1
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Goins LM, Girard JR, Mondal BC, Buran S, Su CC, Tang R, Biswas T, Kissi JA, Banerjee U. Wnt signaling couples G2 phase control with differentiation during hematopoiesis in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00341-1. [PMID: 38866012 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
During homeostasis, a critical balance is maintained between myeloid-like progenitors and their differentiated progeny, which function to mitigate stress and innate immune challenges. The molecular mechanisms that help achieve this balance are not fully understood. Using genetic dissection in Drosophila, we show that a Wnt6/EGFR-signaling network simultaneously controls progenitor growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Unlike G1-quiescence of stem cells, hematopoietic progenitors are blocked in G2 phase by a β-catenin-independent (Wnt/STOP) Wnt6 pathway that restricts Cdc25 nuclear entry and promotes cell growth. Canonical β-catenin-dependent Wnt6 signaling is spatially confined to mature progenitors through localized activation of the tyrosine kinases EGFR and Abelson kinase (Abl), which promote nuclear entry of β-catenin and facilitate exit from G2. This strategy combines transcription-dependent and -independent forms of both Wnt6 and EGFR pathways to create a direct link between cell-cycle control and differentiation. This unique combinatorial strategy employing conserved components may underlie homeostatic balance and stress response in mammalian hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Goins
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bama Charan Mondal
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sausan Buran
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chloe C Su
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruby Tang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Titash Biswas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Kissi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Kamizaki K, Minami Y, Nishita M. Role of the Ror family receptors in Wnt5a signaling. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:489-501. [PMID: 38587578 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Ror-family receptors, Ror1 and Ror2, are type I transmembrane proteins that possess an extracellular cysteine-rich domain, which is conserved throughout the Frizzled-family receptors and is a binding site for Wnt ligands. Both Ror1 and Ror2 function primarily as receptors or co-receptors for Wnt5a to activate the β-catenin-independent, non-canonical Wnt signaling, thereby regulating cell polarity, migration, proliferation, and differentiation depending on the context. Ror1 and Ror2 are expressed highly in many tissues during embryogenesis but minimally or scarcely in adult tissues, with some exceptions. In contrast, Ror1 and Ror2 are expressed in many types of cancers, and their high expression often contributes to the progression of the disease. Therefore, Ror1 and Ror2 have been proposed as potential targets for the treatment of the malignancies. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of Ror1/Ror2 expression and discuss how Wnt5a-Ror1/Ror2 signaling is mediated and regulated by their interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kamizaki
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
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3
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Song S, Cho B, Weiner AT, Nissen SB, Ojeda Naharros I, Sanchez Bosch P, Suyama K, Hu Y, He L, Svinkina T, Udeshi ND, Carr SA, Perrimon N, Axelrod JD. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates core PCP signaling. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56997. [PMID: 37975164 PMCID: PMC10702827 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling polarizes epithelial cells within the plane of an epithelium. Core PCP signaling components adopt asymmetric subcellular localizations within cells to both polarize and coordinate polarity between cells. Achieving subcellular asymmetry requires additional effectors, including some mediating post-translational modifications of core components. Identification of such proteins is challenging due to pleiotropy. We used mass spectrometry-based proximity labeling proteomics to identify such regulators in the Drosophila wing. We identified the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase1, Pp1-87B, and show that it regulates core protein polarization. Pp1-87B interacts with the core protein Van Gogh and at least one serine/threonine kinase, Dco/CKIε, that is known to regulate PCP. Pp1-87B modulates Van Gogh subcellular localization and directs its dephosphorylation in vivo. PNUTS, a Pp1 regulatory subunit, also modulates PCP. While the direct substrate(s) of Pp1-87B in control of PCP is not known, our data support the model that cycling between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of one or more core PCP components may regulate acquisition of asymmetry. Finally, our screen serves as a resource for identifying additional regulators of PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
- Present address:
GenScriptPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Bomsoo Cho
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Irene Ojeda Naharros
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Kaye Suyama
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Present address:
School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | | | | | | | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
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4
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Song S, Cho B, Weiner AT, Nissen SB, Naharros IO, Bosch PS, Suyama K, Hu Y, He L, Svinkina T, Udeshi ND, Carr SA, Perrimon N, Axelrod JD. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates core PCP signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.556998. [PMID: 37745534 PMCID: PMC10515792 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.556998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PCP signaling polarizes epithelial cells within the plane of an epithelium. Core PCP signaling components adopt asymmetric subcellular localizations within cells to both polarize and coordinate polarity between cells. Achieving subcellular asymmetry requires additional effectors, including some mediating post-translational modifications of core components. Identification of such proteins is challenging due to pleiotropy. We used mass spectrometry-based proximity labeling proteomics to identify such regulators in the Drosophila wing. We identified the catalytic subunit of Protein Phosphatase1, Pp1-87B, and show that it regulates core protein polarization. Pp1-87B interacts with the core protein Van Gogh and at least one Serine/Threonine kinase, Dco/CKIε, that is known to regulate PCP. Pp1-87B modulates Van Gogh subcellular localization and directs its dephosphorylation in vivo. PNUTS, a Pp1 regulatory subunit, also modulates PCP. While the direct substrate(s) of Pp1-87B in control of PCP is not known, our data support the model that cycling between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of one or more core PCP components may regulate acquisition of asymmetry. Finally, our screen serves as a resource for identifying additional regulators of PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Present Address: GenScript, 860 Centennial Avenue, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Bomsoo Cho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Irene Ojeda Naharros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Pablo Sanchez Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaye Suyama
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Present Address: School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | | | | | | | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Lu M, Knight CT, Yamamoto T, Hayashi T, Mii Y, Ooki T, Kikuchi I, Kikuchi A, Barker N, Susaki EA, Taira M, Hatakeyama M. The Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein disrupts Wnt/PCP signaling and promotes hyperproliferation of pyloric gland base cells. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabp9020. [PMID: 37463245 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abp9020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains that deliver the oncoprotein CagA into gastric epithelial cells are the major etiologic agents of upper gastric diseases including gastric cancer. CagA promotes gastric carcinogenesis through interactions with multiple host proteins. Here, we show that CagA also disrupts Wnt-dependent planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP), which orients cells within the plane of an epithelium and coordinates collective cell behaviors such as convergent extension to enable epithelial elongation during development. Ectopic expression of CagA in Xenopus laevis embryos impaired gastrulation, neural tube formation, and axis elongation, processes driven by convergent extension movements that depend on the Wnt/PCP pathway. Mice specifically expressing CagA in the stomach epithelium had longer pyloric glands and mislocalization of the tetraspanin proteins VANGL1 and VANGL2 (VANGL1/2), which are critical components of Wnt/PCP signaling. The increased pyloric gland length was due to hyperproliferation of cells at the gland base, where Lgr5+ stem and progenitor cells reside, and was associated with fewer differentiated enteroendocrine cells. In cultured human gastric epithelial cells, the N terminus of CagA interacted with the C-terminal cytoplasmic tails of VANGL1/2, which impaired Wnt/PCP signaling by inducing the mislocalization of VANGL1/2 from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Thus, CagA may contribute to the development of gastric cancer by subverting a Wnt/PCP-dependent mechanism that restrains pyloric gland stem cell proliferation and promotes enteroendocrine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takahashi-Kanemitsu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mengxue Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Christopher Takaya Knight
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuya Ooki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Ippei Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Division of Epithelial Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 924-1192, Japan
| | - Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
- Research Center of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
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6
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Micka M, Bryja V. Can We Pharmacologically Target Dishevelled: The Key Signal Transducer in the Wnt Pathways? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:117-135. [PMID: 34382124 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dishevelled (DVL) is the central signal transducer in both Wnt/β-catenin-dependent and independent signalling pathways. DVL is required to connect receptor complexes and downstream effectors. Since proximal Wnt pathway components and DVL itself are upregulated in many types of cancer, DVL represents an attractive therapeutic target in the Wnt-addicted cancers and other disorders caused by aberrant Wnt signalling. Here, we discuss progress in several approaches for the modulation of DVL function and hence inhibition of the Wnt signalling. Namely, we sum up the potential of modulation of enzymes that control post-translational modification of DVL - such as inhibition of DVL kinases or promotion of DVL ubiquitination and degradation. In addition, we discuss research directions that can take advantage of direct interaction with the protein domains essential for DVL function: the inhibition of DIX- and DEP-domain mediated polymerization and interaction of DVL PDZ domain with its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Micka
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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7
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Cullin 1 (CUL1) Promotes Primary Ciliogenesis through the Induction of Ubiquitin-Proteasome-Dependent Dvl2 Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147572. [PMID: 34299191 PMCID: PMC8307194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are nonmotile cellular signal-sensing antenna-like structures composed of microtubule-based structures that distinguish them from motile cilia in structure and function. Primary ciliogenesis is regulated by various cellular signals, such as Wnt, hedgehog (Hh), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The abnormal regulation of ciliogenesis is closely related to developing various human diseases, including ciliopathies and cancer. This study identified a novel primary ciliogenesis factor Cullin 1 (CUL1), a core component of Skp1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which regulates the proteolysis of dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Through immunoprecipitation-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, 176 Dvl2 interacting candidates were identified, of which CUL1 is a novel Dvl2 modulator that induces Dvl2 ubiquitination-dependent degradation. Neddylation-dependent CUL1 activity at the centrosomes was essential for centrosomal Dvl2 degradation and primary ciliogenesis. Therefore, this study provides a new mechanism of Dvl2 degradation by CUL1, which ultimately leads to primary ciliogenesis, and suggest a novel target for primary cilia-related human diseases.
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8
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Torban E, Sokol SY. Planar cell polarity pathway in kidney development, function and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:369-385. [PMID: 33547419 PMCID: PMC8967065 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated orientation of cells in the tissue plane. Originally discovered and studied in Drosophila melanogaster, PCP is now widely recognized in vertebrates, where it is implicated in organogenesis. Specific sets of PCP genes have been identified. The proteins encoded by these genes become asymmetrically distributed to opposite sides of cells within a tissue plane and guide many processes that include changes in cell shape and polarity, collective cell movements or the uniform distribution of cell appendages. A unifying characteristic of these processes is that they often involve rearrangement of actomyosin. Mutations in PCP genes can cause malformations in organs of many animals, including humans. In the past decade, strong evidence has accumulated for a role of the PCP pathway in kidney development including outgrowth and branching morphogenesis of ureteric bud and podocyte development. Defective PCP signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney disorders of the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract spectrum. Understanding the origins, molecular constituents and cellular targets of PCP provides insights into the involvement of PCP molecules in normal kidney development and how dysfunction of PCP components may lead to kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Block E, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4A3J1.,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
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9
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Salinas-Saavedra M, Martindale MQ. Par protein localization during the early development of Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests different modes of epithelial organization in the metazoa. eLife 2020; 9:54927. [PMID: 32716297 PMCID: PMC7441587 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In bilaterians and cnidarians, epithelial cell-polarity is regulated by the interactions between Par proteins, Wnt/PCP signaling pathway, and cell-cell adhesion. Par proteins are highly conserved across Metazoa, including ctenophores. But strikingly, ctenophore genomes lack components of the Wnt/PCP pathway and cell-cell adhesion complexes raising the question if ctenophore cells are polarized by mechanisms involving Par proteins. Here, by using immunohistochemistry and live-cell imaging of specific mRNAs, we describe for the first time the subcellular localization of selected Par proteins in blastomeres and epithelial cells during the embryogenesis of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. We show that these proteins distribute differently compared to what has been described for other animals, even though they segregate in a host-specific fashion when expressed in cnidarian embryos. This differential localization might be related to the emergence of different junctional complexes during metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Salinas-Saavedra
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, and the Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, United States
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, and the Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, United States
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10
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Ansar M, Chung H, Waryah YM, Makrythanasis P, Falconnet E, Rao AR, Guipponi M, Narsani AK, Fingerhut R, Santoni FA, Ranza E, Waryah AM, Bellen HJ, Antonarakis SE. Visual impairment and progressive phthisis bulbi caused by recessive pathogenic variant in MARK3. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2703-2711. [PMID: 29771303 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental eye defects often severely reduce vision. Despite extensive efforts, for a substantial fraction of these cases the molecular causes are unknown. Recessive eye disorders are frequent in consanguineous populations and such large families with multiple affected individuals provide an opportunity to identify recessive causative genes. We studied a Pakistani consanguineous family with three affected individuals with congenital vision loss and progressive eye degeneration. The family was analyzed by exome sequencing of one affected individual and genotyping of all family members. We have identified a non-synonymous homozygous variant (NM_001128918.2: c.1708C > G: p.Arg570Gly) in the MARK3 gene as the likely cause of the phenotype. Given that MARK3 is highly conserved in flies (I: 55%; S: 67%) we knocked down the MARK3 homologue, par-1, in the eye during development. This leads to a significant reduction in eye size, a severe loss of photoreceptors and loss of vision based on electroretinogram (ERG) recordings. Expression of the par-1 p.Arg792Gly mutation (equivalent to the MARK3 variant found in patients) in developing fly eyes also induces loss of eye tissue and reduces the ERG signals. The data in flies and human indicate that the MARK3 variant corresponds to a loss of function. We conclude that the identified mutation in MARK3 establishes a new gene-disease link, since it likely causes structural abnormalities during eye development and visual impairment in humans, and that the function of MARK3/par-1 is evolutionarily conserved in eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hyunglok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yar M Waryah
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Medical Research Center, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Falconnet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ali Raza Rao
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Medical Research Center, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ashok K Narsani
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federico A Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ali M Waryah
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Medical Research Center, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Li N, Lu N, Xie C. The Hippo and Wnt signalling pathways: crosstalk during neoplastic progression in gastrointestinal tissue. FEBS J 2019; 286:3745-3756. [PMID: 31342636 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo and Wnt signalling pathways play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and organ size by orchestrating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These pathways have been frequently found to be dysregulated in human cancers. While the canonical signal transduction of Hippo and Wnt has been well studied, emerging evidence shows that these two signalling pathways contribute to and exhibit overlapping functions in gastrointestinal (GI) tumorigenesis. In fact, the core effectors YAP/TAZ in Hippo signalling pathway cooperate with β-catenin in Wnt signalling pathway to promote GI neoplasia. Here, we provide a brief review to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these two pathways and elucidate their involvement in GI tumorigenesis, particularly focusing on the intestine, stomach and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
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12
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Strutt H, Gamage J, Strutt D. Reciprocal action of Casein Kinase Iε on core planar polarity proteins regulates clustering and asymmetric localisation. eLife 2019; 8:45107. [PMID: 31090542 PMCID: PMC6542583 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved core planar polarity pathway is essential for coordinating polarised cell behaviours and the formation of polarised structures such as cilia and hairs. Core planar polarity proteins localise asymmetrically to opposite cell ends and form intercellular complexes that link the polarity of neighbouring cells. This asymmetric segregation is regulated by phosphorylation through poorly understood mechanisms. We show that loss of phosphorylation of the core protein Strabismus in the Drosophila pupal wing increases its stability and promotes its clustering at intercellular junctions, and that Prickle negatively regulates Strabismus phosphorylation. Additionally, loss of phosphorylation of Dishevelled - which normally localises to opposite cell edges to Strabismus - reduces its stability at junctions. Moreover, both phosphorylation events are independently mediated by Casein Kinase Iε. We conclude that Casein Kinase Iε phosphorylation acts as a switch, promoting Strabismus mobility and Dishevelled immobility, thus enhancing sorting of these proteins to opposite cell edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gamage
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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13
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Salinas-Saavedra M, Rock AQ, Martindale MQ. Germ layer-specific regulation of cell polarity and adhesion gives insight into the evolution of mesoderm. eLife 2018; 7:e36740. [PMID: 30063005 PMCID: PMC6067901 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In triploblastic animals, Par-proteins regulate cell-polarity and adherens junctions of both ectodermal and endodermal epithelia. But, in embryos of the diploblastic cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, Par-proteins are degraded in all cells in the bifunctional gastrodermal epithelium. Using immunohistochemistry, CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, and mRNA overexpression, we describe the functional association between Par-proteins, ß-catenin, and snail transcription factor genes in N. vectensis embryos. We demonstrate that the aPKC/Par complex regulates the localization of ß-catenin in the ectoderm by stabilizing its role in cell-adhesion, and that endomesodermal epithelial cells are organized by a different cell-adhesion system than overlying ectoderm. We also show that ectopic expression of snail genes, which are expressed in mesodermal derivatives in bilaterians, is sufficient to downregulate Par-proteins and translocate ß-catenin from the junctions to the cytoplasm in ectodermal cells. These data provide molecular insight into the evolution of epithelial structure and distinct cell behaviors in metazoan embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Salinas-Saavedra
- The Whitney
Laboratory for Marine BioscienceUniversity of
FloridaFloridaUnited
States
- Department of
BiologyUniversity of
FloridaFloridaUnited
States
| | - Amber Q Rock
- The Whitney
Laboratory for Marine BioscienceUniversity of
FloridaFloridaUnited
States
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney
Laboratory for Marine BioscienceUniversity of
FloridaFloridaUnited
States
- Department of
BiologyUniversity of
FloridaFloridaUnited
States
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14
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Sharma M, Castro-Piedras I, Simmons GE, Pruitt K. Dishevelled: A masterful conductor of complex Wnt signals. Cell Signal 2018; 47:52-64. [PMID: 29559363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Dishevelled gene was first identified in Drosophila mutants with disoriented hair and bristle polarity [1-3]. The Dsh gene (Dsh/Dvl, in Drosophila and vertebrates respectively) gained popularity when it was discovered that it plays a key role in segment polarity during early embryonic development in Drosophila [4]. Subsequently, the vertebrate homolog of Dishevelled genes were identified in Xenopus (Xdsh), mice (Dvl1, Dvl2, Dvl3), and in humans (DVL1, DVL2, DVL3) [5-10]. Dishevelled functions as a principal component of Wnt signaling pathway and governs several cellular processes including cell proliferation, survival, migration, differentiation, polarity and stem cell renewal. This review will revisit seminal discoveries and also summarize recent advances in characterizing the role of Dishevelled in both normal and pathophysiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sharma
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Glenn E Simmons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Medicine, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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15
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Xie J, Han M, Zhang M, Deng H, Wu W. PP5 (PPP5C) is a phosphatase of Dvl2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2715. [PMID: 29426949 PMCID: PMC5807433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled (Dvl) family proteins are key mediators of Wnt signalling and function in both canonical and noncanonical branches. Dvl2, the most studied Dvl protein, is extensively regulated by phosphorylation. Several kinases were found to be critical for Dvl2 localisation, stability control and functional segregation. For example, S143-phosphorylated Dvl2 was detected, together with CK1δ/ε, at the centrosome and basal body of primary cilia and plays pivotal roles during ciliogenesis. However, relatively less is known about Dvl dephosphorylation and the phosphatases involved. Here, we identified PP5 (PPP5C) as a phosphatase of Dvl2. PP5 interacts with and can directly dephosphorylate Dvl2. Knockdown of PP5 caused elevated Dvl2 phosphorylation both at the basal level and upon Wnt stimulation. In the Dvl2 protein, S143, the 10B5 cluster and other sites were dephosphorylated by PP5. Interestingly, comparison of PP5 with PP2A, another known Dvl2 phosphatase, revealed that PP5 and PP2A are not fully redundant in the regulation of Dvl2 phosphorylation status. In hTERT-RPE1 cells, PP5 was found at the basal body of cilia, where S143-phosphorylated Dvl2 also resides. Functional assays revealed modest effects on ciliogenesis after PP5 depletion or over-expression. Taken together, our results provided evidence to suggest PP5 as a new phosphatase for Dvl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Miaojun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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16
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Rauschenberger V, Bernkopf DB, Krenn S, Jalal K, Heller J, Behrens J, Gentzel M, Schambony A. The phosphatase Pgam5 antagonizes Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in embryonic anterior-posterior axis patterning. Development 2017; 144:2234-2247. [PMID: 28506997 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The scaffold protein Dishevelled is a central intracellular component of Wnt signaling pathways. Various kinases have been described that regulate and modulate Wnt signaling through phosphorylation of Dishevelled. However, besides general protein phosphatases 1 and 2 (PP1 and PP2), no specific protein phosphatases have been identified. Here, we report on the identification and functional characterization of the protein phosphatase Pgam5 in vitro and in vivo in Xenopus Pgam5 is a novel antagonist of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in human cells and Xenopus embryogenesis. In early development, Pgam5 is essential for head formation, and for establishing and maintaining the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling gradient that patterns the anterior-posterior body axis. Inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling and developmental function depend on Pgam5 phosphatase activity. We show that Pgam5 interacts with Dishevelled2 and that Dishevelled2 is a substrate of Pgam5. Pgam5 mediates a marked decrease in Dishevelled2 phosphorylation in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, as well as decreased interaction between Dishevelled2, Tcf1 and β-Catenin, indicating that Pgam5 regulates Dishevelled function upstream and downstream of β-Catenin stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Rauschenberger
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominic B Bernkopf
- Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krenn
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kowcee Jalal
- Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Heller
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behrens
- Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc Gentzel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Molecular Analysis - Mass Spectrometry, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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MARK2/Par1b Insufficiency Attenuates DVL Gene Transcription via Histone Deacetylation in Lumbosacral Spina Bifida. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6304-6316. [PMID: 27714636 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dishevelled (DVL/Dvl) genes play roles in canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling, both of which are essential in neural tube closing and are involved in balancing neural progenitor growth and differentiation, or neuroepithelial cell polarity, respectively. In mouse Dvl haploinsufficiency leads to neural tube defects (NTDs), which represent the second most common birth defects. However, DVL genes' genetic contributions in human NTDs are modest. We sought to explore the molecular impact on such genes in human NTDs in a Han Chinese cohort. In 47 cases with NTDs and 61 matched controls, in brain tissues, the DVL1/2 mRNA levels were correlated with the levels of a serine/threonine protein kinase MARK2, and in 20 cases with lumbosacral spina bifida, the mRNA levels of DVL1 and MARK2 were significantly decreased; by contrast, only an intronic rare variant was found. Moreover, in an extended population, we found merely three novel rare missense variants in 1 % of individuals with NTDs. In cell-based assays, Mark2 depletion indeed reduces Dvl gene expression and interrupts neural stem cell (NSCs) growth and differentiation, which are likely to be mediated through a decrease in class IIa HDAC phosphorylation and reduced H3K4ac and H3K27ac occupancies at the Dvl1/2 promoters. Finally, the detections of folate concentration in human brain tissue and NSCs and MEF cells indicates that folate deficiency contributes to the observed decreases in Mark2 and Dvl1 expression. Our present study raises a potential common pathogenicity mechanism in human lumbosacral spina bifida about DVL genes rather than their genetic pathogenic role.
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18
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Gandalovičová A, Vomastek T, Rosel D, Brábek J. Cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25022-49. [PMID: 26872368 PMCID: PMC5041887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity is typical of cells present in differentiated epithelium while front-rear polarity develops in motile cells. In cancer development, the transition from epithelial to migratory polarity may be seen as the hallmark of cancer progression to an invasive and metastatic disease. Despite the morphological and functional dissimilarity, both epithelial and migratory polarity are controlled by a common set of polarity complexes Par, Scribble and Crumbs, phosphoinositides, and small Rho GTPases Rac, Rho and Cdc42. In epithelial tissues, their mutual interplay ensures apico-basal and planar cell polarity. Accordingly, altered functions of these polarity determinants lead to disrupted cell-cell adhesions, cytoskeleton rearrangements and overall loss of epithelial homeostasis. Polarity proteins are further engaged in diverse interactions that promote the establishment of front-rear polarity, and they help cancer cells to adopt different invasion modes. Invading cancer cells can employ either the collective, mesenchymal or amoeboid invasion modes or actively switch between them and gain intermediate phenotypes. Elucidation of the role of polarity proteins during these invasion modes and the associated transitions is a necessary step towards understanding the complex problem of metastasis. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the role of cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vomastek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Videňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Moorhouse KS, Gudejko HF, McDougall A, Burgess DR. Influence of cell polarity on early development of the sea urchin embryo. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1469-84. [PMID: 26293695 PMCID: PMC4715636 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is critical for normal embryonic development. Previously, it was thought that the echinoderm embryo remained relatively unpolarized until the first asymmetric division at the 16-cell stage. Here, we analyzed roles of the cell polarity regulators, the PAR complex proteins, and how their disruption in early development affects later developmental milestones. RESULTS We found that PAR6, aPKC, and CDC42 localize to the apical cortex as early as the 2-cell stage and that this localization is retained through the gastrula stage. Of interest, PAR1 also colocalizes with these apical markers through the gastrula stage. Additionally, PAR1 was found to be in complex with aPKC, but not PAR6. PAR6, aPKC, and CDC42 are anchored in the cortical actin cytoskeleton by assembled myosin. Furthermore, assembled myosin was found to be necessary to maintain proper PAR6 localization through subsequent cleavage divisions. Interference with myosin assembly prevented the embryos from reaching the blastula stage, while transient disruptions of either actin or microtubules did not have this effect. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that disruptions of the polarity in the early embryo can have a significant impact on the ability of the embryo to reach later critical stages in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S. Moorhouse
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Heather F.M. Gudejko
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Alex McDougall
- UMR 7009, UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche (CNRS), Observatoire Océanologique, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - David R. Burgess
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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20
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Monteverde T, Muthalagu N, Port J, Murphy DJ. Evidence of cancer-promoting roles for AMPK and related kinases. FEBS J 2015; 282:4658-71. [PMID: 26426570 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that the 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) serves to link the tumour suppressors LKB1 and the tuberous sclerosis complex and functions to slow macromolecular synthesis through attenuation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 revealed a role for AMPK in tumour suppression. On the other hand, the well-recognized role of AMPK in maintaining ATP homeostasis, through suppression of anabolism and promotion of catabolism, as well as the role of AMPK in neutralizing reactive oxygen species, via maintenance of NADPH-dependent reductive capacity, point to tumour-protective roles in the context of metabolic stress, which is a key feature of many solid tumours. A growing number of studies thus suggest a duality of functions for AMPK that are either pro- or anti-cancer, depending upon context. Importantly, AMPK is composed of three subunits, and multiple isoforms exist for all three, allowing for different permutations to assemble and the potential for specific AMPK complexes to regulate distinct cellular processes. Moreover, certain subunits of the AMPK complex are frequently overexpressed in a spectrum of human cancer types, suggesting an outright oncogenic function for specific AMPK complexes. Adding complexity to this picture, the catalytic AMPK alpha subunits belong to a family of 14 kinases that can all be activated by LKB1 and studies are beginning to reveal a similar duality of roles in cancer for other members of the AMPK-related kinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Port
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.,CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
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21
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McDonald JA. Canonical and noncanonical roles of Par-1/MARK kinases in cell migration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 312:169-99. [PMID: 25262242 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The partitioning defective gene 1 (Par-1)/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK) family of serine-threonine kinases have diverse cellular roles. Primary among these roles are the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity and the promotion of microtubule dynamics. Par-1/MARK kinases also regulate a growing number of cellular functions via noncanonical protein targets. Recent studies have demonstrated that Par-1/MARK proteins are required for the migration of multiple cell types. This review outlines the current evidence for regulation of cell migration by Par-1/MARK through both canonical and noncanonical roles. Par-1/MARK canonical control of microtubules during nonneuronal and neuronal migration is described. Next, regulation of cell polarity by Par-1/MARK and its dynamic effect on the movement of migrating cells are discussed. As examples of recent research that have expanded, the roles of the Par-1/MARK in cell migration, noncanonical functions of Par-1/MARK in Wnt signaling and actomyosin dynamics are described. This review also highlights questions and current challenges to further understanding how the versatile Par-1/MARK proteins function in cell migration during development, homeostatic processes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn A McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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22
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Salinas-Saavedra M, Stephenson TQ, Dunn CW, Martindale MQ. Par system components are asymmetrically localized in ectodermal epithelia, but not during early development in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. EvoDevo 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 26101582 PMCID: PMC4476184 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionary origins of cell polarity in metazoan embryos are unclear. In most bilaterian animals, embryonic and cell polarity are set up during embryogenesis with the same molecules being utilized to regulate tissue polarity at different life stages. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), lethal giant larvae (Lgl), and Partitioning-defective (Par) proteins are conserved components of cellular polarization, and their role in establishing embryonic asymmetry and tissue polarity have been widely studied in model bilaterian groups. However, the deployment and role of these proteins in animals outside Bilateria has not been studied. We address this by characterizing the localization of different components of the Par system during early development of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, a member of the clade Cnidaria, the sister group to bilaterian animals. Results Immunostaining using specific N. vectensis antibodies and the overexpression of mRNA-reporter constructs show that components of the N. vectensis Par system (NvPar-1, NvPar-3, NvPar-6, NvaPKC, and NvLgl) distribute throughout the microtubule cytoskeleton of eggs and early embryos without clear polarization along any embryonic axis. However, they become asymmetrically distributed at later stages, when the embryo forms an ectodermal epithelial layer. NvLgl and NvPar-1 localize in the basolateral cortex, and NvaPKC, NvPar-6, and NvPar-3 at the apical zone of the cell in a manner seen in bilaterian animals. Conclusions The cnidarian N. vectensis exhibits clear polarity at all stages of early embryonic development, which appears to be established independent of the Par system reported in many bilaterian embryos. However, in N. vectensis, using multiple immunohistochemical and fluorescently labeled markers in vivo, components of this system are deployed to organize epithelial cell polarity at later stages of development. This suggests that Par system proteins were co-opted to organize early embryonic cell polarity at the base of the Bilateria and that, therefore, different molecular mechanisms operate in early cnidarian embryogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0014-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Salinas-Saavedra
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 N, Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080-8610 USA
| | - Thomas Q Stephenson
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 N, Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080-8610 USA
| | - Casey W Dunn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 N, Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080-8610 USA
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23
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Hubaux R, Thu KL, Vucic EA, Pikor LA, Kung SHY, Martinez VD, Mosslemi M, Becker-Santos DD, Gazdar AF, Lam S, Lam WL. Microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 is associated with DNA damage response and cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2072-82. [PMID: 25907283 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARKs) are involved in several cellular functions but few studies have correlated MARK kinase expression with cancer, and none have explored their role in lung cancer. In this study, we identified MARK2 as frequently disrupted by DNA hypomethylation and copy gain, resulting in concordant overexpression in independent lung tumor cohorts and we demonstrate a role for MARK2 in lung tumor biology. Manipulation of MARK2 in lung cell lines revealed its involvement in cell viability and anchorage-independent growth. Analyses of both manipulated cell lines and clinical tumor specimens identified a potential role for MARK2 in cell cycle activation and DNA repair. Associations between MARK2 and the E2F, Myc/Max and NF-κB pathways were identified by luciferase assays and in-depth assessment of the NF-κB pathway suggests a negative association between MARK2 expression and NF-κB due to activation of non-canonical NF-κB signaling. Finally, we show that high MARK2 expression levels correlate with resistance to cisplatin, a standard first line chemotherapy for lung cancer. Collectively, our work supports a role for MARK2 in promoting malignant phenotypes of lung cancer and potentially modulating response to the DNA damaging chemotherapeutic, cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hubaux
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Kelsie L Thu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Emily A Vucic
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Larissa A Pikor
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Sonia H Y Kung
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Mitra Mosslemi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Daiana D Becker-Santos
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center of Therapeutics, University of Texas South Western, Dallas, TX
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
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24
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Krumova P, Reyniers L, Meyer M, Lobbestael E, Stauffer D, Gerrits B, Muller L, Hoving S, Kaupmann K, Voshol J, Fabbro D, Bauer A, Rovelli G, Taymans JM, Bouwmeester T, Baekelandt V. Chemical genetic approach identifies microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1 as a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 substrate. FASEB J 2015; 29:2980-92. [PMID: 25854701 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of autosomal-dominant forms of Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 is a modular, multidomain protein containing 2 enzymatic domains, including a kinase domain, as well as several protein-protein interaction domains, pointing to a role in cellular signaling. Although enormous efforts have been made, the exact pathophysiologic mechanisms of LRRK2 are still not completely known. In this study, we used a chemical genetics approach to identify LRRK2 substrates from mouse brain. This approach allows the identification of substrates of 1 particular kinase in a complex cellular environment. Several of the identified peptides are involved in the regulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics, including microtubule-associating protein (MAP)/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1 (MARK1). MARK1 is a serine/threonine kinase known to phosphorylate MT-binding proteins such as Tau, MAP2, and MAP4 at KXGS motifs leading to MT destabilization. In vitro kinase assays and metabolic-labeling experiments in living cells confirmed MARK1 as an LRRK2 substrate. Moreover, we also showed that LRRK2 and MARK1 are interacting in eukaryotic cells. Our findings contribute to the identification of physiologic LRRK2 substrates and point to a potential mechanism explaining the reported effects of LRRK2 on neurite morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petranka Krumova
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lauran Reyniers
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Meyer
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Stauffer
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bertran Gerrits
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lionel Muller
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sjouke Hoving
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Klemens Kaupmann
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Voshol
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bauer
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Rovelli
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- *Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurosciences, Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Meganathan K, Sotiriadou I, Natarajan K, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Signaling molecules, transcription growth factors and other regulators revealed from in-vivo and in-vitro models for the regulation of cardiac development. Int J Cardiol 2015; 183:117-28. [PMID: 25662074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several in-vivo heart developmental models have been applied to decipher the cardiac developmental patterning encompassing early, dorsal, cardiac and visceral mesoderm as well as various transcription factors such as Gata, Hand, Tin, Dpp, Pnr. The expression of cardiac specific transcription factors, such as Gata4, Tbx5, Tbx20, Tbx2, Tbx3, Mef2c, Hey1 and Hand1 are of fundamental significance for the in-vivo cardiac development. Not only the transcription factors, but also the signaling molecules involved in cardiac development were conserved among various species. Enrichment of the bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm is essential for the initiation of myocardial differentiation and the cardiac developmental process. Moreover, the expression of a number of cardiac transcription factors and structural genes initiate cardiac differentiation in the medial mesoderm. Other signaling molecules such as TGF-beta, IGF-1/2 and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) play a significant role in cardiac repair/regeneration, ventricular heart development and specification of early cardiac mesoderm, respectively. The role of the Wnt signaling in cardiac development is still controversial discussed, as in-vitro results differ dramatically in relation to the animal models. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) were utilized as an important in-vitro model for the elucidation of the cardiac developmental processes since they can be easily manipulated by numerous signaling molecules, growth factors, small molecules and genetic manipulation. Finally, in the present review the dynamic role of the long noncoding RNA and miRNAs in the regulation of cardiac development are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Meganathan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Isaia Sotiriadou
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Karthick Natarajan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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26
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Shimizu N, Ishitani S, Sato A, Shibuya H, Ishitani T. Hipk2 and PP1c Cooperate to Maintain Dvl Protein Levels Required for Wnt Signal Transduction. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1391-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Jacox L, Sindelka R, Chen J, Rothman A, Dickinson A, Sive H. The extreme anterior domain is an essential craniofacial organizer acting through Kinin-Kallikrein signaling. Cell Rep 2014; 8:596-609. [PMID: 25043181 PMCID: PMC4135435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme anterior domain (EAD) is a conserved embryonic region that includes the presumptive mouth. We show that the Kinin-Kallikrein pathway is active in the EAD and necessary for craniofacial development in Xenopus and zebrafish. The mouth failed to form and neural crest (NC) development and migration was abnormal after loss of function (LOF) in the pathway genes kng, encoding Bradykinin (xBdk), carboxypeptidase-N (cpn), which cleaves Bradykinin, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Consistent with a role for nitric oxide (NO) in face formation, endogenous NO levels declined after LOF in pathway genes, but these were restored and a normal face formed after medial implantation of xBdk-beads into LOF embryos. Facial transplants demonstrated that Cpn function from within the EAD is necessary for the migration of first arch cranial NC into the face and for promoting mouth opening. The study identifies the EAD as an essential craniofacial organizer acting through Kinin-Kallikrein signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jacox
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Holyoke Center, 50, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Radek Sindelka
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Justin Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alyssa Rothman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amanda Dickinson
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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28
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Bernatík O, Šedová K, Schille C, Ganji RS, Červenka I, Trantírek L, Schambony A, Zdráhal Z, Bryja V. Functional analysis of dishevelled-3 phosphorylation identifies distinct mechanisms driven by casein kinase 1ϵ and frizzled5. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23520-33. [PMID: 24993822 PMCID: PMC4156093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.590638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled-3 (Dvl3), a key component of the Wnt signaling pathways, acts downstream of Frizzled (Fzd) receptors and gets heavily phosphorylated in response to pathway activation by Wnt ligands. Casein kinase 1ϵ (CK1ϵ) was identified as the major kinase responsible for Wnt-induced Dvl3 phosphorylation. Currently it is not clear which Dvl residues are phosphorylated and what is the consequence of individual phosphorylation events. In the present study we employed mass spectrometry to analyze in a comprehensive way the phosphorylation of human Dvl3 induced by CK1ϵ. Our analysis revealed >50 phosphorylation sites on Dvl3; only a minority of these sites was found dynamically induced after co-expression of CK1ϵ, and surprisingly, phosphorylation of one cluster of modified residues was down-regulated. Dynamically phosphorylated sites were analyzed functionally. Mutations within PDZ domain (S280A and S311A) reduced the ability of Dvl3 to activate TCF/LEF (T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor)-driven transcription and induce secondary axis in Xenopus embryos. In contrast, mutations of clustered Ser/Thr in the Dvl3 C terminus prevented ability of CK1ϵ to induce electrophoretic mobility shift of Dvl3 and its even subcellular localization. Surprisingly, mobility shift and subcellular localization changes induced by Fzd5, a Wnt receptor, were in all these mutants indistinguishable from wild type Dvl3. In summary, our data on the molecular level (i) support previous the assumption that CK1ϵ acts via phosphorylation of distinct residues as the activator as well as the shut-off signal of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and (ii) suggest that CK1ϵ acts on Dvl via different mechanism than Fzd5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Bernatík
- From the Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Šedová
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Research Group-Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carolin Schille
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schloßplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ranjani Sri Ganji
- From the Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Červenka
- From the Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Trantírek
- Structural Biology Program, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic, and Cellular Protein Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schloßplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Research Group-Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- From the Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic,
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29
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Polarized Wnt Signaling Regulates Ectodermal Cell Fate in Xenopus. Dev Cell 2014; 29:250-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Singh J, Mlodzik M. Planar cell polarity signaling: coordination of cellular orientation across tissues. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 1:479-99. [PMID: 23066429 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) in epithelia, in the plane of an epithelium, is an important feature of the development and homeostasis of most organs. Studies in different model organisms have contributed a wealth of information regarding the mechanisms that govern PCP regulation. Genetic studies in Drosophila have identified two signaling systems, the Fz/PCP and Fat/Dachsous system, which are both required for PCP establishment in many different tissues in a largely non-redundant manner. Recent advances in vertebrate PCP studies have added novel factors of PCP regulation and also new cellular features requiring PCP-signaling input, including the positioning and orientation of the primary cilium of many epithelial cells. This review focuses mostly on several recent advances made in the Drosophila and vertebrate PCP field and integrates these within the existing PCP-signaling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskirat Singh
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Lewandowski KT, Piwnica-Worms H. Phosphorylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF41 by the kinase Par-1b is required for epithelial cell polarity. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:315-27. [PMID: 24259665 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is an essential property governing organismal homeostasis, and loss of polarity is a common feature of cancer cells. The ability of epithelial cells to establish apical-basal polarity depends on intracellular signals generated from polarity proteins, such as the Par-1 family of proteins, as well as extracellular signals generated through cell contacts with the extracellular matrix (ECM). The Par-1 family has a well-established role in regulating cell-cell contacts in the form of tight junctions by phosphorylating Par-3. In addition, Par-1 has been shown to impact on cell-ECM interactions by regulating laminin receptor localization and laminin deposition on the basal surface of epithelial cells. Laminins are major structural and signaling components of basement membrane (BM), a sheet of specialized ECM underlying epithelia. In this study, we identify RNF41, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a novel Par-1b (also known as MARK2) effector in the cell-ECM pathway. Par-1b binds to and phosphorylates RNF41 on serine 254. Phosphorylation of RNF41 by Par-1b is required for epithelial cells to localize laminin-111 receptors to their basolateral surfaces and to properly anchor to laminin-111. In addition, phosphorylation of RNF41 is required for epithelial cells to establish apical-basal polarity. Our data suggests that phosphorylation of RNF41 by Par-1b regulates basolateral membrane targeting of laminin-111 receptors, thereby facilitating cell anchorage to laminin-111 and ultimately forming the cell-ECM contacts required for epithelial cells to establish apical-basal cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Lewandowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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32
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Abstract
Hepatocytes, like other epithelia, are situated at the interface between the organism's exterior and the underlying internal milieu and organize the vectorial exchange of macromolecules between these two spaces. To mediate this function, epithelial cells, including hepatocytes, are polarized with distinct luminal domains that are separated by tight junctions from lateral domains engaged in cell-cell adhesion and from basal domains that interact with the underlying extracellular matrix. Despite these universal principles, hepatocytes distinguish themselves from other nonstriated epithelia by their multipolar organization. Each hepatocyte participates in multiple, narrow lumina, the bile canaliculi, and has multiple basal surfaces that face the endothelial lining. Hepatocytes also differ in the mechanism of luminal protein trafficking from other epithelia studied. They lack polarized protein secretion to the luminal domain and target single-spanning and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored bile canalicular membrane proteins via transcytosis from the basolateral domain. We compare this unique hepatic polarity phenotype with that of the more common columnar epithelial organization and review our current knowledge of the signaling mechanisms and the organization of polarized protein trafficking that govern the establishment and maintenance of hepatic polarity. The serine/threonine kinase LKB1, which is activated by the bile acid taurocholate and, in turn, activates adenosine monophosphate kinase-related kinases including AMPK1/2 and Par1 paralogues has emerged as a key determinant of hepatic polarity. We propose that the absence of a hepatocyte basal lamina and differences in cell-cell adhesion signaling that determine the positioning of tight junctions are two crucial determinants for the distinct hepatic and columnar polarity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Treyer
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Bronx, New York, USA
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33
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Xiao SM, Kung AWC, Sham PC, Tan KCB. Genetic analysis of recently identified osteoporosis susceptibility genes in southern Chinese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1827-34. [PMID: 23894155 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fifty-six genomic loci recently were identified as associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in a large meta-analysis study of mainly European-descent subjects. Circulating factors related to calcium and phosphate metabolism, eg, serum levels of calcium, phosphate, vitamin D metabolites, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), may affect bone turnover and metabolism. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN We aimed to investigate the effects of these reported variants, as well as their interactions with 5 studied circulating factors, on BMD in a southern Chinese prospective cohort (n = 2670). The identified interactions were further replicated in an independent cohort of 800 Chinese females. RESULTS Approximately half (n = 27) of the reported variants were successfully replicated in our sample of southern Chinese individuals. We further demonstrated a significant interaction between MARK3 and serum ALP levels (Pmeta = 9.89 ×10(-6)); the effect of MARK3 rs11623869 on BMD was stronger in the presence of high serum levels of ALP. In addition, several interactions between other genes and circulating factors were suggested. CONCLUSIONS Our study has provided an independent replication of associations between several reported loci and BMD in a large sample of southern Chinese individuals. These replicated loci may represent osteoporosis susceptibility genes in both Chinese and European-descent populations. Furthermore, we have shown that serum ALP levels modified the association of MARK3 with BMD. Understanding the mechanisms of the interactions between BMD-related loci and circulating factors may help to determine the pathogenesis of susceptibility to osteoporosis and could have implications for clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mei Xiao
- MD, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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34
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Panousopoulou E, Tyson RA, Bretschneider T, Green JBA. The distribution of Dishevelled in convergently extending mesoderm. Dev Biol 2013; 382:496-503. [PMID: 23876427 PMCID: PMC3793869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) is a conserved morphogenetic movement that drives axial lengthening of the primary body axis and depends on the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. In Drosophila epithelia, a polarised subcellular accumulation of PCP core components, such as Dishevelled (Dvl) protein, is associated with PCP function. Dvl has long been thought to accumulate in the mediolateral protrusions in Xenopus chordamesoderm cells undergoing CE. Here we present a quantitative analysis of Dvl intracellular localisation in Xenopus chordamesoderm cells. We find that, surprisingly, accumulations previously observed at mediolateral protrusions of chordamesodermal cells are not protrusion-specific but reflect yolk-free cytoplasm and are quantitatively matched by the distribution of the cytoplasm-filling lineage marker dextran. However, separating cell cortex-associated from bulk Dvl signal reveals a statistical enrichment of Dvl in notochord-somite boundary-(NSB)-directed protrusions, which is dependent upon NSB proximity. Dvl puncta were also observed, but only upon elevated overexpression. These puncta showed no statistically significant spatial bias, in contrast to the strongly posteriorly-enriched GFP-Dvl puncta previously reported in zebrafish. We propose that Dvl distribution is more subtle and dynamic than previously appreciated and that in vertebrate mesoderm it reflects processes other than protrusion as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panousopoulou
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, Floor 27 Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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35
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Masaki T. Polarization and myelination in myelinating glia. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:769412. [PMID: 23326681 PMCID: PMC3544266 DOI: 10.5402/2012/769412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myelinating glia, oligodendrocytes in central nervous system and Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system, form myelin sheath, a multilayered membrane system around axons enabling salutatory nerve impulse conduction and maintaining axonal integrity. Myelin sheath is a polarized structure localized in the axonal side and therefore is supposed to be formed based on the preceding polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, myelination process is closely associated with polarization of myelinating glia. However, cell polarization has been less extensively studied in myelinating glia than other cell types such as epithelial cells. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide insights for the field of myelination research by applying the information obtained in polarity study in other cell types, especially epithelial cells, to cell polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, in this paper, the main aspects of cell polarization study in general are summarized. Then, they will be compared with polarization in oligodendrocytes. Finally, the achievements obtained in polarization study for epithelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and other types of cells will be translated into polarization/myelination process by Schwann cells. Then, based on this model, the perspectives in the study of Schwann cell polarization/myelination will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Masaki
- Department of Medical Science, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju-Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
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36
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Komiya Y, Habas R. Wnt signal transduction pathways. Organogenesis 2012; 4:68-75. [PMID: 19279717 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.2.5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 969] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates crucial aspects of cell fate determination, cell migration, cell polarity, neural patterning and organogenesis during embryonic development. The Wnts are secreted glycoproteins and comprise a large family of nineteen proteins in humans hinting to a daunting complexity of signaling regulation, function and biological output. To date major signaling branches downstream of the Fz receptor have been identified including a canonical or Wnt/beta-catenin dependent pathway and the non-canonical or beta-catenin-independent pathway which can be further divided into the Planar Cell Polarity and the Wnt/Ca(2+) pathways, and these branches are being actively dissected at the molecular and biochemical levels. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of these Wnt signaling pathways and the role of these pathways in regulating key events during embryonic patterning and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Komiya
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
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37
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Abstract
A key function of signal transduction during cell polarization is the creation of spatially segregated regions of the cell cortex that possess different lipid and protein compositions and have distinct functions. Polarity can be initiated spontaneously or in response to signaling inputs from adjacent cells or soluble factors and is stabilized by positive-feedback loops. A conserved group of proteins, the Par proteins, plays a central role in polarity establishment and maintenance in many contexts. These proteins generate and maintain their distinct locations in cells by actively excluding one another from specific regions of the plasma membrane. The Par signaling pathway intersects with multiple other pathways that control cell growth, death, and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Martin McCaffrey
- Department of Oncology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Mamidi A, Inui M, Manfrin A, Soligo S, Enzo E, Aragona M, Cordenonsi M, Wessely O, Dupont S, Piccolo S. Signaling crosstalk between TGFβ and Dishevelled/Par1b. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1689-97. [PMID: 22576663 PMCID: PMC3438499 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk of signaling pathways is critical during metazoan development and adult tissue homeostasis. Even though the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) transduction cascade is rather simple, in vivo responsiveness to TGFβ ligands is tightly regulated at several steps. As such, TGFβ represents a paradigm for how the activity of one signaling system is modulated by others. Here, we report an unsuspected regulatory step involving Dishevelled (Dvl) and Par1b (also known as MARK2). Dvl and Par1b cooperate to enable TGFβ/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in Xenopus mesoderm development and TGFβ responsiveness in mammalian cells. Mechanistically, the assembly of the Par1b/Dvl3/Smad4 complex is fostered by Wnt5a. The association of Smad4 to Dvl/Par1 prevents its inhibitory ubiquitination by ectodermin (also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma or tripartite motif protein 33). We propose that this crosstalk is relevant to coordinate TGFβ responses with Wnt-noncanonical and polarity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mamidi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
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39
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Clark CEJ, Nourse CC, Cooper HM. The tangled web of non-canonical Wnt signalling in neural migration. Neurosignals 2012; 20:202-20. [PMID: 22456117 DOI: 10.1159/000332153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In all multicellular animals, successful embryogenesis is dependent on the ability of cells to detect the status of the local environment and respond appropriately. The nature of the extracellular environment is communicated to the intracellular compartment by ligand/receptor interactions at the cell surface. The Wnt canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways are found in the most primitive metazoans, and they play an essential role in the most fundamental developmental processes in all multicellular organisms. Vertebrates have expanded the number of Wnts and Frizzled receptors and have additionally evolved novel Wnt receptor families (Ryk, Ror). The multiplicity of potential interactions between Wnts, their receptors and downstream effectors has exponentially increased the complexity of the signal transduction network. Signalling through each of the Wnt pathways, as well as crosstalk between them, plays a critical role in the establishment of the complex architecture of the vertebrate central nervous system. In this review, we explore the signalling networks triggered by non-canonical Wnt/receptor interactions, focussing on the emerging roles of the non-conventional Wnt receptors Ryk and Ror. We describe the role of these pathways in neural tube formation and axon guidance where Wnt signalling controls tissue polarity, coordinated cell migration and axon guidance via remodelling of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E J Clark
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Neural crest specification by noncanonical Wnt signaling and PAR-1. Development 2012; 138:5441-50. [PMID: 22110058 DOI: 10.1242/dev.067280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are multipotent progenitors that form at the neural plate border, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migrate to diverse locations in vertebrate embryos to give rise to many cell types. Multiple signaling factors, including Wnt proteins, operate during early embryonic development to induce the NC cell fate. Whereas the requirement for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in NC specification has been well established, a similar role for Wnt proteins that do not stabilize β-catenin has remained unclear. Our gain- and loss-of-function experiments implicate Wnt11-like proteins in NC specification in Xenopus embryos. In support of this conclusion, modulation of β-catenin-independent signaling through Dishevelled and Ror2 causes predictable changes in premigratory NC. Morpholino-mediated depletion experiments suggest that Wnt11R, a Wnt protein that is expressed in neuroectoderm adjacent to the NC territory, is required for NC formation. Wnt11-like signals might specify NC by altering the localization and activity of the serine/threonine polarity kinase PAR-1 (also known as microtubule-associated regulatory kinase or MARK), which itself plays an essential role in NC formation. Consistent with this model, PAR-1 RNA rescues NC markers in embryos in which noncanonical Wnt signaling has been blocked. These experiments identify novel roles for Wnt11R and PAR-1 in NC specification and reveal an unexpected connection between morphogenesis and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
Planar cell polarity is a fundamental concept to understanding the coordination of cell movements in the plane of a tissue. Since the planar cell polarity pathway was discovered in mesenchymal tissues involving cell interaction during vertebrate gastrulation, there is an emerging evidence that a variety of mesenchymal and epithelial cells utilize this genetic pathway to mediate the coordination of cells in directed movements. In this review, we focus on how the planar cell polarity pathway is mediated by migrating cells to communicate with one another in different developmental processes.
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Abstract
After years of extensive scientific discovery much has been learned about the networks that regulate epithelial homeostasis. Loss of expression or functional activity of cell adhesion and cell polarity proteins (including the PAR, crumbs (CRB) and scribble (SCRIB) complexes) is intricately related to advanced stages of tumour progression and invasiveness. But the key roles of these proteins in crosstalk with the Hippo and liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMPK pathways and in epithelial function and proliferation indicate that they may also be associated with the early stages of tumorigenesis. For example, deregulation of adhesion and polarity proteins can cause misoriented cell divisions and increased self-renewal of adult epithelial stem cells. In this Review, we highlight some advances in the understanding of how loss of epithelial cell polarity contributes to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martin-Belmonte
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Yanfeng WA, Berhane H, Mola M, Singh J, Jenny A, Mlodzik M. Functional dissection of phosphorylation of Disheveled in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2011; 360:132-42. [PMID: 21963539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Disheveled/Dsh proteins (Dvl in mammals) are core components of both Wnt/Wg-signaling pathways: canonical β-catenin signaling and Frizzled (Fz)-planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Although Dsh is a key cytoplasmic component of both Wnt/Fz-pathways, regulation of its signaling specificity is not well understood. Dsh is phosphorylated, but the functional significance of its phosphorylation remains unclear. We have systematically investigated the phosphorylation of Dsh by combining mass-spectrometry analyses, biochemical studies, and in vivo genetic methods in Drosophila. Our approaches identified multiple phospho-residues of Dsh in vivo. Our data define three novel and unexpected conclusions: (1) strikingly and in contrast to common assumptions, all conserved serines/threonines are non-essential for Dsh function in either pathway; (2) phosphorylation of conserved Tyrosine473 in the DEP domain is critical for PCP-signaling - Dsh(Y473F) behaves like a PCP-specific allele; and (3) defects associated with the PCP specific dsh(1) allele, Dsh(K417M), located within a putative Protein Kinase C consensus site, are likely due to a post-translational modification requirement of Lys417, rather than phosphorylation nearby. In summary, our combined data indicate that while many Ser/Thr and Tyr residues are indeed phosphorylated in vivo, strikingly most of these phosphorylation events are not critical for Dsh function with the exception of DshY473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang A Yanfeng
- Dept. of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Le Page Y, Chartrain I, Badouel C, Tassan JP. A functional analysis of MELK in cell division reveals a transition in the mode of cytokinesis during Xenopus development. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:958-68. [PMID: 21378312 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.069567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MELK is a serine/threonine kinase involved in several cell processes, including the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis and mRNA processing. However, its function remains elusive. Here, we explored its role in the Xenopus early embryo and show by knockdown that xMELK (Xenopus MELK) is necessary for completion of cell division. Consistent with a role in cell division, endogenous xMELK accumulates at the equatorial cortex of anaphase blastomeres. Its relocalization is highly dynamic and correlates with a conformational rearrangement in xMELK. Overexpression of xMELK leads to failure of cytokinesis and impairs accumulation at the division furrow of activated RhoA - a pivotal regulator of cytokinesis. Furthermore, endogenous xMELK associates and colocalizes with the cytokinesis organizer anillin. Unexpectedly, our study reveals a transition in the mode of cytokinesis correlated to cell size and that implicates xMELK. Collectively, our findings disclose the importance of xMELK in cytokinesis during early development and show that the mechanism of cytokinesis changes during Xenopus early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Page
- UMR 6061 CNRS Université de Rennes 1, IFR140 GFAS, Equipe Développement et Polarité Cellulaires, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France
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Bernatik O, Ganji RS, Dijksterhuis JP, Konik P, Cervenka I, Polonio T, Krejci P, Schulte G, Bryja V. Sequential activation and inactivation of Dishevelled in the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway by casein kinases. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10396-410. [PMID: 21285348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.169870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled (Dvl) is a key component in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Dvl can multimerize to form dynamic protein aggregates, which are required for the activation of downstream signaling. Upon pathway activation by Wnts, Dvl becomes phosphorylated to yield phosphorylated and shifted (PS) Dvl. Both activation of Dvl in Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Wnt-induced PS-Dvl formation are dependent on casein kinase 1 (CK1) δ/ε activity. However, the overexpression of CK1 was shown to dissolve Dvl aggregates, and endogenous PS-Dvl forms irrespective of whether or not the activating Wnt triggers the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Using a combination of gain-of-function, loss-of-function, and domain mapping approaches, we attempted to solve this discrepancy regarding the role of CK1ε in Dvl biology. We analyzed mutual interaction of CK1δ/ε and two other Dvl kinases, CK2 and PAR1, in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We show that CK2 acts as a constitutive kinase whose activity is required for the further action of CK1ε. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the two consequences of CK1ε phosphorylation are separated both spatially and functionally; first, CK1ε-mediated induction of TCF/LEF-driven transcription (associated with dynamic recruitment of Axin1) is mediated via a PDZ-proline-rich region of Dvl. Second, CK1ε-mediated formation of PS-Dvl is mediated by the Dvl3 C terminus. Furthermore, we demonstrate with several methods that PS-Dvl has decreased ability to polymerize with other Dvls and could, thus, act as the inactive signaling intermediate. We propose a multistep and multikinase model for Dvl activation in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway that uncovers a built-in de-activation mechanism that is triggered by activating phosphorylation of Dvl by CK1δ/ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bernatik
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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Lennerz JK, Hurov JB, White LS, Lewandowski KT, Prior JL, Planer GJ, Gereau RW, Piwnica-Worms D, Schmidt RE, Piwnica-Worms H. Loss of Par-1a/MARK3/C-TAK1 kinase leads to reduced adiposity, resistance to hepatic steatosis, and defective gluconeogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:5043-56. [PMID: 20733003 PMCID: PMC2953066 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01472-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Par-1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase required for polarity in worms, flies, frogs, and mammals. The mammalian Par-1 family consists of four members. Knockout studies of mice implicate Par-1b/MARK2/EMK in regulating fertility, immune homeostasis, learning, and memory as well as adiposity, insulin hypersensitivity, and glucose metabolism. Here, we report phenotypes of mice null for a second family member (Par-1a/MARK3/C-TAK1) that exhibit increased energy expenditure, reduced adiposity with unaltered glucose handling, and normal insulin sensitivity. Knockout mice were protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity and displayed attenuated weight gain, complete resistance to hepatic steatosis, and improved glucose handling with decreased insulin secretion. Overnight starvation led to complete hepatic glycogen depletion, associated hypoketotic hypoglycemia, increased hepatocellular autophagy, and increased glycogen synthase levels in Par-1a(-/-) but not in control or Par-1b(-/-) mice. The intercrossing of Par-1a(-/-) with Par-1b(-/-) mice revealed that at least one of the four alleles is necessary for embryonic survival. The severity of phenotypes followed a rank order, whereby the loss of one Par-1b allele in Par-1a(-/-) mice conveyed milder phenotypes than the loss of one Par-1a allele in Par-1b(-/-) mice. Thus, although Par-1a and Par-1b can compensate for one another during embryogenesis, their individual disruption gives rise to distinct metabolic phenotypes in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen K. Lennerz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Jonathan B. Hurov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Lynn S. White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Katherine T. Lewandowski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Julie L. Prior
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - G. James Planer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Robert W. Gereau
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Robert E. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
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McCaffrey LM, Macara IG. Widely conserved signaling pathways in the establishment of cell polarity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 1:a001370. [PMID: 20066082 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
How are the asymmetric distributions of proteins, lipids, and RNAs established and maintained in various cell types? Studies from diverse organisms show that Par proteins, GTPases, kinases, and phosphoinositides participate in conserved signaling pathways to establish and maintain cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Martin McCaffrey
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-5077, USA
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Tabler JM, Yamanaka H, Green JBA. PAR-1 promotes primary neurogenesis and asymmetric cell divisions via control of spindle orientation. Development 2010; 137:2501-5. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.049833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In both invertebrate and vertebrate embryonic central nervous systems, deep cells differentiate while superficial (ventricular) epithelial cells remain in a proliferative, stem cell state. The conserved polarity protein PAR-1, which is basolaterally localised in epithelia, promotes and is required for differentiating deep layer cell types, including ciliated cells and neurons. It has recently been shown that atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), which is apically enriched, inhibits neurogenesis and acts as a nuclear determinant, raising the question of how PAR-1 antagonises aPKC activity to promote neurogenesis. Here we show that PAR-1 stimulates the generation of deep cell progeny from the superficial epithelium of the neural plate and that these deep cells have a corresponding (i.e. deep cell) neuronal phenotype. We further show that gain- and loss-of-function of PAR-1 increase and decrease, respectively, the proportion of epithelial mitotic spindles with a vertical orientation, thereby respectively increasing and decreasing the number of cleavages that generate deep daughter cells. PAR-1 is therefore a crucial regulator of the balance between symmetric (two superficial daughters) and asymmetric (one superficial and one deep daughter) cell divisions. Vertebrate PAR-1 thus antagonises the anti-neurogenic influence of apical aPKC by physically partitioning cells away from it in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Tabler
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hiroaki Yamanaka
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jeremy B. A. Green
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Alexandrova EM, Sokol SY. Xenopus axin-related protein: a link between its centrosomal localization and function in the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:261-70. [PMID: 19842147 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation and cell fate determination in multiple systems. However, the subcellular localization of Wnt pathway components and the significance of this localization for the pathway regulation have not been extensively analyzed. Here we report that Xenopus Axin-related protein (XARP), a component of the beta-catenin destruction complex, is localized to the centrosome. This localization of XARP requires the presence of the DIX domain and an adjacent region. Since other components of the Wnt pathway have also been shown to associate with the centrosome, we tested a hypothesis that the beta-catenin destruction complex operates at the centrosome. However, XARP mutants with poor centrosomal localization revealed an enhanced rather than decreased ability to antagonize the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Our data are consistent with the idea that the inactivation of XARP at the centrosome is an important regulatory point in Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evguenia M Alexandrova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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50
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Verheyen EM, Gottardi CJ. Regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by protein kinases. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:34-44. [PMID: 19623618 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway plays essential roles during development and adult tissue homeostasis. Inappropriate activation of the pathway can result in a variety of malignancies. Protein kinases have emerged as key regulators at multiple steps of the Wnt pathway. In this review, we present a synthesis covering the latest information on how Wnt signaling is regulated by diverse protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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