1
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Groza R, Schmidt KV, Müller PM, Ronchi P, Schlack-Leigers C, Neu U, Puchkov D, Dimova R, Matthaeus C, Taraska J, Weikl TR, Ewers H. Adhesion energy controls lipid binding-mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2767. [PMID: 38553473 PMCID: PMC10980822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial toxins and viruses can deform membranes through multivalent binding to lipids for clathrin-independent endocytosis. However, it remains unclear, how membrane deformation and endocytic internalization are mechanistically linked. Here we show that many lipid-binding virions induce membrane deformation and clathrin-independent endocytosis, suggesting a common mechanism based on multivalent lipid binding by globular particles. We create a synthetic cellular system consisting of a lipid-anchored receptor in the form of GPI-anchored anti-GFP nanobodies and a multivalent globular binder exposing 180 regularly-spaced GFP molecules on its surface. We show that these globular, 40 nm diameter, particles bind to cells expressing the receptor, deform the plasma membrane upon adhesion and become endocytosed in a clathrin-independent manner. We explore the role of the membrane adhesion energy in endocytosis by using receptors with affinities varying over 7 orders of magnitude. Using this system, we find that once a threshold in adhesion energy is overcome to allow for membrane deformation, endocytosis occurs reliably. Multivalent, binding-induced membrane deformation by globular binders is thus sufficient for internalization to occur and we suggest it is the common, purely biophysical mechanism for lipid-binding mediated endocytosis of toxins and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Groza
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kita Valerie Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul Markus Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claire Schlack-Leigers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Neu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmytro Puchkov
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Matthaeus
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Institute for Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Justin Taraska
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas R Weikl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helge Ewers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Nishida S, Matovelo SA, Kajimoto T, Nakamura SI, Okada T. Extracellular α-synuclein impairs sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 3 (S1PR3)-regulated lysosomal delivery of cathepsin D in HeLa cells. Genes Cells 2024; 29:207-216. [PMID: 38163647 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn)-positive intracellular fibrillar protein deposits, known as Lewy bodies, are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although recent lines of evidence suggested that extracellular α-Syn secreted from pathogenic neurons contributes to the propagation of PD pathology, the precise mechanism of action remains unclear. We have reported that extracellular α-Syn caused sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor type 1 (S1PR1) uncoupled from Gi and inhibited downstream G-protein signaling in SH-SY5Y cells, although its patho/physiological role remains to be clarified. Here we show that extracellular α-Syn caused S1P receptor type 3 (S1PR3) uncoupled from G protein in HeLa cells. Further studies indicated that α-Syn treatment reduced cathepsin D activity while enhancing the secretion of immature pro-cathepsin D into cell culture medium, suggesting that lysosomal delivery of cathepsin D was disturbed. Actually, extracellular α-Syn attenuated the retrograde trafficking of insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor, which is under the regulation of S1PR3. These findings shed light on the understanding of dissemination of the PD pathology, that is, the mechanism underlying how extracellular α-Syn secreted from pathogenic cells causes lysosomal dysfunction of the neighboring healthy cells, leading to propagation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Nishida
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shubi Ambwene Matovelo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Taro Okada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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3
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Tseng HK, Su YY, Lai PJ, Lo SL, Liu HC, Reddy SR, Chen L, Lin CC. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of GAA-7 Glycan Analogues and Evaluation of Their Neuritogenic Activities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:656-670. [PMID: 38206798 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GAA-7 exhibits higher neurite outgrowth than ganglioside GM1a and most echinodermatous gangliosides (EGs) when tested on neuron-like rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). The unique structure of GAA-7 glycan, containing an uncommon sialic acid (8-O-methyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid) and sialic acid-α-2,3-GalNAc linkage, makes it challenging to synthesize. We recently developed a streamlined method to chemoenzymatically synthesize GAA-7 glycan and employed this modular strategy to efficiently prepare a library of GAA-7 glycan analogues incorporating N-modified or 8-methoxyl sialic acids. Most of these synthetic glycans exhibited moderate efficacy in promoting neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. Among them, the analogue containing common sialic acid shows greater potential than the GAA-7 glycan itself. This result reveals that methoxy modification is not essential for neurite outgrowth. Consequently, the readily available analogue presents a promising model for further biological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Kai Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yu Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Lun Lo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chein Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | | | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan First Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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4
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Jin X, Cheng H, Chen X, Cao X, Xiao C, Ding F, Qu H, Wang PG, Feng Y, Yang GY. A modular chemoenzymatic cascade strategy for the structure-customized assembly of ganglioside analogs. Commun Chem 2024; 7:17. [PMID: 38238524 PMCID: PMC10796935 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides play vital biological regulatory roles and are associated with neurological system diseases, malignancies, and immune deficiencies. They have received extensive attention in developing targeted drugs and diagnostic markers. However, it is difficult to obtain enough structurally defined gangliosides and analogs especially at an industrial-relevant scale, which prevent exploring structure-activity relationships and identifying drug ingredients. Here, we report a highly modular chemoenzymatic cascade assembly (MOCECA) strategy for customized and large-scale synthesis of ganglioside analogs with various glycan and ceramide epitopes. We typically accessed five gangliosides with therapeutic promising and systematically prepared ten GM1 analogs with diverse ceramides. Through further process amplification, we achieved industrial production of ganglioside GM1 in the form of modular assembly at hectogram scale. Using MOCECA-synthesized GM1 analogs, we found unique ceramide modifications on GM1 could enhance the ability to promote neurite outgrowth. By comparing the structures with synthetic analogs, we further resolved the problem of contradicting descriptions for GM1 components in different pharmaceutical documents by reinterpreting the exact two-component structures of commercialized GM1 drugs. Because of its applicability and stability, the MOCECA strategy can be extended to prepare other glycosphingolipid structures, which may pave the way for developing new glycolipid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Hanchao Cheng
- School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Cao
- Glycogene LLC, 10th Floor, Building 3, Wuhan Precision Medicine Industrial Base, East Lake New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Xiao
- Glycogene LLC, 10th Floor, Building 3, Wuhan Precision Medicine Industrial Base, East Lake New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengling Ding
- Glycogene LLC, 10th Floor, Building 3, Wuhan Precision Medicine Industrial Base, East Lake New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, China
| | - Huirong Qu
- Glycogene LLC, 10th Floor, Building 3, Wuhan Precision Medicine Industrial Base, East Lake New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Abstract
The sorting and trafficking of lipids between organelles gives rise to a dichotomy of bulk membrane properties between organelles of the secretory and endolysosome networks, giving rise to two "membrane territories" based on differences in lipid-packing density, net membrane charge, and bilayer leaflet asymmetries. The cellular organelle membrane dichotomy emerges from ER-to-PM anterograde membrane trafficking and the synthesis of sphingolipids and cholesterol flux at the trans-Golgi network, which constitutes the interface between the two membrane territories. Organelle homeostasis is maintained by vesicle-mediated retrieval of bulk membrane from the distal organelles of each territory to the endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane and by soluble lipid transfer proteins that traffic particular lipids. The concept of cellular membrane territories emphasizes the contrasting features of organelle membranes of the secretory and endolysosome networks and the essential roles of lipid-sorting pathways that maintain organelle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongho Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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6
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Machy P, Mortier E, Birklé S. Biology of GD2 ganglioside: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1249929. [PMID: 37670947 PMCID: PMC10475612 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1249929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Part of the broader glycosphingolipid family, gangliosides are composed of a ceramide bound to a sialic acid-containing glycan chain, and locate at the plasma membrane. Gangliosides are produced through sequential steps of glycosylation and sialylation. This diversity of composition is reflected in differences in expression patterns and functions of the various gangliosides. Ganglioside GD2 designates different subspecies following a basic structure containing three carbohydrate residues and two sialic acids. GD2 expression, usually restrained to limited tissues, is frequently altered in various neuroectoderm-derived cancers. While GD2 is of evident interest, its glycolipid nature has rendered research challenging. Physiological GD2 expression has been linked to developmental processes. Passing this stage, varying levels of GD2, physiologically expressed mainly in the central nervous system, affect composition and formation of membrane microdomains involved in surface receptor signaling. Overexpressed in cancer, GD2 has been shown to enhance cell survival and invasion. Furthermore, binding of antibodies leads to immune-independent cell death mechanisms. In addition, GD2 contributes to T-cell dysfunction, and functions as an immune checkpoint. Given the cancer-associated functions, GD2 has been a source of interest for immunotherapy. As a potential biomarker, methods are being developed to quantify GD2 from patients' samples. In addition, various therapeutic strategies are tested. Based on initial success with antibodies, derivates such as bispecific antibodies and immunocytokines have been developed, engaging patient immune system. Cytotoxic effectors or payloads may be redirected based on anti-GD2 antibodies. Finally, vaccines can be used to mount an immune response in patients. We review here the pertinent biological information on GD2 which may be of use for optimizing current immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphane Birklé
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
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7
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Groza R, Schmidt KV, Müller PM, Ronchi P, Schlack-Leigers C, Neu U, Puchkov D, Dimova R, Matthäus C, Taraska J, Weikl TR, Ewers H. Adhesion energy controls lipid binding-mediated endocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.23.546235. [PMID: 37503169 PMCID: PMC10370163 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.23.546235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Several bacterial toxins and viruses can deform membranes through multivalent binding to lipids for clathrin-independent endocytosis. However, it remains unclear, how membrane deformation and endocytic internalization are mechanistically linked. Here we show that many lipid-binding virions induce membrane deformation and clathrin-independent endocytosis, suggesting a common mechanism based on multivalent lipid binding by globular particles. We create a synthetic cellular system consisting of a lipid-anchored receptor in the form of GPI-anchored anti-GFP nanobodies and a multivalent globular binder exposing 180 regularly-spaced GFP molecules on its surface. We show that these globular, 40 nm diameter, particles bind to cells expressing the receptor, deform the plasma membrane upon adhesion and become endocytosed in a clathrin-independent manner. We explore the role of the membrane adhesion energy in endocytosis by using receptors with affinities varying over 7 orders of magnitude. Using this system, we find that once a threshold in adhesion energy is overcome to allow for membrane deformation, endocytosis occurs reliably. Multivalent, binding-induced membrane deformation by globular binders is thus sufficient for internalization to occur and we suggest it is the common, purely biophysical mechanism for lipid-binding mediated endocytosis of toxins and pathogens.
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8
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Guo Z. Ganglioside GM1 and the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119558. [PMID: 37298512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GM1 is one of the major glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on the cell surface in the central nervous system (CNS). Its expression level, distribution pattern, and lipid composition are dependent upon cell and tissue type, developmental stage, and disease state, which suggests a potentially broad spectrum of functions of GM1 in various neurological and neuropathological processes. The major focus of this review is the roles that GM1 plays in the development and activities of brains, such as cell differentiation, neuritogenesis, neuroregeneration, signal transducing, memory, and cognition, as well as the molecular basis and mechanisms for these functions. Overall, GM1 is protective for the CNS. Additionally, this review has also examined the relationships between GM1 and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, GM1 gangliosidosis, Huntington's disease, epilepsy and seizure, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depression, alcohol dependence, etc., and the functional roles and therapeutic applications of GM1 in these disorders. Finally, current obstacles that hinder more in-depth investigations and understanding of GM1 and the future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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9
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Aguilera-Romero A, Lucena R, Sabido-Bozo S, Muñiz M. Impact of sphingolipids on protein membrane trafficking. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159334. [PMID: 37201864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is essential to maintain the spatiotemporal control of protein and lipid distribution within membrane systems of eukaryotic cells. To achieve their functional destination proteins are sorted and transported into lipid carriers that construct the secretory and endocytic pathways. It is an emerging theme that lipid diversity might exist in part to ensure the homeostasis of these pathways. Sphingolipids, a chemical diverse type of lipids with special physicochemical characteristics have been implicated in the selective transport of proteins. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge about how sphingolipids modulate protein trafficking through the endomembrane systems to guarantee that proteins reach their functional destination and the proposed underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auxiliadora Aguilera-Romero
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Susana Sabido-Bozo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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10
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Suzuki KGN, Komura N, Ando H. Recently developed glycosphingolipid probes and their dynamic behavior in cell plasma membranes as revealed by single-molecule imaging. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:305-314. [PMID: 37133616 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids, including gangliosides, are representative lipid raft markers that perform a variety of physiological roles in cell membranes. However, studies aimed at revealing their dynamic behavior in living cells are rare, mostly due to a lack of suitable fluorescent probes. Recently, the ganglio-series, lacto-series, and globo-series glycosphingolipid probes, which mimic the behavior of the parental molecules in terms of partitioning to the raft fraction, were developed by conjugating hydrophilic dyes to the terminal glycans of glycosphingolipids using state-of-art entirely chemical-based synthetic techniques. High-speed, single-molecule observation of these fluorescent probes revealed that gangliosides were scarcely trapped in small domains (100 nm in diameter) for more than 5 ms in steady-state cells, suggesting that rafts including gangliosides were always moving and very small. Furthermore, dual-color, single-molecule observations clearly showed that homodimers and clusters of GPI-anchored proteins were stabilized by transiently recruiting sphingolipids, including gangliosides, to form homodimer rafts and the cluster rafts, respectively. In this review, we briefly summarize recent studies, the development of a variety of glycosphingolipid probes as well as the identification of the raft structures including gangliosides in living cells by single-molecule imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 501-1193, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Naoko Komura
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 501-1193, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 501-1193, Gifu, Japan.
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11
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Diaz-Rohrer B, Castello-Serrano I, Chan SH, Wang HY, Shurer CR, Levental KR, Levental I. Rab3 mediates a pathway for endocytic sorting and plasma membrane recycling of ordered microdomains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2207461120. [PMID: 36848577 PMCID: PMC10013782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207461120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the plasma membrane (PM) must be tightly controlled despite constant, rapid endocytosis, which requires active, selective recycling of endocytosed membrane components. For many proteins, the mechanisms, pathways, and determinants of this PM recycling remain unknown. We report that association with ordered, lipid-driven membrane microdomains (known as rafts) is sufficient for PM localization of a subset of transmembrane proteins and that abrogation of raft association disrupts their trafficking and leads to degradation in lysosomes. Using orthogonal, genetically encoded probes with tunable raft partitioning, we screened for the trafficking machinery required for efficient recycling of engineered microdomain-associated cargo from endosomes to the PM. Using this screen, we identified the Rab3 family as an important mediator of PM localization of microdomain-associated proteins. Disruption of Rab3 reduced PM localization of raft probes and led to their accumulation in Rab7-positive endosomes, suggesting inefficient recycling. Abrogation of Rab3 function also mislocalized the endogenous raft-associated protein Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT), leading to its intracellular accumulation and reduced T cell activation. These findings reveal a key role for lipid-driven microdomains in endocytic traffic and suggest Rab3 as a mediator of microdomain recycling and PM composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Diaz-Rohrer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Ivan Castello-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Sze Ham Chan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Hong-Yin Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Carolyn R. Shurer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Kandice R. Levental
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
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12
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Refinement of Singer-Nicolson fluid-mosaic model by microscopy imaging: Lipid rafts and actin-induced membrane compartmentalization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184093. [PMID: 36423676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This year celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model for biological membranes. The next level of sophistication we have achieved for understanding plasma membrane (PM) structures, dynamics, and functions during these 50 years includes the PM interactions with cortical actin filaments and the partial demixing of membrane constituent molecules in the PM, particularly raft domains. Here, first, we summarize our current knowledge of these two structures and emphasize that they are interrelated. Second, we review the structure, molecular dynamics, and function of raft domains, with main focuses on raftophilic glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) and their signal transduction mechanisms. We pay special attention to the results obtained by single-molecule imaging techniques and other advanced microscopy methods. We also clarify the limitations of present optical microscopy methods for visualizing raft domains, but emphasize that single-molecule imaging techniques can "detect" raft domains associated with molecules of interest in the PM.
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13
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Ganglioside Probes in Living Cell Plasma Membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2613:215-227. [PMID: 36587082 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2910-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides play a variety of physiological roles and are one of the most important lipid raft constituents. However, their dynamic behaviors have scarcely been investigated in living cells because of the lack of fluorescent probes that behave like their parental molecules. Recently, fluorescent ganglioside probes that mimic native ganglioside behaviors have been developed. In this chapter, I discuss the recent advances in research related to the lateral localization and dynamic behaviors of gangliosides in the plasma membranes of living cells.
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14
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Sandhoff R, Sandhoff K. Neuronal Ganglioside and Glycosphingolipid (GSL) Metabolism and Disease : Cascades of Secondary Metabolic Errors Can Generate Complex Pathologies (in LSDs). ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:333-390. [PMID: 36255681 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a diverse group of membrane components occurring mainly on the surfaces of mammalian cells. They and their metabolites have a role in intercellular communication, serving as versatile biochemical signals (Kaltner et al, Biochem J 476(18):2623-2655, 2019) and in many cellular pathways. Anionic GSLs, the sialic acid containing gangliosides (GGs), are essential constituents of neuronal cell surfaces, whereas anionic sulfatides are key components of myelin and myelin forming oligodendrocytes. The stepwise biosynthetic pathways of GSLs occur at and lead along the membranes of organellar surfaces of the secretory pathway. After formation of the hydrophobic ceramide membrane anchor of GSLs at the ER, membrane-spanning glycosyltransferases (GTs) of the Golgi and Trans-Golgi network generate cell type-specific GSL patterns for cellular surfaces. GSLs of the cellular plasma membrane can reach intra-lysosomal, i.e. luminal, vesicles (ILVs) by endocytic pathways for degradation. Soluble glycoproteins, the glycosidases, lipid binding and transfer proteins and acid ceramidase are needed for the lysosomal catabolism of GSLs at ILV-membrane surfaces. Inherited mutations triggering a functional loss of glycosylated lysosomal hydrolases and lipid binding proteins involved in GSL degradation cause a primary lysosomal accumulation of their non-degradable GSL substrates in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Lipid binding proteins, the SAPs, and the various lipids of the ILV-membranes regulate GSL catabolism, but also primary storage compounds such as sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol (Chol.), or chondroitin sulfate can effectively inhibit catabolic lysosomal pathways of GSLs. This causes cascades of metabolic errors, accumulating secondary lysosomal GSL- and GG- storage that can trigger a complex pathology (Breiden and Sandhoff, Int J Mol Sci 21(7):2566, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES, c/o Kekule-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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15
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White C, Bader C, Teter K. The manipulation of cell signaling and host cell biology by cholera toxin. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110489. [PMID: 36216164 PMCID: PMC10082135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine and releases cholera toxin into the extracellular space. The toxin binds to the apical surface of the epithelium, is internalized into the host endomembrane system, and escapes into the cytosol where it activates the stimulatory alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein by ADP-ribosylation. This initiates a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway that stimulates chloride efflux into the gut, with diarrhea resulting from the accompanying osmotic movement of water into the intestinal lumen. G protein signaling is not the only host system manipulated by cholera toxin, however. Other cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways active in the intoxication process include endocytosis through lipid rafts, retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation system for protein delivery to the cytosol, the unfolded protein response, and G protein de-activation through degradation or the function of ADP-ribosyl hydrolases. Although toxin-induced chloride efflux is thought to be an irreversible event, alterations to these processes could facilitate cellular recovery from intoxication. This review will highlight how cholera toxin exploits signaling pathways and other cell biology events to elicit a diarrheal response from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher White
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Carly Bader
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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16
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Han L, Nguyen L, Schmidt EN, Esmaili M, Kitova EN, Overduin M, Macauley MS, Klassen JS. How Choice of Model Membrane Affects Protein–Glycosphingolipid Interactions: Insights from Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16042-16049. [PMID: 36367338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Many model membrane systems are available for studying GBP-GSL interactions, but a systematic investigation has not been carried out on how the nature of the model membrane affects binding. In this work, we use electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), both direct and competitive assays, to measure the binding of cholera toxin B subunit homopentamer (CTB5) to GM1 ganglioside in liposomes, bilayer islands [styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs), nanodiscs (NDs), and picodiscs (PDs)], and micelles. We find that direct ESI-MS analysis of CTB5 binding to GM1 is unreliable due to non-uniform response factors, incomplete extraction of bound GM1 in the gas phase, and nonspecific CTB5-GM1 interactions. Conversely, indirect proxy ligand ESI-MS measurements show that the intrinsic (per binding site) association constants of CTB5 for PDs, NDs, and SMALPs are similar and comparable to the affinity of soluble GM1 pentasaccharide (GM1os). The observed affinity decreases with increasing GM1 content due to molecular crowding stemming from GM1 clustering. Unlike the smaller model membranes, the observed affinity of CTB5 toward GM1 liposomes is ∼10-fold weaker than GM1os and relatively insensitive to the GM1 content. GM1 glycomicelles exhibit the lowest affinity, ∼35-fold weaker than GM1os. Together, the results highlight experimental design considerations for quantitative GBP-GSL binding studies involving multisubunit GBPs and factors to consider when comparing results obtained with different membrane systems. Notably, they suggest that bilayer islands with a low percentage of GSL, wherein clustering is minimized, are ideal for assessing intrinsic strength of GBP-GSL interactions in a membrane environment, while binding to liposomes, which is sub-optimal due to extensive clustering, may be more representative of authentic cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward N. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mansoore Esmaili
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Design, synthesis and neurite outgrowth activity of novel ganglioside GM1 derivatives by remodeling of the fatty acid moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Schmieder SS, Tatituri R, Anderson M, Kelly K, Lencer WI. Structural basis for acyl chain control over glycosphingolipid sorting and vesicular trafficking. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111063. [PMID: 35830800 PMCID: PMC9358721 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex sphingolipids exhibit a diversity of ceramide acyl chain structures that influence their trafficking and intracellular distributions, but it remains unclear how the cell discerns among the different ceramides to affect such sorting. To address the mechanism, we synthesize a library of GM1 glycosphingolipids with naturally varied acyl chains and quantitatively assess their sorting among different endocytic pathways. We find that a stretch of at least 14 saturated carbons extending from C1 at the water-bilayer interface dictate lysosomal sorting by exclusion from endosome sorting tubules. Sorting to the lysosome by the C14∗ motif is cholesterol dependent. Perturbations of the C14∗ motif by unsaturation enable GM1 entry into endosomal sorting tubules of the recycling and retrograde pathways independent of cholesterol. Unsaturation occurring beyond the C14∗ motif in very long acyl chains rescues lysosomal sorting. These results define a structural motif underlying the membrane organization of sphingolipids and implicate cholesterol-sphingolipid nanodomain formation in sorting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raju Tatituri
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kate Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Detzner J, Püttmann C, Pohlentz G, Müthing J. Ingenious Action of Vibrio cholerae Neuraminidase Recruiting Additional GM1 Cholera Toxin Receptors for Primary Human Colon Epithelial Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061255. [PMID: 35744773 PMCID: PMC9227022 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For five decades it has been known that the pentamer of B subunits (choleragenoid) of the cholera toxin (CT) of Vibrio cholerae binds with high preference to the ganglioside GM1 (II3Neu5Ac-Gg4Cer). However, the exact structures of CT-binding GM1 lipoforms of primary human colon epithelial cells (pHCoEpiCs) have not yet been described in detail. The same holds true for generating further GM1 receptor molecules from higher sialylated gangliosides with a GM1 core through the neuraminidase of V. cholerae. To avoid the artificial incorporation of exogenous gangliosides from animal serum harboring GM1 and higher sialylated ganglio-series gangliosides, pHCoEpiCs were cultured in serum-free medium. Thin-layer chromatography overlay binding assays using a choleragenoid combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed GM1 lipoforms with sphingosine (d18:1) as the sole sphingoid base linked to C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 or C20:0 fatty acyl chains forming the ceramide (Cer) moieties of the main choleragenoid-binding GM1 species. Desialylation of GD1a (IV3Neu5Ac,II3Neu5Ac-Gg4Cer) and GT1b (IV3Neu5Ac,II3(Neu5Ac)2-Gg4Cer) of pHCoEpiCs by V. cholerae neuraminidase was observed. GD1a-derived GM1 species with stable sphingosine (d18:1) and saturated fatty acyl chains varying in chain length from C16:0 up to C22:0 could be identified, indicating the ingenious interplay between CT and the neuraminidase of V. cholerae recruiting additional GM1 receptors of pHCoEpiCs.
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20
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Nadeem A, Berg A, Pace H, Alam A, Toh E, Ådén J, Zlatkov N, Myint SL, Persson K, Gröbner G, Sjöstedt A, Bally M, Barandun J, Uhlin BE, Wai SN. Protein-lipid interaction at low pH induces oligomerization of the MakA cytotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. eLife 2022; 11:73439. [PMID: 35131030 PMCID: PMC8824476 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-pore-forming toxins (α-PFTs) from pathogenic bacteria damage host cell membranes by pore formation. We demonstrate a remarkable, hitherto unknown mechanism by an α-PFT protein from Vibrio cholerae. As part of the MakA/B/E tripartite toxin, MakA is involved in membrane pore formation similar to other α-PFTs. In contrast, MakA in isolation induces tube-like structures in acidic endosomal compartments of epithelial cells in vitro. The present study unravels the dynamics of tubular growth, which occurs in a pH-, lipid-, and concentration-dependent manner. Within acidified organelle lumens or when incubated with cells in acidic media, MakA forms oligomers and remodels membranes into high-curvature tubes leading to loss of membrane integrity. A 3.7 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of MakA filaments reveals a unique protein-lipid superstructure. MakA forms a pinecone-like spiral with a central cavity and a thin annular lipid bilayer embedded between the MakA transmembrane helices in its active α-PFT conformation. Our study provides insights into a novel tubulation mechanism of an α-PFT protein and a new mode of action by a secreted bacterial toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Nadeem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Berg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hudson Pace
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Athar Alam
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eric Toh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Ådén
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nikola Zlatkov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Si Lhyam Myint
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karina Persson
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Gröbner
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Sjöstedt
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Barandun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Hatton SL, Pandey MK. Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1089. [PMID: 35163013 PMCID: PMC8835271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, affecting up to 10 million people. This disease mainly happens due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons accountable for memory and motor function. Partial glucocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency and the resultant excess accumulation of glycosphingolipids and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation have been linked to predominant risk factors that lead to neurodegeneration and memory and motor defects in PD, with known and unknown causes. An increasing body of evidence uncovers the role of several other lipids and their association with α-syn aggregation, which activates the innate and adaptive immune system and sparks brain inflammation in PD. Here, we review the emerging role of a number of lipids, i.e., triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG), glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPE), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sphingolipids, gangliosides, glycerophospholipids (GPL), and cholesterols, and their connection with α-syn aggregation as well as the induction of innate and adaptive immune reactions that trigger neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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22
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Kenworthy AK, Schmieder SS, Raghunathan K, Tiwari A, Wang T, Kelly CV, Lencer WI. Cholera Toxin as a Probe for Membrane Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:543. [PMID: 34437414 PMCID: PMC8402489 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) has emerged as one of the most widely utilized tools in membrane biology and biophysics. CTxB is a homopentameric stable protein that binds tightly to up to five GM1 glycosphingolipids. This provides a robust and tractable model for exploring membrane structure and its dynamics including vesicular trafficking and nanodomain assembly. Here, we review important advances in these fields enabled by use of CTxB and its lipid receptor GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Kenworthy
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Stefanie S. Schmieder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Christopher V. Kelly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Robb Huhn G, Torres-Mangual N, Clore J, Cilenti L, Frisan T, Teter K. Endocytosis of the CdtA subunit from the Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13380. [PMID: 34292647 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative pathogens produce a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) with two cell-binding subunits (CdtA + CdtC) and a catalytic CdtB subunit. After adhesion to the plasma membrane of a target cell, CDT moves by retrograde transport to endoplasmic reticulum. CdtB then enters the nucleus where it generates DNA breaks that lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis or senescence. CdtA anchors the CDT holotoxin to the plasma membrane and is thought to remain on the cell surface after endocytosis of the CdtB/CdtC heterodimer. Here, we re-examined the potential endocytosis and intracellular transport of CdtA from the Haemophilus ducreyi CDT. We recorded the endocytosis of holotoxin-associated CdtA with a cell-based enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (CELISA) and visualised its presence in the early endosomes by confocal microscopy 10 min after CDT binding to the cell surface. Western blot analysis documented the rapid degradation of internalised CdtA. Most of internalised CdtB and CdtC were degraded as well. The rapid rate of CDT internalisation and turnover, which could explain why CdtA endocytosis was not detected in previous studies, suggests only a minor pool of cell-associated CdtB reaches the nucleus. Our work demonstrates that CDT is internalised as an intact holotoxin and identifies the endosomes as the site of CdtA dissociation from CdtB/CdtC. TAKE AWAYS: During the endocytosis of CDT, CdtA is thought to remain at the cell surface. A cell-based ELISA documented the rapid endocytosis of CdtA. CdtA was visualised in the early endosomes by confocal microscopy. Intracellular CdtA was rapidly degraded, along with most of CdtB and CdtC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Robb Huhn
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Naly Torres-Mangual
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John Clore
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lucia Cilenti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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24
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Arumugam S, Schmieder S, Pezeshkian W, Becken U, Wunder C, Chinnapen D, Ipsen JH, Kenworthy AK, Lencer W, Mayor S, Johannes L. Ceramide structure dictates glycosphingolipid nanodomain assembly and function. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3675. [PMID: 34135326 PMCID: PMC8209009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells are essential for many cellular functions and pathogenic interactions. How gangliosides are dynamically organized and how they respond to ligand binding is poorly understood. Using fluorescence anisotropy imaging of synthetic, fluorescently labeled GM1 gangliosides incorporated into the plasma membrane of living cells, we found that GM1 with a fully saturated C16:0 acyl chain, but not with unsaturated C16:1 acyl chain, is actively clustered into nanodomains, which depends on membrane cholesterol, phosphatidylserine and actin. The binding of cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) leads to enlarged membrane domains for both C16:0 and C16:1, owing to binding of multiple GM1 under a toxin, and clustering of CTxB. The structure of the ceramide acyl chain still affects these domains, as co-clustering with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein CD59 occurs only when GM1 contains the fully saturated C16:0 acyl chain, and not C16:1. Thus, different ceramide species of GM1 gangliosides dictate their assembly into nanodomains and affect nanodomain structure and function, which likely underlies many endogenous cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Arumugam
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, Paris, Cedex, France
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/ Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefanie Schmieder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weria Pezeshkian
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Becken
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, Paris, Cedex, France
| | - Christian Wunder
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, Paris, Cedex, France
| | - Dan Chinnapen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Hjort Ipsen
- MEMPHYS/PhyLife, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wayne Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India.
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, Paris, Cedex, France.
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25
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Johannes L. The Cellular and Chemical Biology of Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery-The GL-Lect Hypothesis. Molecules 2021; 26:3299. [PMID: 34072622 PMCID: PMC8198588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes are common to all forms of life. While being stable barriers that delimitate the cell as the fundamental organismal unit, biological membranes are highly dynamic by allowing for lateral diffusion, transbilayer passage via selective channels, and in eukaryotic cells for endocytic uptake through the formation of membrane bound vesicular or tubular carriers. Two of the most abundant fundamental fabrics of membranes-lipids and complex sugars-are produced through elaborate chains of biosynthetic enzymes, which makes it difficult to study them by conventional reverse genetics. This review illustrates how organic synthesis provides access to uncharted areas of membrane glycobiology research and its application to biomedicine. For this Special Issue on Chemical Biology Research in France, focus will be placed on synthetic approaches (i) to study endocytic functions of glycosylated proteins and lipids according to the GlycoLipid-Lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, notably that of Shiga toxin; (ii) to mechanistically dissect its endocytosis and intracellular trafficking with small molecule; and (iii) to devise intracellular delivery strategies for immunotherapy and tumor targeting. It will be pointed out how the chemical biologist's view on lipids, sugars, and proteins synergizes with biophysics and modeling to "look" into the membrane for atomistic scale insights on molecular rearrangements that drive the biogenesis of endocytic carriers in processes of clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, 75248 Paris, France
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26
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Sych T, Gurdap CO, Wedemann L, Sezgin E. How Does Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Model Membranes Reflect Cell Membrane Heterogeneity? MEMBRANES 2021; 11:323. [PMID: 33925240 PMCID: PMC8146956 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although liquid-liquid phase separation of cytoplasmic or nuclear components in cells has been a major focus in cell biology, it is only recently that the principle of phase separation has been a long-standing concept and extensively studied in biomembranes. Membrane phase separation has been reconstituted in simplified model systems, and its detailed physicochemical principles, including essential phase diagrams, have been extensively explored. These model membrane systems have proven very useful to study the heterogeneity in cellular membranes, however, concerns have been raised about how reliably they can represent native membranes. In this review, we will discuss how phase-separated membrane systems can mimic cellular membranes and where they fail to reflect the native cell membrane heterogeneity. We also include a few humble suggestions on which phase-separated systems should be used for certain applications, and which interpretations should be avoided to prevent unreliable conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden; (T.S.); (C.O.G.); (L.W.)
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27
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Kusumi A, Fujiwara TK, Tsunoyama TA, Kasai RS, Liu AA, Hirosawa KM, Kinoshita M, Matsumori N, Komura N, Ando H, Suzuki KGN. Defining raft domains in the plasma membrane. Traffic 2021; 21:106-137. [PMID: 31760668 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many plasma membrane (PM) functions depend on the cholesterol concentration in the PM in strikingly nonlinear, cooperative ways: fully functional in the presence of physiological cholesterol levels (35~45 mol%), and nonfunctional below 25 mol% cholesterol; namely, still in the presence of high concentrations of cholesterol. This suggests the involvement of cholesterol-based complexes/domains formed cooperatively. In this review, by examining the results obtained by using fluorescent lipid analogs and avoiding the trap of circular logic, often found in the raft literature, we point out the fundamental similarities of liquid-ordered (Lo)-phase domains in giant unilamellar vesicles, Lo-phase-like domains formed at lower temperatures in giant PM vesicles, and detergent-resistant membranes: these domains are formed by cooperative interactions of cholesterol, saturated acyl chains, and unsaturated acyl chains, in the presence of >25 mol% cholesterol. The literature contains evidence, indicating that the domains formed by the same basic cooperative molecular interactions exist and play essential roles in signal transduction in the PM. Therefore, as a working definition, we propose that raft domains in the PM are liquid-like molecular complexes/domains formed by cooperative interactions of cholesterol with saturated acyl chains as well as unsaturated acyl chains, due to saturated acyl chains' weak multiple accommodating interactions with cholesterol and cholesterol's low miscibility with unsaturated acyl chains and TM proteins. Molecules move within raft domains and exchange with those in the bulk PM. We provide a logically established collection of fluorescent lipid probes that preferentially partition into raft and non-raft domains, as defined here, in the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kusumi
- Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro K Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taka A Tsunoyama
- Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Rinshi S Kasai
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - An-An Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Koichiro M Hirosawa
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masanao Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Komura
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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28
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Brandel A, Aigal S, Lagies S, Schlimpert M, Meléndez AV, Xu M, Lehmann A, Hummel D, Fisch D, Madl J, Eierhoff T, Kammerer B, Römer W. The Gb3-enriched CD59/flotillin plasma membrane domain regulates host cell invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3637-3656. [PMID: 33555391 PMCID: PMC8038999 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has gained precedence over the years due to its ability to develop resistance to existing antibiotics, thereby necessitating alternative strategies to understand and combat the bacterium. Our previous work identified the interaction between the bacterial lectin LecA and its host cell glycosphingolipid receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) as a crucial step for the engulfment of P. aeruginosa via the lipid zipper mechanism. In this study, we define the LecA-associated host cell membrane domain by pull-down and mass spectrometry analysis. We unraveled a predilection of LecA for binding to saturated, long fatty acyl chain-containing Gb3 species in the extracellular membrane leaflet and an induction of dynamic phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) clusters at the intracellular leaflet co-localizing with sites of LecA binding. We found flotillins and the GPI-anchored protein CD59 not only to be an integral part of the LecA-interacting membrane domain, but also majorly influencing bacterial invasion as depletion of either of these host cell proteins resulted in about 50% reduced invasiveness of the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. In summary, we report that the LecA-Gb3 interaction at the extracellular leaflet induces the formation of a plasma membrane domain enriched in saturated Gb3 species, CD59, PIP3 and flotillin thereby facilitating efficient uptake of PAO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brandel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sahaja Aigal
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Lagies
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maokai Xu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anika Lehmann
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hummel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fisch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Straße 2q, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Eierhoff
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Albert Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Changes in glycosylation on proteins or lipids are one of the hallmarks of tumorigenesis. In many cases, it is still not understood how glycan information is translated into biological function. In this review, we discuss at the example of specific cancer-related glycoproteins how their endocytic uptake into eukaryotic cells is tuned by carbohydrate modifications. For this, we not only focus on overall uptake rates, but also illustrate how different uptake processes-dependent or not on the conventional clathrin machinery-are used under given glycosylation conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the role of certain sugar-binding proteins, termed galectins, to tune glycoprotein uptake by inducing their crosslinking into lattices, or by co-clustering them with glycolipids into raft-type membrane nanodomains from which the so-called clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) are formed for glycoprotein internalization into cells. The latter process has been termed glycolipid-lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, which operates in a complementary manner to the clathrin pathway and galectin lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Anne Billet
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
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30
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Sipione S, Monyror J, Galleguillos D, Steinberg N, Kadam V. Gangliosides in the Brain: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Applications. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:572965. [PMID: 33117120 PMCID: PMC7574889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.572965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids highly abundant in the nervous system, and carry most of the sialic acid residues in the brain. Gangliosides are enriched in cell membrane microdomains ("lipid rafts") and play important roles in the modulation of membrane proteins and ion channels, in cell signaling and in the communication among cells. The importance of gangliosides in the brain is highlighted by the fact that loss of function mutations in ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes result in severe neurodegenerative disorders, often characterized by very early or childhood onset. In addition, changes in the ganglioside profile (i.e., in the relative abundance of specific gangliosides) were reported in healthy aging and in common neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. At least in HD, PD and in some forms of epilepsy, experimental evidence strongly suggests a potential role of gangliosides in disease pathogenesis and potential treatment. In this review, we will summarize ganglioside functions that are crucial to maintain brain health, we will review changes in ganglioside levels that occur in major neurological conditions and we will discuss their contribution to cellular dysfunctions and disease pathogenesis. Finally, we will review evidence of the beneficial roles exerted by gangliosides, GM1 in particular, in disease models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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31
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SV40 Polyomavirus Activates the Ras-MAPK Signaling Pathway for Vacuolization, Cell Death, and Virus Release. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101128. [PMID: 33028008 PMCID: PMC7650553 DOI: 10.3390/v12101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that can cause severe disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Studies with SV40, a well-studied model polyomavirus, have revealed the role of host proteins in polyomavirus entry and trafficking to the nucleus, in viral transcription and DNA replication, and in cell transformation. In contrast, little is known about host factors or cellular signaling pathways involved in the late steps of productive infection leading to release of progeny polyomaviruses. We previously showed that cytoplasmic vacuolization, a characteristic late cytopathic effect of SV40 infection, depends on the specific interaction between the major viral capsid protein VP1 and its cell surface ganglioside receptor GM1. Here, we show that, late during infection, SV40 activates a signaling cascade in permissive monkey CV-1 cells involving Ras, Rac1, MKK4, and JNK to stimulate SV40-specific cytoplasmic vacuolization and subsequent cell lysis and virus release. Inhibition of individual components of this signaling pathway inhibits vacuolization, lysis, and virus release, even though high-level intracellular virus replication occurs. Identification of this pathway for SV40-induced vacuolization and virus release provides new insights into the late steps of non-enveloped virus infection.
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32
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Simpson MS, Lencer WI, Luong P. A Quantitative Single-cell Flow Cytometry Assay for Retrograde MembraneTrafficking Using Engineered Cholera Toxin. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3707. [PMID: 33659371 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization and distribution of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in eukaryotic cells is an essential process for cell function. Retrograde trafficking from the plasma membrane to the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum can greatly modify cell membrane composition and intracellular protein dynamics, and thus typifies a key sorting step. However, methods to efficiently quantify the extent or kinetics of these events are currently limited. Here, we describe a novel quantitative and effectively real-time single-cell flow cytometry assay to directly measure retrograde membrane transport. The assay takes advantage of the well-known retrograde trafficking of cholera toxin engineered with split-fluorescent proteins to generate novel tools for immediate monitoring of intracellular trafficking. This approach will greatly extend the ability to study the underlying biology of intracellular membrane trafficking, and how trafficking systems can adapt to the physiologic needs of different cell types and cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska S Simpson
- Graduate School of Life Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phi Luong
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Sarmento MJ, Ricardo JC, Amaro M, Šachl R. Organization of gangliosides into membrane nanodomains. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3668-3697. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Sarmento
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Joana C. Ricardo
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Mariana Amaro
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šachl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 8 Czech Republic
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34
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Structured clustering of the glycosphingolipid GM1 is required for membrane curvature induced by cholera toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14978-14986. [PMID: 32554490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001119117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AB5 bacterial toxins and polyomaviruses induce membrane curvature as a mechanism to facilitate their entry into host cells. How membrane bending is accomplished is not yet fully understood but has been linked to the simultaneous binding of the pentameric B subunit to multiple copies of glycosphingolipid receptors. Here, we probe the toxin membrane binding and internalization mechanisms by using a combination of superresolution and polarized localization microscopy. We show that cholera toxin subunit B (CTxB) can induce membrane curvature only when bound to multiple copies of its glycosphingolipid receptor, GM1, and the ceramide structure of GM1 is likely not a determinant of this activity as assessed in model membranes. A mutant CTxB capable of binding only a single GM1 fails to generate curvature either in model membranes or in cells, and clustering the mutant CTxB-single-GM1 complexes by antibody cross-linking does not rescue the membrane curvature phenotype. We conclude that both the multiplicity and specific geometry of GM1 binding sites are necessary for the induction of membrane curvature. We expect this to be a general rule of membrane behavior for all AB5 toxins and polyomaviruses that bind glycosphingolipids to invade host cells.
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35
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Schubert T, Sych T, Madl J, Xu M, Omidvar R, Patalag LJ, Ries A, Kettelhoit K, Brandel A, Mely Y, Steinem C, Werz DB, Thuenauer R, Römer W. Differential recognition of lipid domains by two Gb3-binding lectins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9752. [PMID: 32546842 PMCID: PMC7297801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The two lectins LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the B-subunit of Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae (StxB) share the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) as receptor. Counterintuitively, we found that LecA and StxB segregated into different domains after recognizing Gb3 at the plasma membrane of cells. We hypothesized that the orientation of the carbohydrate head group of Gb3 embedded in the lipid bilayer differentially influences LecA and StxB binding. To test this hypothesis, we reconstituted lectin-Gb3 interaction using giant unilamellar vesicles and were indeed able to rebuild LecA and StxB segregation. Both, the Gb3 fatty acyl chain structure and the local membrane environment, modulated Gb3 recognition by LecA and StxB. Specifically, StxB preferred more ordered membranes compared to LecA. Based on our findings, we propose comparing staining patterns of LecA and StxB as an alternative method to assess membrane order in cells. To verify this approach, we re-established that the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells is more ordered than the basolateral plasma membrane. Additionally, we found that StxB recognized Gb3 at the primary cilium and the periciliary membrane, whereas LecA only bound periciliary Gb3. This suggests that the ciliary membrane is of higher order than the surrounding periciliary membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schubert
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Toolbox, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Taras Sych
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maokai Xu
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ramin Omidvar
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas J Patalag
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annika Ries
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kettelhoit
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annette Brandel
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yves Mely
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Advanced Light and Fluorescence Microscopy Facility, Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) and University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Duclos RI, Blue KD, Rufo MJ, Chen X, Guo JJ, Ma X, Lencer WI, Chinnapen DJF. Conjugation of peptides to short-acyl-chain ceramides for delivery across mucosal cell barriers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127014. [PMID: 32081448 PMCID: PMC7174066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Robust transport of therapeutic peptides and other medicinal molecules across tight epithelial barriers would overcome the major obstacle to oral delivery. We have already demonstrated that peptides conjugated to gangliosides (GM1 and GM3) having non-native short N-acyl groups hijack the endogenous process of intracellular lipid sorting resulting in transcytosis and delivery across epithelial barriers in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report synthetic methodologies to covalently conjugate peptides directly to short-acyl-chain C6-ceramides. We found that the short-acyl-chain ceramide domain is solely responsible for transcytosis in vitro. This clarifies and expands the platform of short-acyl-chain sphingolipids for conjugated peptide delivery across tight mucosal cell barriers from gangliosides to just the ceramide itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Duclos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Kiara D Blue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Michael J Rufo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Jason J Guo
- Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Daniel J F Chinnapen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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37
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Chen YJ, Liu X, Tsai B. SV40 Hijacks Cellular Transport, Membrane Penetration, and Disassembly Machineries to Promote Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100917. [PMID: 31590347 PMCID: PMC6832212 DOI: 10.3390/v11100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During entry, a virus must be transported through the endomembrane system of the host cell, penetrate a cellular membrane, and undergo capsid disassembly, to reach the cytosol and often the nucleus in order to cause infection. To do so requires the virus to coordinately exploit the action of cellular membrane transport, penetration, and disassembly machineries. How this is accomplished remains enigmatic for many viruses, especially for viruses belonging to the nonenveloped virus family. In this review, we present the current model describing infectious entry of the nonenveloped polyomavirus (PyV) SV40. Insights from SV40 entry are likely to provide strategies to combat PyV-induced diseases, and to illuminate cellular trafficking, membrane transport, and disassembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Many bacterial toxins catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to a host protein. Greater than 35 bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins (bARTTs) have been identified. ADP-ribosylation of host proteins may be specific or promiscuous. Despite this diversity, bARTTs share a common reaction mechanism, three-dimensional active site structure, and a conserved active site glutamic acid. Here, we describe how to measure the ADP-ribosylation of host proteins as purified proteins or within a cell lysate.
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39
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Sethi A, Wands AM, Mettlen M, Krishnamurthy S, Wu H, Kohler JJ. Cell type and receptor identity regulate cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) internalization. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180076. [PMID: 30842875 PMCID: PMC6388018 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is a secreted bacterial toxin that binds to glycoconjugate receptors on the surface of mammalian cells, enters mammalian cells through endocytic mechanisms and intoxicates mammalian cells by activating cytosolic adenylate cyclase. CT recognizes cell surface receptors through its B subunit (CTB). While the ganglioside GM1 has been historically described as the sole receptor, CTB is also capable of binding to fucosylated glycoconjugates, and fucosylated molecules have been shown to play a functional role in host cell intoxication by CT. Here, we use colonic epithelial and respiratory epithelial cell lines to examine how two types of CT receptors-gangliosides and fucosylated glycoconjugates-contribute to CTB internalization. We show that fucosylated glycoconjugates contribute to CTB binding to and internalization into host cells, even when the ganglioside GM1 is present. The contributions of the two classes of receptors to CTB internalization depend on cell type. Additionally, in a cell line that harbours both classes of receptors, gangliosides dictate the efficiency of CTB internalization. Together, the results lend support to the idea that fucosylated glycoconjugates play a functional role in CTB internalization, and suggest that CT internalization depends on both receptor identity and cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Amberlyn M Wands
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Soumya Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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40
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Melkoumov A, St-Jean I, Banquy X, Leclair G, Leblond Chain J. GM1-Binding Conjugates To Improve Intestinal Permeability. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:60-70. [PMID: 30422668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drugs and proteins with poor intestinal permeability have a limited oral bioavailability. To remediate this problem, a receptor-mediated endocytosis and transcytosis approach was explored. Indeed, the nontoxic β subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) can cross the intestinal barrier by binding to receptor GM1. In this study, we explored the use of GM1-binding peptides and CTB as potential covalent carriers of poorly permeable molecules. GM1-binding peptides (G23, P3) and CTB were conjugated to poorly permeable fluorescent probes such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and albumin-FITC using triethylene glycol spacers and click chemistry. The affinity of the peptide conjugates with receptor GM1 was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry or microscale thermophoresis, and the results suggested the involvement of nonspecific interactions. Conjugating the model drugs to G23 and P3 improved the internalization into Caco-2 and T84 cells, although the process was not dependent on the amount of GM1 receptor. However, conjugation of bovine serum albumin FITC to CTB increased the internalization in the same cells in a GM1-dependent pathway. Peptide conjugates demonstrated a limited permeability through a Caco-2 monolayer, whereas G23 and CTB conjugates slightly enhanced permeability through a T84 cell monolayer compared to model drugs alone. Since CTB can improve the permeability of large macromolecules such as albumin, it is an interesting carrier for the improvement of oral bioavailability of various other macromolecules such as heparins, proteins, and siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Melkoumov
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , H3C 3J7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Isabelle St-Jean
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , H3C 3J7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , H3C 3J7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , H3C 3J7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Jeanne Leblond Chain
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , H3C 3J7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
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41
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Schwarzmann G. Labeled gangliosides: their synthesis and use in biological studies. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3992-4006. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Schwarzmann
- LIMES c/o Kekulé‐Institut f. Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn Germany
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42
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Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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43
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Sandhoff R, Sandhoff K. Emerging concepts of ganglioside metabolism. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3835-3864. [PMID: 29802621 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides (GGs) are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and major membrane components enriched on cellular surfaces. Biosynthesis of mammalian GGs starts at the cytosolic leaflet of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes with the formation of their hydrophobic ceramide anchors. After intracellular ceramide transfer to Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN) membranes, anabolism of GGs, as well as of other GSLs, is catalyzed by membrane-spanning glycosyltransferases (GTs) along the secretory pathway. Combined activity of only a few promiscuous GTs allows for the formation of cell-type-specific glycolipid patterns. Following an exocytotic vesicle flow to the cellular plasma membranes, GGs can be modified by metabolic reactions at or near the cellular surface. For degradation, GGs are endocytosed to reach late endosomes and lysosomes. Whereas membrane-spanning enzymes of the secretory pathway catalyze GSL and GG formation, a cooperation of soluble glycosidases, lipases and lipid-binding cofactors, namely the sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs), act as the main players of GG and GSL catabolism at intralysosomal luminal vesicles (ILVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group (G131), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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44
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Garcia-Castillo MD, Chinnapen DJF, Te Welscher YM, Gonzalez RJ, Softic S, Pacheco M, Mrsny RJ, Kahn CR, von Andrian UH, Lau J, Pentelute BL, Lencer WI. Mucosal absorption of therapeutic peptides by harnessing the endogenous sorting of glycosphingolipids. eLife 2018; 7:34469. [PMID: 29851380 PMCID: PMC5980230 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of biologically active molecules across tight epithelial barriers is a major challenge preventing therapeutic peptides from oral drug delivery. Here, we identify a set of synthetic glycosphingolipids that harness the endogenous process of intracellular lipid-sorting to enable mucosal absorption of the incretin hormone GLP-1. Peptide cargoes covalently fused to glycosphingolipids with ceramide domains containing C6:0 or smaller fatty acids were transported with 20-100-fold greater efficiency across epithelial barriers in vitro and in vivo. This was explained by structure-function of the ceramide domain in intracellular sorting and by the affinity of the glycosphingolipid species for insertion into and retention in cell membranes. In mice, GLP-1 fused to short-chain glycosphingolipids was rapidly and systemically absorbed after gastric gavage to affect glucose tolerance with serum bioavailability comparable to intraperitoneal injection of GLP-1 alone. This is unprecedented for mucosal absorption of therapeutic peptides, and defines a technology with many other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J-F Chinnapen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo J Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Samir Softic
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Michele Pacheco
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Univeristy of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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45
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Sych T, Mély Y, Römer W. Lipid self-assembly and lectin-induced reorganization of the plasma membrane. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170117. [PMID: 29632269 PMCID: PMC5904303 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane represents an outstanding example of self-organization in biology. It plays a vital role in protecting the integrity of the cell interior and regulates meticulously the import and export of diverse substances. Its major building blocks are proteins and lipids, which self-assemble to a fluid lipid bilayer driven mainly by hydrophobic forces. Even if the plasma membrane appears-globally speaking-homogeneous at physiological temperatures, the existence of specialized nano- to micrometre-sized domains of raft-type character within cellular and synthetic membrane systems has been reported. It is hypothesized that these domains are the origin of a plethora of cellular processes, such as signalling or vesicular trafficking. This review intends to highlight the driving forces of lipid self-assembly into a bilayer membrane and the formation of small, transient domains within the plasma membrane. The mechanisms of self-assembly depend on several factors, such as the lipid composition of the membrane and the geometry of lipids. Moreover, the dynamics and organization of glycosphingolipids into nanometre-sized clusters will be discussed, also in the context of multivalent lectins, which cluster several glycosphingolipid receptor molecules and thus create an asymmetric stress between the two membrane leaflets, leading to tubular plasma membrane invaginations.This article is part of the theme issue 'Self-organization in cell biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Sych
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Legros N, Pohlentz G, Runde J, Dusny S, Humpf HU, Karch H, Müthing J. Colocalization of receptors for Shiga toxins with lipid rafts in primary human renal glomerular endothelial cells and influence of D-PDMP on synthesis and distribution of glycosphingolipid receptors. Glycobiology 2018; 27:947-965. [PMID: 28535204 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage of human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) of the kidney represents the linchpin in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxins of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). We performed a comprehensive structural analysis of the Stx-receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and their distribution in lipid raft analog detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and nonDRMs prepared from primary HRGECs. Predominant receptor lipoforms were Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0). Stx-receptor GSLs co-distribute with sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol as well as flotillin-2 in DRMs, representing the liquid-ordered membrane phase and indicating lipid raft association. Lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) was identified as a nonDRM marker phospholipid of the liquid-disordered membrane phase. Exposure of primary HRGECs to the ceramide analogon d-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP) reduced total Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer content, roughly calculated from two biological replicates, down to half and quarter of its primordial content, respectively, but strengthened their prevalence and cholesterol preponderance in DRMs. At the same time, the distribution of PC, SM and lyso-PC to subcellular membrane fractions remained unaffected by D-PDMP treatment. Defining the GSL composition and precise microdomain structures of primary HRGECs may help to develop novel therapeutic options to combat life-threatening EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Runde
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dusny
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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47
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Zanetti C, Gallina A, Fabbri A, Parisi S, Palermo A, Fecchi K, Boussadia Z, Carollo M, Falchi M, Pasquini L, Fiani ML, Sargiacomo M. Cell Propagation of Cholera Toxin CTA ADP-Ribosylating Factor by Exosome Mediated Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1521. [PMID: 29783743 PMCID: PMC5983816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report how the cholera toxin (CT) A subunit (CTA), the enzyme moiety responsible for signaling alteration in host cells, enters the exosomal pathway, secretes extracellularly, transmits itself to a cell population. The first evidence for long-term transmission of CT's toxic effect via extracellular vesicles was obtained in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To follow the CT intracellular route towards exosome secretion, we used a novel strategy for generating metabolically-labeled fluorescent exosomes that can be counted by flow cytometry assay (FACS) and characterized. Our results clearly show the association of CT with exosomes, together with the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) molecules, proteins required for translocation of CTA across the ER membrane into the cytoplasm. Confocal microscopy showed direct internalization of CT containing fluorescent exo into CHO cells coupled with morphological changes in the recipient cells that are characteristic of CT action. Moreover, Me665 cells treated with CT-containing exosomes showed an increase in Adenosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphate (cAMP) level, reaching levels comparable to those seen in cells exposed directly to CT. Our results prompt the idea that CT can exploit an exosome-mediated cell communication pathway to extend its pathophysiological action beyond an initial host cell, into a multitude of cells. This finding could have implications for cholera disease pathogenesis and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Zanetti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angelo Gallina
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sofia Parisi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Palermo
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Katia Fecchi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Zaira Boussadia
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Carollo
- Core Facilities⁻Cytometry Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Core Facilities⁻Cytometry Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Fiani
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sargiacomo
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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48
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Wands AM, Cervin J, Huang H, Zhang Y, Youn G, Brautigam CA, Matson Dzebo M, Björklund P, Wallenius V, Bright DK, Bennett CS, Wittung-Stafshede P, Sampson NS, Yrlid U, Kohler JJ. Fucosylated Molecules Competitively Interfere with Cholera Toxin Binding to Host Cells. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:758-770. [PMID: 29411974 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) enters host intestinal epithelia cells, and its retrograde transport to the cytosol results in the massive loss of fluids and electrolytes associated with severe dehydration. To initiate this intoxication process, the B subunit of CT (CTB) first binds to a cell surface receptor displayed on the apical surface of the intestinal epithelia. While the monosialoganglioside GM1 is widely accepted to be the sole receptor for CT, intestinal epithelial cell lines also utilize fucosylated glycan epitopes on glycoproteins to facilitate cell surface binding and endocytic uptake of the toxin. Further, l-fucose can competively inhibit CTB binding to intestinal epithelia cells. Here, we use competition binding assays with l-fucose analogs to decipher the molecular determinants for l-fucose inhibition of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) binding. Additionally, we find that mono- and difucosylated oligosaccharides are more potent inhibitors than l-fucose alone, with the LeY tetrasaccharide emerging as the most potent inhibitor of CTB binding to two colonic epithelial cell lines (T84 and Colo205). Finally, a non-natural fucose-containing polymer inhibits CTB binding two orders of magnitude more potently than the LeY glycan when tested against Colo205 cells. This same polymer also inhibits CTB binding to T84 cells and primary human jejunal epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest the possibility that polymeric display of fucose might be exploited as a prophylactic or therapeutic approach to block the action of CT toward the human intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Cervin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Toll Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790-3400, United States
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Toll Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790-3400, United States
| | - Gyusaang Youn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Toll Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790-3400, United States
| | | | - Maria Matson Dzebo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Björklund
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ville Wallenius
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Danielle K. Bright
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Toll Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790-3400, United States
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zuverink M, Barbieri JT. Protein Toxins That Utilize Gangliosides as Host Receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:325-354. [PMID: 29747819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subsets of protein toxins utilize gangliosides as host receptors. Gangliosides are preferred receptors due to their extracellular localization on the eukaryotic cell and due to their essential nature in host physiology. Glycosphingolipids, including gangliosides, are mediators of signal transduction within and between eukaryotic cells. Protein toxins possess AB structure-function organization, where the A domain encodes a catalytic function for the posttranslational modification of a host macromolecule, including proteins and nucleic acids, and a B domain, which encodes host receptor recognition, including proteins and glycosphingolipids, alone or in combination. Protein toxins use similar strategies to bind glycans by pockets and loops, generally employing hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking to stabilize interactions with sugars. In some cases, glycan binding facilitates uptake, while in other cases, cross-linking or a second receptor is necessary to stimulate entry. The affinity that protein toxins have for host glycans is necessary for tissue targeting, but not always sufficient to cause disease. In addition to affinity for binding the glycan, the lipid moiety also plays an important role in productive uptake and tissue tropism. Upon endocytosis, the protein toxin must escape to another intracellular compartment or into cytosol to modify a host substrate, modulating host signaling, often resulting in cytotoxic or apoptotic events in the cell, and a unique morbidity for the organism. The study of protein toxins that utilize gangliosides as host receptors has illuminated numerous eukaryotic cellular processes, identified the basis for developing interventions to prevent disease through vaccines and control bacterial diseases through therapies. In addition, subsets of these protein toxins have been utilized as therapeutic agents to treat numerous human inflictions.
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50
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Sandhoff R, Schulze H, Sandhoff K. Ganglioside Metabolism in Health and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:1-62. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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