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Middelkoop TC, Neipel J, Cornell CE, Naumann R, Pimpale LG, Jülicher F, Grill SW. A cytokinetic ring-driven cell rotation achieves Hertwig's rule in early development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318838121. [PMID: 38870057 PMCID: PMC11194556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318838121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Hertwig's rule states that cells divide along their longest axis, usually driven by forces acting on the mitotic spindle. Here, we show that in contrast to this rule, microtubule-based pulling forces in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos align the spindle with the short axis of the cell. We combine theory with experiments to reveal that in order to correct this misalignment, inward forces generated by the constricting cytokinetic ring rotate the entire cell until the spindle is aligned with the cell's long axis. Experiments with slightly compressed mouse zygotes indicate that this cytokinetic ring-driven mechanism of ensuring Hertwig's rule is general for cells capable of rotating inside a confining shell, a scenario that applies to early cell divisions of many systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teije C. Middelkoop
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307Dresden, Germany
- Laboratory of Developmental Mechanobiology, Division Biocev, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jonas Neipel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187Dresden, Germany
| | - Caitlin E. Cornell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307Dresden, Germany
| | - Lokesh G. Pimpale
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technical University Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W. Grill
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technical University Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
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2
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Rosfelter A, de Labbey G, Chenevert J, Dumollard R, Schaub S, Machaty Z, Besnardeau L, Gonzalez Suarez D, Hebras C, Turlier H, Burgess DR, McDougall A. Reduction of cortical pulling at mitotic entry facilitates aster centration. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262037. [PMID: 38469748 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Equal cell division relies upon astral microtubule-based centering mechanisms, yet how the interplay between mitotic entry, cortical force generation and long astral microtubules leads to symmetric cell division is not resolved. We report that a cortically located sperm aster displaying long astral microtubules that penetrate the whole zygote does not undergo centration until mitotic entry. At mitotic entry, we find that microtubule-based cortical pulling is lost. Quantitative measurements of cortical pulling and cytoplasmic pulling together with physical simulations suggested that a wavelike loss of cortical pulling at mitotic entry leads to aster centration based on cytoplasmic pulling. Cortical actin is lost from the cortex at mitotic entry coincident with a fall in cortical tension from ∼300pN/µm to ∼100pN/µm. Following the loss of cortical force generators at mitotic entry, long microtubule-based cytoplasmic pulling is sufficient to displace the aster towards the cell center. These data reveal how mitotic aster centration is coordinated with mitotic entry in chordate zygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosfelter
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Ghislain de Labbey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241 / INSERM U1050, Université PSL, 75002 Paris, France
| | - Janet Chenevert
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Rémi Dumollard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Sebastien Schaub
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Zoltan Machaty
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Lydia Besnardeau
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Daniel Gonzalez Suarez
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Céline Hebras
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Hervé Turlier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241 / INSERM U1050, Université PSL, 75002 Paris, France
| | - David R Burgess
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Alex McDougall
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
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3
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Tada S, Yamazaki Y, Yamamoto K, Fujii K, Yamada TG, Hiroi NF, Kimura A, Funahashi A. Switching from weak to strong cortical attachment of microtubules accounts for the transition from nuclear centration to spindle elongation in metazoans. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25494. [PMID: 38356608 PMCID: PMC10865266 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a major microtubule organizing center in animal cells. The position of the centrosomes inside the cell is important for cell functions such as cell cycle, and thus should be tightly regulated. Theoretical models based on the forces generated along the microtubules have been proposed to account for the dynamic movements of the centrosomes during the cell cycle. These models, however, often adopted inconsistent assumptions to explain distinct but successive movements, thus preventing a unified model for centrosome positioning. For the centration of the centrosomes, weak attachment of the astral microtubules to the cell cortex was assumed. In contrast, for the separation of the centrosomes during spindle elongation, strong attachment was assumed. Here, we mathematically analyzed these processes at steady state and found that the different assumptions are proper for each process. We experimentally validated our conclusion using nematode and sea urchin embryos by manipulating their shapes. Our results suggest the existence of a molecular mechanism that converts the cortical attachment from weak to strong during the transition from centrosome centration to spindle elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Tada
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yamazaki
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamamoto
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Genetics Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Division of Developmental Physiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Ken Fujii
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Genetics Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takahiro G. Yamada
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Noriko F. Hiroi
- School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ward, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Faculty of Creative Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Genetics Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Center for Data Assimilation Research and Applications, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Tachikawa, 190-8562, Japan
| | - Akira Funahashi
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
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4
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Goda M, Shribak M, Ikeda Z, Okada N, Tani T, Goshima G, Oldenbourg R, Kimura A. Live-cell imaging under centrifugation characterized the cellular force for nuclear centration in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574024. [PMID: 38260704 PMCID: PMC10802357 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Organelles in cells are appropriately positioned, despite crowding in the cytoplasm. However, our understanding of the force required to move large organelles, such as the nucleus, inside the cytoplasm is limited, in part owing to a lack of accurate methods for measurement. We devised a novel method to apply forces to the nucleus of living, wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans embryos to measure the force generated inside the cell. We utilized a centrifuge polarizing microscope (CPM) to apply centrifugal force and orientation-independent differential interference contrast (OI-DIC) microscopy to characterize the mass density of the nucleus and cytoplasm. The cellular forces moving the nucleus toward the cell center increased linearly at ~14 pN/μm depending on the distance from the center. The frictional coefficient was ~1,100 pN s/μm. The measured values were smaller than previously reported estimates for sea urchin embryos. The forces were consistent with the centrosome-organelle mutual pulling model for nuclear centration. Frictional coefficient was reduced when microtubules were shorter or detached from nuclei in mutant embryos, demonstrating the contribution of astral microtubules. Finally, the frictional coefficient was higher than a theoretical estimate, indicating the contribution of uncharacterized properties of the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Goda
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
- Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Zenki Ikeda
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
- Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Mishima, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Tani
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
- Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Mishima, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
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5
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Fujii K, Kondo T, Kimura A. Enucleation of the C. elegans embryo revealed dynein-dependent spacing between microtubule asters. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302427. [PMID: 37931957 PMCID: PMC10627822 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular positioning of the centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is important for cellular functions. One of the features of centrosome positioning is the spacing between centrosomes; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To characterize the spacing activity in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, a genetic setup was developed to produce enucleated embryos. The centrosome was duplicated multiple times in the enucleated embryo, which enabled us to characterize the chromosome-independent spacing activity between sister and non-sister centrosome pairs. We found that the timely spacing depended on cytoplasmic dynein, and we propose a stoichiometric model of cortical and cytoplasmic pulling forces for the spacing between centrosomes. We also observed dynein-independent but non-muscle myosin II-dependent movement of centrosomes in the later cell cycle phase. The spacing mechanisms revealed in this study are expected to function between centrosomes in general, regardless of the presence of a chromosome/nucleus between them, including centrosome separation and spindle elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujii
- https://ror.org/0516ah480 Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Mishima, Japan
- https://ror.org/02xg1m795 Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Tomo Kondo
- https://ror.org/02xg1m795 Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- https://ror.org/0516ah480 Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Mishima, Japan
- https://ror.org/02xg1m795 Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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6
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Fujita I, Kimura A, Yamashita A. A force balance model for a cell size-dependent meiotic nuclear oscillation in fission yeast. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55770. [PMID: 36622644 PMCID: PMC9986818 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fission yeast undergoes premeiotic nuclear oscillation, which is dependent on microtubules and is driven by cytoplasmic dynein. Although the molecular mechanisms have been analyzed, how a robust oscillation is generated despite the dynamic behaviors of microtubules has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that the oscillation exhibits cell length-dependent frequency and requires a balance between microtubule and viscous drag forces, as well as proper microtubule dynamics. Comparison of the oscillations observed in living cells with a simulation model based on microtubule dynamic instability reveals that the period of oscillation correlates with cell length. Genetic alterations that reduce cargo size suggest that the nuclear movement depends on viscous drag forces. Deletion of a gene encoding Kinesin-8 inhibits microtubule catastrophe at the cell cortex and results in perturbation of oscillation, indicating that nuclear movement also depends on microtubule dynamic instability. Our findings link numerical parameters from the simulation model with cellular functions required for generating the oscillation and provide a basis for understanding the physical properties of microtubule-dependent nuclear movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchRIKENKobeJapan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture LaboratoryNational Institute of GeneticsMishimaJapan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life ScienceSOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)MishimaJapan
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Interdisciplinary Research UnitNational Institute for Basic BiologyOkazakiJapan
- Center for Low‐temperature Plasma SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
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7
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Ignacio DP, Kravtsova N, Henry J, Palomares RH, Dawes AT. Dynein localization and pronuclear movement in the C. elegans zygote. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 79:133-143. [PMID: 36214774 PMCID: PMC10092226 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes serve as a site for microtubule nucleation and these microtubules will grow and interact with the motor protein dynein at the cortex. The position of the centrosomes determines where the mitotic spindle will develop across all cell types. Centrosome positioning is achieved through dynein and microtubule-mediated force generation. The mechanism and regulation of force generation during centrosome positioning are not fully understood. Centrosome and pronuclear movement in the first cell cycle of the Caenorhabditis elegans early embryo undergoes both centration and rotation prior to cell division. The proteins LET-99 and GPB-1 have been postulated to have a role in force generation associated with pronuclear centration and rotation dynamics. When the expression of these proteins is perturbed, pronuclear positioning exhibits a movement defect characterized by oscillatory ("wobble") behavior of the pronuclear complex (PNC). To determine if this movement defect is due to an effect on cortical dynein distribution, we utilize RNAi-mediated knockdown of LET-99 and GPB-1 to induce wobble and assay for any effects on GFP-tagged dynein localization in the early C. elegans embryo. To compare and quantify the movement defect produced by the knockdown of LET-99 and GPB-1, we devised a quantification method that measures the strength of wobble ("wobble metric") observed under these experimental conditions. Our quantification of pronuclear complex dynamics and dynein localization shows that loss of LET-99 and GPB-1 induces a similar movement defect which is independent of cortical dynein localization in the early C. elegans embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Ignacio
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalia Kravtsova
- Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John Henry
- Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Adriana T Dawes
- Department of Mathematics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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8
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Nuclear speed and cycle length co-vary with local density during syncytial blastoderm formation in a cricket. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3889. [PMID: 35794113 PMCID: PMC9259616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The blastoderm is a broadly conserved stage of early animal development, wherein cells form a layer at the embryo’s periphery. The cellular behaviors underlying blastoderm formation are varied and poorly understood. In most insects, the pre-blastoderm embryo is a syncytium: nuclei divide and move throughout the shared cytoplasm, ultimately reaching the cortex. In Drosophila melanogaster, some early nuclear movements result from pulsed cytoplasmic flows that are coupled to synchronous divisions. Here, we show that the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus has a different solution to the problem of creating a blastoderm. We quantified nuclear dynamics during blastoderm formation in G. bimaculatus embryos, finding that: (1) cytoplasmic flows are unimportant for nuclear movement, and (2) division cycles, nuclear speeds, and the directions of nuclear movement are not synchronized, instead being heterogeneous in space and time. Moreover, nuclear divisions and movements co-vary with local nuclear density. We show that several previously proposed models for nuclear movements in D. melanogaster cannot explain the dynamics of G. bimaculatus nuclei. We introduce a geometric model based on asymmetric pulling forces on nuclei, which recapitulates the patterns of nuclear speeds and orientations of both unperturbed G. bimaculatus embryos, and of embryos physically manipulated to have atypical nuclear densities. Early in insect embryo development, many nuclei share one large cell, travel varied paths and self-organize into a single layer. Donoughe et al. illuminate this process with live-imaging, modeling, and experimental changes to the embryo’s shape.
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9
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Sai X, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Mizuno K, Kajikawa E, Katoh TA, Kimura T, Shiratori H, Takaoka K, Hamada H, Minegishi K. Planar cell polarity-dependent asymmetric organization of microtubules for polarized positioning of the basal body in node cells. Development 2022; 149:275058. [PMID: 35420656 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For left-right symmetry breaking in the mouse embryo, the basal body must become positioned at the posterior side of node cells, but the precise mechanism for this has remained unknown. Here, we examined the role of microtubules (MTs) and actomyosin in this basal body positioning. Exposure of mouse embryos to agents that stabilize or destabilize MTs or F-actin impaired such positioning. Active myosin II was detected at the anterior side of node cells before the posterior shift of the basal body, and this asymmetric activation was lost in Prickle and dachsous mutant embryos. The organization of basal-body associated MTs (baMTs) was asymmetric between the anterior and posterior sides of node cells, with anterior baMTs extending horizontally and posterior baMTs extending vertically. This asymmetry became evident after polarization of the PCP core protein Vangl1 and before the posterior positioning of the basal body, and it also required the PCP core proteins Prickle and dachsous. Our results suggest that the asymmetry in baMT organization may play a role in correct positioning of the basal body for left-right symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takanobu A Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Shiratori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
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10
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Lacroix B, Dumont J. Spatial and Temporal Scaling of Microtubules and Mitotic Spindles. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020248. [PMID: 35053364 PMCID: PMC8774166 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, the mitotic spindle, a macromolecular structure primarily comprised of microtubules, drives chromosome alignment and partitioning between daughter cells. Mitotic spindles can sense cellular dimensions in order to adapt their length and mass to cell size. This scaling capacity is particularly remarkable during early embryo cleavage when cells divide rapidly in the absence of cell growth, thus leading to a reduction of cell volume at each division. Although mitotic spindle size scaling can occur over an order of magnitude in early embryos, in many species the duration of mitosis is relatively short, constant throughout early development and independent of cell size. Therefore, a key challenge for cells during embryo cleavage is not only to assemble a spindle of proper size, but also to do it in an appropriate time window which is compatible with embryo development. How spatial and temporal scaling of the mitotic spindle is achieved and coordinated with the duration of mitosis remains elusive. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that support mitotic spindle spatial and temporal scaling over a wide range of cell sizes and cellular contexts. We will present current models and propose alternative mechanisms allowing cells to spatially and temporally coordinate microtubule and mitotic spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Julien Dumont
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France;
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11
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Development of the Cell over Time (Perspectives). QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-5018-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Mechanics of the Cell. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-5018-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Khetan N, Pruliere G, Hebras C, Chenevert J, Athale CA. Self-organized optimal packing of kinesin-5-driven microtubule asters scales with cell size. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs257543. [PMID: 34080632 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial microtubule (MT) arrays or asters determine cell geometry in animal cells. Multiple asters interacting with motors, such as those in syncytia, form intracellular patterns, but the mechanical principles behind this are not clear. Here, we report that oocytes of the marine ascidian Phallusia mammillata treated with the drug BI-D1870 spontaneously form cytoplasmic MT asters, or cytasters. These asters form steady state segregation patterns in a shell just under the membrane. Cytaster centers tessellate the oocyte cytoplasm, that is divide it into polygonal structures, dominated by hexagons, in a kinesin-5-dependent manner, while inter-aster MTs form 'mini-spindles'. A computational model of multiple asters interacting with kinesin-5 can reproduce both tessellation patterns and mini-spindles in a manner specific to the number of MTs per aster, MT lengths and kinesin-5 density. Simulations predict that the hexagonal tessellation patterns scale with increasing cell size, when the packing fraction of asters in cells is ∼1.6. This self-organized in vivo tessellation by cytasters is comparable to the 'circle packing problem', suggesting that there is an intrinsic mechanical pattern-forming module that is potentially relevant to understanding the role of collective mechanics of cytoskeletal elements in embryogenesis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Khetan
- Division of Biology, IISER Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Gérard Pruliere
- LBDV, Sorbonne Universite/CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Celine Hebras
- LBDV, Sorbonne Universite/CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Janet Chenevert
- LBDV, Sorbonne Universite/CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Chaitanya A Athale
- Division of Biology, IISER Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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14
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Bouvrais H, Chesneau L, Le Cunff Y, Fairbrass D, Soler N, Pastezeur S, Pécot T, Kervrann C, Pécréaux J. The coordination of spindle-positioning forces during the asymmetric division of the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50770. [PMID: 33900015 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, astral microtubules generate forces essential to position the mitotic spindle, by pushing against and pulling from the cortex. Measuring microtubule dynamics there, we revealed the presence of two populations, corresponding to pulling and pushing events. It offers a unique opportunity to study, under physiological conditions, the variations of both spindle-positioning forces along space and time. We propose a threefold control of pulling force, by polarity, spindle position and mitotic progression. We showed that the sole anteroposterior asymmetry in dynein on-rate, encoding pulling force imbalance, is sufficient to cause posterior spindle displacement. The positional regulation, reflecting the number of microtubule contacts in the posterior-most region, reinforces this imbalance only in late anaphase. Furthermore, we exhibited the first direct proof that dynein processivity increases along mitosis. It reflects the temporal control of pulling forces, which strengthens at anaphase onset following mitotic progression and independently from chromatid separation. In contrast, the pushing force remains constant and symmetric and contributes to maintaining the spindle at the cell centre during metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Le Cunff
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Nina Soler
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Thierry Pécot
- INRIA, Centre Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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15
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Delattre M, Goehring NW. The first steps in the life of a worm: Themes and variations in asymmetric division in C. elegans and other nematodes. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 144:269-308. [PMID: 33992156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Starting with Boveri in the 1870s, microscopic investigation of early embryogenesis in a broad swath of nematode species revealed the central role of asymmetric cell division in embryonic axis specification, blastomere positioning, and cell fate specification. Notably, across the class Chromadorea, a conserved theme emerges-asymmetry is first established in the zygote and specifies its asymmetric division, giving rise to an anterior somatic daughter cell and a posterior germline daughter cell. Beginning in the 1980s, the emergence of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism saw the advent of genetic tools that enabled rapid progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying asymmetric division, in many cases defining key paradigms that turn out to regulate asymmetric division in a wide range of systems. Yet, the consequence of this focus on C. elegans came at the expense of exploring the extant diversity of developmental variation exhibited across nematode species. Given the resurgent interest in evolutionary studies facilitated in part by new tools, here we revisit the diversity in this asymmetric first division, juxtaposing molecular insight into mechanisms of symmetry-breaking, spindle positioning and fate specification, with a consideration of plasticity and variability within and between species. In the process, we hope to highlight questions of evolutionary forces and molecular variation that may have shaped the extant diversity of developmental mechanisms observed across Nematoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Delattre
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Inserm, UCBL, Lyon, France.
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16
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Palenzuela H, Lacroix B, Sallé J, Minami K, Shima T, Jegou A, Romet-Lemonne G, Minc N. In Vitro Reconstitution of Dynein Force Exertion in a Bulk Viscous Medium. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4534-4540.e7. [PMID: 32946749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The forces generated by microtubules (MTs) and their associated motors orchestrate essential cellular processes ranging from vesicular trafficking to centrosome positioning [1, 2]. To date, most studies have focused on MT force exertion by motors anchored to a static surface, such as the cell cortex in vivo or glass surfaces in vitro [2-4]. However, motors also transport large cargos and endomembrane networks, whose hydrodynamic interactions with the viscous cytoplasm should generate sizable forces in bulk. Such forces may contribute to MT aster centration, organization, and orientation [5-14] but have yet to be evidenced and studied in a minimal reconstituted system. By developing a bulk motility assay, based on stabilized MTs and dynein-coated beads freely floating in a viscous medium away from any surface, we demonstrate that the motion of a cargo exerts a pulling force on the MT and propels it in opposite direction. Quantification of resulting MT movements for different motors, motor velocities, over a range of cargo sizes and medium viscosities shows that the efficiency of this mechanism is primarily determined by cargo size and MT length. Forces exerted by cargos are additive, allowing us to recapitulate tug-of-war situations or bi-dimensional motions of minimal asters. These data also reveal unappreciated effects of the nature of viscous crowders and hydrodynamic interactions between cargos and MTs, likely relevant to understand this mode of force exertion in living cells. This study reinforces the notion that endomembrane transport can exert significant forces on MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Lacroix
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Katsuhiko Minami
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shima
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Jegou
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France.
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17
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Sulerud T, Sami AB, Li G, Kloxin A, Oakey J, Gatlin J. Microtubule-dependent pushing forces contribute to long-distance aster movement and centration in Xenopus laevis egg extracts. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2791-2802. [PMID: 33026931 PMCID: PMC7851858 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During interphase of the eukaryotic cell cycle, the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton serves as both a supportive scaffold for organelles and an arborized system of tracks for intracellular transport. At the onset of mitosis, the position of the astral MT network, specifically its center, determines the eventual location of the spindle apparatus and ultimately the cytokinetic furrow. Positioning of the MT aster often results in its movement to the center of a cell, even in large blastomeres hundreds of microns in diameter. This translocation requires positioning forces, yet how these forces are generated and then integrated within cells of various sizes and geometries remains an open question. Here we describe a method that combines microfluidics, hydrogels, and Xenopus laevis egg extract to investigate the mechanics of aster movement and centration. We determined that asters were able to find the center of artificial channels and annular cylinders, even when cytoplasmic dynein-dependent pulling mechanisms were inhibited. Characterization of aster movement away from V-shaped hydrogel barriers provided additional evidence for a MT-based pushing mechanism. Importantly, the distance over which this mechanism seemed to operate was longer than that predicted by radial aster growth models, agreeing with recent models of a more complex MT network architecture within the aster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Sulerud
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071.,Cell Organization and Division Group, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | | | - Guihe Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - April Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - John Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071.,Cell Organization and Division Group, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Jesse Gatlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071.,Cell Organization and Division Group, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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18
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A Pushing Mechanism for Microtubule Aster Positioning in a Large Cell Type. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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19
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Cilia and centrosomes: Ultrastructural and mechanical perspectives. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:61-69. [PMID: 32307225 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and centrosomes of eukaryotic cells play important roles in cell movement, fluid transport, extracellular sensing, and chromosome division. The physiological functions of cilia and centrosomes are generated by their dynamics, motions, and forces controlled by the physical, chemical, and biological environments. How an individual cilium achieves its beat pattern and induces fluid flow is governed by its ultrastructure as well as the coordination of associated molecular motors. Thus, a bottom-up understanding of the physiological functions of cilia and centrosomes from the molecular to tissue levels is required. Correlations between the structure and motion can be understood in terms of mechanics. This review first focuses on cilia and centrosomes at the molecular level, introducing their ultrastructure. We then shift to the organelle level and introduce the kinematics and mechanics of cilia and centrosomes. Next, at the tissue level, we introduce nodal ciliary dynamics and nodal flow, which play crucial roles in the organogenetic process of left-right asymmetry. We also introduce respiratory ciliary dynamics and mucous flow, which are critical for protecting the epithelium from drying and exposure to harmful particles and viruses, i.e., respiratory clearance function. Finally, we discuss the future research directions in this field.
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20
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Iwao Y, Kimoto C, Fujimoto A, Suda A, Hara Y. Physiological polyspermy: Selection of a sperm nucleus for the development of diploid genomes in amphibians. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:358-369. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Iwao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Developmental Biology, Division of Earth Sciences, Biology, and Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationYamaguchi University Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Chihiro Kimoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive Developmental Biology, Division of Earth Sciences, Biology, and Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationYamaguchi University Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Ayaka Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive Developmental Biology, Division of Earth Sciences, Biology, and Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationYamaguchi University Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Asuka Suda
- Laboratory of Reproductive Developmental Biology, Division of Earth Sciences, Biology, and Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationYamaguchi University Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Yuki Hara
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell Biology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceYamaguchi University Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Japan
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21
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Torisawa T, Kimura A. The Generation of Dynein Networks by Multi-Layered Regulation and Their Implication in Cell Division. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 32083077 PMCID: PMC7004958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (hereafter referred to as dynein) is a major microtubule-based motor critical for cell division. Dynein is essential for the formation and positioning of the mitotic spindle as well as the transport of various cargos in the cell. A striking feature of dynein is that, despite having a wide variety of functions, the catalytic subunit is coded in a single gene. To perform various cellular activities, there seem to be different types of dynein that share a common catalytic subunit. In this review, we will refer to the different kinds of dynein as “dyneins.” This review attempts to classify the mechanisms underlying the emergence of multiple dyneins into four layers. Inside a cell, multiple dyneins generated through the multi-layered regulations interact with each other to form a network of dyneins. These dynein networks may be responsible for the accurate regulation of cellular activities, including cell division. How these networks function inside a cell, with a focus on the early embryogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, is discussed, as well as future directions for the integration of our understanding of molecular layering to understand the totality of dynein’s function in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Torisawa
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
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22
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Meaders JL, Burgess DR. Microtubule-Based Mechanisms of Pronuclear Positioning. Cells 2020; 9:E505. [PMID: 32102180 PMCID: PMC7072840 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The zygote is defined as a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes. Union of haploid male and female pronuclei in many animals occurs through rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton into a radial array of microtubules known as the sperm aster. The sperm aster nucleates from paternally-derived centrioles attached to the male pronucleus after fertilization. Nematode, echinoderm, and amphibian eggs have proven as invaluable models to investigate the biophysical principles for how the sperm aster unites male and female pronuclei with precise spatial and temporal regulation. In this review, we compare these model organisms, discussing the dynamics of sperm aster formation and the different force generating mechanism for sperm aster and pronuclear migration. Finally, we provide new mechanistic insights for how sperm aster growth may influence sperm aster positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Burgess
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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23
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Xie J, Minc N. Cytoskeleton Force Exertion in Bulk Cytoplasm. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:69. [PMID: 32117991 PMCID: PMC7031414 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule and actin cytoskeletons generate forces essential to position centrosomes, nuclei, and spindles for division plane specification. While the largest body of work has documented force exertion at, or close to the cell surface, mounting evidence suggests that cytoskeletal polymers can also produce significant forces directly from within the cytoplasm. Molecular motors such as kinesin or dynein may for instance displace cargos and endomembranes in the viscous cytoplasm yielding friction forces that pull or push microtubules. Similarly, the dynamics of bulk actin assembly/disassembly or myosin-dependent contractions produce cytoplasmic forces which influence the spatial organization of cells in a variety of processes. We here review the molecular and physical mechanisms supporting bulk cytoplasmic force generation by the cytoskeleton, their limits and relevance to organelle positioning, with a particular focus on cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
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24
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Kondo T, Kimura A. Choice between 1- and 2-furrow cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos with tripolar spindles. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2065-2075. [PMID: 30785847 PMCID: PMC6727771 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-01-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive centrosomes often lead to multipolar spindles, and thus probably to multipolar mitosis and aneuploidy. In Caenorhabditis elegans, ∼70% of the paternal emb-27APC6 mutant embryonic cells contained more than two centrosomes and formed multipolar spindles. However, only ~30% of the cells with tripolar spindles formed two cytokinetic furrows. The rest formed one furrow, similar to normal cells. To investigate the mechanism via which cells avoid forming two cytokinetic furrows even with a tripolar spindle, we conducted live-cell imaging in emb-27APC6 mutant cells. We observed that the chromatids were aligned on only two of the three sides of the tripolar spindle, and the angle of the tripolar spindle relative to the long axis of the cell correlated with the number of cytokinetic furrows. Our numerical modeling showed that the combination of cell shape, cortical pulling forces, and heterogeneity of centrosome size determines whether cells with a tripolar spindle form one or two cytokinetic furrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Kondo
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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25
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Sallé J, Xie J, Ershov D, Lacassin M, Dmitrieff S, Minc N. Asymmetric division through a reduction of microtubule centering forces. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:771-782. [PMID: 30563876 PMCID: PMC6400563 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric divisions are essential for the generation of cell fate and size diversity. They implicate cortical domains where minus end-directed motors, such as dynein, are activated to pull on microtubules to decenter asters attached to centrosomes, nuclei, or spindles. In asymmetrically dividing cells, aster decentration typically follows a centering phase, suggesting a time-dependent regulation in the competition between microtubule centering and decentering forces. Using symmetrically dividing sea urchin zygotes, we generated cortical domains of magnetic particles that spontaneously cluster endogenous dynein activity. These domains efficiently attract asters and nuclei, yielding marked asymmetric divisions. Remarkably, aster decentration only occurred after asters had first reached the cell center. Using intracellular force measurement and models, we demonstrate that this time-regulated imbalance results from a global reduction of centering forces rather than a local maturation of dynein activity at the domain. Those findings define a novel paradigm for the regulation of division asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jing Xie
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Dmitry Ershov
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Milan Lacassin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Serge Dmitrieff
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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26
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Alper J, Zanic M. Resistance is futile: Centering forces yield for asymmetric cell division. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:727-728. [PMID: 30770435 PMCID: PMC6400559 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division relies on microtubule-based forces to asymmetrically position the mitotic apparatus. In this issue, Sallé et al. (2019. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201807102) use magnetic tweezers to induce asymmetric division in sea urchin zygotes, demonstrating that asymmetry could arise from a time-dependent weakening of centering forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Alper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biological Sciences, Eukaryotic Pathogen Innovation Center Faculty Scholar, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Marija Zanic
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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27
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Abstract
For over a century, the centrosome has been an organelle more easily tracked than understood, and the study of its peregrinations within the cell remains a chief underpinning of its functional investigation. Increasing attention and new approaches have been brought to bear on mechanisms that control centrosome localization in the context of cleavage plane determination, ciliogenesis, directional migration, and immunological synapse formation, among other cellular and developmental processes. The Golgi complex, often linked with the centrosome, presents a contrasting case of a pleiomorphic organelle for which functional studies advanced somewhat more rapidly than positional tracking. However, Golgi orientation and distribution has emerged as an area of considerable interest with respect to polarized cellular function. This chapter will review our current understanding of the mechanism and significance of the positioning of these organelles.
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28
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Tanimoto H, Sallé J, Dodin L, Minc N. Physical Forces Determining the Persistency and Centering Precision of Microtubule Asters. NATURE PHYSICS 2018; 14:848-854. [PMID: 30079097 PMCID: PMC6071857 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In early embryos, microtubules form star-shaped aster structures that can measure up to hundreds of micrometres, and move at high speeds to find the geometrical centre of the cell. This process, known as aster centration, is essential for the fidelity of cell division and development, but how cells succeed in moving these large structures through their crowded and fluctuating cytoplasm remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the positional fluctuations of migrating sea urchin sperm asters are small, anisotropic, and associated with the stochasticity of dynein-dependent forces moving the aster. Using in vivo magnetic tweezers to directly measure aster forces inside cells, we derive a linear aster force-velocity relationship and provide evidence for a spring-like active mechanism stabilizing the transverse position of the asters. The large frictional coefficient and spring constant quantitatively account for the amplitude and growth characteristics of athermal positional fluctuations, demonstrating that aster mechanics ensure noise suppression to promote persistent and precise centration. These findings define generic biophysical regimes of active cytoskeletal mechanics underlying the accuracy of cell division and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tanimoto
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jeremy Sallé
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Louise Dodin
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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29
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Penfield L, Wysolmerski B, Mauro M, Farhadifar R, Martinez MA, Biggs R, Wu HY, Broberg C, Needleman D, Bahmanyar S. Dynein pulling forces counteract lamin-mediated nuclear stability during nuclear envelope repair. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:852-868. [PMID: 29386297 PMCID: PMC5905298 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient nuclear envelope (NE) ruptures in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote are caused by a weakened nuclear lamina during nuclear positioning. Dynein-pulling forces enhance the severity of ruptures, while lamin restricts nucleocytoplasmic mixing and allows stable NE repair. This work is the first mechanistic analysis of NE rupture and repair in an organism. Recent work done exclusively in tissue culture cells revealed that the nuclear envelope (NE) ruptures and repairs in interphase. The duration of NE ruptures depends on lamins; however, the underlying mechanisms and relevance to in vivo events are not known. Here, we use the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote to analyze lamin’s role in NE rupture and repair in vivo. Transient NE ruptures and subsequent NE collapse are induced by weaknesses in the nuclear lamina caused by expression of an engineered hypomorphic C. elegans lamin allele. Dynein-generated forces that position nuclei enhance the severity of transient NE ruptures and cause NE collapse. Reduction of dynein forces allows the weakened lamin network to restrict nucleo–cytoplasmic mixing and support stable NE recovery. Surprisingly, the high incidence of transient NE ruptures does not contribute to embryonic lethality, which is instead correlated with stochastic chromosome scattering resulting from premature NE collapse, suggesting that C. elegans tolerates transient losses of NE compartmentalization during early embryogenesis. In sum, we demonstrate that lamin counteracts dynein forces to promote stable NE repair and prevent catastrophic NE collapse, and thus provide the first mechanistic analysis of NE rupture and repair in an organismal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Penfield
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Brian Wysolmerski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Michael Mauro
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Reza Farhadifar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Michael A Martinez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ronald Biggs
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hai-Yin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Curtis Broberg
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Daniel Needleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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30
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Haupt A, Minc N. How cells sense their own shape - mechanisms to probe cell geometry and their implications in cellular organization and function. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/6/jcs214015. [PMID: 29581183 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.214015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells come in a variety of shapes that most often underlie their functions. Regulation of cell morphogenesis implies that there are mechanisms for shape sensing that still remain poorly appreciated. Global and local cell geometry features, such as aspect ratio, size or membrane curvature, may be probed by intracellular modules, such as the cytoskeleton, reaction-diffusion systems or molecular complexes. In multicellular tissues, cell shape emerges as an important means to transduce tissue-inherent chemical and mechanical cues into intracellular organization. One emergent paradigm is that cell-shape sensing is most often based upon mechanisms of self-organization, rather than determinism. Here, we review relevant work that has elucidated some of the core principles of how cellular geometry may be conveyed into spatial information to guide processes, such as polarity, signaling, morphogenesis and division-plane positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Haupt
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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31
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De Simone A, Spahr A, Busso C, Gönczy P. Uncovering the balance of forces driving microtubule aster migration in C. elegans zygotes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:938. [PMID: 29507295 PMCID: PMC5838244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule asters must be positioned precisely within cells. How forces generated by molecular motors such as dynein are integrated in space and time to enable such positioning remains unclear. In particular, whereas aster movements depend on the drag caused by cytoplasm viscosity, in vivo drag measurements are lacking, precluding a thorough understanding of the mechanisms governing aster positioning. Here, we investigate this fundamental question during the migration of asters and pronuclei in C. elegans zygotes, a process essential for the mixing of parental genomes. Detailed quantification of these movements using the female pronucleus as an in vivo probe establish that the drag coefficient of the male-asters complex is approximately five times that of the female pronucleus. Further analysis of embryos lacking cortical dynein, the connection between asters and male pronucleus, or the male pronucleus altogether, uncovers the balance of dynein-driven forces that accurately position microtubule asters in C. elegans zygotes. Microtubule asters are positioned precisely within cells by forces generated by molecular motors, but it is unclear how these are integrated in space and time. Here the authors perform in vivo drag measurements and genetic manipulations to determine the balance of forces that position microtubule asters in C. elegans zygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Simone
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - A Spahr
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Busso
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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32
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Sugioka K, Fielmich LE, Mizumoto K, Bowerman B, van den Heuvel S, Kimura A, Sawa H. Tumor suppressor APC is an attenuator of spindle-pulling forces during C. elegans asymmetric cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E954-E963. [PMID: 29348204 PMCID: PMC5798331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712052115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor has dual functions in Wnt/β-catenin signaling and accurate chromosome segregation and is frequently mutated in colorectal cancers. Although APC contributes to proper cell division, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that Caenorhabditis elegans APR-1/APC is an attenuator of the pulling forces acting on the mitotic spindle. During asymmetric cell division of the C. elegans zygote, a LIN-5/NuMA protein complex localizes dynein to the cell cortex to generate pulling forces on astral microtubules that position the mitotic spindle. We found that APR-1 localizes to the anterior cell cortex in a Par-aPKC polarity-dependent manner and suppresses anterior centrosome movements. Our combined cell biological and mathematical analyses support the conclusion that cortical APR-1 reduces force generation by stabilizing microtubule plus-ends at the cell cortex. Furthermore, APR-1 functions in coordination with LIN-5 phosphorylation to attenuate spindle-pulling forces. Our results document a physical basis for the attenuation of spindle-pulling force, which may be generally used in asymmetric cell division and, when disrupted, potentially contributes to division defects in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Multicellular Organization Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 411-8540 Mishima, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Lars-Eric Fielmich
- Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Science 4 Life, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kota Mizumoto
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Sander van den Heuvel
- Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Science 4 Life, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 411-8540 Mishima, Japan;
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai, 411-8540 Mishima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sawa
- Multicellular Organization Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 411-8540 Mishima, Japan;
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai, 411-8540 Mishima, Japan
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33
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Valfort AC, Launay C, Sémon M, Delattre M. Evolution of mitotic spindle behavior during the first asymmetric embryonic division of nematodes. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005099. [PMID: 29357348 PMCID: PMC5794175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is essential to generate cellular diversity. In many animal cells, the cleavage plane lies perpendicular to the mitotic spindle, and it is the spindle positioning that dictates the size of the daughter cells. Although some properties of spindle positioning are conserved between distantly related model species and different cell types, little is known of the evolutionary robustness of the mechanisms underlying this event. We recorded the first embryonic division of 42 species of nematodes closely related to Caenorhabditis elegans, which is an excellent model system to study the biophysical properties of asymmetric spindle positioning. Our recordings, corresponding to 128 strains from 27 Caenorhabditis and 15 non-Caenorhabditis species (accessible at http://www.ens-lyon.fr/LBMC/NematodeCell/videos/), constitute a powerful collection of subcellular phenotypes to study the evolution of various cellular processes across species. In the present work, we analyzed our collection to the study of asymmetric spindle positioning. Although all the strains underwent an asymmetric first cell division, they exhibited large intra- and inter-species variations in the degree of cell asymmetry and in several parameters controlling spindle movement, including spindle oscillation, elongation, and displacement. Notably, these parameters changed frequently during evolution with no apparent directionality in the species phylogeny, with the exception of spindle transverse oscillations, which were an evolutionary innovation at the base of the Caenorhabditis genus. These changes were also unrelated to evolutionary variations in embryo size. Importantly, spindle elongation, displacement, and oscillation each evolved independently. This finding contrasts starkly with expectations based on C. elegans studies and reveals previously unrecognized evolutionary changes in spindle mechanics. Collectively, these data demonstrate that, while the essential process of asymmetric cell division has been conserved over the course of nematode evolution, the underlying spindle movement parameters can combine in various ways. Like other developmental processes, asymmetric cell division is subject to system drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore-Cécile Valfort
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology (Colin Flaveny lab), Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Caroline Launay
- UnivLyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Sémon
- UnivLyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Delattre
- UnivLyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Lyon University, Lyon, France
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34
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Nazockdast E, Rahimian A, Needleman D, Shelley M. Cytoplasmic flows as signatures for the mechanics of mitotic positioning. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3261-3270. [PMID: 28331070 PMCID: PMC5687028 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper positioning of mitotic spindle in the single-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is achieved initially by the migration and rotation of the pronuclear complex (PNC) and its two associated astral microtubules (MTs). Pronuclear migration produces global cytoplasmic flows that couple the mechanics of all MTs, the PNC, and the cell periphery with each other through their hydrodynamic interactions (HIs). We present the first computational study that explicitly accounts for detailed HIs between the cytoskeletal components and demonstrate the key consequences of HIs for the mechanics of pronuclear migration. First, we show that, because of HIs between the MTs, the cytoplasm-filled astral MTs behave like a porous medium, with its permeability decreasing with increasing the number of MTs. We then directly study the dynamics of PNC migration under various force-transduction models, including the pushing or pulling of MTs at the cortex and the pulling of MTs by cytoplasmically bound force generators. Although achieving proper position and orientation on reasonable time scales does not uniquely choose a model, we find that each model produces a different signature in its induced cytoplasmic flow. We suggest that cytoplasmic flows can be used to differentiate between mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehssan Nazockdast
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Abtin Rahimian
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Daniel Needleman
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Michael Shelley
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012
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35
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Howard J, Garzon-Coral C. Physical Limits on the Precision of Mitotic Spindle Positioning by Microtubule Pushing forces: Mechanics of mitotic spindle positioning. Bioessays 2017; 39:10.1002/bies.201700122. [PMID: 28960439 PMCID: PMC5698852 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are shaped and patterned by mechanical and chemical processes. A key mechanical process is the positioning of the mitotic spindle, which determines the size and location of the daughter cells within the tissue. Recent force and position-fluctuation measurements indicate that pushing forces, mediated by the polymerization of astral microtubules against- the cell cortex, maintain the mitotic spindle at the cell center in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. The magnitude of the centering forces suggests that the physical limit on the accuracy and precision of this centering mechanism is determined by the number of pushing microtubules rather than by thermally driven fluctuations. In cells that divide asymmetrically, anti-centering, pulling forces generated by cortically located dyneins, in conjunction with microtubule depolymerization, oppose the pushing forces to drive spindle displacements away from the center. Thus, a balance of centering pushing forces and anti-centering pulling forces localize the mitotic spindles within dividing C. elegans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Carlos Garzon-Coral
- Shriram Center for Chemical Engineering & Bioengineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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36
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Barbosa DJ, Duro J, Prevo B, Cheerambathur DK, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R. Dynactin binding to tyrosinated microtubules promotes centrosome centration in C. elegans by enhancing dynein-mediated organelle transport. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006941. [PMID: 28759579 PMCID: PMC5552355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-based motor dynein generates pulling forces for centrosome centration and mitotic spindle positioning in animal cells. How the essential dynein activator dynactin regulates these functions of the motor is incompletely understood. Here, we dissect the role of dynactin's microtubule binding activity, located in the p150 CAP-Gly domain and an adjacent basic patch, in the C. elegans zygote. Analysis of p150 mutants engineered by genome editing suggests that microtubule tip tracking of dynein-dynactin is dispensable for targeting the motor to the cell cortex and for generating robust cortical pulling forces. Instead, mutations in p150's CAP-Gly domain inhibit cytoplasmic pulling forces responsible for centration of centrosomes and attached pronuclei. The centration defects are mimicked by mutations of α-tubulin's C-terminal tyrosine, and both p150 CAP-Gly and tubulin tyrosine mutants decrease the frequency of early endosome transport from the cell periphery towards centrosomes during centration. Our results suggest that p150 GAP-Gly domain binding to tyrosinated microtubules promotes initiation of dynein-mediated organelle transport in the dividing one-cell embryo, and that this function of p150 is critical for generating cytoplasmic pulling forces for centrosome centration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Duro
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Dept of Cellular & Molecular Medicine UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Dhanya K. Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Dept of Cellular & Molecular Medicine UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana X. Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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37
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Characterization of microtubule buckling in living cells. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 46:581-594. [PMID: 28424847 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are filamentous biopolymers involved in essential biological processes. They form key structures in eukaryotic cells, and thus it is very important to determine the mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of the microtubule network. Microtubule bucklings are transient and localized events commonly observed in living cells and characterized by a fast bending and its posterior relaxation. Active forces provided by molecular motors have been indicated as responsible for most of these rapid deformations. However, the factors that control the shape amplitude and the time scales of the rising and release stages remain unexplored. In this work, we study microtubule buckling in living cells using Xenopus laevis melanophores as a model system. We tracked single fluorescent microtubules from high temporal resolution (0.3-2 s) confocal movies. We recovered the center coordinates of the filaments with 10-nm precision and analyzed the amplitude of the deformation as a function of time. Using numerical simulations, we explored different force mechanisms resulting in microtubule bending. The simulated events reproduce many features observed for microtubules, suggesting that a mechanistic model captures the essential processes underlying microtubule buckling. Also, we studied the interplay between actively transported vesicles and the microtubule network using a two-color technique. Our results suggest that microtubules may affect transport indirectly besides serving as tracks of motor-driven organelles. For example, they could obstruct organelles at microtubule intersections or push them during filament mechanical relaxation.
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38
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Wu HY, Nazockdast E, Shelley MJ, Needleman DJ. Forces positioning the mitotic spindle: Theories, and now experiments. Bioessays 2016; 39. [PMID: 28026040 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The position of the spindle determines the position of the cleavage plane, and is thus crucial for cell division. Although spindle positioning has been extensively studied, the underlying forces ultimately responsible for moving the spindle remain poorly understood. A recent pioneering study by Garzon-Coral et al. uses magnetic tweezers to perform the first direct measurements of the forces involved in positioning the mitotic spindle. Combining this with molecular perturbations and geometrical effects, they use their data to argue that the forces that keep the spindle in its proper position for cell division arise from astral microtubules growing and pushing against the cell's cortex. Here, we review these ground-breaking experiments, the various biomechanical models for spindle positioning that they seek to differentiate, and discuss new questions raised by these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yin Wu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ehssan Nazockdast
- Center for Computational Biology, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Shelley
- Center for Computational Biology, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Needleman
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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39
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Pécréaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, Mercat B, Pastezeur S, Garzon-Coral C, Hyman AA, Howard J. The Mitotic Spindle in the One-Cell C. elegans Embryo Is Positioned with High Precision and Stability. Biophys J 2016; 111:1773-1784. [PMID: 27760363 PMCID: PMC5071606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise positioning of the mitotic spindle is important for specifying the plane of cell division, which in turn determines how the cytoplasmic contents of the mother cell are partitioned into the daughter cells, and how the daughters are positioned within the tissue. During metaphase in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, the spindle is aligned and centered on the anterior-posterior axis by a microtubule-dependent machinery that exerts restoring forces when the spindle is displaced from the center. To investigate the accuracy and stability of centering, we tracked the position and orientation of the mitotic spindle during the first cell division with high temporal and spatial resolution. We found that the precision is remarkably high: the cell-to-cell variation in the transverse position of the center of the spindle during metaphase, as measured by the standard deviation, was only 1.5% of the length of the short axis of the cell. Spindle position is also very stable: the standard deviation of the fluctuations in transverse spindle position during metaphase was only 0.5% of the short axis of the cell. Assuming that stability is limited by fluctuations in the number of independent motor elements such as microtubules or dyneins underlying the centering machinery, we infer that the number is ∼1000, consistent with the several thousand of astral microtubules in these cells. Astral microtubules grow out from the two spindle poles, make contact with the cell cortex, and then shrink back shortly thereafter. The high stability of centering can be accounted for quantitatively if, while making contact with the cortex, the astral microtubules buckle as they exert compressive, pushing forces. We thus propose that the large number of microtubules in the asters provides a highly precise mechanism for positioning the spindle during metaphase while assembly is completed before the onset of anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Pécréaux
- Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CS 34317, Rennes, France; Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Redemann
- Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zahraa Alayan
- Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CS 34317, Rennes, France; Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Benjamin Mercat
- Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CS 34317, Rennes, France; Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Pastezeur
- Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CS 34317, Rennes, France; Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Carlos Garzon-Coral
- Shriram Center of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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40
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Coffman VC, McDermott MBA, Shtylla B, Dawes AT. Stronger net posterior cortical forces and asymmetric microtubule arrays produce simultaneous centration and rotation of the pronuclear complex in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3550-3562. [PMID: 27733624 PMCID: PMC5221587 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical approaches are used to demonstrate the importance of asymmetries in microtubule arrays and cortical pulling forces mediated by dynein in positioning the pronuclear complex before nuclear envelope breakdown in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Positioning of microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) incorporates biochemical and mechanical cues for proper alignment of the mitotic spindle and cell division site. Current experimental and theoretical studies in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo assume remarkable changes in the origin and polarity of forces acting on the MTOCs. These changes must occur over a few minutes, between initial centration and rotation of the pronuclear complex and entry into mitosis, and the models do not replicate in vivo timing of centration and rotation. Here we propose a model that incorporates asymmetry in the microtubule arrays generated by each MTOC, which we demonstrate with in vivo measurements, and a similar asymmetric force profile to that required for posterior-directed spindle displacement during mitosis. We find that these asymmetries are capable of and important for recapitulating the simultaneous centration and rotation of the pronuclear complex observed in vivo. The combination of theoretical and experimental evidence provided here offers a unified framework for the spatial organization and forces needed for pronuclear centration, rotation, and spindle displacement in the early C. elegans embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie C Coffman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | - Blerta Shtylla
- Mathematics Department, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711
| | - Adriana T Dawes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 .,Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Khetan N, Athale CA. A Motor-Gradient and Clustering Model of the Centripetal Motility of MTOCs in Meiosis I of Mouse Oocytes. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005102. [PMID: 27706163 PMCID: PMC5051731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asters nucleated by Microtubule (MT) organizing centers (MTOCs) converge on chromosomes during spindle assembly in mouse oocytes undergoing meiosis I. Time-lapse imaging suggests that this centripetal motion is driven by a biased 'search-and-capture' mechanism. Here, we develop a model of a random walk in a drift field to test the nature of the bias and the spatio-temporal dynamics of the search process. The model is used to optimize the spatial field of drift in simulations, by comparison to experimental motility statistics. In a second step, this optimized gradient is used to determine the location of immobilized dynein motors and MT polymerization parameters, since these are hypothesized to generate the gradient of forces needed to move MTOCs. We compare these scenarios to self-organized mechanisms by which asters have been hypothesized to find the cell-center- MT pushing at the cell-boundary and clustering motor complexes. By minimizing the error between simulation outputs and experiments, we find a model of "pulling" by a gradient of dynein motors alone can drive the centripetal motility. Interestingly, models of passive MT based "pushing" at the cortex, clustering by cross-linking motors and MT-dynamic instability gradients alone, by themselves do not result in the observed motility. The model predicts the sensitivity of the results to motor density and stall force, but not MTs per aster. A hybrid model combining a chromatin-centered immobilized dynein gradient, diffusible minus-end directed clustering motors and pushing at the cell cortex, is required to comprehensively explain the available data. The model makes experimentally testable predictions of a spatial bias and self-organized mechanisms by which MT asters can find the center of a large cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Khetan
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chaitanya A. Athale
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Tohsato Y, Ho KHL, Kyoda K, Onami S. SSBD: a database of quantitative data of spatiotemporal dynamics of biological phenomena. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:3471-3479. [PMID: 27412095 PMCID: PMC5181557 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Rapid advances in live-cell imaging analysis and mathematical modeling have produced a large amount of quantitative data on spatiotemporal dynamics of biological objects ranging from molecules to organisms. There is now a crucial need to bring these large amounts of quantitative biological dynamics data together centrally in a coherent and systematic manner. This will facilitate the reuse of this data for further analysis. Results: We have developed the Systems Science of Biological Dynamics database (SSBD) to store and share quantitative biological dynamics data. SSBD currently provides 311 sets of quantitative data for single molecules, nuclei and whole organisms in a wide variety of model organisms from Escherichia coli to Mus musculus. The data are provided in Biological Dynamics Markup Language format and also through a REST API. In addition, SSBD provides 188 sets of time-lapse microscopy images from which the quantitative data were obtained and software tools for data visualization and analysis. Availability and Implementation: SSBD is accessible at http://ssbd.qbic.riken.jp. Contact:sonami@riken.jp
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Tohsato
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenneth H L Ho
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Koji Kyoda
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuichi Onami
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Milunović-Jevtić A, Mooney P, Sulerud T, Bisht J, Gatlin JC. Centrosomal clustering contributes to chromosomal instability and cancer. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 40:113-118. [PMID: 27046071 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells assemble mitotic spindles during each round of division to insure accurate segregation of their duplicated genome. In animal cells, stereotypical spindles have two poles, each containing one centrosome, from which microtubules are nucleated. By contrast, many cancer cells often contain more than two centrosomes and form transient multipolar spindle structures with more than two poles. In order to divide and produce viable progeny, the multipolar spindle intermediate must be reshaped into a pseudo-bipolar structure via a process called centrosomal clustering. Pseudo-bipolar spindles appear to function normally during mitosis, but they occasionally give rise to aneuploid and transformed daughter cells. Agents that inhibit centrosomal clustering might therefore work as a potential cancer therapy, specifically targeting mitosis in supernumerary centrosome-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Mooney
- University of Wyoming, Department of Molecular Biology, United States
| | - T Sulerud
- University of Wyoming, Department of Molecular Biology, United States
| | - J Bisht
- University of Wyoming, Department of Molecular Biology, United States
| | - J C Gatlin
- University of Wyoming, Department of Molecular Biology, United States.
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Tanimoto H, Kimura A, Minc N. Shape-motion relationships of centering microtubule asters. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:777-87. [PMID: 27022090 PMCID: PMC4810306 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201510064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mechanisms that contribute to microtubule (MT) aster positioning have been extensively studied, still little is known on how asters move inside cells to faithfully target a cellular location. Here, we study sperm aster centration in sea urchin eggs, as a stereotypical large-scale aster movement with extreme constraints on centering speed and precision. By tracking three-dimensional aster centration dynamics in eggs with manipulated shapes, we show that aster geometry resulting from MT growth and interaction with cell boundaries dictates aster instantaneous directionality, yielding cell shape-dependent centering trajectories. Aster laser surgery and modeling suggest that dynein-dependent MT cytoplasmic pulling forces that scale to MT length function to convert aster geometry into directionality. In contrast, aster speed remains largely independent of aster size, shape, or absolute dynein activity, which suggests it may be predominantly determined by aster growth rate rather than MT force amplitude. These studies begin to define the geometrical principles that control aster movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima 411-8540, Japan National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 144, 75248 Paris, France
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De Simone A, Nédélec F, Gönczy P. Dynein Transmits Polarized Actomyosin Cortical Flows to Promote Centrosome Separation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2250-2262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Kondo T, Okada M, Kunihiro K, Takahashi M, Yaoita Y, Hosoya H, Hamao K. Characterization of myosin II regulatory light chain isoforms in HeLa cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 72:609-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Kondo
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashihiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Morihiro Okada
- Division of Embryology and Genetics; Institute for Amphibian Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashihiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Kayo Kunihiro
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashihiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University; Sapporo 010-0810 Japan
| | - Yoshio Yaoita
- Division of Embryology and Genetics; Institute for Amphibian Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashihiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoya
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashihiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Kozue Hamao
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashihiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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Abstract
Dyneins are a small class of molecular motors that bind to microtubules and walk toward their minus ends. They are essential for the transport and distribution of organelles, signaling complexes and cytoskeletal elements. In addition dyneins generate forces on microtubule arrays that power the beating of cilia and flagella, cell division, migration and growth cone motility. Classical approaches to the study of dynein function in axons involve the depletion of dynein, expression of mutant/truncated forms of the motor, or interference with accessory subunits. By necessity, these approaches require prolonged time periods for the expression or manipulation of cellular dynein levels. With the discovery of the ciliobrevins, a class of cell permeable small molecule inhibitors of dynein, it is now possible to acutely disrupt dynein both globally and locally. In this review, we briefly summarize recent work using ciliobrevins to inhibit dynein and discuss the insights ciliobrevins have provided about dynein function in various cell types with a focus on neurons. We temper this with a discussion of the need for studies that will elucidate the mechanism of action of ciliobrevin and as well as the need for experiments to further analyze the specificity of ciliobreviens for dynein. Although much remains to be learned about ciliobrevins, these small molecules are proving themselves to be valuable novel tools to assess the cellular functions of dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Roossien
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kyle E Miller
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Scheffler K, Minnes R, Fraisier V, Paoletti A, Tran PT. Microtubule minus end motors kinesin-14 and dynein drive nuclear congression in parallel pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:47-58. [PMID: 25869666 PMCID: PMC4395489 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201409087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term imaging via microfluidic chambers shows that two minus end–directed motors, dynein and Klp2, work in parallel at distinct subcellular structures to promote efficient nuclear congression. Microtubules (MTs) and associated motors play a central role in nuclear migration, which is crucial for diverse biological functions including cell division, polarity, and sexual reproduction. In this paper, we report a dual mechanism underlying nuclear congression during fission yeast karyogamy upon mating of haploid cells. Using microfluidic chambers for long-term imaging, we captured the precise timing of nuclear congression and identified two minus end–directed motors operating in parallel in this process. Kinesin-14 Klp2 associated with MTs may cross-link and slide antiparallel MTs emanating from the two nuclei, whereas dynein accumulating at spindle pole bodies (SPBs) may pull MTs nucleated from the opposite SPB. Klp2-dependent nuclear congression proceeds at constant speed, whereas dynein accumulation results in an increase of nuclear velocity over time. Surprisingly, the light intermediate chain Dli1, but not dynactin, is required for this previously unknown function of dynein. We conclude that efficient nuclear congression depends on the cooperation of two minus end–directed motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Scheffler
- Centre de Recherche and BioImaging Cell and Tissue Core Facility of the Institut Curie (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Refael Minnes
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vincent Fraisier
- Centre de Recherche and BioImaging Cell and Tissue Core Facility of the Institut Curie (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Centre de Recherche and BioImaging Cell and Tissue Core Facility of the Institut Curie (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Phong T Tran
- Centre de Recherche and BioImaging Cell and Tissue Core Facility of the Institut Curie (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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49
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Kiyomitsu T. Mechanisms of daughter cell-size control during cell division. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:286-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Avidor-Reiss T, Khire A, Fishman EL, Jo KH. Atypical centrioles during sexual reproduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:21. [PMID: 25883936 PMCID: PMC4381714 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are conserved, self-replicating, microtubule-based, 9-fold symmetric subcellular organelles that are essential for proper cell division and function. Most cells have two centrioles and maintaining this number of centrioles is important for animal development and physiology. However, how animals gain their first two centrioles during reproduction is only partially understood. It is well established that in most animals, the centrioles are contributed to the zygote by the sperm. However, in humans and many animals, the sperm centrioles are modified in their structure and protein composition, or they appear to be missing altogether. In these animals, the origin of the first centrioles is not clear. Here, we review various hypotheses on how centrioles are gained during reproduction and describe specialized functions of the zygotic centrioles. In particular, we discuss a new and atypical centriole found in sperm and zygote, called the proximal centriole-like structure (PCL). We also discuss another type of atypical centriole, the "zombie" centriole, which is degenerated but functional. Together, the presence of centrioles, PCL, and zombie centrioles suggests a universal mechanism of centriole inheritance among animals and new causes of infertility. Since the atypical centrioles of sperm and zygote share similar functions with typical centrioles in somatic cells, they can provide unmatched insight into centriole biology.
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