1
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Josvai M, Polyak E, Kalluri M, Robertson S, Crone WC, Suzuki M. An engineered in vitro model of the human myotendinous junction. Acta Biomater 2024; 180:279-294. [PMID: 38604466 PMCID: PMC11088524 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is a vulnerable region at the interface of skeletal muscle and tendon that forms an integrated mechanical unit. This study presents a technique for the spatially restrictive co-culture of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived skeletal myocytes and primary tenocytes for two-dimensional modeling of the MTJ. Micropatterned lanes of extracellular matrix and a 2-well culture chamber define the initial regions of occupation. On day 1, both lines occupy less than 20 % of the initially vacant interstitial zone, referred to henceforth as the junction. Myocyte-tenocyte interdigitations are observed by day 7. Immunocytochemistry reveals enhanced organization and alignment of patterned myocyte and tenocyte features, as well as differential expression of multiple MTJ markers. On day 24, electrically stimulated junction myocytes demonstrate negative contractile strains, while positive tensile strains are exhibited by mechanically passive tenocytes at the junction. Unpatterned tenocytes distal to the junction experience significantly decreased strains in comparison to cells at the interface. Unpatterned myocytes have impaired organization and uncoordinated contractile behavior. These findings suggest that this platform is capable of inducing myocyte-tenocyte junction formation and mechanical coupling similar to the native MTJ, showing transduction of force across the cell-cell interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is an integrated structure that transduces force across the muscle-tendon boundary, making the region vulnerable to strain injury. Despite the clinical relevance, previous in vitro models of the MTJ lack the structure and mechanical accuracy of the native tissue and have difficulty transmitting force across the cell-cell interface. This study demonstrates an in vitro model of the MTJ, using spatially restrictive cues to inform human myocyte-tenocyte interactions and architecture. The model expressed MTJ markers and developed anisotropic myocyte-tenocyte integrations that resemble the native tissue and allow for force transduction from contracting myocytes to passive tenocyte regions. As such, this study presents a system capable of investigating development, injury, and pathology in the human MTJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Josvai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Centers Building, 2126, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Erzsebet Polyak
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Veterinary Medicine Bldg, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Meghana Kalluri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Centers Building, 2126, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Samantha Robertson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Veterinary Medicine Bldg, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wendy C Crone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Centers Building, 2126, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, USA; The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Masatoshi Suzuki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Engineering Centers Building, 2126, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison WI 53706, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Veterinary Medicine Bldg, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA; The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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2
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Frasch M, Ismat A, Reim I, Raufer J. The RNF220 domain nuclear factor Teyrha-Meyrha (Tey) regulates the migration and differentiation of specific visceral and somatic muscles in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:dev201457. [PMID: 37642089 PMCID: PMC10508689 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Development of the visceral musculature of the Drosophila midgut encompasses a closely coordinated sequence of migration events of cells from the trunk and caudal visceral mesoderm that underlies the formation of the stereotypic orthogonal pattern of circular and longitudinal midgut muscles. Our study focuses on the last step of migration and morphogenesis of longitudinal visceral muscle precursors and shows that these multinucleated precursors utilize dynamic filopodial extensions to migrate in dorsal and ventral directions over the forming midgut tube. The establishment of maximal dorsoventral distances from one another, and anteroposterior alignments, lead to the equidistant coverage of the midgut with longitudinal muscle fibers. We identify Teyrha-Meyhra (Tey), a tissue-specific nuclear factor related to the RNF220 domain protein family, as a crucial regulator of this process of muscle migration and morphogenesis that is further required for proper differentiation of longitudinal visceral muscles. In addition, Tey is expressed in a single somatic muscle founder cell in each hemisegment, regulates the migration of this founder cell, and is required for proper pathfinding of its developing myotube to specific myotendinous attachment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Frasch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Afshan Ismat
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Ingolf Reim
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Raufer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Moucaud B, Prince E, Jagla K, Soler C. Developmental origin of tendon diversity in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1176148. [PMID: 37143929 PMCID: PMC10151533 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis is a developmental process that is largely conserved in both Drosophila and higher organisms. Consequently, the fruit fly is an excellent in vivo model for identifying the genes and mechanisms involved in muscle development. Moreover, there is growing evidence indicating that specific conserved genes and signaling pathways govern the formation of tissues that connect the muscles to the skeleton. In this review, we present an overview of the different stages of tendon development, from the specification of tendon progenitors to the assembly of a stable myotendinous junction across three different myogenic contexts in Drosophila: larval, flight and leg muscle development. We underline the different aspects of tendon cell specification and differentiation in embryo and during metamorphosis that result into tendon morphological and functional diversity.
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4
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Mao Q, Acharya A, Rodríguez-delaRosa A, Marchiano F, Dehapiot B, Al Tanoury Z, Rao J, Díaz-Cuadros M, Mansur A, Wagner E, Chardes C, Gupta V, Lenne PF, Habermann BH, Theodoly O, Pourquié O, Schnorrer F. Tension-driven multi-scale self-organisation in human iPSC-derived muscle fibers. eLife 2022; 11:76649. [PMID: 35920628 PMCID: PMC9377800 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human muscle is a hierarchically organised tissue with its contractile cells called myofibers packed into large myofiber bundles. Each myofiber contains periodic myofibrils built by hundreds of contractile sarcomeres that generate large mechanical forces. To better understand the mechanisms that coordinate human muscle morphogenesis from tissue to molecular scales, we adopted a simple in vitro system using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human myogenic precursors. When grown on an unrestricted two-dimensional substrate, developing myofibers spontaneously align and self-organise into higher-order myofiber bundles, which grow and consolidate to stable sizes. Following a transcriptional boost of sarcomeric components, myofibrils assemble into chains of periodic sarcomeres that emerge across the entire myofiber. More efficient myofiber bundling accelerates the speed of sarcomerogenesis suggesting that tension generated by bundling promotes sarcomerogenesis. We tested this hypothesis by directly probing tension and found that tension build-up precedes sarcomere assembly and increases within each assembling myofibril. Furthermore, we found that myofiber ends stably attach to other myofibers using integrin-based attachments and thus myofiber bundling coincides with stable myofiber bundle attachment in vitro. A failure in stable myofiber attachment results in a collapse of the myofibrils. Overall, our results strongly suggest that mechanical tension across sarcomeric components as well as between differentiating myofibers is key to coordinate the multi-scale self-organisation of muscle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Mao
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Achyuth Acharya
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Fabio Marchiano
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Dehapiot
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Ziad Al Tanoury
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jyoti Rao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | | | - Arian Mansur
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Erica Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Claire Chardes
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Bianca H Habermann
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IDBM, Marseille, France
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5
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Yang S, McAdow J, Du Y, Trigg J, Taghert PH, Johnson AN. Spatiotemporal expression of regulatory kinases directs the transition from mitosis to cellular morphogenesis in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2022; 13:772. [PMID: 35140224 PMCID: PMC8828718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryogenesis depends on a tightly regulated balance between mitosis, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Understanding how the embryo uses a relatively small number of proteins to transition between growth and morphogenesis is a central question of developmental biology, but the mechanisms controlling mitosis and differentiation are considered to be fundamentally distinct. Here we show the mitotic kinase Polo, which regulates all steps of mitosis in Drosophila, also directs cellular morphogenesis after cell cycle exit. In mitotic cells, the Aurora kinases activate Polo to control a cytoskeletal regulatory module that directs cytokinesis. We show that in the post-mitotic mesoderm, the control of Polo activity transitions from the Aurora kinases to the uncharacterized kinase Back Seat Driver (Bsd), where Bsd and Polo cooperate to regulate muscle morphogenesis. Polo and its effectors therefore direct mitosis and cellular morphogenesis, but the transition from growth to morphogenesis is determined by the spatiotemporal expression of upstream activating kinases. The mechanisms regulating mitosis and differentiation during development are thought to be distinct. Here they show that in Drosophila the mitotic kinase Polo regulates cellular morphogenesis after cell cycle exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer McAdow
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yingqiu Du
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Trigg
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Paul H Taghert
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Aaron N Johnson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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6
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Pérez-Moreno JJ, Santa-Cruz Mateos C, Martín-Bermudo MD, Estrada B. LanB1 Cooperates With Kon-Tiki During Embryonic Muscle Migration in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:749723. [PMID: 35047493 PMCID: PMC8762229 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle development is a multistep process that involves cell specification, myoblast fusion, myotube migration, and attachment to the tendons. In spite of great efforts trying to understand the basis of these events, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying myotube migration. Knowledge of the few molecular cues that guide this migration comes mainly from studies in Drosophila. The migratory process of Drosophila embryonic muscles involves a first phase of migration, where muscle progenitors migrate relative to each other, and a second phase, where myotubes migrate searching for their future attachment sites. During this phase, myotubes form extensive filopodia at their ends oriented preferentially toward their attachment sites. This myotube migration and the subsequent muscle attachment establishment are regulated by cell adhesion receptors, such as the conserved proteoglycan Kon-tiki/Perdido. Laminins have been shown to regulate the migratory behavior of many cell populations, but their role in myotube migration remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that laminins, previously implicated in muscle attachment, are indeed required for muscle migration to tendon cells. Furthermore, we find that laminins genetically interact with kon-tiki/perdido to control both myotube migration and attachment. All together, our results uncover a new role for the interaction between laminins and Kon-tiki/Perdido during Drosophila myogenesis. The identification of new players and molecular interactions underlying myotube migration broadens our understanding of muscle development and disease.
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7
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Laurichesse Q, Moucaud B, Laddada L, Renaud Y, Jagla K, Soler C. Transcriptomic and Genetic Analyses Identify the Krüppel-Like Factor Dar1 as a New Regulator of Tube-Shaped Long Tendon Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:747563. [PMID: 34977007 PMCID: PMC8716952 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.747563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure locomotion and body stability, the active role of muscle contractions relies on a stereotyped muscle pattern set in place during development. This muscle patterning requires a precise assembly of the muscle fibers with the skeleton via a specialized connective tissue, the tendon. Like in vertebrate limbs, Drosophila leg muscles make connections with specific long tendons that extend through different segments. During the leg disc development, cell precursors of long tendons rearrange and collectively migrate to form a tube-shaped structure. A specific developmental program underlies this unique feature of tendon-like cells in the Drosophila model. We provide for the first time a transcriptomic profile of leg tendon precursors through fluorescence-based cell sorting. From promising candidates, we identified the Krüppel-like factor Dar1 as a critical actor of leg tendon development. Specifically expressed in the leg tendon precursors, loss of dar1 disrupts actin-rich filopodia formation and tendon elongation. Our findings show that Dar1 acts downstream of Stripe and is required to set up the correct number of tendon progenitors.
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8
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Mechanobiology of muscle and myofibril morphogenesis. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203760. [PMID: 34863916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscles generate forces for animal locomotion. The contractile apparatus of muscles is the sarcomere, a highly regular array of large actin and myosin filaments linked by gigantic titin springs. During muscle development many sarcomeres assemble in series into long periodic myofibrils that mechanically connect the attached skeleton elements. Thus, ATP-driven myosin forces can power movement of the skeleton. Here we review muscle and myofibril morphogenesis, with a particular focus on their mechanobiology. We describe recent progress on the molecular structure of sarcomeres and their mechanical connections to the skeleton. We discuss current models predicting how tension coordinates the assembly of key sarcomeric components to periodic myofibrils that then further mature during development. This requires transcriptional feedback mechanisms that may help to coordinate myofibril assembly and maturation states with the transcriptional program. To fuel the varying energy demands of muscles we also discuss the close mechanical interactions of myofibrils with mitochondria and nuclei to optimally support powerful or enduring muscle fibers.
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9
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Poliacikova G, Maurel-Zaffran C, Graba Y, Saurin AJ. Hox Proteins in the Regulation of Muscle Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731996. [PMID: 34733846 PMCID: PMC8558437 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode evolutionary conserved transcription factors that specify the anterior-posterior axis in all bilaterians. Being well known for their role in patterning ectoderm-derivatives, such as CNS and spinal cord, Hox protein function is also crucial in mesodermal patterning. While well described in the case of the vertebrate skeleton, much less is known about Hox functions in the development of different muscle types. In contrast to vertebrates however, studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have provided precious insights into the requirement of Hox at multiple stages of the myogenic process. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of Hox protein function in Drosophila and vertebrate muscle development, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying target gene regulation in this process. Emphasizing a tight ectoderm/mesoderm cross talk for proper locomotion, we discuss shared principles between CNS and muscle lineage specification and the emerging role of Hox in neuromuscular circuit establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yacine Graba
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Andrew J Saurin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
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10
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Shen X, Liu Z, Wang C, Xu F, Zhang J, Li M, Lei Y, Wang A, Bi C, Zhu G. Inhibition of Postn Rescues Myogenesis Defects in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Myoblast Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710112. [PMID: 34490258 PMCID: PMC8417118 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an inherited neuromuscular disease caused by expanded CTG repeats in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the DMPK gene. The myogenesis process is defective in DM1, which is closely associated with progressive muscle weakness and wasting. Despite many proposed explanations for the myogenesis defects in DM1, the underlying mechanism and the involvement of the extracellular microenvironment remained unknown. Here, we constructed a DM1 myoblast cell model and reproduced the myogenesis defects. By RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we discovered that periostin (Postn) was the most significantly upregulated gene in DM1 myogenesis compared with normal controls. This difference in Postn was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Moreover, Postn was found to be significantly upregulated in skeletal muscle and myoblasts of DM1 patients. Next, we knocked down Postn using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in DM1 myoblast cells and found that the myogenesis defects in the DM1 group were successfully rescued, as evidenced by increases in the myotube area, the fusion index, and the expression of myogenesis regulatory genes. Similarly, Postn knockdown in normal myoblast cells enhanced myogenesis. As POSTN is a secreted protein, we treated the DM1 myoblast cells with a POSTN-neutralizing antibody and found that DM1 myogenesis defects were successfully rescued by POSTN neutralization. We also tested the myogenic ability of myoblasts in the skeletal muscle injury mouse model and found that Postn knockdown improved the myogenic ability of DM1 myoblasts. The activity of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway was upregulated during DM1 myogenesis but repressed when inhibiting Postn with a Postn shRNA or a POSTN-neutralizing antibody, which suggested that the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway might mediate the function of Postn in DM1 myogenesis. These results suggest that Postn is a potential therapeutical target for the treatment of myogenesis defects in DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Shen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhongxian Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Meng Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Wuhu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhu, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Chao Bi
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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11
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A Possible Accessory Muscle of the Serratus Posterior Superior Muscle. REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/reports4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical variation is defined as the normal range of possibilities in the topography and morphology of body structures. In contrast, an anomaly is any structural or functional anatomical finding beyond the normal range of possibilities. This case study describes a muscular anomaly found in a 73-year-old preserved Caucasian male. We observed a left-sided anomalous muscle originating from the transverse process of the C1 (Atlas) vertebra and inserting onto the proximal attachment of the serratus posterior superior (SPS) muscle at the C7 level. We suggest that this anomaly is a result of early embryological development and hypothesize that the atypical neck muscle may reinforce the action of the SPS. This finding is rare and no reference of it can be found in the literature. Reporting anatomical anomalies is important for the medical literature and education.
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12
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Kaya-Çopur A, Marchiano F, Hein MY, Alpern D, Russeil J, Luis NM, Mann M, Deplancke B, Habermann BH, Schnorrer F. The Hippo pathway controls myofibril assembly and muscle fiber growth by regulating sarcomeric gene expression. eLife 2021; 10:e63726. [PMID: 33404503 PMCID: PMC7815313 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are composed of gigantic cells called muscle fibers, packed with force-producing myofibrils. During development, the size of individual muscle fibers must dramatically enlarge to match with skeletal growth. How muscle growth is coordinated with growth of the contractile apparatus is not understood. Here, we use the large Drosophila flight muscles to mechanistically decipher how muscle fiber growth is controlled. We find that regulated activity of core members of the Hippo pathway is required to support flight muscle growth. Interestingly, we identify Dlg5 and Slmap as regulators of the STRIPAK phosphatase, which negatively regulates Hippo to enable post-mitotic muscle growth. Mechanistically, we show that the Hippo pathway controls timing and levels of sarcomeric gene expression during development and thus regulates the key components that physically mediate muscle growth. Since Dlg5, STRIPAK and the Hippo pathway are conserved a similar mechanism may contribute to muscle or cardiomyocyte growth in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Kaya-Çopur
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Fabio Marchiano
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
| | - Marco Y Hein
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Daniel Alpern
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Julie Russeil
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Nuno Miguel Luis
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
| | - Matthias Mann
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Bianca H Habermann
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
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13
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An insight on Drosophila myogenesis and its assessment techniques. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9849-9863. [PMID: 33263930 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Movement assisted by muscles forms the basis of various behavioural traits seen in Drosophila. Myogenesis involves developmental processes like cellular specification, differentiation, migration, fusion, adherence to tendons and neuronal innervation in a series of coordinated event well defined in body space and time. Gene regulatory networks are switched on-off, fine tuning at the right developmental stage to assist each cellular event. Drosophila is a holometabolous organism that undergoes myogenesis waves at two developmental stages, and is ideal for comparative analysis of the role of genes and genetic pathways conserved across phyla. In this review we have summarized myogenic events from the embryo to adult focussing on the somatic muscle development during the early embryonic stage and then on indirect flight muscles (IFM) formation required for adult life, emphasizing on recent trends of analysing muscle mutants and advances in Drosophila muscle biology.
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14
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Carayon A, Bataillé L, Lebreton G, Dubois L, Pelletier A, Carrier Y, Wystrach A, Vincent A, Frendo JL. Intrinsic control of muscle attachment sites matching. eLife 2020; 9:57547. [PMID: 32706334 PMCID: PMC7431191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis is an evolutionarily conserved process. Little known, however, is how the morphology of each muscle is determined, such that movements relying upon contraction of many muscles are both precise and coordinated. Each Drosophila larval muscle is a single multinucleated fibre whose morphology reflects expression of distinctive identity Transcription Factors (iTFs). By deleting transcription cis-regulatory modules of one iTF, Collier, we generated viable muscle identity mutants, allowing live imaging and locomotion assays. We show that both selection of muscle attachment sites and muscle/muscle matching is intrinsic to muscle identity and requires transcriptional reprogramming of syncytial nuclei. Live-imaging shows that the staggered muscle pattern involves attraction to tendon cells and heterotypic muscle-muscle adhesion. Unbalance leads to formation of branched muscles, and this correlates with locomotor behavior deficit. Thus, engineering Drosophila muscle identity mutants allows to investigate, in vivo, physiological and mechanical properties of abnormal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Carayon
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laetitia Bataillé
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaëlle Lebreton
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Dubois
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurore Pelletier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Carrier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Wystrach
- Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Vincent
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Frendo
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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15
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Poovathumkadavil P, Jagla K. Genetic Control of Muscle Diversification and Homeostasis: Insights from Drosophila. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061543. [PMID: 32630420 PMCID: PMC7349286 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the larval somatic muscles or the adult thoracic flight and leg muscles are the major voluntary locomotory organs. They share several developmental and structural similarities with vertebrate skeletal muscles. To ensure appropriate activity levels for their functions such as hatching in the embryo, crawling in the larva, and jumping and flying in adult flies all muscle components need to be maintained in a functionally stable or homeostatic state despite constant strain. This requires that the muscles develop in a coordinated manner with appropriate connections to other cell types they communicate with. Various signaling pathways as well as extrinsic and intrinsic factors are known to play a role during Drosophila muscle development, diversification, and homeostasis. In this review, we discuss genetic control mechanisms of muscle contraction, development, and homeostasis with particular emphasis on the contractile unit of the muscle, the sarcomere.
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16
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Nikonova E, Kao SY, Spletter ML. Contributions of alternative splicing to muscle type development and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:65-80. [PMID: 32070639 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animals possess a wide variety of muscle types that support different kinds of movements. Different muscles have distinct locations, morphologies and contractile properties, raising the question of how muscle diversity is generated during development. Normal aging processes and muscle disorders differentially affect particular muscle types, thus understanding how muscles normally develop and are maintained provides insight into alterations in disease and senescence. As muscle structure and basic developmental mechanisms are highly conserved, many important insights into disease mechanisms in humans as well as into basic principles of muscle development have come from model organisms such as Drosophila, zebrafish and mouse. While transcriptional regulation has been characterized to play an important role in myogenesis, there is a growing recognition of the contributions of alternative splicing to myogenesis and the refinement of muscle function. Here we review our current understanding of muscle type specific alternative splicing, using examples of isoforms with distinct functions from both vertebrates and Drosophila. Future exploration of the vast potential of alternative splicing to fine-tune muscle development and function will likely uncover novel mechanisms of isoform-specific regulation and a more holistic understanding of muscle development, disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nikonova
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Shao-Yen Kao
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Maria L Spletter
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Li QF, Wang H, Zheng L, Yang F, Li HZ, Li JX, Cheng D, Lu K, Liu Y. Effects of Modest Hypoxia and Exercise on Cardiac Function, Sleep-Activity, Negative Geotaxis Behavior of Aged Female Drosophila. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1610. [PMID: 32038290 PMCID: PMC6985434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild normobaric hypoxia (NH) and modest exercise have multiple beneficial effects on health, but the changes in physiological function induced by NH and/or exercise remain unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the specific effects of NH and/or exercise on cardiac function and myocardial structure and behavior including sleep-activity and negative geotaxis in aged Drosophila. We also assessed the survival rate of flies after hypoxia and/or exercise. One-thousand wild-type w1118 virgin female flies were randomly divided into four groups and treated with NH and/or exercise from ages 3-6 weeks. We found that exercise remarkably delayed the decline of actin and myosin and the age-related changes in cardiac structure, improved abnormal cardiac contraction, and enhanced the cardiac pumping force by inducing cardiac hypertrophy and delaying deterioration of cardiac contractility and diastolic compliance, and improved abnormal heart contraction. NH also increased the content of actin and myosin, but induced a decrease in heart diameter and heart rate, as well as an increase in the number of mitochondria and deeper sleep, which may be the manifestation of energy saving under long-term hypoxia. Both NH and exercise improved sleep quality and climbing ability of aged flies, as well as extended the maximum life span, which shows the benefits of hypoxia and exercise. Finally, the superposition of NH and exercise did not impart any obvious physiological and behavior improvement. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the appropriate combination of hypoxia and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Han Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Xiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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18
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Qin J, Sun Y, Liu S, Zhao R, Zhang Q, Pang W. MicroRNA-323-3p promotes myogenesis by targeting Smad2. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18751-18761. [PMID: 31218742 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an important and complex organ with multiple biological functions in humans and animals. Proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts are the key steps during the development of skeletal muscle. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of 21-nucleotide noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression by combining with the 3'-untranslated region of target messenger RNA. Many studies in recent years have suggested that miRNAs play a critical role in myogenesis. Through high-throughput sequencing, we found that miR-323-3p showed significant changes in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Rongchang pigs in different age groups. In this study, we discovered that overexpression of miR-323-3p repressed myoblast proliferation and promoted differentiation, whereas the inhibitor of miR-323-3p displayed the opposite results. Furthermore, we predicted Smad2 as the target gene of miR-323-3p and found that miR-323-3p directly modulated the expression level of Smad2. Then luciferase reporter assays verified that Smad2 was a target gene of miR-323-3p during the differentiation of myoblasts. These findings reveal that miR-323-3p is a positive regulator of myogenesis by targeting Smad2. This provides a novel mechanism of miRNAs in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunmei Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuge Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weijun Pang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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19
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Rubio NR, Fish KD, Trimmer BA, Kaplan DL. Possibilities for Engineered Insect Tissue as a Food Source. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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20
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A Large Scale Systemic RNAi Screen in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum Identifies Novel Genes Involved in Insect Muscle Development. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:1009-1026. [PMID: 30733381 PMCID: PMC6469426 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although muscle development has been widely studied in Drosophila melanogaster there are still many gaps in our knowledge, and it is not known to which extent this knowledge can be transferred to other insects. To help in closing these gaps we participated in a large-scale RNAi screen that used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a screening platform. The effects of systemic RNAi were screened upon double-stranded RNA injections into appropriate muscle-EGFP tester strains. Injections into pupae were followed by the analysis of the late embryonic/early larval muscle patterns, and injections into larvae by the analysis of the adult thoracic muscle patterns. Herein we describe the results of the first-pass screens with pupal and larval injections, which covered ∼8,500 and ∼5,000 genes, respectively, of a total of ∼16,500 genes of the Tribolium genome. Apart from many genes known from Drosophila as regulators of muscle development, a collection of genes previously unconnected to muscle development yielded phenotypes in larval body wall and leg muscles as well as in indirect flight muscles. We then present the main candidates from the pupal injection screen that remained after being processed through a series of verification and selection steps. Further, we discuss why distinct though overlapping sets of genes are revealed by the Drosophila and Tribolium screening approaches.
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21
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Nikonova E, Kao SY, Ravichandran K, Wittner A, Spletter ML. Conserved functions of RNA-binding proteins in muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 110:29-49. [PMID: 30818081 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animals require different types of muscle for survival, for example for circulation, motility, reproduction and digestion. Much emphasis in the muscle field has been placed on understanding how transcriptional regulation generates diverse types of muscle during development. Recent work indicates that alternative splicing and RNA regulation are as critical to muscle development, and altered function of RNA-binding proteins causes muscle disease. Although hundreds of genes predicted to bind RNA are expressed in muscles, many fewer have been functionally characterized. We present a cross-species view summarizing what is known about RNA-binding protein function in muscle, from worms and flies to zebrafish, mice and humans. In particular, we focus on alternative splicing regulated by the CELF, MBNL and RBFOX families of proteins. We discuss the systemic nature of diseases associated with loss of RNA-binding proteins in muscle, focusing on mis-regulation of CELF and MBNL in myotonic dystrophy. These examples illustrate the conservation of RNA-binding protein function and the marked utility of genetic model systems in understanding mechanisms of RNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nikonova
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Shao-Yen Kao
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Keshika Ravichandran
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Anja Wittner
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Maria L Spletter
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Du J, Zhang P, Zhao X, He J, Xu Y, Zou Q, Luo J, Shen L, Gu H, Tang Q, Li M, Jiang Y, Tang G, Bai L, Li X, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhu L. MicroRNA-351-5p mediates skeletal myogenesis by directly targeting lactamase-β and is regulated by lnc-mg. FASEB J 2018; 33:1911-1926. [PMID: 30216112 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701394rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an important and complex organ with a variety of functions in humans and animals. Skeletal myogenesis is a multistep and complex process, and increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in skeletal myogenesis. In this study the expression of miR-351-5p is dynamically regulated during skeletal myogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Cell-counting kit-8, qRT-PCR, and EdU immunofluorescence analysis showed that miR-351-5p overexpression promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of C2C12 myoblast, whereas inhibition of miR-351-5p had the opposite effect. In addition, miR-351-5p mediated the regulation of muscle fiber type transition in vivo. In vitro, loss of miR-351-5p in muscle tissues promoted muscle hypertrophy and increased slow-twitch fibers in the gastrocnemius muscles of mice. Luciferase reporter assay and functional analyses demonstrated that lactamase β ( LACTB) is a direct target of miR-351-5p involved in the regulation of skeletal myogenesis. Expression levels of a myogenesis-associated lncRNA ( lnc-mg) correlated negatively with miR-351-5p and positively with LACTB during C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Further analyses showed that lnc-mg acted as a molecular sponge for miR-351-5p, demonstrating its involvement in the negative regulation of LACTB by miR-351-5p during skeletal myogenesis. These findings indicate that miRNA-351-5p functions in skeletal myogenesis by targeting LACTB and is regulated by lnc-mg, supporting the role of the competing endogenous RNA network in skeletal myogenesis.-Du, J., Zhang, P., Zhao, X., He, J., Xu, Y., Zou, Q., Luo, J., Shen, L., Gu, H., Tang, Q., Li, M., Jiang, Y., Tang, G., Bai, L., Li, X., Wang, J., Zhang, S., Zhu, L. MicroRNA-351-5p mediates skeletal myogenesis by directly targeting lactamase β and is regulated by lnc-mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zou
- College of Life and Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; and
| | - Jia Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanzhi Jiang
- College of Life and Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; and
| | - Guoqing Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Richier B, Inoue Y, Dobramysl U, Friedlander J, Brown NH, Gallop JL. Integrin signaling downregulates filopodia during muscle-tendon attachment. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217133. [PMID: 30054384 PMCID: PMC6127725 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to sense their environment to ensure accurate targeting to specific destinations. This occurs in developing muscles, which need to attach to tendon cells before muscle contractions can begin. Elongating myotube tips form filopodia, which are presumed to have sensory roles, and are later suppressed upon building the attachment site. Here, we use live imaging and quantitative image analysis of lateral transverse (LT) myotubes in Drosophila to show that filopodia suppression occurs as a result of integrin signaling. Loss of the integrin subunits αPS2 and βPS (also known as If and Mys, respectively, in flies) increased filopodia number and length at stages when they are normally suppressed. Conversely, inducing integrin signaling, achieved by the expression of constitutively dimerised βPS cytoplasmic domain (diβ), prematurely suppressed filopodia. We discovered that the integrin signal is transmitted through the protein G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting ArfGAP (Git) and its downstream kinase p21-activated kinase (Pak). Absence of these proteins causes profuse filopodia and prevents the filopodial inhibition mediated by diβ. Thus, integrin signaling terminates the exploratory behavior of myotubes seeking tendons, enabling the actin machinery to focus on forming a strong attachment and assembling the contractile apparatus. Summary: Integrins signal through Git and Pak to downregulate filopodia when muscles reach their target attachment site in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Richier
- The Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Yoshiko Inoue
- The Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.,Dept. of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Ulrich Dobramysl
- The Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Jonathan Friedlander
- The Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Dept. of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Nicholas H Brown
- The Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Dept. of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Jennifer L Gallop
- The Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK .,Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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24
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Adachi N, Pascual-Anaya J, Hirai T, Higuchi S, Kuroda S, Kuratani S. Stepwise participation of HGF/MET signaling in the development of migratory muscle precursors during vertebrate evolution. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:18. [PMID: 29946484 PMCID: PMC6004694 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal musculature of gnathostomes, which is derived from embryonic somites, consists of epaxial and hypaxial portions. Some hypaxial muscles, such as tongue and limb muscles, undergo de-epithelialization and migration during development. Delamination and migration of these myoblasts, or migratory muscle precursors (MMPs), is generally thought to be regulated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) signaling. However, the prevalence of this mechanism and the expression patterns of the genes involved in MMP development across different vertebrate species remain elusive. RESULTS We performed a comparative analysis of Hgf and Met gene expression in several vertebrates, including mouse, chicken, dogfish (Scyliorhinus torazame), and lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum). While both Hgf and Met were expressed during development in the mouse tongue muscle, and in limb muscle formation in the mouse and chicken, we found no clear evidence for the involvement of HGF/MET signaling in MMP development in shark or lamprey embryos. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the expressions and functions of both Hgf and Met genes do not represent shared features of vertebrate MMPs, suggesting a stepwise participation of HGF/MET signaling in MMP development during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Adachi
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Present address: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Higuchi
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Shunya Kuroda
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
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25
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Schneider RA. Neural crest and the origin of species-specific pattern. Genesis 2018; 56:e23219. [PMID: 30134069 PMCID: PMC6108449 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For well over half of the 150 years since the discovery of the neural crest, the special ability of these cells to function as a source of species-specific pattern has been clearly recognized. Initially, this observation arose in association with chimeric transplant experiments among differentially pigmented amphibians, where the neural crest origin for melanocytes had been duly noted. Shortly thereafter, the role of cranial neural crest cells in transmitting species-specific information on size and shape to the pharyngeal arch skeleton as well as in regulating the timing of its differentiation became readily apparent. Since then, what has emerged is a deeper understanding of how the neural crest accomplishes such a presumably difficult mission, and this includes a more complete picture of the molecular and cellular programs whereby neural crest shapes the face of each species. This review covers studies on a broad range of vertebrates and describes neural-crest-mediated mechanisms that endow the craniofacial complex with species-specific pattern. A major focus is on experiments in quail and duck embryos that reveal a hierarchy of cell-autonomous and non-autonomous signaling interactions through which neural crest generates species-specific pattern in the craniofacial integument, skeleton, and musculature. By controlling size and shape throughout the development of these systems, the neural crest underlies the structural and functional integration of the craniofacial complex during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Schneider
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus AvenueS‐1161San Francisco, California
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26
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André LM, Ausems CRM, Wansink DG, Wieringa B. Abnormalities in Skeletal Muscle Myogenesis, Growth, and Regeneration in Myotonic Dystrophy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:368. [PMID: 29892259 PMCID: PMC5985300 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) are autosomal dominant degenerative neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, atrophy, and myotonia with progeroid features. Although both DM1 and DM2 are characterized by skeletal muscle dysfunction and also share other clinical features, the diseases differ in the muscle groups that are affected. In DM1, distal muscles are mainly affected, whereas in DM2 problems are mostly found in proximal muscles. In addition, manifestation in DM1 is generally more severe, with possible congenital or childhood-onset of disease and prominent CNS involvement. DM1 and DM2 are caused by expansion of (CTG•CAG)n and (CCTG•CAGG)n repeats in the 3' non-coding region of DMPK and in intron 1 of CNBP, respectively, and in overlapping antisense genes. This critical review will focus on the pleiotropic problems that occur during development, growth, regeneration, and aging of skeletal muscle in patients who inherited these expansions. The current best-accepted idea is that most muscle symptoms can be explained by pathomechanistic effects of repeat expansion on RNA-mediated pathways. However, aberrations in DNA replication and transcription of the DM loci or in protein translation and proteome homeostasis could also affect the control of proliferation and differentiation of muscle progenitor cells or the maintenance and physiological integrity of muscle fibers during a patient's lifetime. Here, we will discuss these molecular and cellular processes and summarize current knowledge about the role of embryonic and adult muscle-resident stem cells in growth, homeostasis, regeneration, and premature aging of healthy and diseased muscle tissue. Of particular interest is that also progenitor cells from extramuscular sources, such as pericytes and mesoangioblasts, can participate in myogenic differentiation. We will examine the potential of all these types of cells in the application of regenerative medicine for muscular dystrophies and evaluate new possibilities for their use in future therapy of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène M André
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - C Rosanne M Ausems
- Department of Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Derick G Wansink
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bé Wieringa
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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27
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Lee JK, Hallock PT, Burden SJ. Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 regulates myoblast proliferation and controls muscle fiber length. eLife 2017; 6:29905. [PMID: 29231808 PMCID: PMC5752197 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle fiber length is nearly uniform within a muscle but widely different among different muscles. We show that Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 (Abl2) has a key role in regulating myofiber length, as a loss of Abl2 leads to excessively long myofibers in the diaphragm, intercostal and levator auris muscles but not limb muscles. Increased myofiber length is caused by enhanced myoblast proliferation, expanding the pool of myoblasts and leading to increased myoblast fusion. Abl2 acts in myoblasts, but as a consequence of expansion of the diaphragm muscle, the diaphragm central tendon is reduced in size, likely contributing to reduced stamina of Abl2 mutant mice. Ectopic muscle islands, each composed of myofibers of uniform length and orientation, form within the central tendon of Abl2+/− mice. Specialized tendon cells, resembling tendon cells at myotendinous junctions, form at the ends of these muscle islands, suggesting that myofibers induce differentiation of tendon cells, which reciprocally regulate myofiber length and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lee
- Helen L and Martin S Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical School, New York, United States
| | - Peter T Hallock
- Helen L and Martin S Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical School, New York, United States
| | - Steven J Burden
- Helen L and Martin S Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical School, New York, United States
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28
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Pons M, Soulard C, Soustelle L, Parmentier ML, Grau Y, Layalle S. A New Behavioral Test and Associated Genetic Tools Highlight the Function of Ventral Abdominal Muscles in Adult Drosophila. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:371. [PMID: 29209177 PMCID: PMC5702315 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the nervous system in complex animals is reflected by the achievement of specific behaviors. For years in Drosophila, both simple and complex behaviors have been studied and their genetic bases have emerged. The neuromuscular junction is maybe one of the prototypal simplest examples. A motor neuron establishes synaptic connections on its muscle cell target and elicits behavior: the muscle contraction. Different muscles in adult fly are related to specific behaviors. For example, the thoracic muscles are associated with flight and the leg muscles are associated with locomotion. However, specific tools are still lacking for the study of cellular physiology in distinct motor neuron subpopulations. Here we decided to use the abdominal muscles and in particular the ventral abdominal muscles (VAMs) in adult Drosophila as new model to link a precise behavior to specific motor neurons. Hence, we developed a new behavioral test based on the folding movement of the adult abdomen. Further, we performed a genetic screen and identify two specific Gal4 lines with restricted expression patterns to the adult motor neurons innervating the VAMs or their precursor cells. Using these genetic tools, we showed that the lack of the VAMs or the loss of the synaptic transmission in their innervating motor neurons lead to a significant impairment of the abdomen folding behavior. Altogether, our results allow establishing a direct link between specific motor neurons and muscles for the realization of particular behavior: the folding behavior of the abdomen in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Pons
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Soulard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Soustelle
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Parmentier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Grau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Layalle
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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29
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Development Aspects of Zebrafish Myotendinous Junction: a Model System for Understanding Muscle Basement Membrane Formation and Failure. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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30
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Mechanical forces during muscle development. Mech Dev 2017; 144:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Ordan E, Volk T. Amontillado is required for Drosophila Slit processing and for tendon-mediated muscle patterning. Biol Open 2016; 5:1530-1534. [PMID: 27628033 PMCID: PMC5087687 DOI: 10.1242/bio.020636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit cleavage into N-terminal and C-terminal polypeptides is essential for restricting the range of Slit activity. Although the Slit cleavage site has been characterized previously and is evolutionally conserved, the identity of the protease that cleaves Slit remains elusive. Our previous analysis indicated that Slit cleavage is essential to immobilize the active Slit-N at the tendon cell surfaces, mediating the arrest of muscle elongation. In an attempt to identify the protease required for Slit cleavage we performed an RNAi-based assay in the ectoderm and followed the process of elongation of the lateral transverse muscles toward tendon cells. The screen led to the identification of the Drosophila homolog of pheromone convertase 2 (PC2), Amontillado (Amon), as an essential protease for Slit cleavage. Further analysis indicated that Slit mobility on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is slightly up-shifted in amon mutants, and its conventional cleavage into the Slit-N and Slit-C polypeptides is attenuated. Consistent with the requirement for amon to promote Slit cleavage and membrane immobilization of Slit-N, the muscle phenotype of amon mutant embryos was rescued by co-expressing a membrane-bound form of full-length Slit lacking the cleavage site and knocked into the slit locus. The identification of a novel protease component essential for Slit processing may represent an additional regulatory step in the Slit signaling pathway. Summary: The Drosophila homolog of pheromone convertase 2 (PC2), amontillado (Amon), is shown to contribute to Slit processing and further cleavage into an N-Slit, essential for Slit activity in directing muscle patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Ordan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Talila Volk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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32
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Genetic mapping of male pheromone response in the European corn borer identifies candidate genes regulating neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6401-E6408. [PMID: 27698145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610515113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The sexual pheromone communication system of moths is a model system for studies of the evolution of reproductive isolation. Females emit a blend of volatile components that males detect at a distance. Species differences in female pheromone composition and male response directly reinforce reproductive isolation in nature, because even slight variations in the species-specific pheromone blend are usually rejected by the male. The mechanisms by which a new pheromone signal-response system could evolve are enigmatic, because any deviation from the optimally attractive blend should be selected against. Here we investigate the genetic mechanisms enabling a switch in male response. We used a quantitative trait locus-mapping approach to identify the genetic basis of male response in the two pheromone races of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Male response to a 99:1 vs. a 3:97 ratio of the E and Z isomers of the female pheromone is governed by a single, sex-linked locus. We found that the chromosomal region most tightly linked to this locus contains genes involved in neurogenesis but, in accordance with an earlier study, does not contain the odorant receptors expressed in the male antenna that detect the pheromone. This finding implies that differences in the development of neuronal pathways conveying information from the antenna, not differences in pheromone detection by the odorant receptors, are primarily responsible for the behavioral response differences among the males in this system. Comparison with other moth species reveals a previously unexplored mechanism by which male pheromone response can change in evolution.
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33
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A Common Suite of Coagulation Proteins Function in Drosophila Muscle Attachment. Genetics 2016; 204:1075-1087. [PMID: 27585844 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.189787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization and stability of higher order structures that form in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to mediate the attachment of muscles are poorly understood. We have made the surprising discovery that a subset of clotting factor proteins are also essential for muscle attachment in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster One such coagulation protein, Fondue (Fon), was identified as a novel muscle mutant in a pupal lethal genetic screen. Fon accumulates at muscle attachment sites and removal of this protein results in decreased locomotor behavior and detached larval muscles. A sensitized genetic background assay reveals that fon functions with the known muscle attachment genes Thrombospondin (Tsp) and Tiggrin (Tig). Interestingly, Tig is also a component of the hemolymph clot. We further demonstrate that an additional clotting protein, Larval serum protein 1γ (Lsp1γ), is also required for muscle attachment stability and accumulates where muscles attach to tendons. While the local biomechanical and organizational properties of the ECM vary greatly depending on the tissue microenvironment, we propose that shared extracellular protein-protein interactions influence the strength and elasticity of ECM proteins in both coagulation and muscle attachment.
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34
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Dubois L, Frendo JL, Chanut-Delalande H, Crozatier M, Vincent A. Genetic dissection of the Transcription Factor code controlling serial specification of muscle identities in Drosophila. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27438571 PMCID: PMC4954755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Each Drosophila muscle is seeded by one Founder Cell issued from terminal division of a Progenitor Cell (PC). Muscle identity reflects the expression by each PC of a specific combination of identity Transcription Factors (iTFs). Sequential emergence of several PCs at the same position raised the question of how developmental time controlled muscle identity. Here, we identified roles of Anterior Open and ETS domain lacking in controlling PC birth time and Eyes absent, No Ocelli, and Sine oculis in specifying PC identity. The windows of transcription of these and other TFs in wild type and mutant embryos, revealed a cascade of regulation integrating time and space, feed-forward loops and use of alternative transcription start sites. These data provide a dynamic view of the transcriptional control of muscle identity in Drosophila and an extended framework for studying interactions between general myogenic factors and iTFs in evolutionary diversification of muscle shapes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14979.001 Animals have many different muscles of various shapes and sizes that are suited to specific tasks and behaviors. The fruit fly known as Drosophila has a fairly simple musculature, which makes it an ideal model animal to investigate how different muscles form. In fruit fly embryos, cells called progenitor cells divide to produce the cells that will go on to form the different muscles. Proteins called identity Transcription Factors are present in progenitor cells. Different combinations of identity Transcription Factors can switch certain genes on or off to control the muscle shapes in specific areas of an embryo. However, progenitor cells born in the same area but at different times display different patterns of identity Transcription Factors; this suggests that timing also influences the orientation, shape and size of a developing muscle, also known as muscle identity. Dubois et al. used a genetic screen to look for identity Transcription Factors and the roles these proteins play in muscle formation in fruit flies. Tracking the activity of these proteins revealed a precise timeline for specifying muscle identity. This timeline involves cascades of different identity Transcription Factors accumulating in the cells, which act to make sure that distinct muscle shapes are made. In flies with specific mutations, the timing of these events is disrupted, which results in muscles forming with different shapes to those seen in normal flies. The findings of Dubois et al. suggest that the timing of when particular progenitor cells form, as well as their location in the embryo, contribute to determine the shapes of muscles. The next step following on from this work is to use video-microscopy to track identity Transcription Factors when the final muscle shapes emerge. Further experiments will investigate how identity Transcription Factors work together with proteins that are directly involved in muscle development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14979.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dubois
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Frendo
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Chanut-Delalande
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Vincent
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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35
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Muller N, Piel M, Calvez V, Voituriez R, Gonçalves-Sá J, Guo CL, Jiang X, Murray A, Meunier N. A Predictive Model for Yeast Cell Polarization in Pheromone Gradients. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004795. [PMID: 27077831 PMCID: PMC4831791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Budding yeast cells exist in two mating types, a and α, which use peptide pheromones to communicate with each other during mating. Mating depends on the ability of cells to polarize up pheromone gradients, but cells also respond to spatially uniform fields of pheromone by polarizing along a single axis. We used quantitative measurements of the response of a cells to α-factor to produce a predictive model of yeast polarization towards a pheromone gradient. We found that cells make a sharp transition between budding cycles and mating induced polarization and that they detect pheromone gradients accurately only over a narrow range of pheromone concentrations corresponding to this transition. We fit all the parameters of the mathematical model by using quantitative data on spontaneous polarization in uniform pheromone concentration. Once these parameters have been computed, and without any further fit, our model quantitatively predicts the yeast cell response to pheromone gradient providing an important step toward understanding how cells communicate with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Muller
- MAP5, CNRS UMR 8145, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MP); (AM); (NM)
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, CNRS UMR 5669 and équipe-projet INRIA NUMED, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Raphaël Voituriez
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin and Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, UMR 7600 CNRS /UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Joana Gonçalves-Sá
- Molecular and Cell Biology and FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chin-Lin Guo
- Molecular and Cell Biology and FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrew Murray
- Molecular and Cell Biology and FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MP); (AM); (NM)
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- MAP5, CNRS UMR 8145, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MP); (AM); (NM)
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36
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Soler C, Laddada L, Jagla K. Coordinated Development of Muscles and Tendon-Like Structures: Early Interactions in the Drosophila Leg. Front Physiol 2016; 7:22. [PMID: 26869938 PMCID: PMC4740448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the musculoskeletal system is a remarkable example of tissue assembly. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, precise connectivity between muscles and skeleton (or exoskeleton) via tendons or equivalent structures is fundamental for movement and stability of the body. The molecular and cellular processes underpinning muscle formation are well-established and significant advances have been made in understanding tendon development. However, the mechanisms contributing to proper connection between these two tissues have received less attention. Observations of coordinated development of tendons and muscles suggest these tissues may interact during the different steps in their development. There is growing evidence that, depending on animal model and muscle type, these interactions can take place from progenitor induction to the final step of the formation of the musculoskeletal system. Here, we briefly review and compare the mechanisms behind muscle and tendon interaction throughout the development of vertebrates and Drosophila before going on to discuss our recent findings on the coordinated development of muscles and tendon-like structures in Drosophila leg. By altering apodeme formation (the functional Drosophila equivalent of tendons in vertebrates) during the early steps of leg development, we affect the spatial localization of subsequent myoblasts. These findings provide the first evidence of the developmental impact of early interactions between muscle and tendon-like precursors, and confirm the appendicular Drosophila muscle system as a valuable model for studying these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Soler
- Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6293, Clermont University Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lilia Laddada
- Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6293, Clermont University Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6293, Clermont University Clermont-Ferrand, France
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37
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Wang Y, Cruz T, Irion U, Moussian B. Differentiated muscles are mandatory for gas-filling of the Drosophila airway system. Biol Open 2015; 4:1753-61. [PMID: 26621831 PMCID: PMC4736026 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of development, organs acquire functionality, thereby ensuring autonomy of an organism when it separates from its mother or a protective egg. In insects, respiratory competence starts when the tracheal system fills with gas just before hatching of the juvenile animal. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of this process are not fully understood. Analyses of the phenotype of Drosophila embryos with malformed muscles revealed that they fail to gas-fill their tracheal system. Indeed, we show that major regulators of muscle formation like Lame duck and Blown fuse are important, while factors involved in the development of subsets of muscles including cardiac and visceral muscles are dispensable for this process, suggesting that somatic muscles (or parts of them) are essential to enable tracheal terminal differentiation. Based on our phenotypic data, we assume that somatic muscle defect severity correlates with the penetrance of the gas-filling phenotype. This argues that a limiting molecular or mechanical muscle-borne signal tunes tracheal differentiation. We think that in analogy to the function of smooth muscles in vertebrate lungs, a balance of physical forces between muscles and the elasticity of tracheal walls may be decisive for tracheal terminal differentiation in Drosophila. Summary: During embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, without involving the nervous system, somatic muscles control terminal differentiation of the airway system by stimulating gas-filling before hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tina Cruz
- Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Uwe Irion
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Institute of Biology Valrose, University of Nice, Parc Valrose, Nice 06108, France Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden D-01217, Germany
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38
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Ordan E, Volk T. A non-signaling role of Robo2 in tendons is essential for Slit processing and muscle patterning. Development 2015; 142:3512-8. [PMID: 26400093 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated locomotion of an organism relies on the development of proper musculoskeletal connections. In Drosophila, the Slit-Robo signaling pathway guides muscles to tendons. Here, we show that the Slit receptor Roundabout 2 (Robo2) plays a non-cell-autonomous role in directing muscles to their corresponding tendons. Robo2 is expressed by tendons, and its non-signaling activity in these cells promotes Slit cleavage, producing a cleaved Slit N-terminal guidance signal that provides short-range signaling into muscles. Consistently, robo2 mutant embryos exhibited a muscle phenotype similar to that of slit, which could not be rescued by muscle-specific Robo2 expression but rather by ectodermally derived Robo2. Alternatively, this muscle phenotype could be induced by tendon-specific robo2 RNAi. We further show that membrane immobilization of Slit or its N-terminal cleaved form (Slit-N) on tendons bypasses the functional requirement for Robo2 in tendons, verifying that the major role of Robo2 is to promote the association of Slit with the tendon cell membrane. Slit-N tends to oligomerize whereas full-length uncleavable Slit does not. It is therefore proposed that Slit-N oligomers, produced at the tendon membrane by Robo2, signal to the approaching muscle by combined Robo1 and Robo3 activity. These findings establish a Robo2-mediated mechanism, independent of signaling, that is essential to limiting Slit distribution and which might be relevant to the regulation of Slit-mediated short-range signaling in additional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Ordan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Talila Volk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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39
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Williams J, Boin NG, Valera JM, Johnson AN. Noncanonical roles for Tropomyosin during myogenesis. Development 2015; 142:3440-52. [PMID: 26293307 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For skeletal muscle to produce movement, individual myofibers must form stable contacts with tendon cells and then assemble sarcomeres. The myofiber precursor is the nascent myotube, and during myogenesis the myotube completes guided elongation to reach its target tendons. Unlike the well-studied events of myogenesis, such as myoblast specification and myoblast fusion, the molecules that regulate myotube elongation are largely unknown. In Drosophila, hoi polloi (hoip) encodes a highly conserved RNA-binding protein and hoip mutant embryos are largely paralytic due to defects in myotube elongation and sarcomeric protein expression. We used the hoip mutant background as a platform to identify novel regulators of myogenesis, and uncovered surprising developmental functions for the sarcomeric protein Tropomyosin 2 (Tm2). We have identified Hoip-responsive sequences in the coding region of the Tm2 mRNA that are essential for Tm2 protein expression in developing myotubes. Tm2 overexpression rescued the hoip myogenic phenotype by promoting F-actin assembly at the myotube leading edge, by restoring the expression of additional sarcomeric RNAs, and by promoting myoblast fusion. Embryos that lack Tm2 also showed reduced sarcomeric protein expression, and embryos that expressed a gain-of-function Tm2 allele showed both fusion and elongation defects. Tropomyosin therefore dictates fundamental steps of myogenesis prior to regulating contraction in the sarcomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | - Nathan G Boin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | - Juliana M Valera
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | - Aaron N Johnson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
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40
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Maartens AP, Brown NH. The many faces of cell adhesion during Drosophila muscle development. Dev Biol 2015; 401:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Wang ZH, Rabouille C, Geisbrecht ER. Loss of a Clueless-dGRASP complex results in ER stress and blocks Integrin exit from the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum in Drosophila larval muscle. Biol Open 2015; 4:636-48. [PMID: 25862246 PMCID: PMC4434815 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201511551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Clueless (Clu) and its conserved orthologs are known for their role in the prevention of mitochondrial clustering. Here, we uncover a new role for Clu in the delivery of integrin subunits in muscle tissue. In clu mutants, αPS2 integrin, but not βPS integrin, abnormally accumulates in a perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) subdomain, a site that mirrors the endogenous localization of Clu. Loss of components essential for mitochondrial distribution do not phenocopy the clu mutant αPS2 phenotype. Conversely, RNAi knockdown of the DrosophilaGolgi reassembly and stacking protein GRASP55/65 (dGRASP) recapitulates clu defects, including the abnormal accumulation of αPS2 and larval locomotor activity. Both Clu and dGRASP proteins physically interact and loss of Clu displaces dGRASP from ER exit sites, suggesting that Clu cooperates with dGRASP for the exit of αPS2 from a perinuclear subdomain in the ER. We also found that Clu and dGRASP loss of function leads to ER stress and that the stability of the ER exit site protein Sec16 is severely compromised in the clu mutants, thus explaining the ER accumulation of αPS2. Remarkably, exposure of clu RNAi larvae to chemical chaperones restores both αPS2 delivery and functional ER exit sites. We propose that Clu together with dGRASP prevents ER stress and therefore maintains Sec16 stability essential for the functional organization of perinuclear early secretory pathway. This, in turn, is essential for integrin subunit αPS2 ER exit in Drosophila larval myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Heng Wang
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Catherine Rabouille
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands The Department of Cell Biology, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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42
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Bang JH, Gil YC, Yang HJ, Jin JD, Lee JH, Lee HY. Multiple muscular variations in the neck, upper extremity, and lower extremity biased toward the left side of a single cadaver. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:502-5. [PMID: 25829821 PMCID: PMC4366974 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.4.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous reports have found accessory or supernumerary muscles throughout the human body, multiple appearances of these variations biased toward one side of body are rare. We report a 76-yr-old male cadaver with an accessory head of the biceps brachii and palmaris profundus, and a muscular slip between the biceps femoris and semitendinosus on the left side in addition to a bilateral accessory belly of the digastric muscle. No remarkable nervous, vascular, or visceral variation accompanied these variations. An interruption of normal somitogenesis or myogenesis may be a cause of these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Bang
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chun Gil
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Doo Jin
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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43
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Ordan E, Brankatschk M, Dickson B, Schnorrer F, Volk T. Slit cleavage is essential for producing an active, stable, non-diffusible short-range signal that guides muscle migration. Development 2015; 142:1431-6. [PMID: 25813540 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During organogenesis, secreted signaling proteins direct cell migration towards their target tissue. In Drosophila embryos, developing muscles are guided by signals produced by tendons to promote the proper attachment of muscles to tendons, essential for proper locomotion. Previously, the repulsive protein Slit, secreted by tendon cells, has been proposed to be an attractant for muscle migration. However, our findings demonstrate that through tight control of its distribution, Slit repulsion is used for both directing and arresting muscle migration. We show that Slit cleavage restricts its distribution to tendon cells, allowing it to function as a short-range repellent that directs muscle migration and patterning, and promotes their halt upon reaching the target site. Mechanistically, we show that Slit processing produces a rapidly degraded C-terminal fragment and an active, stable N-terminal polypeptide that is tethered to the tendon cell membrane, which further protects it from degradation. Consistently, the requirement for Slit processing can be bypassed by providing an uncleavable, membrane-bound form of Slit that is stable and is retained on expressing tendon cells. Moreover, muscle elongation appears to be extremely sensitive to Slit levels, as replacing the entire full-length Slit with the stable Slit-N-polypeptide results in excessive repulsion, which leads to a defective muscle pattern. These findings reveal a novel cleavage-dependent regulatory mechanism controlling Slit spatial distribution, which may operate in other Slit-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Ordan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Barry Dickson
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Talila Volk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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44
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Perkins AD, Tanentzapf G. An ongoing role for structural sarcomeric components in maintaining Drosophila melanogaster muscle function and structure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99362. [PMID: 24915196 PMCID: PMC4051695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal muscles must maintain their function while bearing substantial mechanical loads. How muscles withstand persistent mechanical strain is presently not well understood. The basic unit of muscle is the sarcomere, which is primarily composed of cytoskeletal proteins. We hypothesized that cytoskeletal protein turnover is required to maintain muscle function. Using the flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster, we confirmed that the sarcomeric cytoskeleton undergoes turnover throughout adult life. To uncover which cytoskeletal components are required to maintain adult muscle function, we performed an RNAi-mediated knockdown screen targeting the entire fly cytoskeleton and associated proteins. Gene knockdown was restricted to adult flies and muscle function was analyzed with behavioural assays. Here we analyze the results of that screen and characterize the specific muscle maintenance role for several hits. The screen identified 46 genes required for muscle maintenance: 40 of which had no previously known role in this process. Bioinformatic analysis highlighted the structural sarcomeric proteins as a candidate group for further analysis. Detailed confocal and electron microscopic analysis showed that while muscle architecture was maintained after candidate gene knockdown, sarcomere length was disrupted. Specifically, we found that ongoing synthesis and turnover of the key sarcomere structural components Projectin, Myosin and Actin are required to maintain correct sarcomere length and thin filament length. Our results provide in vivo evidence of adult muscle protein turnover and uncover specific functional defects associated with reduced expression of a subset of cytoskeletal proteins in the adult animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Perkins
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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45
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Yatsenko AS, Shcherbata HR. Drosophila miR-9a targets the ECM receptor Dystroglycan to canalize myotendinous junction formation. Dev Cell 2014; 28:335-48. [PMID: 24525189 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of intercellular interactions between various cell types of different origin is vital for organism development and tissue maintenance. Therefore, precise timing, expression pattern, and amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins must be tightly regulated. Particularly, the ECM is important for the development and function of myotendinous junctions (MTJs). We find that precise levels of the ECM receptor Dystroglycan (Dg) are required for MTJ formation in Drosophila and that Dg levels in this process are controlled by miR-9a. In the embryo, Dg is enriched at the termini of the growing muscles facing the tendon matrix and absent from miR-9a-expressing tendons. This gradient of Dg expression is crucial for proper muscle-tendon attachments and is adjusted by miR-9a. In addition to Dg, miR-9a regulates the expression of several other critical muscle genes, and we therefore propose that during embryogenesis, miR-9a specifically controls the expression of mesodermal genes to canalize MTJ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy S Yatsenko
- Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Halyna R Shcherbata
- Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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46
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Weitkunat M, Kaya-Çopur A, Grill SW, Schnorrer F. Tension and force-resistant attachment are essential for myofibrillogenesis in Drosophila flight muscle. Curr Biol 2014; 24:705-16. [PMID: 24631244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher animals generate an elaborate muscle-tendon network to perform their movements. To build a functional network, developing muscles must establish stable connections with tendons and assemble their contractile apparatuses. Current myofibril assembly models do not consider the impact of muscle-tendon attachment on myofibrillogenesis. However, if attachment and myofibrillogenesis are not properly coordinated, premature muscle contractions can destroy an unstable myotendinous system, leading to severe myopathies. RESULTS Here, we use Drosophila indirect flight muscles to investigate how muscle-tendon attachment and myofibrillogenesis are coordinated. We find that flight muscles first stably attach to tendons and then assemble their myofibrils. Interestingly, this myofibril assembly is triggered simultaneously throughout the entire muscle, suggesting a self-assembly mechanism. By applying laser-cutting experiments, we show that muscle attachment coincides with an increase in mechanical tension before periodic myofibrils can be detected. We manipulated tension buildup within the myotendinous system either by genetically compromising attachment initiation and integrin recruitment to the myotendinous junction or by optically severing tendons from muscle. Both treatments cause strong myofibrillogenesis defects. We find that myosin motor activity is required for both tension formation and myofibril assembly, suggesting that myofibril assembly itself contributes to tension buildup. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that force-resistant attachment enables a stark tension increase in the myotendinous system. Subsequently, this tension increase triggers simultaneous myofibril self-assembly throughout the entire muscle fiber. As myofibril and sarcomeric architecture as well as their molecular components are evolutionarily conserved, we propose a similar tension-based mechanism to regulate myofibrillogenesis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Weitkunat
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Aynur Kaya-Çopur
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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47
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Weitkunat M, Schnorrer F. A guide to study Drosophila muscle biology. Methods 2014; 68:2-14. [PMID: 24625467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and molecular composition of muscle tissue is evolutionarily conserved. Drosophila is a powerful in vivo model system to investigate muscle morphogenesis and function. Here, we provide a short and comprehensive overview of the important developmental steps to build Drosophila body muscle in embryos, larvae and pupae. We describe key methods, including muscle histology, live imaging and genetics, to study these steps at various developmental stages and include simple behavioural assays to assess muscle function in larvae and adults. We list valuable antibodies and fly strains that can be used for these different methods. This overview should guide the reader to choose the best marker or the appropriate method to obtain high quality muscle morphogenesis data in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Weitkunat
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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48
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MiRNA let-7g regulates skeletal myoblast motility via Pinch-2. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1623-9. [PMID: 24613920 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by RNA-binding proteins and by small non-coding RNAs plays an important role in cell biology. Our previous results show that in murine skeletal myoblasts, the expression of Pinch-2, a focal adhesion remodeling factor that regulates cell motility, is repressed by an RNA-binding protein IMP-2/Igf2bp2. We now show that the expression of Pinch-2 is also regulated by the miRNA let-7g. Let-7g and IMP-2 repress Pinch-2 expression independently of each other. A knock-down of let-7g leads to an increase in Pinch-2 expression, and to a decrease of cell motility, which can be reversed by a simultaneous knock-down of Pinch-2. We conclude that let-7g controls the motility of mouse myoblasts in cell culture by post-transcriptionally regulating the expression of Pinch-2.
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49
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Johnson AN, Mokalled MH, Valera JM, Poss KD, Olson EN. Post-transcriptional regulation of myotube elongation and myogenesis by Hoi Polloi. Development 2013; 140:3645-56. [PMID: 23942517 DOI: 10.1242/dev.095596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Striated muscle development requires the coordinated expression of genes involved in sarcomere formation and contractility, as well as genes that determine muscle morphology. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control the early stages of muscle morphogenesis. To explore this facet of myogenesis, we performed a genetic screen for regulators of somatic muscle morphology in Drosophila, and identified the putative RNA-binding protein (RBP) Hoi Polloi (Hoip). Hoip is expressed in striated muscle precursors within the muscle lineage and controls two genetically separable events: myotube elongation and sarcomeric protein expression. Myotubes fail to elongate in hoip mutant embryos, even though the known regulators of somatic muscle elongation, target recognition and muscle attachment are expressed normally. In addition, a majority of sarcomeric proteins, including Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) and Tropomyosin, require Hoip for their expression. A transgenic MHC construct that contains the endogenous MHC promoter and a spliced open reading frame rescues MHC protein expression in hoip embryos, demonstrating the involvement of Hoip in pre-mRNA splicing, but not in transcription, of muscle structural genes. In addition, the human Hoip ortholog NHP2L1 rescues muscle defects in hoip embryos, and knockdown of endogenous nhp2l1 in zebrafish disrupts skeletal muscle development. We conclude that Hoip is a conserved, post-transcriptional regulator of muscle morphogenesis and structural gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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50
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Ettensohn CA. Encoding anatomy: Developmental gene regulatory networks and morphogenesis. Genesis 2013; 51:383-409. [PMID: 23436627 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania
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