouth bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on Ti- and ZrO2-implants were investigated by cultivation and counting bacterial colonies. RESULTS Particle size measurements revealed that 99% of the TiO2-NPs had a size below 100 nm and 88% of the TiO2-MPs sizes were between 50 and 200 nm. Following EC50 values were found for particles (mg/l): 92 (TiO2-MPs) and 15 (TiO2-NPs). A significant increase in olive tail moment (OTM) was found for TiO2-NPs at a concentration of 1/10 EC50. TiO2- and ZrO2-NPs had a higher intranuclear cell uptake efficiency, compared to corresponding TiO2- and ZrO2-MPs. All investigated particles could be detected in cell nucleus. Adhesion of all investigated bacterial species was significantly higher on Ti-implants, compared to ZrO2-implants. CONCLUSION Ti usually develops an oxide layer (TiO2). Particles released from Ti-implants should be TiO2-particles or Ti-particles coated with a TiO2-layer. Toxicity of released Ti-particles depends on their oxidation state and on their size (NP or MP). Particularly, NPs were more cyto- and genotoxic compared to the corresponding MPs. TiO2- and ZrO2-NPs showed a significant increase in the intranuclear cell uptake ratio at higher exposure concentration, compared to lower concentrations and consequently might lead to a higher potential of DNA damage. Adhesion of bacteria to ZrO2-implants is reduced, compared to Ti-implants. Therefore, ZrO2-implants might contribute to reduced biological complications (e.g. periimplantitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dhein
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Xaver Reichl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Milz
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kollmuss
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Högg
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
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Xu Y, Zhou C, Li J, Xu Y, He F. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis reveals potential osteogenesis-promoted role of ATM in strontium-incorporated titanium implant. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:964-975. [PMID: 34897987 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to reveal the osteogenic roles played by DNA damage response biomarkers through implementing isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique. First, sandblasted large-grit double acid-etched (SLA) titanium implant and strontium-incorporated (SLA-Sr) titanium implant were used for inserting in the tibiae of rats. iTRAQ technique was used to detect protein expression changes and identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). In total, 19,343 peptides and 4280 proteins were screened out. Among them, 91 and 138 DEPs were identified in the SLA-Sr group after implantation for 3 and 7 days, respectively. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein up-regulated on the 3rd day showed a trend of further up-regulation on the 7th day. Moreover, functional enrichment analyses were also conducted to explore the biological function of DEPs during the initial stage of osseointegration in vivo, which revealed that the biological functions of the DEPs on the 7th day were mainly related to "mismatch repair" and "mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint." Analysis of the Reactome signaling pathway showed that ATM was associated with TP53's regulation and activation. Finally, DNA damage repair related genes were selected for validation at mRNA and protein expression levels. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry validation results demonstrated that mRNA expression level of ATM was higher in SLA-Sr group. In conclusion, SLA-Sr titanium implant could initiate DNA damage repair by activating expression levels of ATM. This study was striving to reveal new faces of better osseointegration and shedding light on the biological function and underlying mechanisms of this important procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangbo Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuming He
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Effect of Titanium and Zirconium Oxide Microparticles on Pro-Inflammatory Response in Human Macrophages under Induced Sterile Inflammation: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154166. [PMID: 34361359 PMCID: PMC8347735 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The wear-debris particles released by shearing forces during dental implant insertion may contribute to inflammatory reactions or osteolysis associated with peri-implantitis by stimulating inflammasome-activation. The study aim was to examine cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of titanium (TiO2) and zirconia (ZrO2) particles in macrophages regarding their nature/particle concentration over time under sterile lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammation. Macrophages were exposed to TiO2 and ZrO2 particles (≤5 µm) in cell culture. Dental glass was used as inert control and LPS (1 μg/mL) was used to promote sterile inflammation. Cytotoxicity was determined using MTT assays and cytokine expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test and ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05). Cytotoxicity was significantly increased when exposed to higher concentrations of glass, TiO2 and ZrO2 (≥107 particles/mL) compared to controls (p ≤ 0.05). Macrophages challenged with TiO2 particles expressed up to ≈3.5-fold higher upregulation than ZrO2 from 12 to 48 h. However, when exposed to LPS, TiO2 and ZrO2 particle-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression was further enhanced (p ≤ 0.05). Our data suggest that ZrO2 particles produce less toxicity/inflammatory cytokine production than TiO2. The present study shows that the biological reactivity of TiO2 and ZrO2 depends on the type and concentration of particles in a time-dependent manner.
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Kheder W, Soumya S, Samsudin AR. Impact of titanium dioxide particle size on macrophage production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 127:105133. [PMID: 33933922 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the response of THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and microparticles (TiO2 MPs) in an in vitro system. DESIGN THP-1 monocytes were maintained in RPMI medium and transformed into M0 macrophages using Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). TiO2 particle size characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) technology. A viability study using an XTT assay was performed by treating THP-1-derived macrophages with TiO2 NPs (<100 nm) and TiO2 MPs (<5 μm) at concentrations ranging from 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 μg/mL. Macrophages were then treated with three different concentrations of NPs and MPs (5, 20 or 100 μg/mL) for 24 h, and ROS production and TiO2 particle cellular uptake were measured using ROS assays and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS There was no significant change in the viability of THP-1 monocytes after treatment with TiO2 NPs and MPs. The uptake of both particles was confirmed and showed an increase in ROS generation, and the MPs produced more ROS than NPs. The increase in ROS generation with NPs was concentration-dependent. CONCLUSION Uptake of TiO2 NPs and MPs in macrophages at subcytotoxic levels generate ROS in a size- and dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waad Kheder
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - S Soumya
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - A R Samsudin
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Cytotoxic effects of submicron- and nano-scale titanium debris released from dental implants: an integrative review. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:1627-1640. [PMID: 33616805 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This integrative review aimed to report the toxic effect of submicron and nano-scale commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) debris on cells of peri-implant tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search was carried out on the PubMed electronic platform using the following key terms: Ti "OR" titanium "AND" dental implants "AND" nanoparticles "OR" nano-scale debris "OR" nanometric debris "AND" osteoblasts "OR "cytotoxicity" OR "macrophage" OR "mutagenic" OR "peri-implantitis". The inclusion criteria involved articles published in the English language, until December 26, 2020, reporting the effect of nano-scale titanium particles as released from dental implants on the toxicity and damage of osteoblasts. RESULTS Of 258 articles identified, 14 articles were selected for this integrative review. Submicron and nano-scale cp Ti particles altered the behavior of cells in culture medium. An inflammatory response was triggered by macrophages, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, mesenchymal cells, and odontoblasts as indicated by the detection of several inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE2. The formation of a bioactive complex composed of calcium and phosphorus on titanium nanoparticles allowed their binding to proteins leading to the cell internalization phenomenon. The nanoparticles induced mutagenic and carcinogenic effects into the cells. CONCLUSIONS The cytotoxic effect of debris released from dental implants depends on the size, concentration, and chemical composition of the particles. A high concentration of particles on nanometric scale intensifies the inflammatory responses with mutagenic potential of the surrounding cells. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Titanium ions and debris have been detected in peri-implant tissues with different size, concentration, and forms. The presence of metallic debris at peri-implant tissues also stimulates the migration of immune cells and inflammatory reactions. Cp Ti and TiO2 micro- and nano-scale particles can reach the bloodstream, accumulating in lungs, liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
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Romanos GE, Fischer GA, Delgado-Ruiz R. Titanium Wear of Dental Implants from Placement, under Loading and Maintenance Protocols. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1067. [PMID: 33494539 PMCID: PMC7865642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to analyze the process of wear of implants leading to the shedding of titanium particles into the peri-implant hard and soft tissues. Titanium is considered highly biocompatible with low corrosion and toxicity, but recent studies indicate that this understanding may be misleading as the properties of the material change drastically when titanium nanoparticles (NPs) are shed from implant surfaces. These NPs are immunogenic and are associated with a macrophage-mediated inflammatory response by the host. The literature discussed in this review indicates that titanium NPs may be shed from implant surfaces at the time of implant placement, under loading conditions, and during implant maintenance procedures. We also discuss the significance of the micro-gap at the implant-abutment interface and the effect of size of the titanium particles on their toxicology. These findings are significant as the titanium particles can have adverse effects on local soft and hard tissues surrounding implants, implant health and prognosis, and even the health of systemic tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios E. Romanos
- Department of Periodontology, Laboratory for Periodontal-, Implant-, Phototherapy (LA-PIP), School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, 106 Rockland Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8700, USA;
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerard A. Fischer
- Department of Periodontology, Laboratory for Periodontal-, Implant-, Phototherapy (LA-PIP), School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, 106 Rockland Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8700, USA;
| | - Rafael Delgado-Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8700, USA;
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Nelson K, Hesse B, Addison O, Morrell AP, Gross C, Lagrange A, Suárez VI, Kohal R, Fretwurst T. Distribution and Chemical Speciation of Exogenous Micro- and Nanoparticles in Inflamed Soft Tissue Adjacent to Titanium and Ceramic Dental Implants. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14432-14443. [PMID: 32970419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of the implant surface and particle release/formation as an inflammation catalyst mechanism is an emerging concept in dental medicine that may help explain the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. The aim of the present study was a synchrotron-based characterization of micro- and nanosized implant-related particles in inflamed human tissues around titanium and ceramic dental implants that exhibited signs of peri-implantitis. Size, distribution, and chemical speciation of the exogenous micro- and nanosized particle content were evaluated using synchrotron μ-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), nano-XRF, and μ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Titanium particles, with variable speciation, were detected in all tissue sections associated with titanium implants. Ceramic particles were found in five out of eight tissue samples associated with ceramic implants. Particles ranged in size from micro- to nanoscale. The local density of both titanium and ceramic particles was calculated to be as high as ∼40 million particles/mm3. μ-XANES identified titanium in predominantly two different chemistries, including metallic and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The findings highlight the propensity for particle accumulation in the inflamed tissues around dental implants and will help in guiding toxicological studies to determine the biological significance of such exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nelson
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery/Translational Implantology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- Xploraytion GmbH, Bismarckstrasse 10-12, 10625 Berlin, Germany.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Owen Addison
- Centre for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, U.K
| | - Alexander P Morrell
- Centre for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, U.K
| | - Christian Gross
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery/Translational Implantology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrien Lagrange
- Xploraytion GmbH, Bismarckstrasse 10-12, 10625 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa I Suárez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Ralf Kohal
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Fretwurst
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery/Translational Implantology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Markowska-Szczupak A, Endo-Kimura M, Paszkiewicz O, Kowalska E. Are Titania Photocatalysts and Titanium Implants Safe? Review on the Toxicity of Titanium Compounds. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102065. [PMID: 33086609 PMCID: PMC7603142 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its compounds are broadly used in both industrial and domestic products, including jet engines, missiles, prostheses, implants, pigments, cosmetics, food, and photocatalysts for environmental purification and solar energy conversion. Although titanium/titania-containing materials are usually safe for human, animals and environment, increasing concerns on their negative impacts have been postulated. Accordingly, this review covers current knowledge on the toxicity of titania and titanium, in which the behaviour, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, and environmental impacts have been discussed in detail, considering both light and dark conditions. Consequently, the following conclusions have been drawn: (i) titania photocatalysts rarely cause health and environmental problems; (ii) despite the lack of proof, the possible carcinogenicity of titania powders to humans is considered by some authorities; (iii) titanium alloys, commonly applied as implant materials, possess a relatively low health risk; (iv) titania microparticles are less toxic than nanoparticles, independent of the means of exposure; (v) excessive accumulation of titanium in the environment cannot be ignored; (vi) titanium/titania-containing products should be clearly marked with health warning labels, especially for pregnant women and young children; (vi) a key knowledge gap is the lack of comprehensive data about the environmental content and the influence of titania/titanium on biodiversity and the ecological functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Markowska-Szczupak
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (E.K.)
| | - Maya Endo-Kimura
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
| | - Oliwia Paszkiewicz
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kowalska
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (E.K.)
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13
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He X, Reichl FX, Milz S, Michalke B, Wu X, Sprecher CM, Yang Y, Gahlert M, Röhling S, Kniha H, Hickel R, Högg C. Titanium and zirconium release from titanium- and zirconia implants in mini pig maxillae and their toxicity in vitro. Dent Mater 2020; 36:402-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Schwarz F, Langer M, Hagena T, Hartig B, Sader R, Becker J. Cytotoxicity and proinflammatory effects of titanium and zirconia particles. Int J Implant Dent 2019; 5:25. [PMID: 31286286 PMCID: PMC6614223 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-019-0178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To assess the effects of differently sized titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr) particles on (1) the metabolic activity of osteosarcoma-derived osteoblasts (SaOs-2) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and (2) the cytokine expression of monocytes (THP-1) Methods Ti (60–80 nm and 100 nm) and Zr (2 μm and 75 μm) particles were incubated with SaOs-2, HGF, and THP-1 cells. At days 0, 2, 4, and 7 and 0, 1, 2, and 4 (THP-1), the mitochondrial activity was assessed and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 concentrations of stimulated THP-1 at day 1. Results Ti60–80, Ti100, Zr2, and Zr75 particles were associated with gradual and significant within-group decreases in the viability of SaOs-2 and HGF cells. These effects were less pronounced in the Zr group. Similar to control cells, THP-1 did not reveal any significant increases in IL-1 beta and IL-6 concentrations. Viability of THP-1 was merely impaired in the presence of Ti100. Conclusions Ti and Zr particles had a detrimental effect on the viability of SaOs-2 and HGF, but no proinflammatory effect on THP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Department of Oral Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Maike Langer
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Oral Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tina Hagena
- Department of Oral Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brigitte Hartig
- Department of Oral Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Sader
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Kurzmann C, Verheyen J, Coto M, Kumar RV, Divitini G, Shokoohi-Tabrizi HA, Verheyen P, De Moor RJG, Moritz A, Agis H. In vitro evaluation of experimental light activated gels for tooth bleaching. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1009-1019. [PMID: 30724960 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dental bleaching is an important part of aesthetic dentistry. Various strategies have been created to enhance the bleaching efficacy. As one such strategy, light-activated nanoparticles that enable localized generation of reactive oxygen species have been developed. Here, we evaluated the cellular response to experimental gels containing these materials in in vitro models. L-929 cells, 3T3 cells, and gingival fibroblasts were exposed to the gels at 50%, 10%, 2%, 0.4%, 0.08%, 0.016%, and 0.0032%. The gels contained TiO2/Ag nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, hydrogen peroxide (6% hydrogen peroxide), or no added component and were tested with and without exposure to light. Cells were exposed to gels for 24 h or for 30 min. The latter case mimics the clinical situation of a short bleaching gel exposure. Metabolic activity and cell viability were evaluated with MTT and neutral red assays, respectively. We found a dose-dependent reduction of formazan formation and neutral red staining with gels containing TiO2/Ag nanoparticles or TiO2 nanoparticles in the 24 h setting with and without illumination. The strongest reduction, which was not dose-dependent in the evaluated concentrations, was found for the gel containing hydrogen peroxide. Gels with TiO2 nanoparticles showed a similar response to gel without particles. TiO2/Ag gel showed a slightly higher impact. When the gels were removed by rinsing after 30 min of exposure without light illumination, gel containing TiO2/Ag nanoparticles showed a stronger reduction of formazan formation and neutral red staining than gel containing TiO2 particles. Exposure of cells for 30 min under illumination and consequent rinsing off the gels also showed that Ag-containing particles can have a higher impact on the metabolic activity and viability than particles from TiO2. Overall our results show that experimental bleaching gels containing TiO2/Ag or TiO2 nanoparticles are less cytotoxic than hydrogen peroxide-containing gel. When gels are removed, gel containing TiO2/Ag particles exhibit a stronger reduction of metabolic activity and viability than the gel containing TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kurzmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeroen Verheyen
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Coto
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Giorgio Divitini
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Roeland Jozef Gentil De Moor
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. and Department of Oral Health Sciences, Sections Endodontics and Reconstructive Dentistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium and Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Laser Clinic, Afsnee, Belgium
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Oberoi G, Müller A, Moritz A, Shokoohi-Tabrizi HA, Kurzmann C, Agis H. Titanium dioxide-based scanning powder can modulate cell activity of oral soft tissue - Insights from in vitro studies with L929 cells and periodontal fibroblasts. J Prosthodont Res 2019; 64:34-42. [PMID: 31262660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To reveal the impact of titanium dioxide-based scanning powder for intraoral digital impression on the biological activity of oral fibroblasts. METHODS Murine L929 cells and human periodontal ligament (PDLF) and gingival fibroblasts (GF) were treated with ten-fold serial dilutions of scanning powder and the corresponding conditioned medium (filtrate of overnight incubation of powder in medium) starting with 30mg/ml. Bicinchoninic acid protein assay, formazan- and resazurin-based toxicity assays, live/dead and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and immunoassays for interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were performed. Powder composition was analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). RESULTS Formazan and resazurin conversion was lesser in L929 cells than PDLF and GF in the presence of scanning powder. Induction of cell death was caused by 30mg/ml of powder in L929 cells but not in PDLF and GF. No pronounced impact of the conditioned medium was seen in cytotoxicity assays or live/dead-, and annexin V/PI staining. In PDLF and GF IL-6 expression was increased by the powder, while there was a decrease in IL-8. Powder particles did not deplete protein from medium. EDS showed a heterogeneous mixture consisting predominantly of titanium dioxide. CONCLUSIONS Scanning powder decreased cell activity and induced cell death in L929 cells at high concentrations. Human oral fibroblasts showed an increase in IL-6 levels but more resistance to the cytotoxicity of the powder. Within the limitations of an in vitro study our results suggest that proper cleaning after scanning is of clinical relevance to avoid potential unwanted effects of the powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunpreet Oberoi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Müller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kurzmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Schmalz G, Hickel R, van Landuyt KL, Reichl FX. Scientific update on nanoparticles in dentistry. Int Dent J 2018; 68:299-305. [DOI: 10.1111/idj.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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18
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Schmalz G, Hickel R, van Landuyt KL, Reichl FX. Nanoparticles in dentistry. Dent Mater 2017; 33:1298-1314. [PMID: 28951037 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.08.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nanoparticles having a size from 1 to 100nm are present in nature and are successfully used in many products of daily life. Nanoparticles are also embedded per se or as byproducts from milling processes of larger filler particles in many dental materials. METHODS AND RESULTS Recently, possible adverse effects of nanoparticles have gained increased interest with the lungs being a main target organ. Exposure to nanoparticles in dentistry may occur in the dental laboratory, by processing gypsum type products or by grinding and polishing materials. In the dental practice virtually no exposure to nanoparticles occurs when handling unset materials. However, nanoparticles are produced by intraoral adjustment of set restorative materials through grinding/polishing regardless whether they contain nanoparticles or not. Nanoparticles may also be produced through wear of restorations or released from dental implants and they enter the environment when removing restorations. The risk for dental technicians is taken care of by legal regulations. Based on model worst case mass-based calculations, the exposure of dental practice personnel and patients to nanoparticles through intraoral grinding/polishing and wear is low to negligible. Accordingly, the additional risk due to nanoparticles exposure from present materials is considered to be low. However, more research is needed, especially on vulnerable groups (asthma or COPD). An assessment of risks for the environment is not possible due to the lack of data. SIGNIFICANCE Measures to reduce exposure to nanoparticles include intraorally grinding/polishing using water coolants, proper sculpturing to reduce the need for grinding and sufficient ventilation of treatment areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Schmalz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz-Xaver Reichl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
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19
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Yao JJ, Lewallen EA, Trousdale WH, Xu W, Thaler R, Salib CG, Reina N, Abdel MP, Lewallen DG, van Wijnen AJ. Local Cellular Responses to Titanium Dioxide from Orthopedic Implants. Biores Open Access 2017; 6:94-103. [PMID: 29034133 PMCID: PMC5627672 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2017.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated recently published articles relevant to the biological effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles on local endogenous cells required for normal bone homeostasis, repair, and implant osseointegration. Structural characteristics, size, stability, and agglomeration of TiO2 particles alter the viability and behavior of multiple bone-related cell types. Resulting shifts in bone homeostasis may increase bone resorption and lead to clinical incidents of osteolysis, implant loosening, and joint pain. TiO2 particles that enter cells (through endocytosis or Trojan horse mechanism) may further disrupt implant retention. We propose that cellular responses to titanium-based nanoparticles contribute to pathological mechanisms underlying the aseptic loosening of titanium-based metal implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie J Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Nicolas Reina
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew P Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David G Lewallen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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20
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He X, Reichl FX, Wang Y, Michalke B, Milz S, Yang Y, Stolper P, Lindemaier G, Graw M, Hickel R, Högg C. Analysis of titanium and other metals in human jawbones with dental implants - A case series study. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1042-51. [PMID: 27298240 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure titanium (Ti) content in human jawbones and to show that Ti was released from dental implants inserted into these jawbones. METHODS Seven samples from four human subjects with dental implants were analysed as test group and six bone samples of similar topographical regions from six human subjects without implants served as control. The contents of various elements in human jawbones were detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The distributions of various isotopes in human mandibular bone were measured with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Histological analyses of undecalcified, Giemsa-Eosin stained mandible sections were performed by light microscopy and particles were identified in human bone marrow by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis. RESULTS In test group only Ti content was significantly higher compared to control group. The mean contents of Ti were 1940μg/kg in test group and 634μg/kg in control group. The highest Ti content detected in human mandibular bone was 37,700μg/kg-bone weight. In samples 4-7 (human subjects II-IV), increased Ti intensity was also detected by LA-ICP-MS in human mandibular tissues at a distance of 556-1587μm from implants, and the intensity increased with decreasing distance from implants. Particles with sizes of 0.5-40μm were found in human jawbone marrow tissues at distances of 60-700μm from implants in samples 4-7. SIGNIFICANCE Ti released from dental implants can be detected in human mandibular bone and bone marrow tissues, and the distribution of Ti in human bone was related to the distance to the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli He
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Xaver Reichl
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Milz
- Department of Anatomy II - Neuroanatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Stolper
- Fogra Forschungsgesellschaft Druck e.V., Streitfeldstr 1, 81673 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Lindemaier
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Graw
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Högg
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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21
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Ribeiro AR, Gemini-Piperni S, Travassos R, Lemgruber L, Silva RC, Rossi AL, Farina M, Anselme K, Shokuhfar T, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Borojevic R, Rocha LA, Werckmann J, Granjeiro JM. Trojan-Like Internalization of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Human Osteoblast Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23615. [PMID: 27021687 PMCID: PMC4810327 DOI: 10.1038/srep23615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentistry and orthopedics are undergoing a revolution in order to provide more reliable, comfortable and long-lasting implants to patients. Titanium (Ti) and titanium alloys have been used in dental implants and total hip arthroplasty due to their excellent biocompatibility. However, Ti-based implants in human body suffer surface degradation (corrosion and wear) resulting in the release of metallic ions and solid wear debris (mainly titanium dioxide) leading to peri-implant inflammatory reactions. Unfortunately, our current understanding of the biological interactions with titanium dioxide nanoparticles is still very limited. Taking this into consideration, this study focuses on the internalization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on primary bone cells, exploring the events occurring at the nano-bio interface. For the first time, we report the selective binding of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P) and proteins from cell culture medium to anatase nanoparticles that are extremely important for nanoparticle internalization and bone cells survival. In the intricate biological environment, anatase nanoparticles form bio-complexes (mixture of proteins and ions) which act as a kind of ‘Trojan-horse’ internalization by cells. Furthermore, anatase nanoparticles-induced modifications on cell behavior (viability and internalization) could be understand in detail. The results presented in this report can inspire new strategies for the use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in several regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ribeiro
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - S Gemini-Piperni
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Travassos
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Lemgruber
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Welcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R C Silva
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A L Rossi
- Brazilian Center for Research in Physics-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Farina
- Biomineralization laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - K Anselme
- Institut de Science des Materiaux de Mulhouse-CNRS UMR7391, Universite de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - T Shokuhfar
- Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60607, United States
| | - R Shahbazian-Yassar
- Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, United States
| | - R Borojevic
- Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-FASE, Petrópolis, Brasil
| | - L A Rocha
- Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Physics Department, University Estadual Paulista, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Werckmann
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J M Granjeiro
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Dental School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
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Golasik M, Herman M, Piekoszewski W. Toxicological aspects of soluble titanium – a review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Metallomics 2016; 8:1227-1242. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00110f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gu N, Hu H, Guo Q, Jin S, Wang C, Oh Y, Feng Y, Wu Q. Effects of oral administration of titanium dioxide fine-sized particles on plasma glucose in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Nanotoxicology and Metalloestrogens: Possible Involvement in Breast Cancer. TOXICS 2015; 3:390-413. [PMID: 29051471 PMCID: PMC5606640 DOI: 10.3390/toxics3040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As the use of nanotechnology has expanded, an increased number of metallic oxides have been manufactured, yet toxicology testing has lagged significantly. Metals used in nano-products include titanium, silicon, aluminum, silver, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, antimony, gold, etc. Even the noble metals, platinum and cerium, have been used as a treatment for cancer, but the toxicity of these metals is still unknown. Significant advances have been made in our understanding and treatment of breast cancer, yet millions of women will experience invasive breast cancer in their lifetime. The pathogenesis of breast cancer can involve multiple factors; (1) genetic; (2) environmental; and (3) lifestyle-related factors. This review focuses on exposure to highly toxic metals, ("metalloestrogens" or "endocrine disruptors") that are used as the metallic foundation for nanoparticle production and are found in a variety of consumer products such as cosmetics, household items, and processed foods, etc. The linkage between well-understood metalloestrogens such as cadmium, the use of these metals in the production of nanoparticles, and the relationship between their potential estrogenic effects and the development of breast cancer will be explored. This will underscore the need for additional testing of materials used in nano-products. Clearly, a significant amount of work needs to be done to further our understanding of these metals and their potential role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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