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Kamata Y, Kato R, Tominaga M, Toyama S, Komiya E, Utsumi J, Kaneko T, Suga Y, Takamori K. Identification of Keratinocyte Cytoprotectants against Toxicity by the Multikinase Inhibitor Sorafenib Using Drug Repositioning. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100271. [PMID: 38585194 PMCID: PMC10990978 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2024.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot skin reaction is the most common adverse event of multikinase inhibitors, such as sorafenib. Although hand-foot skin reaction is not life threatening, severe cases impair quality of life because of pain and reduced activities of daily living. However, the pathological mechanisms of hand-foot skin reaction have not yet been elucidated in detail, and there is currently no effective treatment. We aimed to identify keratinocyte cytoprotectants against sorafenib toxicity. The screening of cytoprotectants against sorafenib toxicity was performed using cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes or a reconstructed human epidermis model and off-patent approved drugs in the Prestwick Chemical library. Among 1273 drugs in the chemical library, 8 dose-dependently increased cell viability by >200% in the presence of sorafenib. In the presence of sorafenib, the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells was significantly higher in clofazimine-, cyclosporin A-, and itraconazole-treated reconstructed human epidermis models than in sorafenib-treated models, and candidate drugs suppressed sorafenib-induced apoptosis in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, clofazimine, itraconazole, and pyrvinium pamoate significantly recovered the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the presence of sorafenib. Collectively, hit drugs promoted cell viability and normalized keratinocyte proliferation in the presence of sorafenib. These candidate drugs have potential as treatments for multikinase inhibitor-induced hand-foot skin reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kamata
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rui Kato
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumika Toyama
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eriko Komiya
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Utsumi
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahide Kaneko
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suga
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Xu YD, Guo YJ, Mao HR, Xiong ZX, Luo MY, Luo RQ, Lu S, Huang L, Hong Y. Integration of transcriptomics and proteomics to elucidate inhibitory effect and mechanism of rosmarinic acid from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. in treating Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Chin Med 2023; 18:67. [PMID: 37280712 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophyte caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes is a global disease with a growing prevalence that is difficult to cure. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. is an edible and medicinal plant. Ancient books of Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern pharmacological studies have shown that it has potential anti-fungi activity. This is the first study to explore the inhibitory effects of compounds from P. frutescens on Trichophyton mentagrophytes and its mechanism of action coupled with the antifungal activity in vitro from network pharmacology, transcriptomics and proteomics. METHODS Five most potential inhibitory compounds against fungi in P. frutescens was screened with network pharmacology. The antifungal activity of the candidates was detected by a broth microdilution method. Through in vitro antifungal assays screening the compound with efficacy, transcriptomics and proteomics were performed to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of the effective compound against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Furthermore, the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to verify the expression of genes. RESULTS The top five potential antifungal compounds in P. frutescens screened by network pharmacology are: progesterone, luteolin, apigenin, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid. In vitro antifungal assays showed that rosmarinic acid had a favorable inhibitory effect on fungi. The transcriptomic findings exhibited that the differentially expressed genes of fungus after rosmarinic acid intervention were mainly enriched in the carbon metabolism pathway, while the proteomic findings suggested that rosmarinic acid could inhibit the average growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by interfering with the expression of enolase in the glycolysis pathway. Comparison of real-time PCR and transcriptomics results showed that the trends of gene expression in glycolytic, carbon metabolism and glutathione metabolic pathways were identical. The binding modes and interactions between rosmarinic acid and enolase were preliminary explored by molecular docking analysis. CONCLUSION The key findings of the present study manifested that rosmarinic acid, a medicinal compound extracted from P. frutescens, had pharmacological activity in inhibiting the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by affecting its enolase expression to reduce metabolism. Rosmarinic acid is expected to be an efficacious product for prevention and treatment of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ding Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yu-Jie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - He-Rong Mao
- International Center for TCM Communication Studies, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Meng-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Rui-Qi Luo
- School of Foreign Languages, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Guangzhou Wellhealth Bio-Pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510200, China.
| | - Yi Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, Alam A, Salkini MA, Muharram MM, Labrou NE, Kumar P. Development of Gum-Acacia-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Gel of Rutin against Candida albicans. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080472. [PMID: 36005073 PMCID: PMC9407585 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. is one of the most causative pathogens responsible for fungal infections. It is often a hospital-acquired form of sepsis with a very high number of deaths. Currently, the most effective anti-fungal agents are based on polyenes or echinocandins. However, long-term treatments or repeated use of these anti-fungals lead to therapy limitations. Current research is urgently needed to overcome existing challenges for antimicrobials from natural sources. This study aims to determine the anti-fungal activity of rutin, which has the advantage of increasing the therapeutic value. Because of its low solubility in water and oils, rutin is limited in use. To address these constraints, we encapsulated rutin in a nanocarrier system. Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and gum acacia (GAs) are emerging as attractive components and are widely studied as biologically safe nanomaterials/carrier systems for various drugs. Still, they are barely investigated as nano-sized vectors for the targeted delivery of rutin. In the present work, GA stabilised SNPs of rutin were successfully formulated and evaluated. It was later incorporated into carbapol 940 gels and formed SNP gels. Rutin-SNPs were developed with a consistent size in the nano range of 59.67 ± 44.24 nm in size, 0.295 ± 0.014 polydispersity index (PDI), and −11.2 ± 6.66 mV zeta potential. The drug released was found to be 81. 26 ± 4.06% in 600 min by following zero-order kinetics. The rutin-SNP gel showed considerable activity against C. albicans skin candidiasis at MIC 1.56 g/mL. The developed formulation was biocompatible. This first-ever interdisciplinary study suggests that the rutin-SNPs gel could play a vital role in drug resistance in this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed I. Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mohammad A. Salkini
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Magdy M. Muharram
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, PO Nagrota, Jagti, Jammu 181221, India;
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Bakchi B, Krishna AD, Sreecharan E, Ganesh VBJ, Niharika M, Maharshi S, Puttagunta SB, Sigalapalli DK, Bhandare RR, Shaik AB. An overview on applications of SwissADME web tool in the design and development of anticancer, antitubercular and antimicrobial agents: A medicinal chemist's perspective. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tatlidil D, Raza MA, Dege N, Agar AA, Farwa U, Rehman SU. Therapeutical Potential of Imines; Synthesis, Single Crystal Structure, Computational, Molecular Modeling, and ADMET Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10568-10579. [PMID: 35382330 PMCID: PMC8973114 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Imines are multipurpose pharmacophores, simply accessible compounds, and have a broad range of usage in several areas of chemistry especially in medicine. Two novel compound imines, (E)-4-methyl-2-((o-tolylimino)methyl)phenol (1) and (E)-2-(((4-methoxybenzyl)imino)methyl)-4-methylphenol (2), were synthesized with effective product via reported protocol in the literature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) was employed for structural exposition, disclosing that both compounds are orthorhombic. To optimize the newly designed imines, a B3LYP functional with a basis set 6-31G(d,p) was mainly considered. DFT results were utilized to check correlation between the data recovered from SCXRD outcomes and also to measure the energy difference. Hirshfeld surface study was done to demonstrate the intermolecular contacts along the percentage of interaction in the overall crystalline compound. Molecular operating environment program was tested against AChE and BChE enzymes to perform a modeling study of the compounds. The docking score and binding affinity of the compounds revealed that 2 showed comparatively more inhibition than 1. In silico ADMET studies exposed the physiochemical nature of these novel compounds, and it also unveiled that both compounds behaved as drug-like candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digdem Tatlidil
- Faculty
of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55020, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Asam Raza
- Department
of Chemistry, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University
of Gujrat, Gujrat 54000, Pakistan
| | - Necmi Dege
- Faculty
of Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55200, Turkey
| | - Aysen Alaman Agar
- Faculty
of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55020, Turkey
| | - Umme Farwa
- Department
of Chemistry, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University
of Gujrat, Gujrat 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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Wal P, Saraswat N, Vig H. A detailed insight on the molecular and cellular mechanism of action of the antifungal drugs used in the treatment of superficial fungal infections. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885517666220328141054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Dermatomycosis, a type of fungal infection that can infect human skin, hair, and nails; day by day the growth of fungal infections ranging from superficial to systemic infection is alarming. Common causative agents included are Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Pneumocystis species.
Objective:
The effective treatment of the fungal infection includes the use of proper antifungal drug therapy. Antifungal drugs are classified into various classes. This paper focuses on understanding and interpreting the detailed molecular and cellular mechanism of action of various classes of an anti-fungal drug along with their important characteristics along with the safety and efficacy data of individual drugs of the particular class.
Methods:
The data selection for carrying out the respective study has been done by studying the combination of review articles and research papers from different databases like Research Gate, PubMed, MDPI, Elsevier, Science Direct, and Med Crave ranging from the year 1972 to 2019 by using the keywords like “anti-fungal agents”, “dermatophytes”, “cutaneous candidiasis”, “superficial fungal infections”, “oral candidiasis”, “amphotericin”, “echinocandins”, “azoles”, “polyenes” “ketoconazole”, “terbinafine”, “griseofulvin”, “azoles”.
Result:
Based on interpretation, we have concluded that the different classes of antifungal drugs follow the different mechanisms of action and target the fungal cell membrane, and are efficient in reducing fungal disease by their respective mechanism.
Conclusion:
The prevention and cure of fungal infections can be done by oral or topical antifungal drugs that aim to destroy the fungal cell membrane. These drugs show action by their respective pathways that are either preventing the formation of ergosterol or squalene or act by inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthase enzyme. All the drugs are effective in treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- Dean & Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Nikita Saraswat
- Assistant Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Himangi Vig
- Research Scholar, Institute of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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Emerging Antifungal Targets and Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052756. [PMID: 35269898 PMCID: PMC8911111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite abundant research in the field of antifungal drug discovery, fungal infections remain a significant healthcare burden. There is an emerging need for the development of novel antifungals since those currently available are limited and do not completely provide safe and secure protection. Since the current knowledge regarding the physiology of fungal cells and the infection mechanisms is greater than ever, we have the opportunity to use this for the development of novel generations of antifungals. In this review, we selected and summarized recent studies describing agents employing different antifungal mechanisms. These mechanisms include interference with fungal resistance, including impact on the efflux pumps and heat shock protein 90. Additionally, interference with virulence factors, such as biofilms and hyphae; the impact on fungal enzymes, metabolism, mitochondria, and cell wall; and antifungal vaccines are explored. The agents investigated belong to different classes of natural or synthetic molecules with significant attention given also to plant extracts. The efficacy of these antifungals has been studied mainly in vitro with some in vivo, and clinical studies are needed. Nevertheless, there is a large quantity of products employing novel antifungal mechanisms that can be further explored for the development of new generation of antifungals.
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Abuthakir MHS, Al-Dosary MA, Hatamleh AA, Alodaini HA, Perumal P, Jeyam M. Platyphylloside, a potential inhibitor from epicarp of B.aegyptiaca against CYP450 protein in T.rubrum – In vitro and in silico approaches. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3899-3910. [PMID: 35844431 PMCID: PMC9280311 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is one of the major disease causing pathogens in human; mainly it causes tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Cytochrome P450 which considered to be an important protein that can impact ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. B. aegyptiaca is rich source of secondary metabolites with tremendous medicinal values and it has sweet pulp, leaves with spine, strong seed and oily kernel. The epicarp of the fruit was taken for this study to inhibit T. rubrum using in vitro and in silico techniques. The epicarp portion was extracted using various solvents and water. The anti-dermatophytic activity on T. rubrum of these extracts was assessed utilizing poison plate technique with 5 individual concentrations. The fractioned chloroform extract of epicarp had fully inhibited the growth of T. rubrum at 3 mg/ml. Further, the chloroform extract was subjected to LC-MS analysis, in total, 40 compounds were elucidated. Then, the derived compounds were included for predicting ADMETox properties using Qikprop module. From the analysis 40 compounds were identified to be eligible for docking process. Then the desirable compounds, drug Ketoconazole were subjected to docking analysis using Glide module of Schrödinger. It shows that Platyphylloside has better docking result than other compounds and drug Ketoconazole. Further, MD simulation was carried out for Ketoconazole-Cyp450 and Platyphylloside-CYP450 complexes using Desmond, Schrödinger. MD simulation study also confirmed that the Platyphylloside-CYP450 complex more stable. This study suggests that Platyphylloside may act as potential inhibitor and it could be further subjected to experimental analysis to inhibit the T. rubrum growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Munirah Abdullah Al-Dosary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah Abdulrahman Alodaini
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - P. Perumal
- Laboratoire Information Genomique et Structurale (IGS), Marseille, France
| | - Muthusamy Jeyam
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Corresponding author.
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Espinoza LC, Sosa L, Granda PC, Bozal N, Díaz-Garrido N, Chulca-Torres B, Calpena AC. Development of a Topical Amphotericin B and Bursera graveolens Essential Oil-Loaded Gel for the Treatment of Dermal Candidiasis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101033. [PMID: 34681257 PMCID: PMC8538170 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher molecular weight and low solubility of amphotericin B (AmB) hinders its topical administration. The aim of this study was to incorporate Bursera graveolens essential oil into an AmB topical gel (AmB + BGEO gel) in order to promote the diffusion of the drug through the skin in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. AmB + BGEO gel formulation was determined using a factorial experiment. Physical and chemical parameters, stability, in vitro release profile and ex vivo permeation in human skin were evaluated. In vitro antimicrobial activity was studied using strains of C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. The tolerability was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models. AmB + BGEO gel presented appropriate characteristics for topical administration, including pH of 5.85, pseudoplastic behavior, optimal extensibility, as well as high stability and acceptable tolerability. In vitro release studies showed that the formulation releases the drug following a Boltzmann sigmoidal model. Finally, AmB + BGEO gel exhibited higher amount of drug retained inside the skin and lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration than a formulation sans essential oil. Therefore, these results suggest that the incorporation of B. graveolens essential oil in the formulation could be used as strategy to promote a local effect in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupe Carolina Espinoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.C.E.); (B.C.-T.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Lilian Sosa
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
| | - Paulo C. Granda
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Bozal
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Natalia Díaz-Garrido
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona-Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute (IBUB-IRSJD), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brenda Chulca-Torres
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.C.E.); (B.C.-T.)
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Verma SB, Panda S, Nenoff P, Singal A, Rudramurthy SM, Uhrlass S, Das A, Bisherwal K, Shaw D, Vasani R. The unprecedented epidemic-like scenario of dermatophytosis in India: III. Antifungal resistance and treatment options. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 87:468-482. [PMID: 34219433 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_303_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the canonical features of the current outbreak of dermatophytosis in India is its unresponsiveness to treatment in majority of cases. Though there appears to be discordance between in vivo and in vitro resistance, demonstration of in vitro resistance of dermatophytes to antifungals by antifungal susceptibility testing is essential as it may help in appropriate management. The practical problem in the interpretation of antifungal susceptibility testing is the absence of clinical breakpoints and epidemiologic cutoff values. In their absence, evaluation of the upper limit of a minimal inhibitory concentration of wild type isolates may be beneficial for managing dermatophytosis and monitoring the emergence of isolates with reduced susceptibility. In the current scenario, most of the cases are unresponsive to standard dosages and duration of treatment recommended until now. This has resulted in many ex-cathedra modalities of treatment that are being pursued without any evidence. There is an urgent need to carry out methodical research to develop an evidence base to formulate a rational management approach in the current scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya Panda
- Department of Dermatology, Belle Vue Clinic, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, India
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Moelbis, Germany
| | - Archana Singal
- Department of Dermatology and STD, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Shivprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Silke Uhrlass
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Moelbis, Germany
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kavita Bisherwal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Lady Hardinge Medical College and SSK Hospital, Delhi
| | - Dipika Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGI, Chandigarh, India
| | - Resham Vasani
- Department of Dermatology, Bhojani Clinic, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Kaur N, Bains A, Kaushik R, Dhull SB, Melinda F, Chawla P. A Review on Antifungal Efficiency of Plant Extracts Entrenched Polysaccharide-Based Nanohydrogels. Nutrients 2021; 13:2055. [PMID: 34203999 PMCID: PMC8232670 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin acts as a physical barrier; however, sometimes the skin gets infected by fungi, which becomes more severe if the infection occurs on the third layer of the skin. Azole derivative-based antifungal creams, liquids, or sprays are available to treat fungal infections; however, these formulations show various side effects on the application site. Over the past few years, herbal extracts and various essential oils have shown effective antifungal activity. Additionally, autoxidation and epimerization are significant problems with the direct use of herbal extracts. Hence, to overcome these obstacles, polysaccharide-based nanohydrogels embedded with natural plant extracts and oils have become the primary choice of pharmaceutical scientists. These gels protect plant-based bioactive compounds and are effective delivery agents because they release multiple bioactive compounds in the targeted area. Nanohydrogels can be applied to infected areas, and due to their contagious nature and penetration power, they get directly absorbed through the skin, quickly reaching the skin's third layer and effectively reducing the fungal infection. In this review, we explain various skin fungal infections, possible treatments, and the effective utilization of plant extract and oil-embedded polysaccharide-based nanohydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navkiranjeet Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
| | - Aarti Bains
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges Landran, Mohali 140307, Punjab, India;
| | - Ravinder Kaushik
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttrakhand, India;
| | - Sanju B. Dhull
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India;
| | - Fogarasi Melinda
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăstur 3–5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
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Permana AD, Utomo E, Pratama MR, Amir MN, Anjani QK, Mardikasari SA, Sumarheni S, Himawan A, Arjuna A, Usmanengsi U, Donnelly RF. Bioadhesive-Thermosensitive In Situ Vaginal Gel of the Gel Flake-Solid Dispersion of Itraconazole for Enhanced Antifungal Activity in the Treatment of Vaginal Candidiasis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18128-18141. [PMID: 33840187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The poor solubility of itraconazole (ITZ) has limited its efficacy in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Accordingly, the improvement of ITZ solubility using a solid dispersion technique was important to enhance its antifungal activity. Besides, as the purpose of this research was to develop local-targeting formulations, bioadhesive-thermosensitive in situ vaginal gel combined with the gel-flake system was found to be the most suitable choice. To obtain optimum solubility, entrapment efficiency, and drug-loading capacity, optimization of solid dispersion (SD) and gel-flake formulations of ITZ was performed using a composite central design. The results showed that the optimized formulation of SD-ITZ was able to significantly enhance its solubility in both water and simulated vaginal fluid to reach the values of 4.211 ± 0.23 and 4.291 ± 0.21 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the optimized formulation of SD-ITZ gel flakes possessed desirable entrapment efficiency and drug-loading capacity. The in situ vaginal gel containing SD-ITZ gel flakes was prepared using PF-127 and PF-68, as the gelling agents, with the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the mucoadhesive polymer. It was found that the obtained in situ vaginal gel provided desirable physicochemical properties and was able to retain an amount of more than 4 mg of ITZ in the vaginal tissue after 8 h. Importantly, according to the in vivo antifungal activity using infection animal models, the incorporation of the solid dispersion technique and gel-flake system in the formulation of the bioadhesive-thermosensitive in situ vaginal gel led to the most significant decrease of the growth of Candida albicans reaching <1 log colony-forming units (CFU)/mL or equivalent to <10% of the total colony after 14 days, indicating the improvement of ITZ antifungal activity compared to other treated groups. Therefore, these studies confirmed a great potential to enhance the efficacy of ITZ in treating vaginal candidiasis. Following these findings, several further experiments need to be performed to ensure acceptability and usability before the research reaches the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Dian Permana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Emilia Utomo
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Rezky Pratama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muh Nur Amir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Qonita Kurnia Anjani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Aulia Mardikasari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sumarheni Sumarheni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Himawan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Andi Arjuna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Usmanengsi Usmanengsi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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Asadi P, Mehravaran A, Soltanloo N, Abastabar M, Akhtari J. Nanoliposome-loaded antifungal drugs for dermal administration: A review. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 7:71-78. [PMID: 34553102 PMCID: PMC8443872 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.1.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous fungal infections are the fourth most common health problem, which involves approximately one billion people worldwide. Drug delivery to the skin seems to be the best choice for superficial fungal infections. Topical formulations can release a sufficient amount of drug in therapeutical concentrations and permeate higher layers of the skin like the stratum corneum. As the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum prevents the drug from penetrating the skin. Liposomes, especially nanosized as topical drug delivery systems to the skin, can show various functions depending on their size, lipids and cholesterol components, the percent of ingredients, lamellarity, and surface charge. Nanoliposomes can increase permeation through the stratum corneum, decrease systemic effects with their localizing actions, and overcome many dermal drug delivery obstacles. Antifungal drugs, such as croconazole, econazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine hydrochloride, tolnaftate, and miconazole entrapped in liposomes have indicated improved skin penetration and localizing effects. According to the literature review summarized in this paper, many studies have identified liposomes as a powerful carrier for topical antifungal drug delivery to the skin. However, a few studies introduced new generations of liposomes like ethosomes and transfersomes. This paper was conducted on almost all liposomal studies of antifungal drugs with dermal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Asadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mehravaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nahid Soltanloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center/Department of Medical mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Permana AD, Paredes AJ, Volpe-Zanutto F, Anjani QK, Utomo E, Donnelly RF. Dissolving microneedle-mediated dermal delivery of itraconazole nanocrystals for improved treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Garg A, Sharma GS, Goyal AK, Ghosh G, Si SC, Rath G. Recent advances in topical carriers of anti-fungal agents. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04663. [PMID: 32904164 PMCID: PMC7452444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal skin infections are the most common global issue for skin health. Fungal infections are often treated by topical or systemic anti-fungal therapy. Topical fungal therapy is usually preferred because of their targeted therapy and fewer side effects. Advanced topical carriers because of their distinct structural and functional features, overcome biopharmaceutical challenges associated with conventional drug delivery systems like poor retention and low bioavailability. Literature evidence indicated topical nanocarriers loaded with anti-fungal agents display superior therapeutic response with minimum toxicity. Nanocarriers often used for topical anti-fungal medication includes Solid-Lipid nanoparticles, Microemulsions, Liposomes, Niosomes, Microsponge, Nanogel, Nanoemulsion, Micelles etc. This review summarizes recent advances in novel strategies employed in topical carriers to improve the therapeutic performance of anti-fungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinava Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F.College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ganti S. Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F.College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Amit K. Goyal
- School of Chemical Sciences and. Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sudam Chandra Si
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Garg A, Singh C, Pradhan D, Ghosh G, Rath G. Topical application of nanoparticles integrated supramolecular hydrogels for the potential treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:748-756. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1740932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinava Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F.College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F.College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Design and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoformulations for the Delivery of Antifungal Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153686. [PMID: 31357647 PMCID: PMC6695956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Among different Candida species triggering vaginal candidiasis, Candida albicans is the most predominant yeast. It is commonly treated using azole drugs such as Tioconazole (TIO) and Econazole (ECO). However, their low water solubility may affect their therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, the aim of this research was to produce a novel chitosan nanocapsule based delivery system comprising of TIO or ECO and to study their suitability in vaginal application. These systems were characterized by their physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release, storage stability, cytotoxicity, and in vitro biological activity. Both nanocapsules loaded with TIO (average hydrodynamic size of 146.8 ± 0.8 nm, zeta potential of +24.7 ± 1.1 mV) or ECO (average hydrodynamic size of 127.1 ± 1.5 nm, zeta potential of +33.0 ± 1.0 mV) showed excellent association efficiency (99% for TIO and 87% for ECO). The analysis of size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the systems at 4, 25, and 37 °C (over a period of two months) showed the stability of the systems. Finally, the developed nanosystems presented fungicidal activity against C. albicans at non-toxic concentrations (studied on model human skin cells). The results obtained from this study are the first step in the development of a pharmaceutical dosage form suitable for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.
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Talaat SM, Elnaggar YSR, Abdalla OY. Lecithin Microemulsion Lipogels Versus Conventional Gels for Skin Targeting of Terconazole: In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Investigation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:161. [PMID: 30969396 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical treatment of fungal infections has several superiorities over oral treatment. However, the greatest challenge for dermal delivery is the stratum corneum which is considered an effective barrier for penetration of most antifungal drugs into deeper skin layers. Terconazole (Tr), which is the first marketed triazole antifungal, was reported to be one of the most active azoles against vaginal candidiasis. Nevertheless, our work group is the first to investigate the potential of Tr in the treatment of skin mycosis via integration into lecithin microemulsion-based lipogels (LMBGs). The microemulsion regions of the investigated systems were detected through ternary phase diagrams. The in vitro characterization studies revealed promising physicochemical merits for the selected LMBGs as well as satisfactory in vitro antifungal activity. The current research work was endeavored to investigate the potential of such novel Tr-loaded LMBGs in comparison with conventional gels. Ex vivo permeation and retention studies in addition to in vivo deposition study showed a significant improvement in the permeability of Tr through animal skin from LMBGs compared to other conventional gels. Furthermore, the optimized microemulsion lipogel proved to be safe and a nonirritant to experimental animals through the acute sensitivity study and histological skin examination. Overall, lecithin-based microemulsion lipogels of different composition confirmed their potential as interesting nanocarriers for skin delivery of terconazole compared to current therapy.
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19
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Qurt MS, Esentürk İ, Birteksöz Tan S, Erdal MS, Araman A, Güngör S. Voriconazole and sertaconazole loaded colloidal nano-carriers for enhanced skin deposition and improved topical fungal treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shah RM, Eldridge DS, Palombo EA, Harding IH. Microwave-assisted microemulsion technique for production of miconazole nitrate- and econazole nitrate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:141-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elnaggar YS, Talaat SM, Bahey-El-Din M, Abdallah OY. Novel lecithin-integrated liquid crystalline nanogels for enhanced cutaneous targeting of terconazole: development, in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5531-5547. [PMID: 27822033 PMCID: PMC5087767 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s117817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Terconazole (Tr) is the first marketed, most active triazole for vaginal candidiasis. Owing to poor skin permeation and challenging physicochemical properties, Tr was not employed for the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. This is the first study to investigate the relevance of novel lecithin-integrated liquid crystalline nano-organogels (LCGs) to improve physicochemical characteristics of Tr in order to enable its dermal application in skin candidiasis. Ternary phase diagram was constructed using lecithin/capryol 90/water to identify the region of liquid crystalline organogel. The selected organogel possessed promising physicochemical characteristics based on particle size, rheological behavior, pH, loading efficiency, and in vitro antifungal activity. Microstructure of the selected organogel was confirmed by polarized light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Ex vivo and in vivo skin permeation studies revealed a significant 4.7- and 2.7-fold increase in the permeability of Tr-loaded LCG when compared to conventional hydrogel. Moreover, acute irritation study indicated safety and compatibility of liquid crystalline organogel to the skin. The in vivo antifungal activity confirmed the superiority of LCG over the conventional hydrogel for the eradication of Candida infection. Overall, lecithin-based liquid crystalline organogel confirmed its potential as an interesting dermal nanocarrier for skin targeting purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Sr Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria
| | - Sara M Talaat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University
| | - Mohammed Bahey-El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University
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22
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Efficacy of ferulic acid encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles against Candida albicans biofilm. Microb Pathog 2016; 95:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dias MFRG, Bernardes-Filho F, Quaresma-Santos MVP, Amorim AGDF, Schechtman RC, Azulay DR. Treatment of superficial mycoses: review. Part II. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 88:937-44. [PMID: 24474103 PMCID: PMC3900345 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of
morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of
the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article
discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses,
dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used
topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use.
Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as
available options on the Brazilian and world markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni Dias
- Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, MD, PhD, Professor of the Post-Graduation program at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA - SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Fred Bernardes-Filho
- Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, MD, Post-graduation in course at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA - SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Maria Victória Pinto Quaresma-Santos
- Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, MD, Post-graduation in course at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA - SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | | | - Regina Casz Schechtman
- London University, MD, PhD in Dermatology at London University. Coordinator of the Dermatology post-graduation program and chief of the mycology sector at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA - SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - David Rubem Azulay
- Dermatology Service, Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, MD, MSc, Chief of the Dermatology Service at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA -SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. Chair Professor of the Post-graduation Program at Rio de Janeiro Pontifical Catholic University (PUC-RJ). Professor at Souza Marques Foundation and Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T Mayo
- Tiffany T. Mayo is a dermatology clinical research fellow and Wendy Cantrell is an assistant professor at The University of Alabama-Birmingham Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, Ala
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Pinheiro VA, Serikaku D, Baby AR, Velasco MVR, Kaneko TM, Consiglieri VO. Development of ciclopirox olamine topical formulations: evaluation of drug release, penetration and cutaneous retention. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 20:197-203. [PMID: 24286179 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.860544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of reducing system absorption and consequently, the side effects, and simultaneously select a penetration enhancing, three topical formulations with 0.5% ciclopirox olamine (CO) and 15% of propylene glycol (PG), ethoxydiglycol or oleic acid were developed and evaluated regarding the skin penetration and cutaneous retention of the drug using Franz diffusion cells. Release experiments were performed through synthetic membrane while dermatomed pig ear skin was used to evaluate CO skin penetration and skin retention. Retention studies were carried out applying tape stripping method and dosing CO in stratum corneum and in epidermis and dermis. A HPLC method was validated for quantifying CO. All formulations tested with synthetic membrane presented no retention of the drug. Permeation data suggested that there was no systemic absorption of ciclopirox olamine from the studied formulations, even when the skin penetration enhancers were applied. Higher concentrations of the drug were found in the stratum corneum (SC) and also in epidermis and dermis, for all of the developed formulations. The addition of enhancers improved the penetration and cutaneous retention of CO, and propylene glycol promoted higher concentrations in epidermis and dermis, probably because its cumulative effect on the skin and by an efficient solvent power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Alves Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
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Marín-Quintero D, Fernandez-Campos F, Calpena-Campmany AC, Montes-López MJ, Clares-Naveros B, Del Pozo-Carrascosa A. Formulation Design and Optimization for the Improvement of Nystatin-Loaded Lipid Intravenous Emulsion. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4015-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Güngör S, Erdal MS, Aksu B. New Formulation Strategies in Topical Antifungal Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jcdsa.2013.31a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Johnson MA, Cartmell J, Weisser NE, Woods RJ, Bundle DR. Molecular recognition of Candida albicans (1->2)-β-mannan oligosaccharides by a protective monoclonal antibody reveals the immunodominance of internal saccharide residues. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18078-90. [PMID: 22493450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.355578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-consistent model of β-mannan oligosaccharides bound to a monoclonal antibody, C3.1, that protects mice against Candida albicans has been developed through chemical mapping, NMR spectroscopic, and computational studies. This antibody optimally binds di- and trisaccharide epitopes, whereas larger oligomers bind with affinities that markedly decrease with increasing chain length. The (1→2)-β-linked di-, tri-, and tetramannosides bind in helical conformations similar to the solution global minimum. Antibody recognition of the di- and trisaccharide is primarily dependent on the mannose unit at the reducing end, with the hydrophobic face of this sugar being tightly bound. Recognition of a tetrasaccharide involves a frameshift in the ligand interaction, shown by strong binding of the sugar adjacent to the reducing end. We show that frameshifting may also be deliberately induced by chemical modifications. Molecular recognition patterns similar to that of mAb C3.1, determined by saturation transfer difference-NMR, were also observed in polyclonal sera from rabbits immunized with a trisaccharide glycoconjugate. The latter observation points to the importance of internal residues as immunodominant epitopes in (1→2)-β-mannans and to the viability of a glycoconjugate vaccine composed of a minimal length oligosaccharide hapten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Assessment of dentifrices against Candida biofilm. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1688-98. [PMID: 22328253 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of opportunistic pleiomorphic Candida albicans into oral cavity environment leads to development and progression of its resistance to both naturally occurring antifungal peptides in human saliva as well as commercially available antifungal therapies. As a result of this, the usage and popularity of natural medicine and dentifrices had increased significantly in the last decade. In the present investigation, we have assessed the action of locally available dentifrices against C. albicans biofilm. Disk diffusion test showed maximum zone of inhibition (20 mm) by herbal dentifrice (D-5) as compared to other dentifrices when incubated at 37 °C and 48 h. Assessment of dentifrice D-5 for its effectiveness against C. albicans was further shown in MIC(90) (3.12 mg mL(-1)) and SMIC(90) (6.2 mg mL(-1)) values for planktonic and sessile cells (biofilm forming), respectively. Our data depicted 80% reduction in the cell surface hydrophobicity when 6.2 mg mL(-1) of herbal dentifrice D-5 was used against 48-h grown Candida biofilm at 37 °C. Visualization of herbal dentifrice D-5-treated C. albicans biofilm under SEM revealed drastic reduction in the dense network of yeast, hyphae, and pseudohyphae enclosed in its ECM as compared to its control biofilm. The data were further supported by CLSM analysis which depicted C. albicans architecture disruption by herbal dentifrices. From the above data, it is inferred that these studies would provide researchers and medical practitioners with better insight into the antifungal effect of natural herbal dentifrices.
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Sankar V, Hearnden V, Hull K, Juras DV, Greenberg MS, Kerr AR, Lockhart PB, Patton LL, Porter S, Thornhill M. Local drug delivery for oral mucosal diseases: challenges and opportunities. Oral Dis 2011; 17 Suppl 1:73-84. [PMID: 21382140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are few topical formulations used for oral medicine applications most of which have been developed for the management of dermatological conditions. As such, numerous obstacles are faced when utilizing these preparations in the oral cavity, namely enzymatic degradation, taste, limited surface area, poor tissue penetration and accidental swallowing. In this review, we discuss common mucosal diseases such as oral cancer, mucositis, vesiculo-erosive conditions, infections, neuropathic pain and salivary dysfunction, which could benefit from topical delivery systems designed specifically for the oral mucosa, which are capable of sustained release. Each condition requires distinct penetration and drug retention profiles in order to optimize treatment and minimize side effects. Local drug delivery may provide a more targeted and efficient drug-delivery option than systemic delivery for diseases of the oral mucosa. We identify those mucosal diseases currently being treated, the challenges that must be overcome and the potential of novel therapies. Novel biological therapies such as macromolecular biological drugs, peptides and gene therapy may be of value in the treatment of many chronic oral conditions and thus in oral medicine if their delivery can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sankar
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
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Wei GX, Xu X, Wu CD. In vitro synergism between berberine and miconazole against planktonic and biofilm Candida cultures. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:565-72. [PMID: 21272859 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the antimycotic activity of the plant alkaloid berberine (BBR), alone and in combination with antifungal azoles, against planktonic and biofilm Candida cultures. DESIGN The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of BBR, miconazole (MCZ), and fluconazole (FLC) towards Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida kefyr, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis were determined by a microdilution method. For C. albicans, the synergistic effects of BBR combined with MCZ or FLC were examined in a paper disc agar diffusion assay and checkerboard microdilution assay. The effect of the BBR/MCZ combination was further investigated in a C. albicans biofilm formation model with a dual-chamber flow cell. The effect on metabolic activity of biofilm cells was established using 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT)/menadione. RESULTS Berberine inhibited the growth of various Candida species (MICs 0.98-31.25mg/L) in the following order of susceptibility: C. krusei > C. kefyr > C. glabrata > C. tropicalis > C. parapsilosis and C. albicans. Synergism between BBR and MCZ or FLC was observed in the disc diffusion assay as well as in suspension showing an FIC index <0.5 (∑FIC=0.19). Whilst neither BBR (16 mg/L) nor MCZ (0.8 mg/L) alone significantly inhibited biofilm formation of C. albicans, their combination reduced biofilm formation by >91% after 24 h, as established from the reduction in surface area coverage (P<0.01). The BBR/MCZ combination also exhibited synergy against the metabolic activity of pre-formed C. albicans biofilms in polystyrene microtiter plates (∑FIC=0.25). CONCLUSION Berberine exhibits synergistic effects with commonly used antimycotic drugs against C. albicans, either in planktonic or in biofilm growth phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xian Wei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, MC850, Chicago, IL 60612-7212, USA
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Thomas J, Jacobson GA, Narkowicz CK, Peterson GM, Burnet H, Sharpe C. REVIEW ARTICLE: Toenail onychomycosis: an important global disease burden. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 35:497-519. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
This review provides a historical overview of the analog based drug discovery of miconazole and its congeners, and is focused on marketed azole antifungals bearing the generic suffix “conazole”. The antifungal activity of miconazole, one of the first broad-spectrum antimycotic agents has been mainly restricted to topical applications. The attractive in vitro antifungal spectrum was a starting point to design more potent and especially orally active antifungal agents such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole. The chemistry, in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity, pharmacology, and clinical applications of these marketed conazoles has been described.
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Gupta M, Goyal AK, Paliwal SR, Paliwal R, Mishra N, Vaidya B, Dube D, Jain SK, Vyas SP. Development and characterization of effective topical liposomal system for localized treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. J Liposome Res 2010; 20:341-50. [DOI: 10.3109/08982101003596125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nystatin-Intralipid Preparation: Characterization and In Vitro Activity Against Yeasts and Molds. Mycopathologia 2010; 169:333-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Evolution of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors as fungicidal against Candida. Microb Pathog 2010; 48:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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NB-002, a novel nanoemulsion with broad antifungal activity against dermatophytes, other filamentous fungi, and Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3273-9. [PMID: 19433562 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00218-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NB-002 is an oil-in-water emulsion designed for use for the treatment of skin, hair, and nail infections. The activity of NB-002 was compared to the activities of the available antifungal drugs against the major dermatophytes responsible for cutaneous infections, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum spp., as well as 12 other genera of filamentous fungi. NB-002 consistently displayed fungicidal activity against all dermatophytes. The comparator compounds were either fungistatic or fungicidal, and for some strain-drug combinations, tolerance was observed. Assessment of the development of spontaneous resistance to NB-002 in different dermatophyte species yielded few stably resistant mutants. For filamentous nondermatophyte fungi, the MIC range varied from 0.06 to 0.5 microg/ml for Alternaria spp. to 2 to 8 microg/ml for Paecilomyes spp. NB-002 had activity against both azole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans yeast isolates, with MIC(90)s of 2 microg/ml, respectively, and minimum fungicidal concentrations at which 90% of isolates are inhibited of 4 and 8 microg/ml, respectively. The kinetics of the fungicidal activity of NB-002 against T. rubrum isolates were compared to those of the other antifungal drugs. NB-002 killed both mycelia and microconidia even when the fungal forms were dormant or not actively growing. Electron micrographs of mycelia and spores treated with NB-002 showed the significant disruption of the fungal structure. The in vitro broad coverage of NB-002 against filamentous fungi, dermatophytes, and C. albicans, as well as its rapid fungicidal activity, warrants further investigations to ascertain if NB-002 would be useful for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses.
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Kumar S, Kimball AB. New antifungal therapies for the treatment of onychomycosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:727-34. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780902810352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Czerninski R, Sivan S, Steinberg D, Gati I, Kagan L, Friedman M. A novel sustained-release clotrimazole varnish for local treatment of oral candidiasis. Clin Oral Investig 2009; 14:71-8. [PMID: 19404692 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of dental varnish for therapeutic purposes has been reported for fluoride or antibacterial drugs. Our objectives were to develop a sustained-release varnish containing an antifungal drug (clotrimazole) for topical application and to evaluate the release rate of the drug in human saliva in comparison with an available commercial troche and their acceptance by healthy volunteers. Following in vitro optimization of the release rate from the varnish, we have embarked on a crossover comparative study assessing the oral sensations and pharmacokinetics of a 10-mg clotrimazole oral troche versus a 10-mg sustained-release clotrimazole varnish in 14 human volunteers over a period of 5 h. Saliva samples were assessed for clotrimazole concentration by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The volunteers' evaluation of the varnish and troche (taste, other sensory changes, convenience, and oral suitability) were recorded. At all time points, salivary clotrimazole concentrations were higher, and the terminal half-life was significantly prolonged in the varnish group in comparison to the control group. This can be attributed to continuous release of clotrimazole from the varnish formulation. The duration of the drug over the minimal inhibitory concentration, following application of the varnish, was more than threefold longer than following administration of the troche. The developed sustained-release varnish can be applied in patients at a lower frequency than troches, thus, achieving higher patient compliance and efficacy. This novel varnish application can serve as the basis for a new treatment approach to oral candidiasis, a very common chronic opportunistic infection with improved clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakefet Czerninski
- The Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Borelli C, Schaller M, Niewerth M, Nocker K, Baasner B, Berg D, Tiemann R, Tietjen K, Fugmann B, Lang-Fugmann S, Korting HC. Modes of action of the new arylguanidine abafungin beyond interference with ergosterol biosynthesis and in vitro activity against medically important fungi. Chemotherapy 2008; 54:245-59. [PMID: 18587237 DOI: 10.1159/000142334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to the increasing numbers of agents for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, discoveries of new antifungal agents with therapeutic value in dermatomycoses are reported only rarely. METHODS Abafungin (chemical abstracts service registry No. 129639-79/8) is the first member of a novel class of synthetic antifungal compounds, the arylguanidines. It was first synthesized at Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany, and its antifungal action was discovered during the screening of H(2)-receptor antagonists based on the structure of famotidine. To obtain insight into its mode of action and antifungal activity, various tests were carried out with different fungal pathogens in vitro. RESULTS Abafungin was found to have potent antifungal activity. Furthermore, mode-of-action studies suggested that abafungin exerts its antifungal activity regardless of whether the pathogens are growing or in a resting state. One target of abafungin was found to be the inhibition of transmethylation at the C-24 position of the sterol side chain, catalyzed by the enzyme sterol-C-24-methyltransferase. A second action of abafungin seems to be a direct effect on the fungal cell membrane. CONCLUSION The observed characteristics of abafungin indicate that abafungin might be a promising antifungal agent defining a new class of antimycotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Borelli
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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