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Sun MH, Jiang WJ, Li XH, Lee SH, Heo G, Zhou D, Guo J, Cui XS. High Temperature-Induced m6A Epigenetic Changes Affect Early Porcine Embryonic Developmental Competence in Pigs. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:2174-2183. [PMID: 38066680 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA), plays a key role in various developmental processes in mammals. Three proteins that affect RNA m6A modification have been identified: methyltransferases, demethylases, and m6A-binding proteins, known as "writer," "eraser," and "reader" proteins, respectively. However, changes in the m6A modification when early porcine embryos are exposed to stress remain unclear. In this study, we exposed porcine oocytes to a high temperature (HT, 41°C) for 10 h, after which the mature oocytes were parthenogenetically activated and cultured for 7 days to the blastocyst stage. HT significantly decreased the rates of the first polar body extrusion and blastocyst formation. Further detection of m6A modification found that HT can lead to increased expression levels of "reader," YTHDF2, and "writer," METTL3, and decreased expression levels of "eraser," FTO, resulting in an increased level of m6A modification in the embryos. Additionally, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is upregulated under HT conditions. Our study demonstrated that HT exposure alters m6A modification levels, which further affects early porcine embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Geun Heo
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
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Zhang Y, Li X, Gao S, Liao Y, Luo Y, Liu M, Bian Y, Xiong H, Yue Y, He A. Genetic reporter for live tracing fluid flow forces during cell fate segregation in mouse blastocyst development. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1110-1123.e9. [PMID: 37541214 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are known to be important in mammalian blastocyst formation; however, due to limited tools, specific force inputs and how they relay to first cell fate control of inner cell mass (ICM) and/or trophectoderm (TE) remain elusive. Combining in toto live imaging and various perturbation experiments, we demonstrate and measure fluid flow forces existing in the mouse blastocyst cavity and identify Klf2(Krüppel-like factor 2) as a fluid force reporter with force-responsive enhancers. Long-term live imaging and lineage reconstructions reveal that blastomeres subject to higher fluid flow forces adopt ICM cell fates. These are reinforced by internal ferrofluid-induced flow force assays. We also utilize ex vivo fluid flow force mimicking and pharmacological perturbations to confirm mechanosensing specificity. Together, we report a genetically encoded reporter for continuously monitoring fluid flow forces and cell fate decisions and provide a live imaging framework to infer force information enriched lineage landscape during development. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdong Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Gao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhui Liao
- School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingjie Luo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunkun Bian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haiqing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanzhu Yue
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Cell Fate and Diseases, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Aibin He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zhu Q, Ge J, Liu Y, Xu JW, Yan S, Zhou F. Decoding anterior-posterior axis emergence among mouse, monkey, and human embryos. Dev Cell 2023; 58:63-79.e4. [PMID: 36626872 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anterior-posterior axis formation regulated by the distal visceral endoderm (DVE) and anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) is essential for peri-implantation embryogenesis. However, the principles of the origin and specialization of DVE and AVE remain elusive. Here, with single-cell transcriptome analysis and pseudotime prediction, we show that DVE and AVE independently originate from the specialized primary endoderm in mouse blastocysts. Along distinct developmental paths, these two lineages, respectively, undergo four representative states with stage-specific transcriptional patterns around implantation. Further comparative analysis shows that AVE, but not DVE, is detected in human and non-human primate embryos, defining differences in polarity formation across species. Moreover, stem cell-assembled human blastoids lack DVE or AVE precursors, implying that additional induction of stem cells with DVE/AVE potential could promote the current embryo-like models and their post-implantation growth. Our work provides insight into understanding of embryonic polarity formation and early mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Zhu
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jitao Ge
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xu
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shengyi Yan
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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4
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O-GlcNAcylation and Regulation of Galectin-3 in Extraembryonic Endoderm Differentiation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050623. [PMID: 35625551 PMCID: PMC9138951 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of proteins through the addition and removal of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays a role in many signaling events, specifically in stem cell pluripotency and the regulation of differentiation. However, these post-translational modifications have not been explored in extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) differentiation. Of the plethora of proteins regulated through O-GlcNAc, we explored galectin-3 as a candidate protein known to have various intracellular and extracellular functions. Based on other studies, we predicted a reduction in global O-GlcNAcylation levels and a distinct galectin expression profile in XEN cells relative to embryonic stem (ES) cells. By conducting dot blot analysis, XEN cells had decreased levels of global O-GlcNAc than ES cells, which reflected a disbalance in the expression of genes encoding O-GlcNAc cycle enzymes. Immunoassays (Western blot and ELISA) revealed that although XEN cells (low O-GlcNAc) had lower concentrations of both intracellular and extracellular galectin-3 than ES cells (high O-GlcNAc), the relative secretion of galectin-3 was significantly increased by XEN cells. Inducing ES cells toward XEN in the presence of an O-GlcNAcase inhibitor was not sufficient to inhibit XEN differentiation. However, global O-GlcNAcylation was found to decrease in differentiated cells and the extracellular localization of galectin-3 accompanies these changes. Inhibiting global O-GlcNAcylation status does not, however, impact pluripotency and the ability of ES cells to differentiate to the XEN lineage.
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Li Y, Xia Z, Yin H, Dai Y, Li F, Chen J, Qiu M, Huang H. An efficient method of inducing differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into primitive endodermal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 599:156-163. [PMID: 35202849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Primitive Endoderm (PrE) is an extraembryonic structure derived from inner cell mass (ICM) in the blastocysts. Its interaction with the epiblast is critical to sustain embryonic growth and embryonic pattern. In this study, we reported a simple and efficient method to induce the differentiation of mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESCs) into PrE cells. In the process of ESC monolayer adherent culture, 1 μM atRA and 10 μM CHIR inducers were used to activate RA and Wnt signaling pathways respectively. After 9 days of differentiation, the proportion of PrE cells was up to 85%. Further studies indicated that Wnt signaling pathway acted as a switch that RA induces mESCs differentiation between SMC and PrE cell. In the presence of only RA signaling, mESCs adopted the fate of smooth muscle cells (SMCs); Simultaneous activation of the Wnt signaling pathway changed the differentiation fate of mESCs into PrE cells. This efficient induction method can provide new cellular resources and models for relevant studies of PrE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zhiyu Xia
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China; Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Haihong Yin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Youran Dai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Feixue Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
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Nelson CM. Mechanical Control of Cell Differentiation: Insights from the Early Embryo. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 24:307-322. [PMID: 35385680 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation is the process by which a cell activates the expression of tissue-specific genes, downregulates the expression of potency markers, and acquires the phenotypic characteristics of its mature fate. The signals that regulate differentiation include biochemical and mechanical factors within the surrounding microenvironment. We describe recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanical control mechanisms that regulate differentiation, with a specific emphasis on the differentiation events that build the early mouse embryo. Engineering approaches to reproducibly mimic the mechanical regulation of differentiation will permit new insights into early development and applications in regenerative medicine. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 24 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Nelson
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering and Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey USA;
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7
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Fang H, Luo Z, Lin C. Epigenetic reorganization during early embryonic lineage specification. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:379-387. [PMID: 35133623 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic chromatin reorganization occurs during two waves of cell lineage specification process, blastocyst formation and gastrulation, to generate distinct cell types. Epigenetic defects have been associated with severe developmental defects and diseases. How epigenetic remodeling coordinates the two lineage specification waves is becoming uncovered, benefiting from the development and application of new technologies including low-input or single-cell epigenome analysis approached in the past few years. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aim to highlight the most recent findings on epigenetic remodeling in cell lineage specification during blastocyst formation and gastrulation. METHODS First, we introduce how DNA methylation dynamically changes in blastocyst formation and gastrulation and its function in transcriptional regulation lineage-specific genes. Then, we discuss widespread remodeling of histone modification at promoters and enhancers in orchestrating the trajectory of cell lineage specification. Finally, we review dynamics of chromatin accessibility and 3D structure regulating developmental gene expression and associating with specific transcription factor binding events at stage specific manner. We also highlight the key questions that remain to be answered to fully understand chromatin regulation and reorganization in lineage specification. CONCLUSION Here, we summarize the recent advances and discoveries on epigenetic reorganization and its roles in blastocyst formation and gastrulation, and how it cooperates with the lineage specification, painting from global sequencing data from mouse in vivo tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitong Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Zhuojuan Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chengqi Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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8
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Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Vascular Cells: Recent Progress and Future Directions. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8110148. [PMID: 34821701 PMCID: PMC8622843 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold great promise for cardiovascular regeneration following ischemic injury. Considerable effort has been made toward the development and optimization of methods to differentiate hiPSCs into vascular cells, such as endothelial and smooth muscle cells (ECs and SMCs). In particular, hiPSC-derived ECs have shown robust potential for promoting neovascularization in animal models of cardiovascular diseases, potentially achieving significant and sustained therapeutic benefits. However, the use of hiPSC-derived SMCs that possess high therapeutic relevance is a relatively new area of investigation, still in the earlier investigational stages. In this review, we first discuss different methodologies to derive vascular cells from hiPSCs with a particular emphasis on the role of key developmental signals. Furthermore, we propose a standardized framework for assessing and defining the EC and SMC identity that might be suitable for inducing tissue repair and regeneration. We then highlight the regenerative effects of hiPSC-derived vascular cells on animal models of myocardial infarction and hindlimb ischemia. Finally, we address several obstacles that need to be overcome to fully implement the use of hiPSC-derived vascular cells for clinical application.
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9
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Cell fate determination and Hippo signaling pathway in preimplantation mouse embryo. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:423-444. [PMID: 34586506 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
First cell fate determination plays crucial roles in cell specification during early phases of embryonic development. Three classical concepts have been proposed to explain the lineage specification mechanism of the preimplantation embryo: inside-outside, pre-patterning, and polarity models. Transcriptional effectors of the Hippo signal pathway are YAP and TAZ activators that can create a shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Despite different localizations of YAP in the cell, it determines the fate of ICM and TE. How the decisive cue driving factors that determine YAP localization are coordinated remains a central unanswered question. How can an embryonic cell find its position? The objective of this review is to summarize the molecular and mechanical aspects in cell fate decision during mouse preimplantation embryonic development. The findings will reveal the relationship between cell-cell adhesion, cell polarity, and determination of cell fate during early embryonic development in mice and elucidate the inducing/inhibiting mechanisms that are involved in cell specification following zygotic genome activation and compaction processes. With future studies, new biophysical and chemical cues in the cell fate determination will impart significant spatiotemporal effects on early embryonic development. The achieved knowledge will provide important information to the development of new approaches to be used in infertility treatment and increase the success of pregnancy.
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The transcriptional repressor Blimp1/PRDM1 regulates the maternal decidual response in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2782. [PMID: 32493987 PMCID: PMC7270082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Blimp1 controls cell fate decisions in the developing embryo and adult tissues. Here we describe Blimp1 expression and functional requirements within maternal uterine tissues during pregnancy. Expression is robustly up-regulated at early post-implantation stages in the primary decidual zone (PDZ) surrounding the embryo. Conditional inactivation results in defective formation of the PDZ barrier and abnormal trophectoderm invasion. RNA-Seq analysis demonstrates down-regulated expression of genes involved in cell adhesion and markers of decidualisation. In contrast, genes controlling immune responses including IFNγ are up-regulated. ChIP-Seq experiments identify candidate targets unique to the decidua as well as those shared across diverse cell types including a highly conserved peak at the Csf-1 gene promoter. Interestingly Blimp1 inactivation results in up-regulated Csf1 expression and macrophage recruitment into maternal decidual tissues. These results identify Blimp1 as a critical regulator of tissue remodelling and maternal tolerance during early stages of pregnancy.
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11
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Epigenomic analysis of gastrulation identifies a unique chromatin state for primed pluripotency. Nat Genet 2019; 52:95-105. [PMID: 31844322 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Around implantation, the epiblast (Epi) transits from naïve to primed pluripotency, before giving rise to the three germ layers. How chromatin is reconfigured during this developmental window remains poorly understood. We performed a genome-wide investigation of chromatin landscapes during this period. We find that enhancers in ectoderm are already pre-accessible in embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5) Epi when cells enter a primed pluripotent state. Unexpectedly, strong trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) emerges at developmental gene promoters in E6.5 Epi and positively correlates with H3K27me3, thus establishing bivalency. These genes also show enhanced spatial interactions. Both the strong bivalency and spatial clustering are virtually absent in preimplantation embryos and are markedly reduced in fate-committed lineages. Finally, we show that KMT2B is essential for establishing bivalent H3K4me3 at E6.5 but becomes partially dispensable later. Its deficiency leads to impaired activation of developmental genes and subsequent embryonic lethality. Thus, our data characterize lineage-specific chromatin reconfiguration and a unique chromatin state for primed pluripotency.
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12
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Srivastava P, Kilian KA. Micro-Engineered Models of Development Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:357. [PMID: 31850326 PMCID: PMC6895561 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During fetal development, embryonic cells are coaxed through a series of lineage choices which lead to the formation of the three germ layers and subsequently to all the cell types that are required to form an adult human body. Landmark cell fate decisions leading to symmetry breaking, establishment of the primitive streak and first tri-lineage differentiation happen after implantation, and therefore have been attributed to be a function of the embryo's spatiotemporal 3D environment. These mechanical and geometric cues induce a cascade of signaling pathways leading to cell differentiation and orientation. Due to the physiological, ethical, and legal limitations of accessing an intact human embryo for functional studies, multiple in-vitro models have been developed to try and recapitulate the key milestones of mammalian embryogenesis using mouse embryos, or mouse and human embryonic stem cells. More recently, the development of induced pluripotent stem cells represents a cell source which is being explored to prepare a developmental model, owing to their genetic and functional similarities to embryonic stem cells. Here we review the use of micro-engineered cell culture materials as platforms to define the physical and geometric contributions during the cell fate defining process and to study the underlying pathways. This information has applications in various biomedical contexts including tissue engineering, stem cell therapy, and organoid cultures for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Srivastava
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristopher A. Kilian
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Simerly CR, Takahashi D, Jacoby E, Castro C, Hartnett C, Hewitson L, Navara C, Schatten G. Fertilization and Cleavage Axes Differ In Primates Conceived By Conventional (IVF) Versus Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Sci Rep 2019; 9:15282. [PMID: 31653971 PMCID: PMC6814755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With nearly ten million babies conceived globally, using assisted reproductive technologies, fundamental questions remain; e.g., How do the sperm and egg DNA unite? Does ICSI have consequences that IVF does not? Here, pronuclear and mitotic events in nonhuman primate zygotes leading to the establishment of polarity are investigated by multidimensional time-lapse video microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Multiplane videos after ICSI show atypical sperm head displacement beneath the oocyte cortex and eccentric para-tangential pronuclear alignment compared to IVF zygotes. Neither fertilization procedure generates incorporation cones. At first interphase, apposed pronuclei align obliquely to the animal-vegetal axis after ICSI, with asymmetric furrows assembling from the male pronucleus. Furrows form within 30° of the animal pole, but typically, not through the ICSI injection site. Membrane flow drives polar bodies and the ICSI site into the furrow. Mitotic spindle imaging suggests para-tangential pronuclear orientation, which initiates random spindle axes and minimal spindle:cortex interactions. Parthenogenetic pronuclei drift centripetally and assemble astral spindles lacking cortical interactions, leading to random furrows through the animal pole. Conversely, androgenotes display cortex-only pronuclear interactions mimicking ICSI. First cleavage axis determination in primates involves dynamic cortex-microtubule interactions among male pronuclei, centrosomal microtubules, and the animal pole, but not the ICSI site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin R Simerly
- Pittsburgh Development Center, Division of Developmental & Regenerative Medicine, and Obstetrics-Gynecology-Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Diana Takahashi
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Ethan Jacoby
- CCRM Houston Main Center Memorial City, 929 Gessner Rd, Suite 2300, Houston, Texas, 77024, USA
| | - Carlos Castro
- Pittsburgh Development Center, Division of Developmental & Regenerative Medicine, and Obstetrics-Gynecology-Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Carrie Hartnett
- Pittsburgh Development Center, Division of Developmental & Regenerative Medicine, and Obstetrics-Gynecology-Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Laura Hewitson
- The Johnson Center for Child Health and Development, Austin, Texas, 78701, USA
| | - Christopher Navara
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, USA
| | - Gerald Schatten
- Pittsburgh Development Center, Division of Developmental & Regenerative Medicine, and Obstetrics-Gynecology-Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA.
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14
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Tewary M, Dziedzicka D, Ostblom J, Prochazka L, Shakiba N, Heydari T, Aguilar-Hidalgo D, Woodford C, Piccinini E, Becerra-Alonso D, Vickers A, Louis B, Rahman N, Danovi D, Geens M, Watt FM, Zandstra PW. High-throughput micropatterning platform reveals Nodal-dependent bisection of peri-gastrulation-associated versus preneurulation-associated fate patterning. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000081. [PMID: 31634368 PMCID: PMC6822778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of postimplantation human development are valuable to the fields of regenerative medicine and developmental biology. Here, we report characterization of a robust in vitro platform that enabled high-content screening of multiple human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines for their ability to undergo peri-gastrulation-like fate patterning upon bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) treatment of geometrically confined colonies and observed significant heterogeneity in their differentiation propensities along a gastrulation associable and neuralization associable axis. This cell line-associated heterogeneity was found to be attributable to endogenous Nodal expression, with up-regulation of Nodal correlated with expression of a gastrulation-associated gene profile, and Nodal down-regulation correlated with a preneurulation-associated gene profile expression. We harness this knowledge to establish a platform of preneurulation-like fate patterning in geometrically confined hPSC colonies in which fates arise because of a BMPs signalling gradient conveying positional information. Our work identifies a Nodal signalling-dependent switch in peri-gastrulation versus preneurulation-associated fate patterning in hPSC cells, provides a technology to robustly assay hPSC differentiation outcomes, and suggests conserved mechanisms of organized fate specification in differentiating epiblast and ectodermal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Tewary
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Dziedzicka
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joel Ostblom
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Prochazka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nika Shakiba
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiam Heydari
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Aguilar-Hidalgo
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis Woodford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elia Piccinini
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Becerra-Alonso
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Universidad Loyola Andalucia, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alice Vickers
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Blaise Louis
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nafees Rahman
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davide Danovi
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mieke Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fiona M. Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Vianello S, Lutolf MP. Understanding the Mechanobiology of Early Mammalian Development through Bioengineered Models. Dev Cell 2019; 48:751-763. [PMID: 30913407 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research in developmental biology has been recently enriched by a multitude of in vitro models recapitulating key milestones of mammalian embryogenesis. These models obviate the challenge posed by the inaccessibility of implanted embryos, multiply experimental opportunities, and favor approaches traditionally associated with organoids and tissue engineering. Here, we provide a perspective on how these models can be applied to study the mechano-geometrical contributions to early mammalian development, which still escape direct verification in species that develop in utero. We thus outline new avenues for robust and scalable perturbation of geometry and mechanics in ways traditionally limited to non-implanting developmental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vianello
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences (SV) and School of Engineering (STI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences (SV) and School of Engineering (STI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science (SB), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Caldwell BA, Bartolomei MS. Mapping the diploid genome, one cell at a time. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:994-995. [PMID: 30374084 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Caldwell
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Gatie MI, Assabgui AR, Kelly GM. The Zen of XEN: insight into differentiation, metabolism and genomic integrity. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1075. [PMID: 30349040 PMCID: PMC6197270 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Gatie
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Collaborative Graduate Specialization in Developmental Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amy R Assabgui
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory M Kelly
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Collaborative Graduate Specialization in Developmental Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Child Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada. .,Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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18
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Abstract
We present an overview of symmetry breaking in early mammalian development as a continuous process from compaction to specification of the body axes. While earlier studies have focused on individual symmetry-breaking events, recent advances enable us to explore progressive symmetry breaking during early mammalian development. Although we primarily discuss embryonic development of the mouse, as it is the best-studied mammalian model system to date, we also highlight the shared and distinct aspects between different mammalian species. Finally, we discuss how insights gained from studying mammalian development can be generalized in light of self-organization principles. With this review, we hope to highlight new perspectives in studying symmetry breaking and self-organization in multicellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ting Zhang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
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19
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Nikolaou S, Hadjikypri X, Ioannou G, Elia A, Georgiades P. Functional and phenotypic distinction of the first two trophoblast subdivisions and identification of the border between them during early postimplantation: A prerequisite for understanding early patterning during placentogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:64-69. [PMID: 29305264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The early stages of mouse placentogenesis (placenta formation) involve poorly understood patterning events within polar trophectoderm-derived trophoblast, the progenitor of all placental trophoblast cell types. By early postimplantation [embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5)], this patterning causes early trophoblast to become subdivided into extraembryonic ectoderm (ExE) and ectoplacental cone (EPC). A prerequisite to understanding this patterning requires knowing the location of ExE-EPC border and being able to distinguish the entire ExE from EPC at E5.5/E6.5, a time when the proamnioitic cavity within ExE is not fully established. However, these issues are unknown, as they have not been directly addressed. Here, we directly addressed these using trophoblast explant culture to functionally test for the location of ExE-EPC border, combined with phenotypic characterization of trophoblast proximal and distal to it. We show for the first time that the proximal-distal level of ExE-EPC border within E5.5/E6.5 trophoblast coincides with where Reichert's membrane (outermost basement membrane of conceptus) inserts into early trophoblast and with the proximal limit of extraembryonic visceral endoderm (primitive endoderm derivative covering part of early trophoblast). Based on these novel findings, we discovered that (a) the entire E5.5/E6.5 ExE can be distinguished from EPC because it is epithelial and specifically expresses Erf and Claudin4 and (b) at E5.5/E6.5, the entire EPC differs from ExE in that it is not epithelial and specifically expresses Snail. This work is expected to contribute to understanding the cellular and molecular basis of early trophoblast patterning during placentogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Nikolaou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Xenia Hadjikypri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giasemia Ioannou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Artemis Elia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pantelis Georgiades
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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20
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Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Yin Q, Du Z, Peng X, Wang Q, Fidalgo M, Xia W, Li Y, Zhao ZA, Zhang W, Ma J, Xu F, Wang J, Li L, Xie W. Dynamic epigenomic landscapes during early lineage specification in mouse embryos. Nat Genet 2018; 50:96-105. [PMID: 29203909 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, all somatic development originates from lineage segregation in early embryos. However, the dynamics of transcriptomes and epigenomes acting in concert with initial cell fate commitment remains poorly characterized. Here we report a comprehensive investigation of transcriptomes and base-resolution methylomes for early lineages in peri- and postimplantation mouse embryos. We found allele-specific and lineage-specific de novo methylation at CG and CH sites that led to differential methylation between embryonic and extraembryonic lineages at promoters of lineage regulators, gene bodies, and DNA-methylation valleys. By using Hi-C experiments to define chromatin architecture across the same developmental period, we demonstrated that both global demethylation and remethylation in early development correlate with chromatin compartments. Dynamic local methylation was evident during gastrulation, which enabled the identification of putative regulatory elements. Finally, we found that de novo methylation patterning does not strictly require implantation. These data reveal dynamic transcriptomes, DNA methylomes, and 3D chromatin landscapes during the earliest stages of mammalian lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiangzong Yin
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Du
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Peng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiujun Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weikun Xia
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Tewary M, Ostblom J, Prochazka L, Zulueta-Coarasa T, Shakiba N, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Zandstra PW. A stepwise model of reaction-diffusion and positional information governs self-organized human peri-gastrulation-like patterning. Development 2017; 144:4298-4312. [PMID: 28870989 PMCID: PMC5769627 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How position-dependent cell fate acquisition occurs during embryogenesis is a central question in developmental biology. To study this process, we developed a defined, high-throughput assay to induce peri-gastrulation-associated patterning in geometrically confined human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) colonies. We observed that, upon BMP4 treatment, phosphorylated SMAD1 (pSMAD1) activity in the colonies organized into a radial gradient. We developed a reaction-diffusion (RD)-based computational model and observed that the self-organization of pSMAD1 signaling was consistent with the RD principle. Consequent fate acquisition occurred as a function of both pSMAD1 signaling strength and duration of induction, consistent with the positional-information (PI) paradigm. We propose that the self-organized peri-gastrulation-like fate patterning in BMP4-treated geometrically confined hPSC colonies arises via a stepwise model of RD followed by PI. This two-step model predicted experimental responses to perturbations of key parameters such as colony size and BMP4 dose. Furthermore, it also predicted experimental conditions that resulted in RD-like periodic patterning in large hPSC colonies, and rescued peri-gastrulation-like patterning in colony sizes previously thought to be reticent to this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Tewary
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Joel Ostblom
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Laura Prochazka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Teresa Zulueta-Coarasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nika Shakiba
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3ES, Canada
- Medicine by Design: A Canada First Research Excellence Fund Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
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22
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Takaoka K, Nishimura H, Hamada H. Both Nodal signalling and stochasticity select for prospective distal visceral endoderm in mouse embryos. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1492. [PMID: 29138408 PMCID: PMC5686177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior–posterior (A–P) polarity of mouse embryos is established by distal visceral endoderm (DVE) at embryonic day (E) 5.5. Lefty1 is expressed first at E3.5 in a subset of epiblast progenitor cells (L1epi cells) and then in a subset of primitive endoderm cells (L1dve cells) fated to become DVE. Here we studied how prospective DVE cells are selected. Lefty1 expression in L1epi and L1dve cells depends on Nodal signaling. A cell that experiences the highest level of Nodal signaling begins to express Lefty1 and becomes an L1epi cell. Deletion of Lefty1 alone or together with Lefty2 increased the number of prospective DVE cells. Ablation of L1epi or L1dve cells triggered Lefty1 expression in a subset of remaining cells. Our results suggest that selection of prospective DVE cells is both random and regulated, and that a fixed prepattern for the A–P axis does not exist before the blastocyst stage. In the mouse embryo, anterior-posterior polarity is established by distal visceral endoderm (DVE) at embryonic day 5.5 but how this arises is unclear. Here, the authors show that expression of Lefty1 earlier can define DVE, and that future DVE cells are selected by Nodal signalling and stochasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan. .,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Gottingen, Germany.
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
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23
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Korotkevich E, Niwayama R, Courtois A, Friese S, Berger N, Buchholz F, Hiiragi T. The Apical Domain Is Required and Sufficient for the First Lineage Segregation in the Mouse Embryo. Dev Cell 2017; 40:235-247.e7. [PMID: 28171747 PMCID: PMC5300053 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian development begins with segregation of the extra-embryonic trophectoderm from the embryonic lineage in the blastocyst. While cell polarity and adhesion play key roles, the decisive cue driving this lineage segregation remains elusive. Here, to study symmetry breaking, we use a reduced system in which isolated blastomeres recapitulate the first lineage segregation. We find that in the 8-cell stage embryo, the apical domain recruits a spindle pole to ensure its differential distribution upon division. Daughter cells that inherit the apical domain adopt trophectoderm fate. However, the fate of apolar daughter cells depends on whether their position within the embryo facilitates apical domain formation by Cdh1-independent cell contact. Finally, we develop methods for transplanting apical domains and show that acquisition of this domain is not only required but also sufficient for the first lineage segregation. Thus, we provide mechanistic understanding that reconciles previous models for symmetry breaking in mouse development. A reduced system was established to study symmetry breaking in mouse development 8-cell stage blastomeres acquire the capacity to self-organize the apical domain The apical domain is required and sufficient for the first lineage segregation Contact asymmetry specifies cell fate, leading to self-organized embryo patterning
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Korotkevich
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ritsuya Niwayama
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurélien Courtois
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Friese
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Berger
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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Matsuo I, Hiramatsu R. Mechanical perspectives on the anterior-posterior axis polarization of mouse implanted embryos. Mech Dev 2017; 144:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Fully grown oocytes arrest meiosis at prophase I and deposit maternal RNAs. A subset of maternal transcripts is stored in a dormant state in the oocyte, and the timely driven translation of specific mRNAs guides meiotic progression, the oocyte-embryo transition, and early embryo development. In the absence of transcription, the regulation of gene expression in oocytes is controlled almost exclusively at the level of transcriptome and proteome stabilization and at the level of protein synthesis.This chapter focuses on the recent findings on RNA distribution related to the temporal and spatial translational control of the meiotic cycle progression in mammalian oocytes. We discuss the most relevant mechanisms involved in the organization of the oocyte's maternal transcriptome storage and localization, and the regulation of translation, in correlation with the regulation of oocyte meiotic progression.
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26
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Sankar S, Yellajoshyula D, Zhang B, Teets B, Rockweiler N, Kroll KL. Gene regulatory networks in neural cell fate acquisition from genome-wide chromatin association of Geminin and Zic1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37412. [PMID: 27881878 PMCID: PMC5121602 DOI: 10.1038/srep37412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural cell fate acquisition is mediated by transcription factors expressed in nascent neuroectoderm, including Geminin and members of the Zic transcription factor family. However, regulatory networks through which this occurs are not well defined. Here, we identified Geminin-associated chromatin locations in embryonic stem cells and Geminin- and Zic1-associated locations during neural fate acquisition at a genome-wide level. We determined how Geminin deficiency affected histone acetylation at gene promoters during this process. We integrated these data to demonstrate that Geminin associates with and promotes histone acetylation at neurodevelopmental genes, while Geminin and Zic1 bind a shared gene subset. Geminin- and Zic1-associated genes exhibit embryonic nervous system-enriched expression and encode other regulators of neural development. Both Geminin and Zic1-associated peaks are enriched for Zic1 consensus binding motifs, while Zic1-bound peaks are also enriched for Sox3 motifs, suggesting co-regulatory potential. Accordingly, we found that Geminin and Zic1 could cooperatively activate the expression of several shared targets encoding transcription factors that control neurogenesis, neural plate patterning, and neuronal differentiation. We used these data to construct gene regulatory networks underlying neural fate acquisition. Establishment of this molecular program in nascent neuroectoderm directly links early neural cell fate acquisition with regulatory control of later neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Sankar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dhananjay Yellajoshyula
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bryan Teets
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole Rockweiler
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Denker HW. Self-Organization of Stem Cell Colonies and of Early Mammalian Embryos: Recent Experiments Shed New Light on the Role of Autonomy vs. External Instructions in Basic Body Plan Development. Cells 2016; 5:E39. [PMID: 27792143 PMCID: PMC5187523 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
"Organoids", i.e., complex structures that can develop when pluripotent or multipotent stem cells are maintained in three-dimensional cultures, have become a new area of interest in stem cell research. Hopes have grown that when focussing experimentally on the mechanisms behind this type of in vitro morphogenesis, research aiming at tissue and organ replacements can be boosted. Processes leading to the formation of organoids in vitro are now often addressed as self-organization, a term referring to the formation of complex tissue architecture in groups of cells without depending on specific instruction provided by other cells or tissues. The present article focuses on recent reports using the term self-organization in the context of studies on embryogenesis, specifically addressing pattern formation processes in human blastocysts attaching in vitro, or in colonies of pluripotent stem cells ("gastruloids"). These morphogenetic processes are of particular interest because, during development in vivo, they lead to basic body plan formation and individuation. Since improved methodologies like those employed by the cited authors became available, early embryonic pattern formation/self-organization appears to evolve now as a research topic of its own. This review discusses concepts concerning the involved mechanisms, focussing on autonomy of basic body plan development vs. dependence on external signals, as possibly provided by implantation in the uterus, and it addresses biological differences between an early mammalian embryo, e.g., a morula, and a cluster of pluripotent stem cells. It is concluded that, apart from being of considerable biological interest, the described type of research needs to be contemplated carefully with regard to ethical implications when performed with human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Werner Denker
- Institut für Anatomie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsklinikum, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Song L, Chen J, Peng G, Tang K, Jing N. Dynamic Heterogeneity of Brachyury in Mouse Epiblast Stem Cells Mediates Distinct Response to Extrinsic Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15212-25. [PMID: 27226536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), provide excellent in vitro systems to study imperative pre- and postimplantation events of in vivo mammalian development. It is known that mouse ESCs are dynamic heterogeneous populations. However, it remains largely unclear whether and how EpiSCs possess heterogeneity and plasticity similar to that of ESCs. Here, we show that EpiSCs are discriminated by the expression of a specific marker T (Brachyury) into two populations. The T-positive (T(+)) and the T-negative (T(-)) populations can be interconverted within the same culture condition. In addition, the two populations display distinct responses to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and different developmental potentials. The T(-) EpiSCs are preferentially differentiated into ectoderm lineages, whereas T(+) EpiSCs have a biased potential for mesendoderm fates. Mechanistic studies reveal that T(+) EpiSCs have an earlier and faster response to BMP4 stimulation than T(-) EpiSCs. Id1 mediates the commitment of T(-) EpiSCs to epidermal lineage during BMP4 treatment. On the other hand, Snail modulates the conversion of T(+) EpiSCs to mesendoderm fates with the presence of BMP4. Furthermore, T expression is essential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition during EpiSCs differentiation. Our findings suggest that the dynamic heterogeneity of the T(+)/T(-) subpopulation primes EpiSCs toward particular cell lineages, providing important insights into the dynamic development of the early mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Jun Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Guangdun Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Ke Tang
- the Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
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29
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Strnad P, Gunther S, Reichmann J, Krzic U, Balazs B, de Medeiros G, Norlin N, Hiiragi T, Hufnagel L, Ellenberg J. Inverted light-sheet microscope for imaging mouse pre-implantation development. Nat Methods 2015; 13:139-42. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Translation in the mammalian oocyte in space and time. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:69-84. [PMID: 26340983 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of oocyte development in mammals is the dependence on the translation and utilization of stored RNA and proteins rather than the de novo transcription of genes in order to sustain meiotic progression and early embryo development. In the absence of transcription, the completion of meiosis and early embryo development in mammals relies significantly on maternally synthesized RNAs. Post-transcriptional control of gene expression at the translational level has emerged as an important cellular function in normal development. Therefore, the regulation of gene expression in oocytes is controlled almost exclusively at the level of mRNA and protein stabilization and protein synthesis. This current review is focused on the recently emerged findings on RNA distribution related to the temporal and spatial translational control of the meiotic progression of the mammalian oocyte.
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The roles of Mesp family proteins: functional diversity and redundancy in differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and mammalian mesodermal development. Protein Cell 2015; 6:553-561. [PMID: 26088191 PMCID: PMC4506290 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesp family proteins comprise two members named mesodermal posterior 1 (Mesp1) and mesodermal posterior 2 (Mesp2). Both Mesp1 and Mesp2 are transcription factors and they share an almost identical basic helix-loop-helix motif. They have been shown to play critical regulating roles in mammalian heart and somite development. Mesp1 sits in the core of the complicated regulatory network for generation of cardiovascular progenitors while Mesp2 is central for somitogenesis. Here we summarize the similarities and differences in their molecular functions during mammalian early mesodermal development and discuss possible future research directions for further study of the functions of Mesp1 and Mesp2. A comprehensive knowledge of molecular functions of Mesp family proteins will eventually help us better understand mammalian heart development and somitogenesis as well as improve the production of specific cell types from pluripotent stem cells for future regenerative therapies.
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32
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Wang C, Chen Y, Deng H, Gao S, Li L. Rbm46 Regulates Trophectoderm Differentiation by Stabilizing Cdx2 mRNA in Early Mouse Embryos. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:904-15. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, China National Center for International Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, China National Center for International Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, China National Center for International Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingsong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, China National Center for International Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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33
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Uterine Rbpj is required for embryonic-uterine orientation and decidual remodeling via Notch pathway-independent and -dependent mechanisms. Cell Res 2014; 24:925-42. [PMID: 24971735 PMCID: PMC4123295 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated uterine-embryonic axis formation and decidual remodeling are hallmarks of mammalian post-implantation embryo development. Embryonic-uterine orientation is determined at initial implantation and synchronized with decidual development. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling these events remain elusive despite its discovery a long time ago. In the present study, we found that uterine-specific deletion of Rbpj, the nuclear transducer of Notch signaling, resulted in abnormal embryonic-uterine orientation and decidual patterning at post-implantation stages, leading to substantial embryo loss. We further revealed that prior to embryo attachment, Rbpj confers on-time uterine lumen shape transformation via physically interacting with uterine estrogen receptor (ERα) in a Notch pathway-independent manner, which is essential for the initial establishment of embryo orientation in alignment with uterine axis. While at post-implantation stages, Rbpj directly regulates the expression of uterine matrix metalloproteinase in a Notch pathway-dependent manner, which is required for normal post-implantation decidual remodeling. These results demonstrate that uterine Rbpj is essential for normal embryo development via instructing the initial embryonic-uterine orientation and ensuring normal decidual patterning in a stage-specific manner. Our data also substantiate the concept that normal mammalian embryonic-uterine orientation requires proper guidance from developmentally controlled uterine signaling.
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34
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Bošković A, Eid A, Pontabry J, Ishiuchi T, Spiegelhalter C, Raghu Ram EVS, Meshorer E, Torres-Padilla ME. Higher chromatin mobility supports totipotency and precedes pluripotency in vivo. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1042-7. [PMID: 24831699 PMCID: PMC4035533 DOI: 10.1101/gad.238881.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Torres-Padilla and colleagues investigate the chromatin-based mechanisms behind the transition from totipotency to pluripotency in the developing mouse embryo. Tracking histone dynamics by FRAP in vivo reveals that core histone mobility decreases as development proceeds, defining different cellular states (totipotency, pluripotency, and differentiation). Strikingly, totipotent cells in vitro display the same high chromatin mobility as totipotent cells in the embryo. The data suggest that changes in chromatin dynamics underlie the transitions in cellular plasticity and that higher chromatin mobility is at the nuclear foundations of totipotency. The fusion of the gametes upon fertilization results in the formation of a totipotent cell. Embryonic chromatin is expected to be able to support a large degree of plasticity. However, whether this plasticity relies on a particular conformation of the embryonic chromatin is unknown. Moreover, whether chromatin plasticity is functionally linked to cellular potency has not been addressed. Here, we adapted fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in the developing mouse embryo and show that mobility of the core histones H2A, H3.1, and H3.2 is unusually high in two-cell stage embryos and decreases as development proceeds. The transition toward pluripotency is accompanied by a decrease in histone mobility, and, upon lineage allocation, pluripotent cells retain higher mobility than the differentiated trophectoderm. Importantly, totipotent two-cell-like embryonic stem cells also display high core histone mobility, implying that reprogramming toward totipotency entails changes in chromatin mobility. Our data suggest that changes in chromatin dynamics underlie the transitions in cellular plasticity and that higher chromatin mobility is at the nuclear foundations of totipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bošković
- CNRS/INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - André Eid
- CNRS/INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Pontabry
- CNRS/INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Takashi Ishiuchi
- CNRS/INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Coralie Spiegelhalter
- CNRS/INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Edupuganti V S Raghu Ram
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- CNRS/INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France
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35
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Caronna EA, Patterson ES, Hummert PM, Kroll KL. Geminin restrains mesendodermal fate acquisition of embryonic stem cells and is associated with antagonism of Wnt signaling and enhanced polycomb-mediated repression. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1477-87. [PMID: 23630199 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic cells use both growth factor signaling and cell intrinsic transcriptional and epigenetic regulation to acquire early cell fates. Underlying mechanisms that integrate these cues are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of Geminin, a nucleoprotein that interacts with both transcription factors and epigenetic regulatory complexes, during fate acquisition of mouse embryonic stem cells. In order to determine Geminin's role in mesendoderm formation, a process which occurs during embryonic gastrulation, we selectively over-expressed or knocked down Geminin in an in vitro model of differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. We found that Geminin antagonizes mesendodermal fate acquisition, while these cells instead maintain elevated expression of genes associated with pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. During mesendodermal fate acquisition, Geminin knockdown promotes Wnt signaling, while Bmp, Fgf, and Nodal signaling are not affected. Moreover, we showed that Geminin facilitates the repression of mesendodermal genes that are regulated by the Polycomb repressor complex. Geminin directly binds several of these genes, while Geminin knockdown in mesendodermal cells reduces Polycomb repressor complex occupancy at these loci and increases trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4, which correlates with active gene expression. Together, these results indicate that Geminin is required to restrain mesendodermal fate acquisition of early embryonic cells and that this is associated with both decreased Wnt signaling and enhanced Polycomb repressor complex retention at mesendodermal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Caronna
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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36
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Webb SE, Miller AL. Calcium signaling in extraembryonic domains during early teleost development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 304:369-418. [PMID: 23809440 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming recognized that the extraembryonic domains of developing vertebrates, that is, those that make no cellular contribution to the embryo proper, act as important signaling centers that induce and pattern the germ layers and help establish the key embryonic axes. In the embryos of teleost fish, in particular, significant progress has been made in understanding how signaling activity in extraembryonic domains, such as the enveloping layer, the yolk syncytial layer, and the yolk cell, might help regulate development via a combination of inductive interactions, cellular dynamics, and localized gene expression. Ca(2+) signaling in a variety of forms that include propagating waves and standing gradients is a feature found in all three teleostean extraembryonic domains. This leads us to propose that in addition to their other well-characterized signaling activities, extraembryonic domains are well suited (due to their relative stability and continuity) to act as Ca(2+) signaling centers and conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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37
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Sun X, Dey SK. Synthetic cannabinoids and potential reproductive consequences. Life Sci 2014; 97:72-7. [PMID: 23827241 PMCID: PMC3823745 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increases in emergency room visits due to abuse of designer drugs, popularly known by the street names "K2" and "Spice," are a cause for social, judicial, and clinical concerns. The psychoactive components in these herbal drugs mainly consist of different synthetic cannabinoids, and users of these street drugs are primarily within the age group of 12 to 20years old. The abusive use of synthetic cannabinoids results in anxiety, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, tremors, seizures, hallucinations, and paranoid behavior, but the effects of maternal use of synthetic cannabinoids during pregnancy are ambiguous due to limited studies in humans and a relative short history of the drugs. In this review, we discuss the known and potential adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids on human pregnancy using knowledge gathered from studies in mice and limited studies in humans. In mice, multiple sites and stages of pregnancy are potential targets of synthetic cannabinoids, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, implantation, placentation, and parturition. It is anticipated that maternal use of synthetic cannabinoids would result in severely compromised female fertility and pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sudhansu K Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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38
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Hiramatsu R, Matsuoka T, Kimura-Yoshida C, Han SW, Mochida K, Adachi T, Takayama S, Matsuo I. External mechanical cues trigger the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in early mouse embryos. Dev Cell 2014; 27:131-144. [PMID: 24176640 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse anterior-posterior axis polarization is preceded by formation of the distal visceral endoderm (DVE) by unknown mechanisms. Here, we show by in vitro culturing of embryos immediately after implantation in microfabricated cavities that the external mechanical cues exerted on the embryo are crucial for DVE formation, as well as the elongated egg cylinder shape, without affecting embryo-intrinsic transcriptional programs except those involving DVE-specific genes. This implies that these developmental events immediately after implantation are not simply embryo-autonomous processes but require extrinsic factors from maternal tissues. Moreover, the mechanical forces induce a breach of the basement membrane barrier at the distal portion locally, and thereby the transmigrated epiblast cells emerge as the DVE cells. Thus, we propose that external mechanical forces exerted by the interaction between embryo and maternal uterine tissues directly control the location of DVE formation at the distal tip and consequently establish the mammalian primary body axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan; Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiki Matsuoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chiharu Kimura-Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Sung-Woong Han
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kyoko Mochida
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Isao Matsuo
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan; Department of Pediatric and Neonatal-Perinatal Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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39
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Meccariello R, Battista N, Bradshaw HB, Wang H. Updates in reproduction coming from the endocannabinoid system. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:412354. [PMID: 24550985 PMCID: PMC3914453 DOI: 10.1155/2014/412354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an evolutionarily conserved master system deeply involved in the central and local control of reproductive functions in both sexes. The tone of these lipid mediators-deeply modulated by the activity of biosynthetic and hydrolyzing machineries-regulates reproductive functions from gonadotropin discharge and steroid biosynthesis to the formation of high quality gametes and successful pregnancy. This review provides an overview on ECS and reproduction and focuses on the insights in the regulation of endocannabinoid production by steroids, in the regulation of male reproductive activity, and in placentation and parturition. Taken all together, evidences emerge that the activity of the ECS is crucial for procreation and may represent a target for the therapeutic exploitation of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Meccariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università di Napoli Parthenope, via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy
- *Rosaria Meccariello:
| | - Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Haibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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40
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Arkell RM, Tam PPL. Initiating head development in mouse embryos: integrating signalling and transcriptional activity. Open Biol 2013; 2:120030. [PMID: 22754658 PMCID: PMC3382960 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of an embryonic body plan is the outcome of inductive interactions between the progenitor tissues that underpin their specification, regionalization and morphogenesis. The intercellular signalling activity driving these processes is deployed in a time- and site-specific manner, and the signal strength must be precisely controlled. Receptor and ligand functions are modulated by secreted antagonists to impose a dynamic pattern of globally controlled and locally graded signals onto the tissues of early post-implantation mouse embryo. In response to the WNT, Nodal and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signalling cascades, the embryo acquires its body plan, which manifests as differences in the developmental fate of cells located at different positions in the anterior–posterior body axis. The initial formation of the anterior (head) structures in the mouse embryo is critically dependent on the morphogenetic activity emanating from two signalling centres that are juxtaposed with the progenitor tissues of the head. A common property of these centres is that they are the source of antagonistic factors and the hub of transcriptional activities that negatively modulate the function of WNT, Nodal and BMP signalling cascades. These events generate the scaffold of the embryonic head by the early-somite stage of development. Beyond this, additional tissue interactions continue to support the growth, regionalization, differentiation and morphogenesis required for the elaboration of the structure recognizable as the embryonic head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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41
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A self-organization framework for symmetry breaking in the mammalian embryo. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:452-9. [PMID: 23778971 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the appearance of asymmetry between cells in the early embryo and consequently the specification of distinct cell lineages during mammalian development remain elusive. Recent experimental advances have revealed unexpected dynamics of and new complexity in this process. These findings can be integrated in a new unified framework that regards the early mammalian embryo as a self-organizing system.
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42
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Sun X, Dey SK. Endocannabinoid signaling in female reproduction. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:349-55. [PMID: 22860202 DOI: 10.1021/cn300014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marijuana is a preparation of the flower, as well as the leaves and seeds, of the plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for thousands of years due to its psychoactive effects including euphoria, sedation, and analgesia. Although it has been suspected for decades that marijuana has adverse effects on female fertility, the underlying molecular mechanism was not clear. The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids has advanced studies if cannabinoid signaling. Since then, numerous studies have been published on cannabinoid signaling in female reproductive events, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, embryo implantation, placentation, and parturition. This review focuses on various aspects of endocannabinoid signaling in female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Sudhansu K. Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45229, United States
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Chlastakova I, Lungova V, Wells K, Tucker AS, Radlanski RJ, Misek I, Matalova E. Morphogenesis and bone integration of the mouse mandibular third molar. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:265-74. [PMID: 21726286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mouse third molar (M3) develops postnatally and is thus a unique model for studying the integration of a non-mineralized tooth with mineralized bone. This study assessed the morphogenesis of the mouse M3, related to the alveolar bone, comparing M3 development with that of the first molar (M1), the most common model in odontogenesis. The mandibular M3 was evaluated from initiation to eruption by morphology and by assessing patterns of proliferation, apoptosis, osteoclast distribution, and gene expression. Three-dimensional reconstruction and explant cultures were also used. Initiation of M3 occurred perinatally, as an extension of the second molar (M2) which grew into a region of soft mesenchymal tissue above the M2, still far away from the alveolar bone. The bone-free M3 bud gradually became encapsulated by bone at the cap stage at postnatal day 3. Osteoclasts were first visible at postnatal day 4 when the M3 came into close contact with the bone. The number of osteoclasts increased from postnatal day 8 to postnatal day 12 to form a space for the growing tooth. The M3 had erupted by postnatal day 26. The M3, although smaller than the M1, passed through the same developmental stages over a similar time span but showed differences in initiation and in the timing of bone encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Chlastakova
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, IAPG v.v.i., Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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44
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Kurokawa D, Ohmura T, Akasaka K, Aizawa S. A lineage specific enhancer drives Otx2 expression in teleost organizer tissues. Mech Dev 2011; 128:653-61. [PMID: 22108260 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In mouse Otx2 plays essential roles in anterior-posterior axis formation and head development in anterior visceral endoderm and anterior mesendoderm. The Otx2 expression in these sites is regulated by VE and CM enhancers at the 5' proximal to the translation start site, and we proposed that these enhancers would have been established in ancestral sarcoptergians after divergence from actinopterigians for the use of Otx2 as the head organizer gene (Kurokawa et al., 2010). This would make doubtful an earlier proposal of ours that a 1.1 kb fragment located at +14.4 to +15.5 kb 3' (3'En) of fugu Otx2a gene harbors enhancers phylogenetically and functionally homologous to mouse VE and CM enhancers (Kimura-Yoshida et al., 2007). In the present study, we demonstrate that fugu Otx2a is not expressed in the dorsal margin of blastoderm, shield and early anterior mesendoderm, and that the fugu Otx2a 3'En do not exhibit activities at these sites of fugu embryos. We conclude that the fugu Otx2a 3'En does not harbor an organizer enhancer, but encodes an enhancer for the expression in later anterior mesendodermal tissues. Instead, in fugu embryos Otx2b is expressed in the dorsal margin of blastoderm at blastula stage and shield at 50% epiboly, and this expression is directed by an enhancer, 5'En, located at -1000 to -800 bp, which is uniquely conserved among teleost Otx2b orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kurokawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-1 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Veazey KJ, Golding MC. Selection of stable reference genes for quantitative rt-PCR comparisons of mouse embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27592. [PMID: 22102912 PMCID: PMC3213153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and culture of both embryonic and tissue specific stem cells provide an enormous opportunity to study the molecular processes driving development. To gain insight into the initial events underpinning mammalian embryogenesis, pluripotent stem cells from each of the three distinct lineages present within the preimplantation blastocyst have been derived. Embryonic (ES), trophectoderm (TS) and extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells possess the developmental potential of their founding lineages and seemingly utilize distinct epigenetic modalities to program gene expression. However, the basis for these differing cellular identities and epigenetic properties remain poorly defined. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a powerful and efficient means of rapidly comparing patterns of gene expression between different developmental stages and experimental conditions. However, careful, empirical selection of appropriate reference genes is essential to accurately measuring transcriptional differences. Here we report the quantitation and evaluation of fourteen commonly used references genes between ES, TS and XEN stem cells. These included: Actb, B2m, Hsp70, Gapdh, Gusb, H2afz, Hk2, Hprt, Pgk1, Ppia, Rn7sk, Sdha, Tbp and Ywhaz. Utilizing three independent statistical analysis, we identify Pgk1, Sdha and Tbp as the most stable reference genes between each of these stem cell types. Furthermore, we identify Sdha, Tbp and Ywhaz as well as Ywhaz, Pgk1 and Hk2 as the three most stable reference genes through the in vitro differentiation of embryonic and trophectoderm stem cells respectively. Understanding the transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms controlling cellular identity within these distinct stem cell types provides essential insight into cellular processes controlling both embryogenesis and stem cell biology. Normalizing quantitative RT-PCR measurements using the geometric mean CT values obtained for the identified mRNAs, offers a reliable method to assess differing patterns of gene expression between the three founding stem cell lineages present within the mammalian preimplantation embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee J. Veazey
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Golding
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Understanding the molecular circuitry of cell lineage specification in the early mouse embryo. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:420-48. [PMID: 24710206 PMCID: PMC3927619 DOI: 10.3390/genes2030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. However, critical to understanding and exploiting mechanisms of cell lineage specification, epigenetic reprogramming, and the optimal environment for maintaining and differentiating pluripotent stem cells is a fundamental knowledge of how these events occur in normal embryogenesis. The early mouse embryo has provided an excellent model to interrogate events crucial in cell lineage commitment and plasticity, as well as for embryo-derived lineage-specific stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Here we provide an overview of cell lineage specification in the early (preimplantation) mouse embryo focusing on the transcriptional circuitry and epigenetic marks necessary for successive differentiation events leading to the formation of the blastocyst.
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47
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Littwin T, Denker HW. Segregation during cleavage in the mammalian embryo? A critical comparison of whole-mount/CLSM and section immunohistochemistry casts doubts on segregation of axis-relevant leptin domains in the rabbit. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:553-70. [PMID: 21626127 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Segregation of certain cytoplasmic molecules during cleavage and blastocyst formation that was previously reported to occur in the human and the mouse (Antczak and Van Blerkom Mol Hum Reprod 3:1067-1086, 1997; Antczak and Van Blerkom Hum Reprod 14:429-447, 1999) has been reinvestigated in the rabbit model. Additional methodology was used and two approaches were compared: (1) whole-mount immunohistochemistry followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (WM-IHC/CLSM) versus (2) IHC performed on histological sections of resin-embedded material (S-IHC). This study concentrates on leptin and cytoskeletal proteins (actin and cytokeratins). With S-IHC, leptin was localized predominantly on the surface of blastomeres which is facing the perivitelline space, and in the extracellular embryonic coats, without any polar asymmetry being detectable along (presumptive) embryonic axes. A polar distribution of leptin with a pattern that could be interpreted as predictive of the prospective embryonic-abembryonic axis was seen only with WM-IHC/CLSM, not with S-IHC, although the latter gave excellent resolution. With both techniques, no differences between blastomeres were detected with respect to actin and cytokeratin patterns, an increased expression of cytokeratin in trophoblast cells occurring no earlier than at blastocyst formation. Artifacts that can occur with the two methodological approaches are critically discussed, as is the possible significance of the findings for theories on the differentiation of trophoblast versus embryoblast and on axis formation in early mammalian development. It is concluded that these data call for cautioning when studying distribution patterns of diffusible molecules with WM-IHC/CLSM technology, whereas patterns obtained with S-IHC are more reliable. Specifically these data cast doubts on previous claims that leptin IHC would allow to monitor cytoplasmic domain segregation occurring during cleavage as an element of early embryonic pattern/axis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Littwin
- Institut für Anatomie, Lehrstuhl für Anatomie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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48
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Wang Y, Smedberg JL, Cai CQ, Capo-chichi DC, Xu XX. Ectopic expression of GATA6 bypasses requirement for Grb2 in primitive endoderm formation. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:566-76. [PMID: 20925113 PMCID: PMC3299199 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene knockouts in mice have showed that Grb2 and GATA6 are essential for the formation of primitive endoderm in blastocysts. Here, we confirmed that implanted Grb2-null blastocysts lack primitive or extraembryonic endoderm cells either at E4.5 or E5.5 stages. We analyzed the relationship between Grb2 and GATA6 in the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells to primitive endoderm in embryoid body models. Upon transfection with GATA6 expression vector, Grb2-null ES cells underwent endoderm differentiation as indicated by the expression of the extraembryonic endoderm markers Dab2 and GATA4. Transfection of GATA4 expression vector also had the same differentiation potency. When GATA6- or GATA4-transfected Grb2-null ES cells were allowed to aggregate, fragments of an endoderm layer formed on the surface of the spheroids. The results suggest that GATA6 is downstream of Grb2 in the inductive signaling pathway and the expression of GATA6 is sufficient to compensate for the defects caused by Grb2 deficiency in the development of the primitive and extraembryonic endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jennifer L. Smedberg
- Department of Medical Oncology and Ovarian Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cathy Qi Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology and Ovarian Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Xiang-Xi Xu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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LIU X, WANG P, FU J, LV D, CHEN D, LI Y, MA W. Two-photon fluorescence real-time imaging on the development of early mouse embryo by stages. J Microsc 2011; 241:212-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Yamauchi K, Sumi T, Minami I, Otsuji TG, Kawase E, Nakatsuji N, Suemori H. Cardiomyocytes develop from anterior primitive streak cells induced by β-catenin activation and the blockage of BMP signaling in hESCs. Genes Cells 2010; 15:1216-27. [PMID: 21050342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes arise from cells that migrate to the mid-to-anterior region of the primitive streak (PS) during embryogenesis. We previously showed that canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway signaling leads to the development of nascent PS populations from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and that synergistic activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling by Noggin induced the formation of anterior PS cells. We herein demonstrate that anterior PS cells induced by the activation of β-catenin with Noggin differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes when cultured in suspension with BMP4 and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). All aggregates generated from the anterior PS cells developed into contracting cells demonstrating their cardiac potential. More than 30% of the cells in each aggregate were α-actinin-positive cardiomyocytes. In addition, these cardiomyocytes could be easily purified up to 80% by simple size fractionation. In contrast, the posterior PS cells induced by β-catenin activation without Noggin showed poor cardiac potential. These results show that the commitment to a cardiac lineage in vitro occurs through similar cellular and molecular signaling pathways involved in cardiac development in vivo, thus providing a valuable culture model for studying early cardiac developmental events in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell Research Center, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogogin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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