1
|
Treister NS, Richards SM, Lombardi MJ, Rowley P, Jensen RV, Sullivan DA. Sex-related Differences in Gene Expression in Salivary Glands of BALB/c Mice. J Dent Res 2016; 84:160-5. [PMID: 15668334 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-related differences exist in the structure and function of the major glands in a variety of species. Moreover, many of these variations appear to be unique to each tissue. We hypothesized that this sexual dimorphism is due, at least in part, to gland-specific differences in gene expression between males and females. Glands were collected from male and female BALB/c mice (n = 5/sex/experiment), and total RNA was isolated. Samples were analyzed for differentially expressed mRNAs with CodeLink microarrays, and data were evaluated by GeneSifter. Our results demonstrate that significant (P < 0.05) sex-related differences exist in the expression of numerous genes in the major salivary glands, and many of these differences were tissue-specific. These findings support our hypothesis that sex-related differences in the salivary glands are due, at least in part, to tissue-specific variations in gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Treister
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iruretagoyena JI, Davis W, Bird C, Olsen J, Radue R, Teo Broman A, Kendziorski C, Splinter BonDurant S, Golos T, Bird I, Shah D. Differential changes in gene expression in human brain during late first trimester and early second trimester of pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:431-7. [PMID: 24436137 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe brain development during the first (B1) and second trimester (B3) in human fetuses. DESIGN Ten brains from 10 to 18 weeks of gestational age (GA) were collected, and the RNA was used for transcriptome analysis (Affymetrix 1.0 ST microarray chip). Differences in brain development within 10 to 18 GA were investigated by dividing the sample into 10 to 12 (B1), 13 to 15(B2) and 16 to 18(B3) weeks. A fold change of 2 or above, with a false discovery rate of 5%, was used as cut-off to determine differential gene expression for individual genes. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to confirm differences. Tests for enrichment procedures (using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) were then used to identify functional groups of mRNA. RESULTS At 10 to 12 weeks, brains showed neuronal migration to be upregulated. From 10 to 18 weeks, brains showed genes coding for neuronal migration, differentiation and connectivity upregulated. ALDH1A1 and NPY genes, marker of spinal cord and striatum, were upregulated in B1 and B3 brains, respectively. Also, SLITRK6-HAS2 and CRYAB-PCDH18 genes for ear and eye sensory input were upregulated in B1. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, brain global gene expression was described in human samples. Period B1 was dominated by genes coding for neuronal migration, differentiation, programmed cell death and sensory organs. B3 was dominated by neuronal proliferation, branching and myelination. Creating such a database will allow comparison with abnormals in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J I Iruretagoyena
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
[Testosterone reduces the expression of keratinization-promoting genes in murine Meibomian glands]. Ophthalmologe 2013; 110:230-8. [PMID: 23224122 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-012-2661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive keratinization appears to play a major role in the dysfunction of the Meibomian gland. This article presents the potential impact of androgens on limiting keratinization in this tissue, thus, contributing to normal Meibomian gland function and a healthy ocular surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orchidectomized mice were systemically treated with either testosterone or placebo for 2 weeks. The mRNA was then extracted from the Meibomian glands and differential gene expression was investigated by microarray hybridization and evaluation with GeneSifter software as well as gene ontology information from the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium. RESULTS By z-score calculations, keratinization was the most significantly gene ontology term influenced by testosterone based on down-regulated genes in the mouse Meibomian gland. In particular, under the influence of testosterone the genes coding for small proline-rich protein (Sprr) 2a, Sprr 2b, Sprr 3, keratins 6a and 17 and periplakin were significantly down-regulated, while Sprr 1a and Sprr 2f were significantly up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone down-regulates the expression of genes promoting keratinization in the Meibomian gland. This may help to prevent Meibomian gland dysfunction by limiting excessive keratinization of this tissue and the adjacent lid margins. The findings elucidate, at least in part, the beneficial impact of androgens on Meibomian gland function and thus on th e health of the ocular surface.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate global gene expression patterns in the common iliac arteries of monkeys with a varied extent of atherosclerosis. METHODS The left common iliac artery was removed from ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (n = 12) after 6.5 years of consuming a diet containing fat and cholesterol at levels comparable with those consumed in Western populations. Arterial gene expression was analyzed using DNA microarray and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Significant differential expression of 986 genes was observed in iliac arteries containing moderate to large atherosclerotic plaques compared with normal/minimally affected reference group arteries. Atherosclerosis-associated genes included cytokines, chemokines, components of signal transduction pathways, and transcriptional activators and repressors, as well as other functional categories. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed a differential expression of genes chosen from a variety of functional categories. Specifically, the expression of genes for estrogen receptor-1, claudin 11, and brain heart protocadherin 7 was reduced, whereas the expression of genes for apolipoprotein E, growth differentiation factor 15, superoxide dismutase-2, SET domain bifurcated 2, phospholipase A2 group IIA, phospholipase A2 group VII, and ring finger protein 149 was increased in atherosclerotic arteries. CONCLUSIONS The gene expression environment in arteries containing atherosclerotic plaques is profoundly different from that of relatively unaffected arteries and reflects the cellular and molecular complexity of atherosclerosis and associated arterial remodeling processes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Arango C, Moreno C, Martínez S, Parellada M, Desco M, Moreno D, Fraguas D, Gogtay N, James A, Rapoport J. Longitudinal brain changes in early-onset psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:341-53. [PMID: 18234701 PMCID: PMC2632400 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive losses of cortical gray matter volumes and increases in ventricular volumes have been reported in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) during adolescence. Longitudinal studies suggest that the rate of cortical loss seen in COS during adolescence plateaus during early adulthood. Patients with first-episode adolescent-onset schizophrenia show less marked progressive changes, although the number of studies in this population is small. Some studies show that, although less exaggerated, progressive changes are also present in nonschizophrenia early-onset psychosis. The greater loss of brain tissue seen in COS, even some years after the first episode, as compared to adolescent- or adult-onset schizophrenia may be due to variables such as sample bias (more severe, treatment refractory sample of childhood-onset patients studied), a process uniquely related to adolescent development in COS, differential brain effects of drug treatment in this population, clinical outcome, or interactions among these variables. Findings from both cross-sectional studies of first-episode patients and longitudinal studies in COS and adolescent onset support the concept of early-onset schizophrenia as a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder with both early and late developmental abnormalities. Future studies should look for correlates at a cellular level and for pathophysiological explanations of volume changes in these populations. The association of risk genes involved in circuitries associated with schizophrenia and their relationship to developmental trajectories is another promising area of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celso Arango
- Adolescent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Adolescent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Adolescent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Fraguas
- Adolescent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nitin Gogtay
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Room 3N202, Building 10, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony James
- Highfield Adolescent Unit, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Room 3N202, Building 10, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Freed WJ, Chen J, Bäckman CM, Schwartz CM, Vazin T, Cai J, Spivak CE, Lupica CR, Rao MS, Zeng X. Gene expression profile of neuronal progenitor cells derived from hESCs: activation of chromosome 11p15.5 and comparison to human dopaminergic neurons. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1422. [PMID: 18183302 PMCID: PMC2170519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We initiated differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into dopamine neurons, obtained a purified population of neuronal precursor cells by cell sorting, and determined patterns of gene transcription. Methodology Dopaminergic differentiation of hESCs was initiated by culturing hESCs with a feeder layer of PA6 cells. Differentiating cells were then sorted to obtain a pure population of PSA-NCAM-expressing neuronal precursors, which were then analyzed for gene expression using Massive Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS). Individual genes as well as regions of the genome which were activated were determined. Principal Findings A number of genes known to be involved in the specification of dopaminergic neurons, including MSX1, CDKN1C, Pitx1 and Pitx2, as well as several novel genes not previously associated with dopaminergic differentiation, were expressed. Notably, we found that a specific region of the genome located on chromosome 11p15.5 was highly activated. This region contains several genes which have previously been associated with the function of dopaminergic neurons, including the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, IGF2, and CDKN1C, which cooperates with Nurr1 in directing the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons. Other genes in this region not previously recognized as being involved in the functions of dopaminergic neurons were also activated, including H19, TSSC4, and HBG2. IGF2 and CDKN1C were also found to be highly expressed in mature human TH-positive dopamine neurons isolated from human brain samples by laser capture. Conclusions The present data suggest that the H19-IGF2 imprinting region on chromosome 11p15.5 is involved in the process through which undifferentiated cells are specified to become neuronal precursors and/or dopaminergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Freed
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rapoport JL, Gogtay N. Brain neuroplasticity in healthy, hyperactive and psychotic children: insights from neuroimaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:181-97. [PMID: 17851542 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive brain imaging permits longitudinal studies of anatomic brain development in healthy and psychiatrically ill children. The time course for gray matter maturation varies by region and parallels earlier histological studies, indicating dynamic patterns of overproduction and regression. Developmental trajectories vary in relation to gender, intelligence, and overall functioning. Twin studies show high heritability for brain volumes, which varies with region and with age. Diagnostically specific, illness-related changes as well as outcome-associated plastic response are observed as illustrated for two pediatric populations, childhood-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conditions which may be, in part, disorders of brain plasticity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lachance PED, Chaudhuri A. Gene profiling of pooled single neuronal cell bodies from laser capture microdissected vervet monkey lateral geniculate nucleus hybridized to the Rhesus Macaque Genome Array. Brain Res 2007; 1185:33-44. [PMID: 17996221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This report is based on an ongoing study to examine gene expression differences in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Here, samples from an Old World species, the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), were cross-hybridized to the Rhesus Macaque Genome Array (Affymetrix). Microarray analysis was performed using laser capture microdissected populations of individual neuronal cell bodies isolated from the LGN compared to heterogeneous samples from whole lamina. Our results indicated that cross-species hybridization of microdissected brain tissue samples from vervet monkeys to the Rhesus array produced reliable and biologically relevant data sets. We present the first list of genes enriched in the large neuronal cell bodies of the LGN. We found that these cell bodies are concentrated with genes involved in metabolic processes and protein synthesis, whereas signaling molecules including chemokines and integrins were expressed at higher levels within heterogeneous samples. Our data set also provides support for a contribution of Wnt signaling in adult monkey LGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal E D Lachance
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A1B1.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fryknäs M, Rickardson L, Wickström M, Dhar S, Lövborg H, Gullbo J, Nygren P, Gustafsson MG, Isaksson A, Larsson R. Phenotype-based screening of mechanistically annotated compounds in combination with gene expression and pathway analysis identifies candidate drug targets in a human squamous carcinoma cell model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:457-68. [PMID: 16928983 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106288048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The squamous cell carcinoma HeLa cell line and an epithelial cell line hTERT-RPE with a nonmalignant phenotype were interrogated for HeLa cell selectivity in response to 1267 annotated compounds representing 56 pharmacological classes. Selective cytotoxic activity was observed for 14 of these compounds dominated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, which tended to span a representation of the chemical descriptor space of the library. The PDE inhibitors induced delayed cell death with features compatible with classical apoptosis. The PDE inhibitors were largely inactive when tested against a cell line panel consisting of hematological and nonsquamous epithelial phenotypes. In a genome-wide DNA microarray analysis, PDE3A and PDE2A were found to be significantly increased in HeLa cells compared to the other cell lines. The pathway analysis software PathwayAssist was subsequently used to extract a list of proteins and small molecules retrieved from Medline abstracts associated with the hit compounds. The resulting list consisted of major parts of the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway linking to ERK, P38, and AKT. This molecular network may provide a basis for further exploitation of novel candidate targets for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Treister NS, Richards SM, Rowley P, Jensen RV, Sullivan DA. Influence of testosterone on gene expression in the ovariectomized mouse submandibular gland. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114:328-36. [PMID: 16911104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgens exert significant effects on the murine submandibular gland. Our objective in this study was to determine the nature and extent of testosterone regulation of gene expression in the female submandibular gland, and to explore the degree to which this control is the same as in male glands. Ovariectomized female BALB/c mice were treated with placebo- or testosterone-containing hormone pellets for 14 d. Glands were collected and total RNA was isolated. Samples were analyzed for differential expression of mRNA using CodeLink microarrays, and the data were evaluated using genesifter. Testosterone significantly influenced the expression of over 500 genes, and while many (n = 214) of the genes were similarly differentially expressed in androgen-treated males, there were also many that were unique. These findings support our hypotheses that testosterone extensively influences gene expression in the female submandibular gland, and that the nature of this influence is variable between sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S Treister
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Scher MS. Neonatal seizure classification: a fetal perspective concerning childhood epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2006; 70 Suppl 1:S41-57. [PMID: 16889942 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal seizures are markers for time-specific etiologies during antepartum, intrapartum and neonatal time periods. Seizures with or without encephalopathic signs can represent a continuum of maternal, placental, fetal and neonatal risk factors and disease states. A multi-dimensional classification scheme for neonatal seizures is suggested that will help strategize specific therapeutic interventions to optimize neurologic outcome and anticipate later neurological morbidities including epilepsy risk. This scheme combines "epileptic" and "non-epileptic" seizure descriptions which capture time-specific and brain region-specific mechanisms for seizures. Synchronized video electroencephalographic monitoring provides the most accurate start and endpoints for cortically generated seizures. However, subcortical sites of injury may also initiate abnormal clinical signs with or without the subsequent expression of electrographic seizures. Co-registration of digital neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging with computational electroencephalographic datasets will provide more precise structure-function correlates for neonatal seizures that address both cortical and subcortical sites of injury. Finally, more precise definitions of neonatal status epilepticus need to be established because of the long-term harmful effects on brain development by prolonged seizures expressed as epilepsy and cognitive-behavioral deficits. With this expanded classification scheme for neonatal seizures, novel pharmacologic and surgical strategies can be designed for disease-specific rescue, repair, and regeneration strategies of damaged brain tissue that occur during fetal and neonatal periods, and are later expressed during infancy and childhood. Clinical neuroscientists must strive to develop a classification scheme that bridges bench to bedside concepts of developmental neural plasticity research, recognizing both negative and positive consequences of brain remodeling and repair of the child and adolescent brain. Developmental neural plasticity also extends into adulthood when brain remodeling mechanisms further contribute to epileptogenesis and continues to impair quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Scher
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, CWRU School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, M/S 6090, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Norgren RB. Expression arrays for macaque monkeys. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Rickardson L, Fryknäs M, Haglund C, Lövborg H, Nygren P, Gustafsson MG, Isaksson A, Larsson R. Screening of an annotated compound library for drug activity in a resistant myeloma cell line. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 58:749-58. [PMID: 16528529 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to anticancer drugs is a major problem in chemotherapy. In order to identify drugs with selective cytotoxic activity in drug-resistant cancer cells, the annotated compound library LOPAC1280, containing compounds from 56 pharmacological classes, was screened in the myeloma cell line RPMI 8226 and its doxorubicin-resistant subline 8226/Dox40. METHODS Cell survival was measured by the Fluorometric Microculture Cytotoxicity Assay. RESULTS Selective cytotoxic activity in 8226/Dox40 was obtained for 33 compounds, with the most pronounced difference observed for the glucocorticoids. A microarray analysis of the cells showed a difference in mRNA-expression for the glucocorticoid receptor suggesting potential mechanisms for the difference in glucocorticoid sensitivity. In the presence of the glucocorticoid-receptor antagonist RU486, the sensitivity to the glucocorticoids was reduced and a similar effect level in RPMI 8226 and 8226/Dox40 was achieved. CONCLUSION In conclusion, screening of mechanistically annotated compounds on drug-resistant cancer cells can identify compounds with selective activity and provide a basis for the development of novel treatments of drug-resistant malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rickardson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karssen AM, Li JZ, Her S, Patel PD, Meng F, Evans SJ, Vawter MP, Tomita H, Choudary PV, Bunney WE, Jones EG, Watson SJ, Akil H, Myers RM, Schatzberg AF, Lyons DM. Application of microarray technology in primate behavioral neuroscience research. Methods 2006; 38:227-34. [PMID: 16469505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of brain tissue samples applied to DNA microarrays promises to provide novel insights into the neurobiological bases of primate behavior. The strength of the microarray technology lies in the ability to simultaneously measure the expression levels of all genes in defined brain regions that are known to mediate behavior. The application of microarrays presents, however, various limitations and challenges for primate neuroscience research. Low RNA abundance, modest changes in gene expression, heterogeneous distribution of mRNA among cell subpopulations, and individual differences in behavior all mandate great care in the collection, processing, and analysis of brain tissue. A unique problem for nonhuman primate research is the limited availability of species-specific arrays. Arrays designed for humans are often used, but expression level differences are inevitably confounded by gene sequence differences in all cross-species array applications. Tools to deal with this problem are currently being developed. Here we review these methodological issues, and provide examples from our experiences using human arrays to examine brain tissue samples from squirrel monkeys. Until species-specific microarrays become more widely available, great caution must be taken in the assessment and interpretation of microarray data from nonhuman primates. Nevertheless, the application of human microarrays in nonhuman primate neuroscience research recovers useful information from thousands of genes, and represents an important new strategy for understanding the molecular complexity of behavior and mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan M Karssen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
O’Connor J, Muly EC, Hemby SE. Molecular mapping of striatal subdivisions in juvenile Macaca Mulata. Exp Neurol 2006; 198:326-37. [PMID: 16455077 PMCID: PMC5076375 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The striatum of the primate brain can be subdivided into three distinct anatomical subregions: caudate (CAU), putamen (PUT), and ventral striatum (VS). Although these subregions share several anatomical connections, cell morphological, and histochemical features, they differ considerably in their vulnerability to different neurological and psychiatric diseases, and these brain regions have significantly different functions in health and disease. In order to better understand the molecular underpinnings of the different disease and functional vulnerabilities, transcriptional profiles were generated from the CAU, PUT, and VS of five juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using human cDNA neuromicroarrays containing triplicate spots of 1227 cDNAs. Differences in microarray gene expression were assessed using z score analysis and 1.5-fold change between paired subregions. Clustering of genes based on dissimilarity of expression patterns between regions revealed subregion specific expression profiles encoding G-protein-coupled receptor signaling transcripts, transcription factors, kinases and phosphatases, and cell signaling and signal transduction transcripts. Twelve transcripts were examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and 81% demonstrated alterations similar to those seen with microarray analysis, some of which were statistically significant. Subregion specific transcription profiles support the anatomical differentiation and potential disease vulnerabilities of the respective subregions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joann O’Connor
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Emil C. Muly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Scott E. Hemby
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 336 716 8501. (S.E. Hemby)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Richards SM, Jensen RV, Liu M, Sullivan BD, Lombardi MJ, Rowley P, Schirra F, Treister NS, Suzuki T, Steagall RJ, Yamagami H, Sullivan DA. Influence of sex on gene expression in the mouse lacrimal gland. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:13-23. [PMID: 15979613 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Significant, sex-associated differences exist in the physiology and pathophysiology of the lacrimal gland. We hypothesize that many of these differences are due to fundamental variations in gene expression. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which sex-related differences in gene expression are present in the lacrimal gland. Lacrimal glands were obtained from adult male and female BALB/c mice (n=5-10mice/sex/experiment), pooled according to sex and processed for the isolation of RNA. Samples were analyzed for differentially expressed mRNAs by using Atlas Mouse cDNA Expression Arrays, cDNA amplification techniques, GEM 1 and 2 gene chips, CodeLink bioarrays and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) procedures. Quantitative evaluation of Atlas Array gene expression was performed with an image analysis system developed in our laboratory, whereas gene chip data were analyzed with Rosetta Resolver and GeneSifter.Net software. Statistical significance was determined by using Student's t-test. Our results with CodeLink bioarrays show that sex has a significant influence on the expression of over 490 genes in the mouse lacrimal gland. These genes are involved in a wide range of biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components, including such activities as development, growth, transcription, metabolism, signal transduction, transport, receptor activity and protein and nucleic acid binding. The expression of selected genes was confirmed by the use of GEM gene chips and qPCR. Our findings also demonstrate that certain methodological approaches are less useful in attempting to assess the magnitude of sex-associated differences in the lacrimal gland. These results support our hypothesis that sex-related differences in gene expression play a role in the sexual dimorphism of the lacrimal gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Richards
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia that identify longitudinal precursors of illness have been of great heuristic importance focusing most etiologic research over the past two decades. These models have varied considerably with respect to specificity and timing of hypothesized genetic and environmental 'hits', but have largely focused on insults to prenatal brain development. With heritability around 80%, nongenetic factors impairing development must also be part of the model, and any model must also account for the wide range of age of onset. In recent years, longitudinal brain imaging studies of both early and adult (to distinguish from late ie elderly) onset populations indicate that progressive brain changes are more dynamic than previously thought, with gray matter volume loss particularly striking in adolescence and appearing to be an exaggeration of the normal developmental pattern. This supports an extended time period of abnormal neurodevelopment in schizophrenia in addition to earlier 'lesions'. Many subtle cognitive, motor, and behavioral deviations are seen years before illness onset, and these are more prominent in early onset cases. Moreover, schizophrenia susceptibility genes and chromosomal abnormalities, particularly as examined for early onset populations (ie GAD1, 22q11DS), are associated with premorbid neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Several candidate genes for schizophrenia (eg dysbindin) are associated with lower cognitive abilities in both schizophrenic and other pediatric populations more generally. Postmortem human brain and developmental animal studies document multiple and diverse effects of developmental genes (including schizophrenia susceptibility genes), at sequential stages of brain development. These may underlie the broad array of premorbid cognitive and behavioral abnormalities seen in schizophrenia, and neurodevelopmental disorders more generally. Increased specificity for the most relevant environmental risk factors such as exposure to prenatal infection, and their interaction with susceptibility genes and/or action through phase-specific altered gene expression now both strengthen and modify the neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1600, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|