1
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Wang Y, Yu FX. Angiomotin family proteins in the Hippo signaling pathway. Bioessays 2024:e2400076. [PMID: 38760875 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The Motin family proteins (Motins) are a class of scaffolding proteins consisting of Angiomotin (AMOT), AMOT-like protein 1 (AMOTL1), and AMOT-like protein 2 (AMOTL2). Motins play a pivotal role in angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and neurogenesis by modulating multiple cellular signaling pathways. Recent findings indicate that Motins are components of the Hippo pathway, a signaling cascade involved in development and cancer. This review discusses how Motins are integrated into the Hippo signaling network, as either upstream regulators or downstream effectors, to modulate cell proliferation and migration. The repression of YAP/TAZ by Motins contributes to growth inhibition, whereas subcellular localization of Motins and their interactions with actin fibers are critical in regulating cell migration. The net effect of Motins on cell proliferation and migration may contribute to their diverse biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Zhai C, Wang Y, Qi S, Yang M, Wu S. Yki stability and activity are regulated by Ca 2+-calpains axis in Drosophila. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00082-1. [PMID: 38663479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Yorkie (Yki) is a key effector of the Hippo pathway that activates the expression of targets by associating with the transcription factor Scalloped. Various upstream signals, such as cell polarity and mechanical cues, control transcriptional programs by regulating Yki activity. Searching for Yki regulatory factors has far-reaching significance for studying the Hippo pathway in animal development and human diseases. In this study, we identify Calpain-A (CalpA) and Calpain-B (CalpB), two calcium (Ca2+)-dependent modulatory proteases of the calpain family, as critical regulators of Yki in Drosophila that interact with Yki, respectively. Ca2+ induces Yki cleavage in a CalpA/CalpB-dependent manner, and the protease activity of CalpA/CalpB is pivotal for the cleavage. Furthermore, overexpression of CalpA or CalpB in Drosophila partially restores the large wing phenotype caused by Yki overexpression, and F98 of Yki is an important cleavage site by the Ca2+-calpains axis. Our study uncovers a unique mechanism whereby the Ca2+-calpain axis modulates Yki activity through protein cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shenao Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Muhan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shian Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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3
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Gou J, Zhang T, Othmer HG. The Interaction of Mechanics and the Hippo Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4840. [PMID: 37835534 PMCID: PMC10571775 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an ideal system for studying the networks that control tissue development and homeostasis and, given the similarity of the pathways involved, controlled and uncontrolled growth in mammalian systems. The signaling pathways used in patterning the Drosophila wing disc are well known and result in the emergence of interaction of these pathways with the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a central role in controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanical effects are another major factor in the control of growth, but far less is known about how they exert their control. Herein, we develop a mathematical model that integrates the mechanical interactions between cells, which occur via adherens and tight junctions, with the intracellular actin network and the Hippo pathway so as to better understand cell-autonomous and non-autonomous control of growth in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA;
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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4
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Song S, Ma X. E2 enzyme Bruce negatively regulates Hippo signaling through POSH-mediated expanded degradation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:602. [PMID: 37699871 PMCID: PMC10497580 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a master regulator of organ growth, stem cell renewal, and tumorigenesis, its activation is tightly controlled by various post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination. While several E3 ubiquitin ligases have been identified as regulators of Hippo pathway, the corresponding E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) remain unknown. Here, we performed a screen in Drosophila to identify E2s involved in regulating wing overgrowth caused by the overexpression of Crumbs (Crb) intracellular domain and identified Bruce as a critical regulator. Loss of Bruce downregulates Hippo target gene expression and suppresses Hippo signaling inactivation induced tissue growth. Unexpectedly, our genetic data indicate that Bruce acts upstream of Expanded (Ex) but in parallel with the canonical Hippo (Hpo) -Warts (Wts) cascade to regulate Yorkie (Yki), the downstream effector of Hippo pathway. Mechanistically, Bruce synergizes with E3 ligase POSH to regulate growth and ubiquitination-mediated Ex degradation. Moreover, we demonstrate that Bruce is required for Hippo-mediated malignant tumor progression. Altogether, our findings unveil Bruce as a crucial E2 enzyme that bridges the signal from the cell surface to regulate Hippo pathway activation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Song
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianjue Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Fulford AD, Enderle L, Rusch J, Hodzic D, Holder MV, Earl A, Oh RH, Tapon N, McNeill H. Expanded directly binds conserved regions of Fat to restrain growth via the Hippo pathway. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202204059. [PMID: 37071483 PMCID: PMC10120405 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202204059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a conserved and critical regulator of tissue growth. The FERM protein Expanded is a key signaling hub that promotes activation of the Hippo pathway, thereby inhibiting the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie. Previous work identified the polarity determinant Crumbs as a primary regulator of Expanded. Here, we show that the giant cadherin Fat also regulates Expanded directly and independently of Crumbs. We show that direct binding between Expanded and a highly conserved region of the Fat cytoplasmic domain recruits Expanded to the apicolateral junctional zone and stabilizes Expanded. In vivo deletion of Expanded binding regions in Fat causes loss of apical Expanded and promotes tissue overgrowth. Unexpectedly, we find Fat can bind its ligand Dachsous via interactions of their cytoplasmic domains, in addition to the known extracellular interactions. Importantly, Expanded is stabilized by Fat independently of Dachsous binding. These data provide new mechanistic insights into how Fat regulates Expanded, and how Hippo signaling is regulated during organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Fulford
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Leonie Enderle
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jannette Rusch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Maxine V. Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alex Earl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Robin Hyunseo Oh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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6
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Ptp61F integrates Hippo, TOR, and actomyosin pathways to control three-dimensional organ size. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Wu H, Zhu N, Liu J, Ma J, Jiao R. Shaggy regulates tissue growth through Hippo pathway in Drosophila. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:2131-2144. [PMID: 36057002 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway coordinates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis to regulate organ growth and tumorigenesis. Hippo signaling activity is tightly controlled by various upstream signals including growth factors and cell polarity, but the full extent to which the pathway is regulated during development remains to be resolved. Here, we report the identification of Shaggy, the homolog of mammalian Gsk3β, as a novel regulator of the Hippo pathway in Drosophila. Our results show that Shaggy promotes the expression of Hippo target genes in a manner that is dependent on its kinase activity. Loss of Shaggy leads to Yorkie inhibition and downregulation of Hippo pathway target genes. Mechanistically, Shaggy acts upstream of the Hippo pathway and negatively regulates the abundance of the FERM domain containing adaptor protein Expanded. Our results reveal that Shaggy is functionally required for Crumbs/Slmb-mediated downregulation of Expanded in vivo, providing a potential molecular link between cellular architecture and the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Wu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Nannan Zhu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Renjie Jiao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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8
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Ramaccini D, Pedriali G, Perrone M, Bouhamida E, Modesti L, Wieckowski MR, Giorgi C, Pinton P, Morciano G. Some Insights into the Regulation of Cardiac Physiology and Pathology by the Hippo Pathway. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030726. [PMID: 35327528 PMCID: PMC8945338 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is one of the most fascinating organs in living beings. It beats up to 100,000 times a day throughout the lifespan, without resting. The heart undergoes profound anatomical, biochemical, and functional changes during life, from hypoxemic fetal stages to a completely differentiated four-chambered cardiac muscle. In the middle, many biological events occur after and intersect with each other to regulate development, organ size, and, in some cases, regeneration. Several studies have defined the essential roles of the Hippo pathway in heart physiology through the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, cell proliferation, and differentiation. This molecular route is composed of multiple components, some of which were recently discovered, and is highly interconnected with multiple known prosurvival pathways. The Hippo cascade is evolutionarily conserved among species, and in addition to its regulatory roles, it is involved in disease by drastically changing the heart phenotype and its function when its components are mutated, absent, or constitutively activated. In this review, we report some insights into the regulation of cardiac physiology and pathology by the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ramaccini
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (D.R.); (G.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (D.R.); (G.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Mariasole Perrone
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (L.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (D.R.); (G.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Lorenzo Modesti
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (L.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (L.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (D.R.); (G.P.); (E.B.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (L.M.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (G.M.); Tel.: +39-0532-455-802 (P.P.); +39-0532-455-804 (G.M.)
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (D.R.); (G.P.); (E.B.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (L.M.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (G.M.); Tel.: +39-0532-455-802 (P.P.); +39-0532-455-804 (G.M.)
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9
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Gridnev A, Misra JR. Emerging Mechanisms of Growth and Patterning Regulation by Dachsous and Fat Protocadherins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:842593. [PMID: 35372364 PMCID: PMC8967653 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dachsous (Ds) and Fat are evolutionarily conserved cell adhesion molecules that play a critical role in development of multiple organ systems, where they coordinate tissue growth and morphogenesis. Much of our understanding of Ds-Fat signaling pathway comes from studies in Drosophila, where they initiate a signaling pathway that regulate growth by influencing Hippo signaling and morphogenesis by regulating Planar Cell Polarity (PCP). In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which Ds-Fat signaling pathway regulates these critical developmental processes. Further, we discuss the progress in our understanding about how they function in mammals.
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10
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Wang G, Zhai C, Ji X, Wang E, Zhao S, Qian C, Yu D, Wang Y, Wu S. C‐terminal‐mediated homodimerization of Expanded is critical for its ability to promote Hippo signaling in
Drosophila. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1628-1638. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chaojun Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Enlin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chenxi Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dongyue Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shian Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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11
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Ding Y, Wang G, Zhan M, Sun X, Deng Y, Zhao Y, Liu B, Liu Q, Wu S, Zhou Z. Hippo signaling suppresses tumor cell metastasis via a Yki-Src42A positive feedback loop. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1126. [PMID: 34862372 PMCID: PMC8642408 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is an important cause of death from malignant tumors. It is of great significance to explore the molecular mechanism of metastasis for the development of anti-cancer drugs. Here, we find that the Hippo pathway hampers tumor cell metastasis in vivo. Silence of hpo or its downstream wts promotes tumor cell migration in a Yki-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identify that inhibition of the Hippo pathway promotes tumor cell migration through transcriptional activating src42A, a Drosophila homolog of the SRC oncogene. Yki activates src42A transcription through direct binding its intron region. Intriguingly, Src42A further increases Yki transcriptional activity to form a positive feedback loop. Finally, we show that SRC is also a target of YAP and important for YAP to promote the migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Together, our findings uncover a conserved Yki/YAP-Src42A/SRC positive feedback loop promoting tumor cell migration and provide SRC as a potential therapeutic target for YAP-driven metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai’an, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- grid.452930.90000 0004 1757 8087Center of Intervention radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, 519000 Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai’an, China
| | - Yanran Deng
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai’an, China
| | - Bin Liu
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai’an, China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China.
| | - Shian Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zizhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China.
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12
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Kim SY, Park SY, Jang HS, Park YD, Kee SH. Yes-Associated Protein Is Required for ZO-1-Mediated Tight-Junction Integrity and Cell Migration in E-Cadherin-Restored AGS Gastric Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091264. [PMID: 34572450 PMCID: PMC8467433 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) regulates numerous cellular homeostasis processes and malignant transformation. We found that YAP influences ZO-1-mediated cell migration using E-cadherin-restored EC96 cells derived from gastric malignant AGS cells. Ectopic expression of E-cadherin enhanced straightforward migration of cells, in comparison to the meandering movement of parental AGS cells. In EC96 cells, YAP and ZO-1 expression increased but nuclear YAP levels and activity were reduced. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) mediated the increase in ZO-1 expression, possibly stabilizing cytoplasmic YAP post-translationally. Downregulation of YAP expression using siYAP RNA or stable knock-down inhibited straightforward cell migration by fragmenting ZO-1 containing tight junctions (TJs) but not adherens junctions, implying involvement of YAP in ZO-1-mediated cell migration. The association of YAP with ZO-1 was mediated by angiomotin (AMOT) because downregulation of AMOT dissociated YAP from ZO-1 and reduced cell migration. E-cadherin restoration in malignant cancer cells induced NF-κB signaling to enhance ZO-1 expression and subsequently stabilize YAP. At high expression levels, YAP associates with ZO-1 via AMOT at TJs, influencing ZO-1-mediated cell migration and maintaining TJ integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.-Y.P.)
| | - Song-Yi Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.-Y.P.)
| | - Hwan-Seok Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.-S.J.); (Y.-D.P.)
| | - Yong-Doo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.-S.J.); (Y.-D.P.)
| | - Sun-Ho Kee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.-Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2286-1460
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13
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Pojer JM, Saiful Hilmi AJ, Kondo S, Harvey KF. Crumbs and the apical spectrin cytoskeleton regulate R8 cell fate in the Drosophila eye. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009146. [PMID: 34097697 PMCID: PMC8211197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an important regulator of organ growth and cell fate. In the R8 photoreceptor cells of the Drosophila melanogaster eye, the Hippo pathway controls the fate choice between one of two subtypes that express either the blue light-sensitive Rhodopsin 5 (Hippo inactive R8 subtype) or the green light-sensitive Rhodopsin 6 (Hippo active R8 subtype). The degree to which the mechanism of Hippo signal transduction and the proteins that mediate it are conserved in organ growth and R8 cell fate choice is currently unclear. Here, we identify Crumbs and the apical spectrin cytoskeleton as regulators of R8 cell fate. By contrast, other proteins that influence Hippo-dependent organ growth, such as the basolateral spectrin cytoskeleton and Ajuba, are dispensable for the R8 cell fate choice. Surprisingly, Crumbs promotes the Rhodopsin 5 cell fate, which is driven by Yorkie, rather than the Rhodopsin 6 cell fate, which is driven by Warts and the Hippo pathway, which contrasts with its impact on Hippo activity in organ growth. Furthermore, neither the apical spectrin cytoskeleton nor Crumbs appear to regulate the Hippo pathway through mechanisms that have been observed in growing organs. Together, these results show that only a subset of Hippo pathway proteins regulate the R8 binary cell fate decision and that aspects of Hippo signalling differ between growing organs and post-mitotic R8 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Pojer
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar Saiful Hilmi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu Kondo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kieran F. Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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14
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Zhao X, Fu J, Hu B, Chen L, Wang J, Fang J, Ge C, Lin H, Pan K, Fu L, Wang L, Du J, Xu W. Serine Metabolism Regulates YAP Activity Through USP7 in Colon Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:639111. [PMID: 34055773 PMCID: PMC8152669 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.639111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a vital factor in the development of many types of cancer, including colon cancer. Serine metabolic reprogramming is a major feature of tumor metabolism. Yes-associated protein (YAP) participates in organ size control and tumorigenesis. However, the relationship between YAP and serine metabolism in colon cancer is unclear. In this study, RNA sequencing and metabolomics analyses indicated significant enrichment of the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways in serine starvation-resistant cells. Short-term serine deficiency inhibited YAP activation, whereas a prolonged response dephosphorylated YAP and promoted its activity. Mechanistically, USP7 increases YAP stability under increased serine conditions by regulating deubiquitination. Verteporfin (VP) effectively inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells and organoids and could even modulate serine metabolism by inhibiting USP7 expression. Clinically, YAP was significantly activated in colon tumor tissues and positively correlated with the expression of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) and USP7. Generally, our study uncovered the mechanism by which serine metabolism regulates YAP via USP7 and identified the crucial role of YAP in the regulation of cell proliferation and tumor growth; thus, VP may be a new treatment for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Fu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jinyong Fang
- Department of Science and Education, Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital, Huancheng, Jinhua, China
| | - Chenyang Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Kailing Pan
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Liang Fu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China.,Department of Nursing, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Lude Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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15
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Cho YS, Jiang J. Hippo-Independent Regulation of Yki/Yap/Taz: A Non-canonical View. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658481. [PMID: 33869224 PMCID: PMC8047194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially identified in Drosophila, the Hippo signaling pathway has emerged as an evolutionarily conserved tumor suppressor pathway that controls tissue growth and organ size by simultaneously inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death. Deregulation of Hippo pathway activity has been implicated in a wide range of human cancers. The core Hippo pathway consists of a kinase cascade: an upstream kinase Hippo (Hpo)/MST1/2 phosphorylates and activates a downstream kinase Warts (Wts)/Lats1/2, leading to phosphorylation and inactivation of a transcriptional coactivator Yki/YAP/Taz. Many upstream signals, including cell adhesion, polarity, mechanical stress, and soluble factors, regulate Hippo signaling through the kinase cascade, leading to change in the cytoplasmic/nuclear localization of Yki/YAP/Taz. However, recent studies have uncovered other mechanisms that regulate Yki/YAP/Taz subcellular localization, stability, and activity independent of the Hpo kinase cascade. These mechanisms provide additional layers of pathway regulation, nodes for pathway crosstalk, and opportunities for pathway intervention in cancer treatment and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Suk Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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16
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Tokamov SA, Su T, Ullyot A, Fehon RG. Negative feedback couples Hippo pathway activation with Kibra degradation independent of Yorkie-mediated transcription. eLife 2021; 10:62326. [PMID: 33555257 PMCID: PMC7895526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo (Hpo) pathway regulates tissue growth in many animals. Multiple upstream components promote Hpo pathway activity, but the organization of these different inputs, the degree of crosstalk between them, and whether they are regulated in a distinct manner is not well understood. Kibra (Kib) activates the Hpo pathway by recruiting the core Hpo kinase cassette to the apical cortex. Here, we show that the Hpo pathway downregulates Drosophila Kib levels independently of Yorkie-mediated transcription. We find that Hpo signaling complex formation promotes Kib degradation via SCFSlimb-mediated ubiquitination, that this effect requires Merlin, Salvador, Hpo, and Warts, and that this mechanism functions independently of other upstream Hpo pathway activators. Moreover, Kib degradation appears patterned by differences in mechanical tension across the wing. We propose that Kib degradation mediated by Hpo pathway components and regulated by cytoskeletal tension serves to control Kib-driven Hpo pathway activation and ensure optimally scaled and patterned tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod A Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Anne Ullyot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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17
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Ibar C, Irvine KD. Integration of Hippo-YAP Signaling with Metabolism. Dev Cell 2021; 54:256-267. [PMID: 32693058 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo-Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling network plays a central role as an integrator of signals that control cellular proliferation and differentiation. The past several years have provided an increasing appreciation and understanding of the diverse mechanisms through which metabolites and metabolic signals influence Hippo-YAP signaling, and how Hippo-YAP signaling, in turn, controls genes that direct cellular and organismal metabolism. These connections enable Hippo-YAP signaling to coordinate organ growth and homeostasis with nutrition and metabolism. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of some of the many interconnections between Hippo-YAP signaling and metabolism and how they are affected in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Ibar
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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18
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Zeng R, Dong J. The Hippo Signaling Pathway in Drug Resistance in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020318. [PMID: 33467099 PMCID: PMC7830227 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although great breakthroughs have been made in cancer treatment following the development of targeted therapy and immune therapy, resistance against anti-cancer drugs remains one of the most challenging conundrums. Considerable effort has been made to discover the underlying mechanisms through which malignant tumor cells acquire or develop resistance to anti-cancer treatment. The Hippo signaling pathway appears to play an important role in this process. This review focuses on how components in the human Hippo signaling pathway contribute to drug resistance in a variety of cancer types. This article also summarizes current pharmacological interventions that are able to target the Hippo signaling pathway and serve as potential anti-cancer therapeutics. Abstract Chemotherapy represents one of the most efficacious strategies to treat cancer patients, bringing advantageous changes at least temporarily even to those patients with incurable malignancies. However, most patients respond poorly after a certain number of cycles of treatment due to the development of drug resistance. Resistance to drugs administrated to cancer patients greatly limits the benefits that patients can achieve and continues to be a severe clinical difficulty. Among the mechanisms which have been uncovered to mediate anti-cancer drug resistance, the Hippo signaling pathway is gaining increasing attention due to the remarkable oncogenic activities of its components (for example, YAP and TAZ) and their druggable properties. This review will highlight current understanding of how the Hippo signaling pathway regulates anti-cancer drug resistance in tumor cells, and currently available pharmacological interventions targeting the Hippo pathway to eradicate malignant cells and potentially treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jixin Dong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-559-5596; Fax: +1-402-559-4651
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19
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Rouka E, Gourgoulianni N, Lüpold S, Hatzoglou C, Gourgoulianis K, Blanckenhorn WU, Zarogiannis SG. The Drosophila septate junctions beyond barrier function: Review of the literature, prediction of human orthologs of the SJ-related proteins and identification of protein domain families. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13527. [PMID: 32603029 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of Septate Junctions (SJs) in critical cellular functions that extend beyond their role as diffusion barriers in the epithelia and the nervous system has made the fruit fly an ideal model for the study of human diseases associated with impaired Tight Junction (TJ) function. In this study, we summarized current knowledge of the Drosophila melanogaster SJ-related proteins, focusing on their unconventional functions. Additionally, we sought to identify human orthologs of the corresponding genes as well as protein domain families. The systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus databases using relevant key terms. Orthologs were predicted using the DIOPT tool and aligned protein regions were determined from the Pfam database. 3-D models of the smooth SJ proteins were built on the Phyre2 and DMPFold protein structure prediction servers. A total of 30 proteins were identified as relatives to the SJ cellular structure. Key roles of these proteins, mainly in the regulation of morphogenetic events and cellular signalling, were highlighted. The investigation of protein domain families revealed that the SJ-related proteins contain conserved domains that are required not only for cell-cell interactions and cell polarity but also for cellular signalling and immunity. DIOPT analysis of orthologs identified novel human genes as putative functional homologs of the fruit fly SJ genes. A gap in our knowledge was identified regarding the domains that occur in the proteins encoded by eight SJ-associated genes. Future investigation of these domains is needed to provide functional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia Rouka
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of ThessalyBIOPOLIS Larissa Greece
| | - Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Stefan Lüpold
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Chrissi Hatzoglou
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of ThessalyBIOPOLIS Larissa Greece
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of ThessalyBIOPOLIS Larissa Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of ThessalyBIOPOLIS Larissa Greece
| | - Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of ThessalyBIOPOLIS Larissa Greece
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of ThessalyBIOPOLIS Larissa Greece
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20
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Baker K, Kwok E, Reardon P, Rodriguez DJ, Rolland AD, Wilson JW, Prell JS, Nyarko A. Yorkie-Warts Complexes are an Ensemble of Interconverting Conformers Formed by Multivalent Interactions. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166776. [PMID: 33383033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.166776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple copies of WW domains and PPXY motif sequences are often reciprocally presented by regulatory proteins that interact at crucial regulatory steps in the cell life cycle. While biophysical studies of single WW domain-single PPXY motif complexes abound in the literature, the molecular mechanisms of multivalent WW domain-PPXY assemblies are still poorly understood. By way of investigating such assemblies, we characterized the multivalent association of the entire cognate binding domains, two WW sequences and five PPXY motifs respectively, of the Yorkie transcription coactivator and the Warts tumor suppressor. Isothermal titration calorimetry, sedimentation velocity, size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle light scattering and native-state mass spectrometry of Yorkie WW domains interactions with the full-length Warts PPXY domain, and numerous PPXY motif variants of Warts show that the two proteins assemble via binding of tandem WW domains to adjacent PPXY pairs to produce an ensemble of interconverting complexes of variable stoichiometries, binding energetics and WW domain occupancy. Apparently, the Yorkie tandem WW domains first target the two adjacent PPXY motifs at the C-terminus of the Warts polypeptide and additional WW domains bind unoccupied motifs. Similar ensembles of interconverting conformers may be common in multivalent WW domain-PPXY interactions to promote the adaptability and versatility of WW domain-PPXY mediated cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasie Baker
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ethiene Kwok
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Patrick Reardon
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Diego J Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Amber D Rolland
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Jesse W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Afua Nyarko
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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21
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Srivastava D, de Toledo M, Manchon L, Tazi J, Juge F. Modulation of Yorkie activity by alternative splicing is required for developmental stability. EMBO J 2020; 40:e104895. [PMID: 33320356 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a major regulator of organ growth, which controls the activity of the transcription coactivator Yorkie (Yki) in Drosophila and its homolog YAP in mammals. Both Yki and YAP proteins exist as alternatively spliced isoforms containing either one or two WW domains. The biological importance of this conserved alternative splicing event is unknown. Here, we identify the splicing factor B52 as a regulator of yki alternative splicing in Drosophila and show that B52 modulates growth in part through modulation of yki alternative splicing. Yki isoforms differ by their transcriptional activity as well as their ability to bind and bridge PPxY motifs-containing partners, and can compete in vivo. Strikingly, flies in which yki alternative splicing has been abrogated, thus expressing only Yki2 isoform, exhibit fluctuating wing asymmetry, a signal of developmental instability. Our results identify yki alternative splicing as a new level of modulation of the Hippo pathway, that is required for growth equilibration during development. This study provides the first demonstration that the process of alternative splicing contributes to developmental robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwas Srivastava
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion de Toledo
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Manchon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamal Tazi
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - François Juge
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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22
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Gu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Luo J, Wang X, Ma M, Hua W, Liu Y, Yu FX. Hypermethylation of LATS2 Promoter and Its Prognostic Value in IDH-Mutated Low-Grade Gliomas. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586581. [PMID: 33195240 PMCID: PMC7642219 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) are the most common somatic mutations in low-grade glioma (LGG). The Hippo signaling pathway is known to play a key role in organ size control, and its dysregulation is involved in the development of diverse cancers. Large tumor suppressor 1/2 (LATS1/2) are core Hippo pathway components that phosphorylate and inactivate Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional co-activator that regulates expression of genes involved in tumorigenesis. A recent report from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has highlighted a frequent hypermethylation of LATS2 in IDH-mutant LGG. However, it is unclear if LATS2 hypermethylation is associated with YAP activation and prognosis of LGG patients. Here, we performed a network analysis of the status of the Hippo pathway in IDH-mutant LGG samples and determined its association with cancer prognosis. Combining TCGA data with our biochemical assays, we found hypermethylation of LATS2 promoter in IDH-mutant LGG. LATS2 hypermethylation, however, did not translate into YAP activation but highly correlated with IDH mutation. LATS2 hypermethylation may thus serve as an alternative for IDH mutation in diagnosis and a favorable prognostic factor for LGG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yebin Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqian Luo
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyue Ma
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Texada MJ, Koyama T, Rewitz K. Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control. Genetics 2020; 216:269-313. [PMID: 33023929 PMCID: PMC7536854 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body size is determined by the rate and duration of juvenile growth, which are influenced by the environment. In nutrient-scarce environments in which more time is needed for growth, the juvenile growth period can be extended by delaying maturation, whereas juvenile development is rapidly completed in nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires the integration of environmental cues with developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure that maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue growth has occurred to reach a proper adult size. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway is the primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids and insulin-like growth factors are the main systemic regulators of growth and maturation in animals. We discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster showing that cell-autonomous environment and growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR and other growth-regulatory pathways, that converge on insulin and steroid relay centers are responsible for adjusting systemic growth, and development, in response to external and internal conditions. In addition to this, proper organ growth is also monitored and coordinated with whole-body growth and the timing of maturation through modulation of steroid signaling. This coordination involves interorgan communication mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 in response to tissue growth status. Together, these multiple nutritional and developmental cues feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling insulin and steroid signaling, serving as checkpoints at which developmental progression toward maturation can be delayed. This review focuses on these mechanisms by which external and internal conditions can modulate developmental growth and ensure proper adult body size, and highlights the conserved architecture of this system, which has made Drosophila a prime model for understanding the coordination of growth and maturation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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24
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Yu X, Li M, Cui M, Sun B, Zhou Z. Silence of yki by miR-7 regulates the Hippo pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:446-452. [PMID: 32888651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway governs organ size via coordinating cell proliferation and apoptosis, and its dysregulation causes congenital diseases and cancers. The homeostasis of Hippo pathway is achieved through multiple post translational modifications. Through Drosophila genetic screening, we found that miRNAs were also involved in Hippo pathway regulation. Here, we showed that overexpression of miR-7 resulted in small wings, which were neutralized by miR-7-sponge (miR-7-sp) co-expression. Mechanistically, miR-7 inhibited the expression of Hippo pathway target genes. Epistatic analyses revealed that miR-7 modulated Hippo pathway through the transcriptional cofactor Yorkie (Yki). Consistently, overexpression of miR-7 decreased Yki protein. We further found a seed sequence of miR-7 in the yki 3'-UTR region. In addition, we discovered that miR-7 was a transcriptional target of Yki. Thus, a negative feedback loop existed for fine tuning Hippo pathway activity. Taken together, our findings uncovered a novel mechanism by which Yki was silenced by miR-7 for Hippo pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yu
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Mingming Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Cui
- Department of Anorectum, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Anorectum, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China. http://sunbing_163.com
| | - Zizhang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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25
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Yin J, Zhang J, Li T, Sun X, Qin S, Hou CX, Zhang GZ, Li MW. BmSd gene regulates the silkworm wing size by affecting the Hippo pathway. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:655-664. [PMID: 31225693 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect wings are developed from the wing disc during metamorphosis. Bombyx mori, a model lepidopteran insect, loses flight ability after long-term domestication from the wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina. The mw mutant (u11 strain) shows minute wings compared to wild type (e.g., p50 strain) wings. RNA sequencing analysis previously revealed differential Hippo-pathway-related gene expression between the u11 and p50 strains. The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade that controls organ size during development in animals. In this study, the function of BmSd which has been characterized as one of the Hippo-pathway-related genes was analyzed for silkworm wing development. We found that mats, warts, and hippo expression levels were higher in u11 compared to p50 wing discs. BmSd (scalloped) expression, which encodes a prominent transcriptional partner to Yorkie (Yki), gradually decreased during the wandering stage in u11, but exhibited the opposite expression pattern in p50. When BmSd was knocked down by small interfering RNA during the wandering stage in the p50 strain, 57.9% of the individuals showed minute wings. Additionally, ex, kibra, and wingless expression levels decreased in the BmSd knockdown mutant. Further, BmSd deletion mediated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated protein 9 induced 50% of individuals with minute wings, a phenotype similar to the mw mutant. This result demonstrates that BmSd plays pivotal roles in silkworm wing development. Our results show that the Hippo signaling pathway participates and plays crucial roles in the regulation of silkworm wing development, and our findings provide a basis for further research on B. mori wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mu-Wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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26
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Cinar B, Al-Mathkour MM, Khan SA, Moreno CS. Androgen attenuates the inactivating phospho-Ser-127 modification of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and promotes YAP1 nuclear abundance and activity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8550-8559. [PMID: 32376689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator YAP1 (yes-associated protein 1) regulates cell proliferation, cell-cell interactions, organ size, and tumorigenesis. Post-transcriptional modifications and nuclear translocation of YAP1 are crucial for its nuclear activity. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which the steroid hormone androgen regulates YAP1 nuclear entry and functions in several human prostate cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that androgen exposure suppresses the inactivating post-translational modification phospho-Ser-127 in YAP1, coinciding with increased YAP1 nuclear accumulation and activity. Pharmacological and genetic experiments revealed that intact androgen receptor signaling is necessary for androgen's inactivating effect on phospho-Ser-127 levels and increased YAP1 nuclear entry. We also found that androgen exposure antagonizes Ser/Thr kinase 4 (STK4/MST1) signaling, stimulates the activity of protein phosphatase 2A, and thereby attenuates the phospho-Ser-127 modification and promotes YAP1 nuclear localization. Results from quantitative RT-PCR and CRISPR/Cas9-aided gene knockout experiments indicated that androgen differentially regulates YAP1-dependent gene expression. Furthermore, an unbiased computational analysis of the prostate cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that YAP1 and androgen receptor transcript levels correlate with each other in prostate cancer tissues. These findings indicate that androgen regulates YAP1 nuclear localization and its transcriptional activity through the androgen receptor-STK4/MST1-protein phosphatase 2A axis, which may have important implications for human diseases such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Cinar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA .,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marwah M Al-Mathkour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shafiq A Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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27
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Verghese S, Moberg K. Roles of Membrane and Vesicular Traffic in Regulation of the Hippo Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:384. [PMID: 32010696 PMCID: PMC6971369 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a well conserved signaling cascade that modulates cell proliferation and survival in response to external cues such as cell:cell contact, injury, and nutritional status. Models of the Hippo pathway have evolved from a series of genetic interactions defined in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster into a complex series of biochemical mechanisms in which transmembrane and cytoskeletal proteins modulate cytoplasmic phosphatase and kinase activities that converge on the serine/threonine kinase Warts (Wts) to regulate nuclear entry of the co-activator protein Yorkie (Yki; vertebrate Yap1). This pathway is well conserved in human cells and broadly implicated in cancer. Progress in understanding biochemical events within the Hippo pathway highlights a need for improved understanding of the cell biological contexts in which these molecular interactions occur. A significant body of data linking Hippo signaling to membranes and proteins involved in intracellular membrane trafficking raise the possibility that some molecular regulatory events occur on the cytoplasmic face of vesicles. In Drosophila, a Yki-vesicle link was solidified by discoveries that cytoplasmic Yki concentrates at late-endosomes and physically interacts with two endosomal adaptor proteins, Myopic (Mop) and Leash. These two proteins are required for Yki to transit the endolysosomal pathway and be turned over in lysosomes. Molecules involved in recruiting and tethering Yki along this endosomal route are not defined but are predicted to play key roles in regulating Yki levels and thus Hippo-responsiveness of cells. As Wts is recruited to the apical membrane by upstream Hippo components, endosomal internalization could also affect complexes involved in Yki phosphorylation events that alter nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Recent work has revealed an unexpected, non-transcriptional role of membrane-associated Yki in triggering actinomyosin contractility via the myosin-regulatory light chain Spaghetti squash (Sqh). How Yki interacts with the membrane and controls Sqh is unclear, but this mechanism represents a novel regulatory mechanism based on induced localization of Yki to a specific membrane compartment. These and other data will be discussed as we review data linking Yki to membrane and vesicular traffic in development and homeostasis and speculate on missing elements of these membrane-linked Yki regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ken Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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28
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Gou J, Stotsky JA, Othmer HG. Growth control in the Drosophila wing disk. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1478. [PMID: 31917525 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of size and shape is a fundamental requirement of biological development and has been a subject of scientific study for centuries, but we still lack an understanding of how organisms know when to stop growing. Imaginal wing disks of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which are precursors of the adult wings, are an archetypal tissue for studying growth control. The growth of the disks is dependent on many inter- and intra-organ factors such as morphogens, mechanical forces, nutrient levels, and hormones that influence gene expression and cell growth. Extracellular signals are transduced into gene-control signals via complex signal transduction networks, and since cells typically receive many different signals, a mechanism for integrating the signals is needed. Our understanding of the effect of morphogens on tissue-level growth regulation via individual pathways has increased significantly in the last half century, but our understanding of how multiple biochemical and mechanical signals are integrated to determine whether or not a cell decides to divide is still rudimentary. Numerous fundamental questions are involved in understanding the decision-making process, and here we review the major biochemical and mechanical pathways involved in disk development with a view toward providing a basis for beginning to understand how multiple signals can be integrated at the cell level, and how this translates into growth control at the level of the imaginal disk. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jay A Stotsky
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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29
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van Soldt BJ, Cardoso WV. Hippo-Yap/Taz signaling: Complex network interactions and impact in epithelial cell behavior. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e371. [PMID: 31828974 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a crucial integrator of signals in biological events from development to adulthood and in diseases. Although extensively studied in Drosophila and in cell cultures, major gaps of knowledge still remain on how this pathway functions in mammalian systems. The pathway consists of a growing number of components, including core kinases and adaptor proteins, which control the subcellular localization of the transcriptional co-activators Yap and Taz through phosphorylation of serines at key sites. When localized to the nucleus, Yap/Taz interact with TEAD transcription factors to induce transcriptional programs of proliferation, stemness, and growth. In the cytoplasm, Yap/Taz interact with multiple pathways to regulate a variety of cellular functions or are targeted for degradation. The Hippo pathway receives cues from diverse intracellular and extracellular inputs, including growth factor and integrin signaling, polarity complexes, and cell-cell junctions. This review highlights the mechanisms of regulation of Yap/Taz nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and their implications for epithelial cell behavior using the lung as an intriguing example of this paradigm. This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J van Soldt
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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30
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Flinn MA, Link BA, O'Meara CC. Upstream regulation of the Hippo-Yap pathway in cardiomyocyte regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:11-19. [PMID: 31606277 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The response of the adult mammalian heart to injury such as myocardial infarction has long been described as primarily fibrotic scarring and adverse remodeling with little to no regeneration of cardiomyocytes. Emerging studies have challenged this paradigm by demonstrating that, indeed, adult mammalian cardiomyocytes are capable of completing cytokinesis albeit at levels vastly insufficient to compensate for the loss of functional cardiomyocytes following ischemic injury. Thus, there is great interest in identifying mechanisms to guide adult cardiomyocyte cell cycle re-entry and facilitate endogenous heart regeneration. The Hippo signaling pathway is a core kinase cascade that functions to suppress the transcriptional co-activators Yap and Taz by phosphorylation and therefore cytoplasmic retention or phospho-degradation. This pathway has recently sparked interest in the field of cardiac regeneration as inhibition of Hippo kinase signaling or overdriving the transcriptional co-activator, Yap, significantly promotes proliferation of terminally differentiated adult mammalian cardiomyocytes and can restore function in failing mouse hearts. Thus, the Hippo pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for promoting cardiomyocyte renewal and cardiac regeneration. Although the core kinases and transcriptional activators of the Hippo pathway have been studied extensively over the last twenty years, the regulatory inputs of this pathway, particularly in vertebrates, are poorly understood. Recent studies have elucidated several upstream regulatory inputs to the Hippo pathway in adult mammalian cardiomyocytes that influence cell proliferation and heart regeneration. Considering upstream inputs to the Hippo pathway are thought to be context and cell type specific, targeting these various components could serve as a therapeutic approach for refining Hippo-Yap signaling in the heart. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging regulatory inputs to the Hippo pathway as they relate to mammalian cardiomyocytes and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flinn
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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31
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Fulford AD, Holder MV, Frith D, Snijders AP, Tapon N, Ribeiro PS. Casein kinase 1 family proteins promote Slimb-dependent Expanded degradation. eLife 2019; 8:e46592. [PMID: 31567070 PMCID: PMC6768662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo signalling integrates diverse stimuli related to epithelial architecture to regulate tissue growth and cell fate decisions. The Hippo kinase cascade represses the growth-promoting transcription co-activator Yorkie. The FERM protein Expanded is one of the main upstream Hippo signalling regulators in Drosophila as it promotes Hippo kinase signalling and directly inhibits Yorkie. To fulfil its function, Expanded is recruited to the plasma membrane by the polarity protein Crumbs. However, Crumbs-mediated recruitment also promotes Expanded turnover via a phosphodegron-mediated interaction with a Slimb/β-TrCP SCF E3 ligase complex. Here, we show that the Casein Kinase 1 (CKI) family is required for Expanded phosphorylation. CKI expression promotes Expanded phosphorylation and interaction with Slimb/β-TrCP. Conversely, CKI depletion in S2 cells impairs Expanded degradation downstream of Crumbs. In wing imaginal discs, CKI loss leads to elevated Expanded and Crumbs levels. Thus, phospho-dependent Expanded turnover ensures a tight coupling of Hippo pathway activity to epithelial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Fulford
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Maxine V Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David Frith
- ProteomicsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paulo S Ribeiro
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway and its transcriptional co-activator targets Yorkie/YAP/TAZ first came to attention because of their role in tissue growth control. Over the past 15 years, it has become clear that, like other developmental pathways (e.g. the Wnt, Hedgehog and TGFβ pathways), Hippo signalling is a 'jack of all trades' that is reiteratively used to mediate a range of cellular decision-making processes from proliferation, death and morphogenesis to cell fate determination. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we briefly outline the core pathway and its regulation, and describe the breadth of its roles in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Robert Davis
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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33
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Wang LH, Baker NE. Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway regulates sensory organ development via caspase-dependent nonapoptotic signaling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:669. [PMID: 31511495 PMCID: PMC6739336 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental roles for the Salvador–Warts–Hippo (SWH) pathway are widely characterized in growth regulation and organ size control. However, the function of SWH pathway is less known in cell fate determination. Here we uncover a novel role of the SWH signaling pathway in determination of cell fate during neural precursor (sensory organ precursor, SOP) development. Inactivation of the SWH pathway in SOP of the wing imaginal discs affects caspase-dependent bristle patterning in an apoptosis-independent process. Such nonapoptotic functions of caspases have been implicated in inflammation, proliferation, cellular remodeling, and cell fate determination. Our data indicate an effect on the Wingless (Wg)/Wnt pathway. Previously, caspases were proposed to cleave and activate a negative regulator of Wg/Wnt signaling, Shaggy (Sgg)/GSK3β. Surprisingly, we found that a noncleavable form of Sgg encoded from the endogenous locus after CRISPR-Cas9 modification supported almost normal bristle patterning, indicating that Sgg might not be the main target of the caspase-dependent nonapoptotic process. Collectively, our results outline a new function of SWH signaling that crosstalks to caspase-dependent nonapoptotic signaling and Wg/Wnt signaling in neural precursor development, which might be implicated in neuronal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hsin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Sec 6, Minquan E. Rd, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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34
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Fomicheva M, Tross EM, Macara IG. Polarity proteins in oncogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:26-30. [PMID: 31509786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Most human cancers arise from epithelial tissues, which are apical-basally polarized and possess intercellular adhesive junctions. Epithelial cells grow to characteristic densities, often from proliferative progenitors, which arrest as they mature. Homeostatic mechanisms can maintain this characteristic density if it is exceeded (crowding) or is too low (e.g. in response to wounding). During tumor initiation and progression this homeostatic mechanism is lost. Some aspects of cell polarity are also lost, although many carcinomas retain intercellular junctions and even apical domains. In other cases, and particularly in recurrent tumors, however, the cells become predominantly mesenchymal. A major question, still only incompletely answered, is whether the proteins that determine cell polarity function as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding the role of polarity proteins and homeostasis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fomicheva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA
| | - Erica M Tross
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA.
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35
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Arbouzova NI, Fulford AD, Zhang H, McNeill H. Fat regulates expression of four-jointed reporters in vivo through a 20 bp element independently of the Hippo pathway. Dev Biol 2019; 450:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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36
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Snigdha K, Gangwani KS, Lapalikar GV, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Hippo Signaling in Cancer: Lessons From Drosophila Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 31231648 PMCID: PMC6558396 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo pathway was initially identified through genetic screens for genes regulating organ size in fruitflies. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Hippo signaling as a key regulator of homeostasis, and in tumorigenesis. Hippo pathway is comprised of genes that act as tumor suppressor genes like hippo (hpo) and warts (wts), and oncogenes like yorkie (yki). YAP and TAZ are two related mammalian homologs of Drosophila Yki that act as effectors of the Hippo pathway. Hippo signaling deficiency can cause YAP- or TAZ-dependent oncogene addiction for cancer cells. YAP and TAZ are often activated in human malignant cancers. These transcriptional regulators may initiate tumorigenic changes in solid tumors by inducing cancer stem cells and proliferation, culminating in metastasis and chemo-resistance. Given the complex mechanisms (e.g., of the cancer microenvironment, and the extrinsic and intrinsic cues) that overpower YAP/TAZ inhibition, the molecular roles of the Hippo pathway in tumor growth and progression remain poorly defined. Here we review recent findings from studies in whole animal model organism like Drosophila on the role of Hippo signaling regarding its connection to inflammation, tumor microenvironment, and other oncogenic signaling in cancer growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Snigdha
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | | | - Gauri Vijay Lapalikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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37
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Liang Z, Lu Y, Qian Y, Zhu L, Kuang S, Chen F, Feng Y, Hu X, Cao G, Xue R, Gong C. Cultured cells and wing disc size of silkworm can be controlled by the Hippo pathway. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180029. [PMID: 29973396 PMCID: PMC6070717 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo signalling represents a cell proliferation and organ-size control pathway. Yorki (Yki), a component of the Hippo pathway, induces the transcription of a number of targets that promote cell proliferation and survival. The functions of Yki have been characterized in Drosophila and mammals, while there are few reports on silkworm, Bombyx mori. In the present study, we found that BmYki3 facilitates cell migration and cell division, and enlarges the cultured cell and wing disc size. Co-immunoprecipitation results indicated that BmYki3 may interact with thymosin, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, protein kinase ASK1, dedicator of cytokinesis protein 1, calcium-independent phospholipase A2 and beta-spectrin. RNA-seq results indicated that 4444 genes were upregulated and 10 291 genes were downregulated after BmYki3 was overexpressed in the cultured cells. GO annotation indicated that the up/downregulated genes were enriched in 268/382 GO terms (p < 0.01); KEGG analysis showed that the up/downregulated genes were enriched in 49/101 pathways. These findings provided novel information to understand the functions of BmYki3 in a cell proliferation and organ-size control pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yahong Lu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ying Qian
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sulan Kuang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yongjie Feng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China .,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China .,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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38
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Li S, Ma J, Si Y, Cheng S, Hu M, Zhi X, Li B, Yu H, Jiang WG. Differential expression and functions of Ehm2 transcript variants in lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1747-1758. [PMID: 30816447 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehm2 [also known as erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1‑like protein 4B (EPB41L4B)] is a member of the NF2/ERM/4.1 superfamily. The overexpression of Ehm2 has been observed in metastatic cancer cells. Through alternative splicing, the Ehm2 gene produces two transcript variants that encode the two different isoforms, Ehm2/1 and Ehm2/2. The biological functions of these different Ehm2 transcript variants remain unclear. The present study aimed to determine the expression of the Ehm2 variants in lung adenocarcinoma and their involvement in the disease progression of the patients. The expression of Ehm2 transcript variants in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Ehm2 variants were overexpressed or knocked down in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The consequent effects of the genetic modifications on the cellular functions of lung cancer cells were then examined using in vitro cell viability, invasion and migration assays. The expression of epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT)‑related markers was evaluated by western blot analysis in the cell models. The association of Ehm2 variant expression with patient survival was analyzed using Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis. The expression of Ehm2/1 was significantly decreased in lung cancers compared with the paired normal lung tissues (P<0.05), while the Ehm2/2 protein levels were higher in the tumors than in the paired normal lung tissues, although this was not statistically significant. The overexpression of Ehm2/1 exerted inhibitory effects, while the knockdown of Ehm2/1 promoted the growth, invasion and migration of A549 cells in vitro. Ehm2/2 was expressed at low levels in the A549 cells and the enforced expression of Ehm2/2 significantly increased the invasiveness and migration of the A549 cells. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that Ehm2/1 was confined to the plasma membrane, while Ehm2/2 was observed at both the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The overexpression of Ehm2/1 resulted in the upregulation of the epithelial marker, E‑cadherin, and in the decreased expression of the mesenchymal markers, N‑cadherin and Snail1, while the knockdown of Ehm2/1 and the enforced expression of Ehm2/2 had the opposite effects on the protein levels of EMT‑related markers. Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis revealed that higher Ehm2/1 transcript levels were associated with the longer survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, while the lower expression of Ehm2/2 exhibited a similar association with patient survival. Taken together, the two Ehm2 variants appear to be differentially expressed in lung adenocarcinoma. Ehm2/1 may function as a putative tumor suppressor in the disease progression of lung adenocarcinoma, while Ehm2/2 may have an opposite function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yang Si
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Mu Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyi Zhi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Baolan Li
- Beijing Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Hefen Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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39
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Usp7 regulates Hippo pathway through deubiquitinating the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie. Nat Commun 2019; 10:411. [PMID: 30679505 PMCID: PMC6345853 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays an important role in organ development and adult tissue homeostasis, and its deregulation has been implicated in many cancers. The Hippo signaling relies on a core kinase cascade culminating in phosphorylation of the transcription coactivator Yorkie (Yki). Although Yki is the key effector of Hippo pathway, the regulation of its protein stability is still unclear. Here, we show that Hippo pathway attenuates the binding of a ubiquitin-specific protease Usp7 to Yki, which regulates Hippo signaling through deubiquitinating Yki. Furthermore, the mammalian homolog of Usp7, HAUSP plays a conserved role in regulating Hippo pathway by modulating Yap ubiquitination and degradation. Finally, we find that the expression of HAUSP is positively correlated with that of Yap, both showing upregulated levels in clinical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens. In summary, our findings demonstrate that Yki/Yap is stabilized by Usp7/HAUSP, and provide HAUSP as a potential therapeutic target for HCC. Hippo signaling leads to the phosphorylation of the key transcriptional effector, Yap/Yki, although how Yap/Yki stability is regulated has remained unclear. Here, Sun et al. identify HAUSP/Usp7 as a conserved and clinically relevant regulator of the Hippo pathway that increases Yap/Yki stability.
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40
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Pinheiro D, Bellaïche Y. Mechanical Force-Driven Adherens Junction Remodeling and Epithelial Dynamics. Dev Cell 2019; 47:3-19. [PMID: 30300588 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During epithelial tissue development, repair, and homeostasis, adherens junctions (AJs) ensure intercellular adhesion and tissue integrity while allowing for cell and tissue dynamics. Mechanical forces play critical roles in AJs' composition and dynamics. Recent findings highlight that beyond a well-established role in reinforcing cell-cell adhesion, AJ mechanosensitivity promotes junctional remodeling and polarization, thereby regulating critical processes such as cell intercalation, division, and collective migration. Here, we provide an integrated view of mechanosensing mechanisms that regulate cell-cell contact composition, geometry, and integrity under tension and highlight pivotal roles for mechanosensitive AJ remodeling in preserving epithelial integrity and sustaining tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pinheiro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France.
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41
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Fat-regulated adaptor protein Dlish binds the growth suppressor Expanded and controls its stability and ubiquitination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1319-1324. [PMID: 30606799 PMCID: PMC6347691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811891116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To regulate the growth and size of organs, cells can use information from their neighbors to modify intracellular mediators of cell proliferation. The intracellular Hippo pathway is a widely utilized nexus for growth control in animals, but its regulation by extracellular signals is not fully understood. We here identify a pathway that regulates organ size in Drosophila, triggered by the transmembrane receptor, the giant protocadherin Fat. We show that the Fat-regulated SH3 domain adaptor protein Dlish binds to and reduces the stability of the growth suppressor Expanded, a known regulator of the Hippo pathway. The destabilization of Expanded by Dlish works in parallel to a previously established pathway in which Dlish increases levels of the growth-stimulating protein Dachs. The Drosophila protocadherin Fat controls organ size through the Hippo pathway, but the biochemical links to the Hippo pathway components are still poorly defined. We previously identified Dlish, an SH3 domain protein that physically interacts with Fat and the type XX myosin Dachs, and showed that Fat’s regulation of Dlish levels and activity helps limit Dachs-mediated inhibition of Hippo pathway activity. We here characterize a parallel growth control pathway downstream of Fat and Dlish. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to search for Dlish partners, we find that Dlish binds the FERM domain growth repressor Expanded (Ex); Dlish SH3 domains directly bind sites in the Ex C terminus. We further show that, in vivo, Dlish reduces the subapical accumulation of Ex, and that loss of Dlish blocks the destabilization of Ex caused by loss of Fat. Moreover, Dlish can bind the F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase Slimb and promote Slimb-mediated ubiquitination of Expanded in vitro. Both the in vitro and in vivo effects of Dlish on Ex require Slimb, strongly suggesting that Dlish destabilizes Ex by helping recruit Slimb-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes to Ex.
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42
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Abstract
The Hippo Pathway comprises a vast network of components that integrate diverse signals including mechanical cues and cell surface or cell-surface-associated molecules to define cellular outputs of growth, proliferation, cell fate, and cell survival on both the cellular and tissue level. Because of the importance of the regulators, core components, and targets of this pathway in human health and disease, individual components were often identified by efforts in mammalian models or for a role in a specific process such as stress response or cell death. However, multiple components were originally discovered in the Drosophila system, and the breakthrough of conceiving that these components worked together in a signaling pathway came from a series of Drosophila genetic screens and fundamental genetic and phenotypic characterization efforts. In this chapter, we will review the original discoveries leading to the conceptual framework of these components as a tumor suppressor network. We will review chronologically the early efforts that established our initial understanding of the core machinery that then launched the growing and vibrant field to be discussed throughout later chapters of this book.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rewatee Gokhale
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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43
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Xu X, Bi HL, Zhang ZJ, Yang Y, Li K, Huang YP, Zhang Y, He L. BmHpo mutation induces smaller body size and late stage larval lethality in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:1006-1016. [PMID: 29808962 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a core member of the Hippo signaling pathway, Hpo plays a critical role in regulating growth and development. Previous studies reported that loss of function of Hpo results in increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis and induction of tissue overgrowth in Drosophila. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9) to study Hpo gene (BmHpo) function in the lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori, known commonly as the silkworm. Sequence analysis of BmHpo revealed an array of deletions in mutants. We found that BmHpo knockout resulted in defects in body size regulation, in developmental defects and pigment accumulation and early death. Our data show that BmHpo is essential for regulation of insect growth and development and that CRISPR/Cas9 technology can serve as a basis for functional analysis of target genes in lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Lun Bi
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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44
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Xu X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Huang S, Li K, He L, Zhou X. Genome editing reveals the function of Yorkie during the embryonic and early larval development in silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:675-685. [PMID: 29797485 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a transcriptional coactivator, Yorkie (Yki) is a major downstream target of the Hippo signalling pathway to regulate the organ size during animal development and regeneration. Previous microarray analysis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has shown that genes associated with the Hippo pathway were primarily expressed in gonads and imaginal discs. The RNA-interference-mediated silencing of Yki at the early wandering stage delayed B. mori development and ovary maturation, whereas baculovirus-mediated overexpression at the late larval instar facilitated organ growth and accelerated metamorphosis. Here, we employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis to investigate the function of Yki in B. mori (BmYki) at the embryonic and early larval stages. Knocking out of BmYki led to reduced body size, moulting defects and, eventually, larval lethality. Sequence analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 mutants exhibited an array of deletions in BmYki. As a critical downstream effector of the Hippo kinase cassette, silencing of BmYki at the embryonic stage is indispensable and the consequence is lethal. Given that the Hippo signalling pathway is evolutionarily conserved, Yki has the potential to be a novel molecular target for genetic-based pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Huang
- Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - K Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - L He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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45
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Elbediwy A, Vanyai H, Diaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Frith D, Snijders AP, Thompson BJ. Enigma proteins regulate YAP mechanotransduction. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.221788. [PMID: 30404826 PMCID: PMC6262774 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells can sense mechanical stress acting upon integrin adhesions and respond by sending the YAP (also known as YAP1) and TAZ (also known as WWTR1) transcriptional co-activators to the nucleus to drive TEAD-dependent transcription of target genes. How integrin signaling activates YAP remains unclear. Here, we show that integrin-mediated mechanotransduction requires the Enigma and Enigma-like proteins (PDLIM7 and PDLIM5, respectively; denoted for the family of PDZ and LIM domain-containing proteins). YAP binds to PDLIM5 and PDLIM7 (hereafter PDLIM5/7) via its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (PBM), which is essential for full nuclear localization and activity of YAP. Accordingly, silencing of PDLIM5/7 expression reduces YAP nuclear localization, tyrosine phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. The PDLIM5/7 proteins are recruited from the cytoplasm to integrin adhesions and F-actin stress fibers in response to force by binding directly to the key stress fiber component α-actinin. Thus, forces acting on integrins recruit Enigma family proteins to trigger YAP activation during mechanotransduction.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbediwy
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Hannah Vanyai
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - David Frith
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
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46
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Abstract
Organ growth is fundamental to animal development. One of major mechanisms for growth control is mediated by the conserved Hippo signaling pathway initially identified in Drosophila. The core of this pathway in Drosophila consists of a cascade of protein kinases Hippo and Warts that negatively regulate transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki). Activation of Yki promotes cell survival and proliferation to induce organ growth. A key issue in Hippo signaling is to understand how core kinase cascade is activated. Activation of Hippo kinase cascade is regulated in the upstream by at least two transmembrane proteins Crumbs and Fat that act in parallel. These membrane proteins interact with additional factors such as FERM-domain proteins Expanded and Merlin to modulate subcellular localization and function of the Hippo kinase cascade. Hippo signaling is also influenced by cytoskeletal networks and cell tension in epithelia of developing organs. These upstream events in the regulation of Hippo signaling are only partially understood. This review focuses on our current understanding of some upstream processes involved in Hippo signaling in developing Drosophila organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Wook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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47
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Xu J, Vanderzalm PJ, Ludwig M, Su T, Tokamov SA, Fehon RG. Yorkie Functions at the Cell Cortex to Promote Myosin Activation in a Non-transcriptional Manner. Dev Cell 2018; 46:271-284.e5. [PMID: 30032991 PMCID: PMC6086586 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that controls organ size in animals. Yorkie is well known as a transcriptional co-activator that functions downstream of the Hippo pathway to positively regulate transcription of genes that promote tissue growth. Recent studies have shown that increased myosin activity activates both Yorkie and its vertebrate orthologue YAP, resulting in increased nuclear localization and tissue growth. Here we show that Yorkie also can accumulate at the cell cortex in the apical junctional region. Moreover, Yorkie functions at the cortex to promote activation of myosin through a myosin regulatory light chain kinase, Stretchin-Mlck. This Yorkie function is not dependent on its transcriptional activity and is required for larval and adult tissues to achieve appropriate size. Based on these results, we suggest that Yorkie functions in a feedforward "amplifier" loop that promotes myosin activation, and thereby greater Yorkie activity, in response to tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Xu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pamela J Vanderzalm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, USA
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherzod A Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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48
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Spatial regulation of expanded transcription in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201317. [PMID: 30063727 PMCID: PMC6067730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and patterning are coordinated during development to define organ size and shape. The growth, proliferation and differentiation of Drosophila wings are regulated by several conserved signaling pathways. Here, we show that the Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) and Notch pathways converge on an enhancer in the expanded (ex) gene, which also responds to levels of the bHLH transcription factor Daughterless (Da). Separate cis-regulatory elements respond to Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) and Notch pathways, to bHLH proteins, and to unidentified factors that repress ex transcription in the wing pouch and in the proneural region at the anterior wing margin. Senseless, a zinc-finger transcription factor acting in proneural regions, had a negative impact on ex transcription in the proneural region, but the transcriptional repressor Hairy had no effect. Our study suggests that a complex pattern of ex transcription results from integration of a uniform SWH signal with multiple other inputs, rather than from a pattern of SWH signaling.
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49
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Gou J, Lin L, Othmer HG. A Model for the Hippo Pathway in the Drosophila Wing Disc. Biophys J 2018; 115:737-747. [PMID: 30041810 PMCID: PMC6103738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made toward understanding morphogen-mediated patterning in development, control of the size and shape of tissues via local and global signaling is poorly understood. In particular, little is known about how cell-cell interactions are involved in the control of tissue size. The Hippo pathway in the Drosophila wing disc involves cell-cell interactions via cadherins, which lead to modulation of Yorkie, a cotranscriptional factor that affects control of the cell cycle and growth, and studies involving over- and underexpression of components of this pathway reveal conditions that lead to tissue over- or undergrowth. Here, we develop a mathematical model of the Hippo pathway that can qualitatively explain these observations, made in both whole-disc mutants and mutant-clone experiments. We find that a number of nonintuitive experimental results can be explained by subtle changes in the balances between inputs to the Hippo pathway and suggest some predictions that can be tested experimentally. We also show that certain components of the pathway are polarized at the single-cell level, which replicates observations of planar cell polarity. Because the signal transduction and growth control pathways are highly conserved between Drosophila and mammalian systems, the model we formulate can be used as a framework to guide future experimental work on the Hippo pathway in both Drosophila and mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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50
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Moon S, Yeon Park S, Woo Park H. Regulation of the Hippo pathway in cancer biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2303-2319. [PMID: 29602952 PMCID: PMC11105795 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, which is well conserved from Drosophila to humans, has emerged as the master regulator of organ size, as well as major cellular properties, such as cell proliferation, survival, stemness, and tissue homeostasis. The biological significance and deregulation of the Hippo pathway in tumorigenesis have received a surge of interest in the past decade. In the current review, we present the major discoveries that made substantial contributions to our understanding of the Hippo pathway and discuss how Hippo pathway components contribute to cellular signaling, physiology, and their potential implications in anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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