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Wang Q, Tang B, Hao S, Wu Z, Yang T, Tang J. Forniceal deep brain stimulation in a mouse model of Rett syndrome increases neurogenesis and hippocampal memory beyond the treatment period. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:1401-1411. [PMID: 37704033 PMCID: PMC11152200 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rett syndrome (RTT), caused by mutations in the X-linked gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), severely impairs learning and memory. We previously showed that forniceal deep brain stimulation (DBS) stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis with concomitant improvements in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in a mouse model of RTT. OBJECTIVES To determine the duration of DBS benefits; characterize DBS effects on hippocampal neurogenesis; and determine whether DBS influences MECP2 genotype and survival of newborn dentate granular cells (DGCs) in RTT mice. METHODS Chronic DBS was delivered through an electrode implanted in the fimbria-fornix. We tested separate cohorts of mice in contextual and cued fear memory at different time points after DBS. We then examined neurogenesis, DGC apoptosis, and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after DBS by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS After two weeks of forniceal DBS, memory improvements lasted between 6 and 9 weeks. Repeating DBS every 6 weeks was sufficient to maintain the improvement. Forniceal DBS stimulated the birth of more MeCP2-positive than MeCP2-negative DGCs and had no effect on DGC survival. It also increased the expression of BDNF but not VEGF in the RTT mouse dentate gyrus. CONCLUSION Improvements in learning and memory from forniceal DBS in RTT mice extends well beyond the treatment period and can be maintained by repeated DBS. Stimulation of BDNF expression correlates with improvements in hippocampal neurogenesis and memory benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bin Tang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shuang Hao
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tingting Yang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianrong Tang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Sato H, Hatakeyama J, Iwasato T, Araki K, Yamamoto N, Shimamura K. Thalamocortical axons control the cytoarchitecture of neocortical layers by area-specific supply of VGF. eLife 2022; 11:67549. [PMID: 35289744 PMCID: PMC8959604 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal abundance and thickness of each cortical layer are specific to each area, but how this fundamental feature arises during development remains poorly understood. While some of area-specific features are controlled by intrinsic cues such as morphogens and transcription factors, the exact influence and mechanisms of action by cues extrinsic to the cortex, in particular the thalamic axons, have not been fully established. Here, we identify a thalamus-derived factor, VGF, which is indispensable for thalamocortical axons to maintain the proper amount of layer 4 neurons in the mouse sensory cortices. This process is prerequisite for further maturation of the primary somatosensory area, such as barrel field formation instructed by a neuronal activity-dependent mechanism. Our results provide an actual case in which highly site-specific axon projection confers further regional complexity upon the target field through locally secreting signaling molecules from axon terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Sato
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Hatakeyama
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimamura
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Effect of New Analogs of Hexyloxy Phenyl Imidazoline on Quorum Sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum and In Silico Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Interactions. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8735190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing common occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become an urgent public health issue. There are currently some infections without any effective treatment, which require new therapeutic strategies. An attractive alternative is the design of compounds capable of disrupting bacterial communication known as quorum sensing (QS). In Gram-negative bacteria, such communication is regulated by acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). Triggering of QS after bacteria have reached a high cell density allows them to proliferate before expressing virulence factors. Our group previously reported that hexyloxy phenylimidazoline (9) demonstrated 71% inhibitory activity of QS at 100 μM (IC50 = 90.9 μM) in Chromobacterium violaceum, a Gram-negative bacterium. The aim of the present study was to take 9 as a lead compound to design and synthesize three 2-imidazolines (13–15) and three 2-oxazolines (16–18), to be evaluated as quorum-sensing inhibitors on C. violaceum CV026. We were looking for compounds with a higher affinity towards the Cvi receptor of this bacterium and the ability to inhibit QS. The binding mode of the test compounds on the Cvi receptor was explored with docking studies and molecular dynamics. It was found that 8-pentyloxyphenyl-2-imidazoline (13) reduced the production of violacein (IC50 = 56.38 μM) without affecting bacterial growth, suggesting inhibition of quorum sensing. Indeed, compound 13 is apparently one of the best QS inhibitors known to date. Molecular docking revealed the affinity of compound 13 for the orthosteric site of N-hexanoyl homoserine lactone (C6-AHL) on the CviR protein. Ten amino acid residues in the active binding site of C6-AHL in the Cvi receptor interacted with 13, and 7 of these are the same as those interacting with AHL. Contrarily, 8-octyloxyphenyl-2-imidazoline (14), 8-decyloxyphenyl-2-imidazoline (15), and 9-decyloxyphenyl-2-oxazoline (18) bound only to an allosteric site and thus did not compete with C6-AHL for the orthosteric site.
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4
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Castro-Silva ES, Bello M, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Correa-Basurto J, Murillo-Álvarez JI, Rosales-Hernández MC, Muñoz-Ochoa M. In vitro and in silico evaluation of fucosterol from Sargassum horridum as potential human acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:3259-3268. [PMID: 30088792 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1505551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fucosterol has been reported numerous biological activities. In this study, the activity in vitro of the fucosterol from Sargassum horridum as potential human acetylcholinesterase inhibitor was evaluated. The structural identification was obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and based on experimental data, we combined docking and molecular dynamics simulations coupled to the molecular-mechanics-generalized-born-surface-area approach to evaluating the structural and energetic basis for the molecular recognition of fucosterol and neostigmine at the binding site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In addition, the Lineweaver-Burk plot showed the nature of a non-competitive inhibition. The maximum velocity (Vmax) and the constant of Michaelis-Menten (Km) estimated for fucosterol (0.006 µM) were 0.015 1/Vo (ΔA/h and 6.399 1/[ACh] mM-1, respectively. While, for neostigmine (0.14 µM), the Vmax was 0.022 1/Vo (ΔA/h) and Km of 6.726 1/[ACh] mM-1, these results showed a more effective inhibition by fucosterol respect to neostigmine. Structural analysis revealed that neostigmine reaches the AChE binding site reported elsewhere, whereas fucosterol can act as a no-competitive and competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in agree with kinetic enzymatic experiments. Binding free energy calculations revealed that fucosterol reaches the acetylcholinesterase binding site with higher affinity than neostigmine, which is according to experimental results. Whereas the per-residue decomposition free energy analysis let us identify crucial residues involved in the molecular recognition of ligands by AChE. Results corroborate the ability of theoretical methods to provide crucial information at the atomic level about energetic and structural differences in the binding interaction and affinity from fucosterol with AChE. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Castro-Silva
- a Laboratorio de Química de Macroalgas, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , La Paz , Mexico
| | - M Bello
- b Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - M Hernández-Rodríguez
- c Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - J Correa-Basurto
- b Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - J I Murillo-Álvarez
- a Laboratorio de Química de Macroalgas, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , La Paz , Mexico
| | - M C Rosales-Hernández
- c Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - M Muñoz-Ochoa
- a Laboratorio de Química de Macroalgas, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , La Paz , Mexico
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mRNA expression of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channels 2 and 7 in perinatal brain development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 69:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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6
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Gygli PE, Chang JC, Gokozan HN, Catacutan FP, Schmidt TA, Kaya B, Goksel M, Baig FS, Chen S, Griveau A, Michowski W, Wong M, Palanichamy K, Sicinski P, Nelson RJ, Czeisler C, Otero JJ. Cyclin A2 promotes DNA repair in the brain during both development and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:1540-70. [PMID: 27425845 PMCID: PMC4993346 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various stem cell niches of the brain have differential requirements for Cyclin A2. Cyclin A2 loss results in marked cerebellar dysmorphia, whereas forebrain growth is retarded during early embryonic development yet achieves normal size at birth. To understand the differential requirements of distinct brain regions for Cyclin A2, we utilized neuroanatomical, transgenic mouse, and mathematical modeling techniques to generate testable hypotheses that provide insight into how Cyclin A2 loss results in compensatory forebrain growth during late embryonic development. Using unbiased measurements of the forebrain stem cell niche, we parameterized a mathematical model whereby logistic growth instructs progenitor cells as to the cell-types of their progeny. Our data was consistent with prior findings that progenitors proliferate along an auto-inhibitory growth curve. The growth retardation inCCNA2-null brains corresponded to cell cycle lengthening, imposing a developmental delay. We hypothesized that Cyclin A2 regulates DNA repair and that CCNA2-null progenitors thus experienced lengthened cell cycle. We demonstrate that CCNA2-null progenitors suffer abnormal DNA repair, and implicate Cyclin A2 in double-strand break repair. Cyclin A2's DNA repair functions are conserved among cell lines, neural progenitors, and hippocampal neurons. We further demonstrate that neuronal CCNA2 ablation results in learning and memory deficits in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E. Gygli
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joshua C. Chang
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hamza N. Gokozan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fay P. Catacutan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theresa A. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Behiye Kaya
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mustafa Goksel
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Faisal S. Baig
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shannon Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amelie Griveau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wojciech Michowski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Palanichamy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine. Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Randy J. Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Catherine Czeisler
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - José J. Otero
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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7
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Costa AP, Lopes MW, Rieger DK, Barbosa SGR, Gonçalves FM, Xikota JC, Walz R, Leal RB. Differential Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, ERK 1/2, p38(MAPK) and JNK p54/p46 During Postnatal Development of Rat Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:1160-9. [PMID: 26700434 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a group of serine-threonine kinases, including p38(MAPK), ERK 1/2 and JNK p54/p46, activated by phosphorylation in response to extracellular stimuli. The early postnatal period is characterized by significant changes in brain structure as well as intracellular signaling. In the hippocampus MAPKs have been involved in the modulation of development and neural plasticity. However, the temporal profile of MAPK activation throughout the early postnatal development is incomplete. An understanding of this profile is important since slight changes in the activity of these enzymes, in response to environmental stress in specific developmental windows, might alter the course of development. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hippocampal differential activation of MAPK during postnatal period. MAPK activation and total content were evaluated by Western blotting of hippocampal tissue obtained from male Wistar rats at postnatal days (P) 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 30 and 60. The total content and phosphorylation of each MAPK was expressed as mean ± SEM and then calculates as a percentile compared to P1 (set at 100 %). The results showed: (1) phosphorylation peaks of p38(MAPK) at PN4 (p = 0.036) and PN10 to PN60; (2) phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 were increased with age (ERK1 p = 0.0000005 and ERK2 p = 0.003); (3) phosphorylation profile of JNK p54/p46 was not changed during the period analyzed (JNKp56 p = 0.716 and JNKp46 p = 0.192). Therefore, the activity profile of ERK 1/2 and p38(MAPK) during postnatal development of rat hippocampus are differentially regulated. Our results demonstrate that ERK 1/2 and p38(MAPK) are dynamically regulated during postnatal neurodevelopment, suggesting temporal correlation of MAPK activity with critical periods when programmed cell death and synaptogenesis are occurring. This suggests an important role for these MAPKs in postnatal development of rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mark William Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Débora K Rieger
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Giovana Rocha Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Xikota
- Departamento de Pediatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Abstract
Neuropathology and neurologic impairment were characterized in a clinically relevant canine model of hypothermic (18°C) circulatory arrest (HCA) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Adult dogs underwent 2 hours of HCA (n = 39), 1 hour of HCA (n = 20), or standard CPB (n = 22) and survived 2, 8, 24, or 72 hours. Neurologic impairment and neuropathology were much more severe after 2-hour HCA than after 1-hour HCA or CPB; histopathology and neurologic deficit scores were significantly correlated. Apoptosis developed as early as 2 hours after injury and was most severe in the granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Necrosis evolved more slowly and was most severe in amygdala and pyramidal neurons in the cornu ammonis hippocampus. Neuronal injury was minimal up to 24 hours after 1-hour HCA, but 1 dog that survived to 72 hours showed substantial necrosis in the hippocampus, suggesting that, with longer survival time, the injury was worse. Although neuronal injury was minimal after CPB, we observed rare apoptotic and necrotic neurons in hippocampi and caudate nuclei. These results have important implications for CPB in humans and may help explain the subtle cognitive changes experienced by patients after CPB.
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9
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Paquet-Durand F, Sahaboglu A, Dietter J, Paquet-Durand O, Hitzmann B, Ueffing M, Ekström PAR. How long does a photoreceptor cell take to die? Implications for the causative cell death mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:575-81. [PMID: 24664746 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The duration of cell death may allow deducing the underlying degenerative mechanism. To find out how long a photoreceptor takes to die, we used the rd1 mouse model for retinal neurodegeneration, which is characterized by phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6) dysfunction and photoreceptor death triggered by high cGMP levels. Based on cellular data on the progression of cGMP accumulation, cell death, and survival, we created a mathematical model to simulate the temporal development of the degeneration and the clearance of dead cells. Both cellular data and modelling suggested that at the level of the individual cell, the degenerative process was rather slow, taking around 80 h to complete. Organotypic retinal explant cultures derived from wild-type animals and exposed to the selective PDE6 inhibitor zaprinast, confirmed the surprisingly long duration of an individual photoreceptor cell's death. We briefly discuss the possibility to link different cell death stages and their temporal progression to specific enzymatic activities known to be causally connected to cell death. This in turn opens up new perspectives for the treatment of inherited retinal degeneration, both in terms of therapeutic targets and temporal windows-of-opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Paquet-Durand
- François Paquet-Durand, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
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Innate immune responses regulate morphogenesis and degeneration: roles of Toll-like receptors and Sarm1 in neurons. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:645-54. [PMID: 24993772 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is recognized as an immunoprivileged site because peripheral immune cells do not typically enter it. Microglial cells are thought to be the main immune cells in brain. However, recent reports have indicated that neurons express the key players of innate immunity, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their adaptor proteins (Sarm1, Myd88, and Trif), and may produce cytokines in response to pathogen infection. In the absence of an immune challenge, neuronal TLRs can detect intrinsic danger signals and modulate neuronal morphology and function. In this article, we review the recent findings on the involvement of TLRs and Sarm1 in controlling neuronal morphogenesis and neurodegeneration. Abnormal behaviors in TLR- and Sarm1-deficient mice are also discussed.
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11
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Dekkers MPJ, Nikoletopoulou V, Barde YA. Cell biology in neuroscience: Death of developing neurons: new insights and implications for connectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:385-93. [PMID: 24217616 PMCID: PMC3824005 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201306136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The concept that target tissues determine the survival of neurons has inspired much of the thinking on neuronal development in vertebrates, not least because it is supported by decades of research on nerve growth factor (NGF) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Recent discoveries now help to understand why only some developing neurons selectively depend on NGF. They also indicate that the survival of most neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) is not simply regulated by single growth factors like in the PNS. Additionally, components of the cell death machinery have begun to be recognized as regulators of selective axonal degeneration and synaptic function, thus playing a critical role in wiring up the nervous system.
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12
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize both pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns and induce innate immune responses. Some TLRs are expressed in neurons and regulate neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. However, the downstream signaling pathways and effectors for TLRs in neurons are still controversial. In this report, we provide evidence that TLR7 negatively regulates dendrite growth through the canonical myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88)-c-Fos-interleukin (IL)-6 pathway. Although both TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), the results of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR suggested that TLR7 is the major TLR recognizing ssRNA in brains. In both in vitro cultures and in utero electroporation experiments, manipulation of TLR7 expression levels was sufficient to alter neuronal morphology, indicating the presence of intrinsic TLR7 ligands. Besides, the RNase A treatment that removed ssRNA in cultures promoted dendrite growth. We also found that the addition of ssRNA and synthetic TLR7 agonists CL075 and loxoribine, but not R837 (imiquimod), to cultured neurons specifically restricted dendrite growth via TLR7. These results all suggest that TLR7 negatively regulates neuronal differentiation. In cultured neurons, TLR7 activation induced IL-6 and TNF-α expression through Myd88. Using Myd88-, IL-6-, and TNF-α-deficient neurons, we then demonstrated the essential roles of Myd88 and IL-6, but not TNF-α, in the TLR7 pathway to restrict dendrite growth. In addition to neuronal morphology, TLR7 knockout also affects mouse behaviors, because young mutant mice ∼2 weeks of age exhibited noticeably lower exploratory activity in an open field. In conclusion, our study suggests that TLR7 negatively regulates dendrite growth and influences cognition in mice.
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13
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Sahaboglu A, Paquet-Durand O, Dietter J, Dengler K, Bernhard-Kurz S, Ekström PAR, Hitzmann B, Ueffing M, Paquet-Durand F. Retinitis pigmentosa: rapid neurodegeneration is governed by slow cell death mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e488. [PMID: 23392176 PMCID: PMC3593146 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For most neurodegenerative diseases the precise duration of an individual cell's death is unknown, which is an obstacle when counteractive measures are being considered. To address this, we used the rd1 mouse model for retinal neurodegeneration, characterized by phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6) dysfunction and photoreceptor death triggered by high cyclic guanosine-mono-phosphate (cGMP) levels. Using cellular data on cGMP accumulation, cell death, and survival, we created mathematical models to simulate the temporal development of the degeneration. We validated model predictions using organotypic retinal explant cultures derived from wild-type animals and exposed to the selective PDE6 inhibitor zaprinast. Together, photoreceptor data and modeling for the first time delineated three major cell death phases in a complex neuronal tissue: (1) initiation, taking up to 36 h, (2) execution, lasting another 40 h, and finally (3) clearance, lasting about 7 h. Surprisingly, photoreceptor neurodegeneration was noticeably slower than necrosis or apoptosis, suggesting a different mechanism of death for these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sahaboglu
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - O Paquet-Durand
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Dietter
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - K Dengler
- Skin Clinic, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Bernhard-Kurz
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P AR Ekström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Hitzmann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Defining structural homology between the mammalian and avian hippocampus through conserved gene expression patterns observed in the chick embryo. Dev Biol 2012; 366:125-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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CASE MICHAELA, MACMILLAN HUGHR. ON SIMULATING THE GENERATION OF MOSAICISM DURING MAMMALIAN CEREBRAL CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT. J BIOL SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339009002740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Renewed calls for a systems biology reflect the hope hat enduring biological questions at single-cell and cell-population scales will be resolved as modern molecular biology, with its reductionist program, approaches a nearly-complete characterization of the molecular mechanisms of specific cellular processes. Due to the confounding complexity of biological organization across these scales, computational science is sought to complement the intuition of experimentalists. However, with respect to the molecular basis of cellular processes during development and disease, a gulf between feasible simulations and realistic biology persists. Formidable are the mathematical and computational challenges to conducting and validating cell population-scale simulations, drawn from single-cell level and molecular level details. Nonetheless, in some biological contexts, a focus on core processes crafted by evolution can yield coarse-grained mathematical models that retain explanatory potential despite drastic simplification of known biochemical kinetics.In this article, we bring this modeling philosophy to bear on the nature of neural progenitor cell decision making during mammalian cerebral cortical development. Specifically, we present the computational component to a research program addressing developmental links between (i) the cellular response to endogenous DNA damage, (ii) primary mechanisms of neuronal genetic heterogeneity, or mosaicism, and (iii) the cell fate decision making that defines the population kinetics of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- MICHAEL A. CASE
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Box 340975, Clemson, SC, 29634-0975, USA
| | - HUGH R. MACMILLAN
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Box 340975, Clemson, SC, 29634-0975, USA
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16
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van Ooyen A. Using theoretical models to analyse neural development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:311-26. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Kim WR, Sun W. Programmed cell death during postnatal development of the rodent nervous system. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:225-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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McConnell MJ, MacMillan HR, Chun J. Mathematical modeling supports substantial mouse neural progenitor cell death. Neural Dev 2009; 4:28. [PMID: 19602274 PMCID: PMC2729736 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Existing quantitative models of mouse cerebral cortical development are not fully constrained by experimental data. Results Here, we use simple difference equations to model neural progenitor cell fate decisions, incorporating intermediate progenitor cells and initially low rates of neural progenitor cell death. Also, we conduct a sensitivity analysis to investigate possible uncertainty in the fraction of cells that divide, differentiate, and die at each cell cycle. Conclusion We demonstrate that uniformly low-level neural progenitor cell death, as concluded in previous models, is incompatible with normal mouse cortical development. Levels of neural progenitor cell death up to and exceeding 50% are compatible with normal cortical development and may operate to prevent forebrain overgrowth as observed following cell death attenuation, as occurs in caspase 3-null mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McConnell
- Crick-Jacobs Center for Theoretical and Computational Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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19
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Ullner PM, Di Nardo A, Goldman JE, Schobel S, Yang H, Engelstad K, Wang D, Sahin M, De Vivo DC. Murine Glut-1 transporter haploinsufficiency: postnatal deceleration of brain weight and reactive astrocytosis. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:60-9. [PMID: 19591936 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter type 1 (Glut-1) facilitates glucose flux across the blood-brain-barrier. In humans, Glut-1 deficiency causes acquired microcephaly, seizures and ataxia, which are recapitulated in our Glut-1 haploinsufficient mouse model. Postnatal brain weight deceleration and development of reactive astrogliosis were significant by P21 in Glut-1(+/-) mice. The brain weight differences remained constant after P21 whereas the reactive astrocytosis continued to increase and peaked at P90. Brain immunoblots showed increased phospho-mTOR and decreased phospho-GSK3-beta by P14. After fasting, the mature Glut-1(+/-) females showed a trend towards elevated phospho-GSK3-beta, a possible neuroprotective response. Lithium chloride treatment of human skin fibroblasts from control and Glut-1 DS patients produced a 45% increase in glucose uptake. Brain imaging of mature Glut-1(+/-) mice revealed a significantly decreased hippocampal volume. These subtle immunochemical changes reflect chronic nutrient deficiency during brain development and represent the experimental correlates to the human neurological phenotype associated with Glut-1 DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paivi M Ullner
- Department of Neurology, Colleen Giblin Laboratories for Pediatric Neurology Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Gohlke JM, Griffith WC, Faustman EM. Computational models of ethanol-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity across species: Implications for risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 83:1-11. [PMID: 18161053 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Computational, systems-based approaches can provide a quantitative construct for evaluating risk in the context of mechanistic data. Previously, we developed computational models for the rat, mouse, rhesus monkey, and human, describing the acquisition of adult neuron number in the neocortex during the key neurodevelopmental processes of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Here we apply mechanistic data from the rat describing ethanol-induced toxicity in the developing neocortex to evaluate the utility of these models for analyzing neurodevelopmental toxicity across species. Our model can explain long-term neocortical neuronal loss in the rodent model after in utero exposure to ethanol based on inhibition of proliferation during neurogenesis. Our human model predicts a significant neuronal deficit after daily peak BECs reaching 10-20 mg/dl, which is the approximate BEC reached after drinking one standard drink within one hour. In contrast, peak daily BECs of 100 mg/dl are necessary to predict similar deficits in the rat. Our model prediction of increased sensitivity of primate species to ethanol-induced inhibition of proliferation is based on application of in vivo experimental data from primates showing a prolonged rapid growth period in the primate versus rodent neuronal progenitor population. To place our predictions into a broader context, we evaluate the evidence for functional low-dose effects across rats, monkeys, and humans. Results from this critical evaluation suggest subtle effects are evident at doses causing peak BECs of approximately 20 mg/dl daily, corroborating our model predictions. Our example highlights the utility of a systems-based modeling approach in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Gohlke
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105-6099, USA
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21
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Lyck L, Krøigård T, Finsen B. Unbiased cell quantification reveals a continued increase in the number of neocortical neurones during early post-natal development in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 26:1749-64. [PMID: 17897392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The post-natal growth spurt of the mammalian neocortex has been attributed to maturation of dendritic arborizations, growth and myelination of axons, and addition of glia. It is unclear whether this growth may also involve recruitment of additional neurones. Using stereological methods, we analysed the number of neurones and glia in the neocortex during post-natal development in two separate strains of mice. Cell counting by the optical fractionator revealed that the number of neurones increased 80-100% from the time of birth to post-natal day (P)16, followed by a reduction by approximately 25% in the young adult mouse at P50-55. Unexpectedly, at the time of birth less than half of the neurones and at P8 only 65% of the neurones expressed neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), a marker of mature post-migratory neurones. In accordance with these observations, NeuN acquisition by neurones in layer VIa was delayed until P16. The number of glia reached its maximum at P16, whereas the number of oligodendroglia, identified using a transgenic marker, increased until P55, the latest time of observation. Neurones continued to accumulate in the developing neocortex during the first 2 weeks of post-natal development, underscoring fundamental differences in brain development in the mouse compared with human and non-human primates. Further, delayed acquisition of NeuN by neurones in the deepest neocortical layers and continued addition of oligodendroglia to the neocortex suggested that neocortical maturation should be regarded as an ongoing process continuing into the young adult mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Lyck
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
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22
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Gohlke JM, Griffith WC, Faustman EM. Computational models of neocortical neuronogenesis and programmed cell death in the developing mouse, monkey, and human. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 17:2433-42. [PMID: 17204816 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a computational model allowing quantitative simulations of acquisition of neocortical neuronal number across mammalian species. When extrapolating scientific findings from rodents to humans, it is particularly pertinent to acknowledge the importance of the accelerated enlargement of the neocortex during human evolution. Neocortex development is marked by discrete stages of neural progenitor cell proliferation and death, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal programmed cell death. We have developed computational models of human and rhesus monkey neocortical neuronal cell acquisition based on experimentally derived parameters of cell cycle length, commitment to cell cycle exit, and cell death. Our model results agree with independent stereological studies estimating neocortical neuron number in adult and developing rhesus monkey and human. Comparisons of our primate models with previously developed rodent models suggest correlations between the lengthening of the duration of the neuronogenesis period and a lengthening of the cellular processes of cell cycle progression and death can account for the vast increase in size of the primate neocortex. Furthermore, when compared with rodents, we predict that cell death may play a larger role in shaping the primate neocortex. Our mathematical models of the development and evolution of the neocortex provide a quantitative, biologically based construct for extrapolation between rodent and humans. These models can assist in focusing future experimental research on the differing mechanisms of rodent versus human neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Gohlke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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23
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Slikker W, Young JF, Corley RA, Dorman DC, Conolly RB, Knudsen TB, Erstad BL, Luecke RH, Faustman EM, Timchalk C, Mattison DR. Improving predictive modeling in pediatric drug development: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and mechanistic modeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1053:505-18. [PMID: 16179559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A workshop was conducted on November 18-19, 2004, to address the issue of improving predictive models for drug delivery to developing humans. Although considerable progress has been made for adult humans, large gaps remain for predicting pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) outcome in children because most adult models have not been tested during development. The goals of the meeting included a description of when, during development, infants/children become adult-like in handling drugs. The issue of incorporating the most recent advances into the predictive models was also addressed: both the use of imaging approaches and genomic information were considered. Disease state, as exemplified by obesity, was addressed as a modifier of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during development. Issues addressed in this workshop should be considered in the development of new predictive and mechanistic models of drug kinetics and dynamics in the developing human.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Slikker
- Office of Research, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA.
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24
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Watson RE, Desesso JM, Hurtt ME, Cappon GD. Postnatal growth and morphological development of the brain: a species comparison. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 77:471-84. [PMID: 17066419 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this report is to summarize the available literature regarding the postnatal growth and morphological development of the brain and compare the timelines for these events between humans and experimental species. While not the primary focus of this report, in acknowledgement of the evident role of maturation of neurotransmitter systems in development, a brief description of the comparative development of the NMDA receptor is included. To illustrate the challenges faced in estimating developmental toxicity potential in humans, the importance of postnatal experience in CNS development is also briefly reviewed. This review is part of the initial phase of a project undertaken by the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Technical Committee of the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) to bring together information on a selected number of organ systems and compare their postnatal development across several species (Hurtt and Sandler: Birth Defects Res Part B 68:307-308, 2003).
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25
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Gohlke JM, Griffith WC, Faustman EM. A Systems-Based Computational Model for Dose-Response Comparisons of Two Mode of Action Hypotheses for Ethanol-Induced Neurodevelopmental Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2005; 86:470-84. [PMID: 15917484 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the potential mechanisms for ethanol-induced developmental toxicity have been ongoing for over 30 years since Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) was first described. Neurodevelopmental endpoints are particularly sensitive to in utero exposure to alcohol as suggested by the more prevalent alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). The inhibition of proliferation during neurogenesis and the induction of apoptosis during the period of synaptogenesis have been identified as potentially important mechanisms for ARND. However, it is unclear how these two mechanisms quantitatively relate to the dose and timing of exposure. We have extended our model of neocortical neurogenesis to evaluate apoptosis during synaptogenesis. This model construct allows quantitative evaluation of the relative impacts on neuronal proliferation versus apoptosis during neocortical development. Ethanol-induced lengthening of the cell cycle of neural progenitor cells during rat neocortical neurogenesis (G13-G19) is used to compute the number of neurons lost after exposure during neurogenesis. Ethanol-induced dose-dependent increases in cell death rates are applied to our apoptosis model during rat synaptogenesis (P0-P14), when programmed cell death plays a major role in shaping the future neocortex. At a human blood ethanol concentration that occurs after 3-5 drinks ( approximately 150 mg/dl), our model predicts a 20-30% neuronal deficit due to inhibition of proliferation during neurogenesis, while a similar exposure during synaptogenesis suggests a 7-9% neuronal loss through induction of cell death. Experimental in vitro and in vivo dose-response research and stereological research on long-term neuronal loss after developmental exposure to ethanol is compared to our model predictions. Our computational model allows for quantitative, systems-level comparisons of mechanistic hypotheses for perturbations during specific neurodevelopmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gohlke
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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